Signs and properties of Homo Sapiens, allowing it to be attributed to various systematic. Man in wildlife. Signs and properties of Homo Sapiens, allowing it to be attributed to various systematic people inhabiting land at the present

Humanity is peculiar to two characteristics: bad memory and excessive self-confidence. From the point of view of evolution, these qualities give us an advantage in survival.
And perhaps, it is these qualities that lead to what we forget - we are not the first inhabitants of the Earth, and the person was not always like that now. Hundreds of thousands of years, the kind of "people" inhabits our planet, and its representatives are continuously and imperceptibly changing, adapting to the requirements of the environment.
How would we like to look at the future at least one eye to see those who will turn away all these gadgets, devices, cozy warm houses that did not dream of our ancestors, endless stress and alarms of our complex modern Mira... What will they be - people of the future? Unknown. But it is known what they were!
We offer to see the selection of renovations of appearance different species extinct people. In this list of their and a half dozen - it is so much known to science at the moment.

Skillful / Homo Habilis man

First representative of the genus Homo. 2.6-2.5 million years ago lived.

Rudolfsky Man / Homo Rudolfensis


The form of people representing (according to traditional ideas) transitional step from a person skillful to erectors. 2.0-1.78 million years ago lived.

Working / Homo Ergaster


The fossil type of people appeared in Africa 1.8 million years ago as a result of the evolution of Homo Habilis or Homo Rudolfensis.

Stronized / Homo Erectus

The fossil type of people who are considered as the immediate ancestor of modern people.

Man Flores / Homo Floresiensis


Dwarf mineral type of people. They are also referred to as "Hobbits" by analogy with creatures invented by J. R. R. Tolkin.

Predecessor Man / Homo Antecessor


The fossil type of people who existed between 1.2 million to 800 thousand years ago. Homo Antecessor is considered the most ancient europe hominide.

Heidelbergian Man / Homo Heidelbergensis

European variety of man sparkling, lived in Europe 800-345 thousand years ago.

Rhodesian Man / Homo Rhodesiensisis

Man from Chapran / Homo Cepranensis

The most likely age of "man from Chapran" is 450,000 years old.

Man Georgian / Homo Georgicus


The form of hominids whose remains are found in Georgia.

Denisovsky man


Another 40 thousand years ago, Denisovski inhabited an area intersecting in time and place with territories in Asia, where Neanderthals and modern people lived.

Neanderthalens / Homo NEANDERTHalensis


Last Neanderthals lived 25-30 thousand years ago.

Cryanonians

They appeared much later than Neanderthals and coexisted with them for some time (40-30 thousand years ago).

Reasonable oldest man / Homo Sapiens Idaltu

The approximate age of the find is from 154 to 160 thousand years.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Znamenskaya middle comprehensive school №1

Minusinsky District, Krasnoyarsk Territory

Test

Diagnostic work

on this topic

"Man on Earth"

Grade 5.

Designed

teacher biology and chemistry

Zhukova I.M.

Test work

on this topic " Man on earth. "

Thing : Biology

Class : 5

Subject: Man on Earth

Explanatory note

purpose of work : Check the level of exploration of grade 5 subject and meta-delicent results on the topic « Man on earth. "

Subject knowledge and skills are:

- human ancestors, their characteristic features, lifestyle;

- maintenance ecological problemsfacing modern humanity;

- rules for human behavior in dangerous situations of natural origin;

- the simplest ways to provide first aid for burns, frostbite, etc.

Students should be able to:

- explain the causes of negative influence economic activity man in nature;

- explain the role of plants and animals in a person's life;

- justify the need to take measures for the protection of wildlife;

- comply with the rules of behavior in nature;

- distinguish with living sites, tables dangerous to human life types of plants and animals;

- lead a healthy lifestyle and fight against harmful habits His comrades.

MetaPered Learning Results:

General educational Wood :

The ability to compare and allocate the signs of human ancestors, their characteristic features, lifestyle; The main environmental problems facing modern humanity;

Compare the properties of living organisms;

Carry out the simplest classification of poisonous plants and animals;

Explain the role of plants and animals in a person's life;

Analyze, explain the basic rules of behavior in nature;

Find and use causal relationships;

- Converting sign-symbolic products Make logical conclusions

Regulatory Wood :

Draw up a plan for performing a learning task;

Check, make corrections

Communicative Wood :

Reflect writing the results of their activities.

Specification

Test work on the topic " Man on earth. "

1. Radiation of work - Check the level of exploration by students of 5 class of subject and meta-delicent results on the topic "Man on Earth"

2. The main content of the inspection is oriented for the maintenance of the federal state educational standard of the main general Education (Order of the Russian Federation № 1897 dated December 17, 2010) and corresponds Approximate programs by educational subjects. Biology 5-99 classes. (N.I. Sonin and A.A. Plaishakov)

3. Characteristic of work.

Control form: test test

Number of options -1.

Number of tasks in test work - 16

Test work includes questions for checking the knowledge of the following educational material: "As a person appeared on earth," "As a person changed the earth," "life is under threat. Will the land of the desert, "human health and life safety will not be.

4. Characteristics of tasks. The sequence of objective tasks corresponds to the levels of complexity: the basic, elevated, high.The work uses tasks: with a choice of one answer, with a choice of several answers, for compliance, with the choice of faithful judgments, with a brief answer, with an expanded answer.

Test Consists of three parts:

Part 1 : Contains 10 tasks of the basic level of complexity with the choice of one correct response from the four proposed.

Part 2 : 4 tasks of an increased level of complexity. From these tasks: 1 task with a selection and recording of three faithful options out of six; 1 task to establish conformity; 1 task to choose from true judgments; 1 on the definition of the sequence biological processes, phenomena.

Part 3. : Contains 2 tasks, elevated complexity. From these tasks: 1 task to work with the text of biological content, in which it is necessary to correct biological errors in the given text, 2 tasks with an expanded response.

Part 1 Includes 10 baseline tasks (A1 - A10). Each task is given 4 options of response, of which only one is correct. For each correct answer is given 1 point. Maximum score for 1 part -10 points.

Part 2

For each correct answer 2 points maximum score for 2 part -8Balls.

Part 3. Contains 2 of the most complex, volumetric tasks. C1I C2- require a full response, for the correct execution of the task of 3 Point.

Maximum score for 3 parts -6 points.

Just for the work of 21 points.

on the topic: "Man on Earth"

Tasks of level A.

You are taking one correct answer from the four proposed:

1. This man found a wonderful assistant who became the most devoted friend - a dog ...

1) Neanderthalets

2) Cryanonets

3) Skillful man

4) Strong Man

2. Common ancestors of man and human monkeys were ...

1) Chimpanzees

2) Gorilla

3) Australopitetse

4) Dryoitekie

3. The High Grass Savannan and Stepes prevented him from viewing the surroundings, and he got on his feet ...

1) Skillful man

2) Cryanonets

3) Australopithek

4) reasonable man

4. All people living on earth now belong to the mind ...

1) Skillful man

2) reasonable man

3) Strong Man

4) Family man

5. The negative value of cattle breeding for nature is

1) getting meat

2) the development of the dairy industry

3) dedication of pasture lands

4) the removal of new breeds

6. Cylinder rains are formed as a result

1) Pet breeding

2) the propagation of agricultural plants

3) Forest information

4) emissions to the atmosphere of waste industrial enterprises

7. Desertification is:

1) gradual fever of arid lands

2) gradual overgrowth of abandoned forests forest

3) gradual conversion of arid lands to the desert

4) gradual ingroup of arid lands herbs

8. Global changes in nature can lead

1) increase in number separate species animals and plants

2) desertification of territories

3) loss of heavy precipitation

4) Surging Land Forest after Forest Fire

9. The face of the disappearance is a plant

1) Sequoia

2) fir

3) Pine

4) Topol.

10.The time of hurricane man follows

1) hide under a tree

2) Help under the balcony

3) follow what is happening on the street

4) indoors close tight windows and doors.

Tasks of the level B.

Select three correct answers from six

B1.Select three faithful answers. The harmful effects of a person in nature led to education

6) greenhouse effect

AT 2. Title terms :

Answer:________________________________________________________

IN 3. Are the following statements are true?

A. The deforestation leads not only to the destruction of plants, but also to the desertification of the lands.

B. With a large population of domestic animals on pastures, the growth and density of grass is enhanced due to the increase in soil fertility.

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) both judgments are not true

Answer____________________________

AT 4. “ Tape tape ". Arrange the numbers of the cards with the drawings as the man develops on the ground.

Insert: Time Tape

Answer:_______________________________________________

Tasks of the level S.

1. Include errors in the text given, correct them.

(Specify the numbers of the proposals in which the errors are made, explain them)

1. All people inhabiting the land at the present time belong to the mind is reasonable.

3. The general ancestor of man and gorilla are dripiteca.

5. Neanderthals fed almost exclusively with meat, made from stone complex tools of labor and hunting, clothes from the skins.

2. We study the diagram. Relying on its content, give a brief written answers to questions.

1. For what reason most often all over the world are the destruction of land?

2. In addition to the destruction of land, what else could the consequences of the cutting of forests?

3. In solving what problem can you participate now?

Establishment of evaluation material

Answers:

B4 - 3,1,5,6,2,4

C1- 2. The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 2-3 million years ago and were more like a person. (The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 4-5 million years ago and were more like a monkey than per person).

4. Neanderthals used natural shelters for housing - caves. (Cryanonians).

6. Supported by man who lived in Africa in ancient times called a skillful person. (Australopita)

C2.

Correct answer:

1. Most often, the land is destroyed due to the reissue on them livestock.

2. The consequences of the cutting down of the forest can also be the death of animals that will lose houses and places of extraction of feed; The amount of oxygen coming into the atmosphere will decrease.

3. I can participate in the landing of the forest.

Evaluation criteria:

11-14 points - mark"3" (51%-65%)

15- 18 points - the mark "4" (66% -84%)

19 -21 points - the mark "5" (85% -100%)

10 points and below mark« 2 "(0% -50%)

Instructions for a student on performing testing

Part 1 Includes 10 baseline tasks (A1 - A10). Each task is given 4 options of response, of which only one is correct. For each correct answer is given 1 point. Maximum score for 1 part -10 points.

Part 2 consists of an advanced task.

For each correct answer 2 points maximum score for 2 part -8Balls.

Part 3. Contains 2 of the most complex, volumetric tasks. C1I C2- require a full response, for the correct execution of the task of 3 points.

Maximum score for 3 parts -6 points.

Just for the work of 21 points.

Examination of biology for grade 5

0 place of man in wildlife. Signs and properties of Homo Sapiens, allowing it to attribute it to various systematic groups of the kingdom of animals.

North Kazakhstan region, Achesion district

Talchik Central School

Biology teacher

Aoshenova Aina Gumarovna

Biology lesson in grade 11

Man in wildlife. Signs and properties of Homo Sapiens, allowing it to attribute it to various systematic

groups of the kingdom of animals.

Tasks: - to know students with the history of studying the problem of human origin, to show the leading role of Darwin and Engels's teachings in her decision

Continue the formation of skills to compare, analyze, draw conclusions

Education of love for the animal world

Type of lesson:lesson studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge.

During the classes:

1. The above-motivational part. Psychological attitude to the lesson.

Stand, legs on the width shoulders, hands freely omitted along the body. Close your eyes. Imagine that you are a tree: strong mighty oak or slim thin birch.

Your roots are strong and stable, they firmly go to the ground, and you feel confident and calm.

The barrel is equally and flexible, it is slightly shared, but it does not break. Branches are free "pegs" along the trunk. The leaves are easily "rustling", slightly assisted each other.

Krona is your pista and fresh. You are a wonderful mighty tree, you are confident and calm. You are kind, calm and successful.

And now everyone will open their eyes, quietly sit down and continue our work.

2.Biological dictation:

№1. Instead of points, enter the corresponding answers.

1. Theory of the origin of a person- .... (anthropogenesis)

2.homo sapiens -One from representatives of the mammalian class related to the detachment ... (Primates)

3. For human monkeys include ... (Gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon)

4. All people inhabiting the land now belong to the mind ... (reasonable person)

5. New appearance of a person's signs of ancestors ... (atavism)

6.Rech, thinking, work belongs to factors ... (social)

7. Next variability, the struggle for existence, natural selection is related to ... factors (biological)

8. The man happened from ... (Driopiteki)

9. Historically established groups of people characterized by the generality of hereditary physical characteristics - ... (Race)

10.Rery representatives of the type Homo Sapiens (intelligent) - ... (Neanderthal)

11.Naught about races, their occurrence and development - ... (misunderstanding)

12. The presence of rudiments and atavisov's person testifies to the origin of a person from ... (animals)

13. The first evidence of the origin of a person from animals presented ... (J.B.Lamark)

14. Work "The role of labor in the process of turning the monkey in a person" wrote ... (F. Enteles)

15. Organ and product of labor is ... (hand)

16. The first labor tools were able to manufacture- ... (Australopitetka)

17. The emergence of a modern person - ... (35 thousand years ago)

18. The first foci and dwellings were built ... (Paleoanthops)

19.Lodium ledge is developed at ... (Neoantrops)

20. The humanity is formed by three large races: ... (European, mongoloid, innocent)

3. Studying a new material:

"There is no limit to human mind, and the world can become in the coming years or a decade witness to new wonderful discoveries," the question will be natural: how did the look possessing so much?

We will try to answer this question for several lessons.

We will argue, assume, refute, put forward assumptions, etc.

Please think about what is the tasks of today's lesson? Students, expressing assumptions what studies this topiccome to conclusions.

Output:That man is a crown of the creation of nature. What position does he occupy among the huge variety?

Man in the system of organic world:

	Cellic
Treatment
Fabrication	Animals
	Multicellular
	Chordovy
	Vertebrae
	Mammals
Suborder
Family	Facility monkeys
	People (hominids)
	Man's reasonable man (Homo Sapiens)

Why does a person relate to animals that served as the basis for this hypothesis?

What features we relate to animals

- Disputes about the origin of man do not stop over the centuries. This is one of the most intriguing heads of the evolution of life on Earth.

Man is a representative of the class of mammals, he is a vertebrate animal and therefore relatives to fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

Table "The main features of the human body inherited from animals"

Main features	From whom inherited
Genetic coder code	First unicellular eukaryotes
Mitochondria genetic code	First prokaryotes
Bilateral symmetry of body	Predecessors of early chordovyov
Bone skeleton
Five-plated limbs	Fish, amphibians
Lonanty breathing	Amphibian and reptiles
Amniotic egg	Presbysey
Extra long limbs, dental differentiation, dairy glands, warm-bloodedness	Primitive mammals
Placenta, fatigress	Early placental mammals

To date, several hypotheses or theories of human origin are discussed.

- Which of them can you call yourself?

What evidence of origin between man and animals.

Physiological - the principal similarity of the processes occurring in human and animal organisms;

Embryology - similar stages of germinal development and man and animals;

Paleontological - finds of the remains of ancient humanoid creatures;

Biochemical - similarity chemical composition intracellular medium in humans and animals;

Comparative - anatomical - a single plan for the structure of human and animal bodies, the presence of rudiment and atavisms in humans;

Genetic - SKaboutthe number of chromosomes in humans and man and human monkeys.

Holding fizminutka

4. Filling out independent work:

1. Name similar signs of man and animals?

2. What signs are distinguished by a person from human monkeys?

3. Let the characteristic of the position of the person in the system of the animal world.

5. Education of children into 2 groups. Work on postures.

Work on cards:

A) name the main results of the evolution of a person who led to the emergence of significant differences from modern human-like monkeys, why can not be considered modern monkeys Ancestors of man?

B) Describe the variety of man-like monkeys.

(All three textbooks on general biology are used.)

6.Instation of the lesson:

"What was the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe lesson?"

Find evidence that the origin of a person was associated with the evolution of the ancient human monkeys;

What do their relatives do?

7.Feflexia: -What is your mood at the end of the lesson?

Did you find out something new and interesting?

In what form would you spend this lesson?

What you liked in the lesson, and what not?

8. Maximum task: §30, prepare a crossword puzzle.

From many other planets - the presence of reasonable beings on it - people. Where and when did the first person appear? The search for a response to this question people have been leading for a very long time.

Earth settlement by man

In the settlement of people on the planet allocate two stages. Approximately 2 million years ago, ancient people began to penetrate into other areas and on other continents. This stage of land development ended approximately 500 thousand years ago. Subsequently, the ancient people have died out.

Modern person ("Homo Sapires") appeared in just about 200 thousand years ago. It was from here that the second stage of the settlement of people began. To go to new uncharted lands, they made them first of all care for feeding. With an increase in the number of people expanded the territories on which the hunt was carried out, edible plants were gathered. The resettlement of people contributed strongly. The level of 15-16 thousand years ago was below the modern at 130 m, so "land bridges" existed between individuals and islands. The transition to a settled lifestyle occurred 11 thousand years ago. This contributed to the development of ancient civilizations. Many monuments of their cultures have been preserved to this day.

Races

Long existence of people in various natural conditions He led to the emergence of races of large groups of people with general, transmitted by inheritance, external signs. According to external signs, all of humanity is divided into four large geographical races.

Needo Race Food in the hot regions of the Earth. Dark, almost black, leather, hard curly or wavy black hair, characteristic of these people, are protected from sun burns And overheating the body. Eyes brown. Wide flat nose and thick lips contribute to the control of body temperature.

Australoid Race According to the external signs of their representatives close to the Negroid.

Mongoloidsadapted to life in and where summer temperatures are high, frequent strong winds and dust storms. Yellow skin protects against excessive exposure to sunlight. A narrow eye cut saves them from wind and dust. Mongoloids have straight hard hair, a large flattened face, protruding cheekbones and a weakly protruding nose.

Caucasoid Race It is divided into the northern and southern branches. Southern European winds are dark skin, brown eyes and dark hair. Northern - white leather, bright and soft hair, blue eyes or gray.

Mixed races.Over time, the share of people is growing on Earth, in the appearance of which there are signs of various races. They form mixed races, the emergence of which is associated with the relocation of people. These include methuses - descendants of Europeans and Indians; Mulati - descendants of Europeans and the peoples of the Negroid race; Sambo - descendants of the Indians and the peoples of the Negroid race; Malgashi is the descendants of the peoples of the Negroid and.

Anthropogenesis - the process of distinguishing a person from the world of animals - passed, according to most researchers, three main stages:

1. The time of the consistent existence of man's anthropoid ancestors,

2. Ancient people (Archantropov)

3. Modern people (Neoantropov).

All people inhabiting the Earth now belong to the mind of Homo Sapiens (Homo-Man, Sapiens-Reasonable). The most important signs of Homo Sapiens-vertical body position and walking on two legs, a very well developed brain and flexible hand brushes. The combination of these signs gives a person the opportunity to use the environment in order to feed and wear all its numerous population and create amazing civilizations. However, the unceremonious and often hostile appeal with all kinds of living beings (including the person) began to turn against ourselves. We begin to understand that our planet is a closed ecosystem with limited space and limited energy reserves and that we consume and destroy its resources faster than nature can restore them. According to some scientists, we simply play in nature the role that we are destined and which we cannot avoid: we change the environment to such an extent that it is no longer able to provide our existence, and lay the way to other types (perhaps some insects) that one day will postpone the earth. According to others, we will be able to resolve our environmental problems, as well as we coped with such many other problems.

The growth of the human population is ultimately based on the majority of other environmental problems. The demographic explosion began when primitive tribes began to produce food not by hunting and collecting, but the cultivation of the Earth - a change that provided the deepest impact on the history of mankind.

Evolution of man

Homo Sapiens is one of the mammal representatives belonging to the instrument of primates, which also belong to Tupayi,disclaimers, Lemurs, Laurie and Monkeys, including man-like monkeys.

Detachment Primate

Lower primates or semi-chains (ProsiRII): Tupayia, Lemur, Laurie, Galago, long adversies.

Higher primates, or monkeys (anthropoidea).

Monkeys of new light, including cabins, marblestiles.

Monkeys of old world, including macaques, baboons.

Higher Loft Monkeys (Hominoidea)

Human-like monkeys: Gibbon, Orangutan, Gorilla, Chimpanzees People (Hominidae): Australopithecus (extinct sentences), Homo eRECTUS, N. NEANDER-TALENSIS, N. SAPIENS

Among the living primates, various stages of the evolution of this group are presented - from animals similar to primitive mammals, to large man-like monkeys and humans.

The most characteristic adaptive signs of primates are associated with the extremely high development of some departments. nervous system, in particular those departments of the brain, on which the reasonable behavior and the ability of the muscles to the clever and subtle action. This development of the nervous system is closely associated with the vocabulary of the life of the ancestral primates and many modern forms. For wood lifestyle, agility and well-developed senses are needed. An animal who has to jump from the branch on the branch, especially good vision is especially necessary. Most primates both eyes look ahead and therefore see the same thing; Two identifies one to another identical image create a stereoscopic (volume) vision.

In the process of the evolution of primates, the facial part of the skulls gradually became shorter. This change is probably adaptive, since this does not interfere with the eyes aimed forward to look at the world around. The shortening of the muzzle was accompanied by the shortening of the jaws and the loss of the teeth.

On the one hand, in the anthropogenesis, the brain skull increases, reflecting the adaptive growth of the mass and volume of the brain, on the other, the configuration and structure of the brain skirt bones are changed in the direction of autonomization relative to the influence of the external environment - mainly mechanical effects. This is reflected in the conversions of the brain skull occurring after the cessation of the selection over the volume of the brain, and is fully fitted in the framework of the theory of rotation shells. In particular, the superlord and occipital rollers in the turtles of the archantropov and paleoanthropes can be considered as a special design ("reference ring"), which is tensile ("perceive of space"). The preferential increase in the height of the brain skull occurring in anthropogenesis and the change in its configuration from the shape of a gentle spherical dome on the form of the dome, outlined by half of the ellipsoidal surface, leads to a decrease in the retrailer and disappearance of the spacer ring, that is, the headless and occipient rollers.

If evolutionary transformations, leading to the racial and population variability of the human cerebral skull, are associated with adaptation to gradually and permanent weak influences depending on the geographical conditions of the range (intensity of insolation, temperature and humidity of the air, the content of chemicals in the soil, the tension of the geomagnetic field), The evolutionary conversion of the brain skull as a design that protects the brain from external mechanical impacts occurs as a result of adaptation to extreme elimination factors acting by packingman (injury). This is reflected in the transformations of the skull occurring after the cessation of the selection by the volume of the brain in the conditions of constancy of climate-geographical factors, and indicates the relative independence of the formation of racial (population) and structural features of the brain skull.

Primates on all limbs are available five fingers, and usually one finger at least to some extent is opposed to the remaining four; Thanks to this, the animal can grab and hold the wood branch or food. Fingers ends with sensitive pads and are often equipped with decorated nails, and not curved claws, like fingers of other mammals.

In the early stages of the evolution of primates, some semi-essayan, reminiscent of the mouse, moved to life on trees. Nowadays, the living rations for this semoressean - Tupayia are also very similar to rats or mice. The most advanced representative of the semoresyan-Indonesian partition, who lives on trees and the leading night lifestyle; Dolfish has huge eyes, completely stereoscopic vision, and its fingers are not equipped with claws, but nails. In addition, the upper lip is covered with hairs, like the highest primates, and the face is movable and expressive. In higher primates, the means of communication serves Mimica, this reflects the transition to vision as a dominant feeling; Most of the same mammals for the exchange of information is sense of smell.

Higher primates (monkeys, including man-like, and man) have stereoscopic color vision, rounded skull and relatively large well-developed brain, thanks to which they are able to learn complex forms of behavior. Despite the fact that most monkeys use all four limbs when moving, they can sit straightened for a long time; In addition, some wood monkeys are a lot of time in a vertical position, when they throw the body from the branch onto the branch, clinging for them with the front limbs - a way of movement, called brachia. Stirry played a huge role In the evolution of anthropoids, as it freed the forefronts, which made it possible to use them for manipulations with food, care for young and performing various other functions.

Currently, there are only four kinds of man monkeys: Gibbon, Orangutan, Gorilla and Chimpanzee. All of them live in the old world and in their structure and behavior occupy an intermediate position between the rest of monkeys and hominids (representatives of the family of people). The brain in humans is relatively larger than that of other monkeys; In addition, they have no tail, so sit, straightening your back, it is more convenient. Manoid monkeys, as well as the hominids, have a wide chest, but these two groups differ in the fact that monkeys the forelimbs and the spine are more adapted to brachiations, the lower limbs are specialized, and the fangs and cutters are larger and more powerful than that of the hominid. Gorilla and chimpanzees spend a lot of time on Earth; Moving, they rely on the hind limbs and on the knuckles of the fingers of the front limbs, which gives them the opportunity to use the fingers themselves to carry such objects as food or stones.

Over the past few decades, biochemists have developed methods for determining the evolutionary kinship of organisms based on the comparison of the structure of their chromosome and proteins. Proteins are synthesized in accordance with the "instructions" enclosed in genes; The more similarity between the proteins among the representatives of two types of species, the more similar to their genetic maps and the closer the relationship between the species. Man and chimpanzee proteins are similar to 99%. These data, as well as similarities in the structure of the body and behavior, make it possible to consider chimpanzees with the most close to our births from all the living organisms. Biologists do not believe that a person has occurred directly from chimpanzees; In their opinion, both species occurred from some common monkey-like ancestor, who lived a few million years ago, and they are separated from each other, probably somewhat extinct species. The alert line leading to the gorilla separated from the line of the hominid - chimpanzees somewhat earlier; Even earlier, a branch arose, led to orangutans.

Very few areas of research and among them the search for fossil remains of our ancestors - caused so many disputes and created such confusion. Many finds consist only of several teeth (they are better preserved due to their hardness) and a chip of jaws or one of the bones of the leg and several fragments of the skull. For such residues, scientists can draw conclusions about the nature of the nutrition, the sizes of the brain and body position. Easy to imagine how difficult it is; Indeed, scientists often diverge in opinions on how to interpret one or another sign. Recently, anthropologists have found a number of very important fossil residues and re-analyzed all available data. This made it possible to partially eliminate ambiguities, but nevertheless left a number of significant gaps.

Since our nearest living births are African man-like monkeys, the search for the alleged general ancestor of these monkeys and a person was carried out mainly in Africa. In Miocene (25-13 million years ago) many wooded areas turned into an open steppes. Apparently, during this period some monkey-like forms left forests; One possible ancestor of the hominid from the Miocene deposits of Africa and Asia found a trend towards walking on two legs.

According to anthropologists, the hominids were diverged from man-like monkeys from 10 to 4 million years ago, but we do not have almost no fossil residues for the ancestors of the hominid belonging to this period.

Currently accumulated scientific data make it possible to consider "the cradle of mankind" Northeast Africa. The oldest of the famous human ancestors - Ramapithecus - is known only in several teeth and jaw fragments, which is determined by 9-14 million years ago. It is not known whether he is open.

The initial stages of anthropogenesis began 2.5 - 3 million years ago with the emergence of Australopithecus Africanus (Australopithecus Africanus), which was spinning, possessed a developed brain and made tools of labor. However, a part of modern specialists does not consider any known variety of Australopitheca by a direct ancestor of modern people, but it believes that it was a side (dead end) branch of evolution, and, therefore, the archangets only had a common ancestor with Australopita.

The first undoubted residues of the hominid, from 4 to 3.5 million years old, found in Ethiopia and are assigned to the genus Australopithecus. Almost a complete skeleton of Australopithek, nicknamed Lucy, belongs to an adult woman who lived about 3.5 million years ago. In life, she went on two legs, i.e. straightening; Its growth reached one meter, although the men belonged to the same form were larger. The question of whether Lucy led a completely ground lifestyle or conducted a significant part of the time on the trees, causes disagreements.

The teeth of Australophecov were very similar to the teeth of a modern man (small cutters and fangs); However, large massive jaws and the brain, which was slightly larger than that of the living human monkeys, bring them close to the latter. Apparently, these hominids were collected Padal and hunted.

Later Australopita were undoubtedly open and lived on Earth, so their hands were free and they could catch animals, throw stones and perform other actions. Heaps of animal bones, found together with fossil residues of Australopites, relating to the period of about 2.5 million years ago, testify that the meat has become a permanent part of their diet. These hominids also enjoy rude stone tools.

One can only build hypotheses that the advantages created by cooperation during hunting and group protection could cause the selection that led to the development of the language as a means of communication.

Homo Erectus is a view from which a modern person believed occurred, approached about 1.5 million years ago. His jaws, teeth and the abnormal arcs still remained massive, but the volume of the brain in some individuals was almost the same asmodern man. Some bones of N. Erectus found in the caves; This suggests that he had more or less permanent dwelling. In addition to the bones of animals and fairly well-isolated stone tools, in some caves, piles of charcoal and burnt bones were found, so, apparently, at that time Australopitets had already learned how to produce fire. It is possible that this custom has arisen as a result of using natural fire in order to warm up or cook food, as well as for splitting stones.

This stage of the evolution of the hominide correlates with the population of other cold regions from Africa. Withstand the cold winters, without working out complex behaviors or technical skills, it would be impossible. Obviously, her face brain Homo erectus has been able to find social and technical solutions (fire, clothing, food supply and collaboration in caves)problems associated with the need to survive in winter strules.

The selection pressure, which caused the evolution of the most outstanding features of a person - a large brain, is still unclear and are widely discussed. This discussion is hampered by the fact that scientists did not come to a certain opinion on the question of what the relationship between the magnitude of the brain and the development of the hands of the hands, on the one hand, and reasonable behavior-on the other. We still have not yet sufficiently studied our own brain, not to mention the ancient hominids remaining in the distant past brain, and therefore we can only build guesses about when and at what press pressures there were certain changes.

Improving labor tools and human development led to the next period of anthropogenesis represented by modern people (Homo Sapiens). The modern species of a person includes only two subspecies: Neanderthalensis (Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis), which emerged 250-200 thousand years ago, and people of modern morphological appearance (Homo Sapiens Sapiens), which appeared about 40-35 thousand years ago.

Neanderthals lived 250-40 thousand years ago during the ice age. These people were widespread on the ground, lived in different climatic and natural conditions and were divided into anthropological attitude to different groups, but these groups do not correspond to modern races. Previously, scientists assumed that from one of the groups of Neanderthals in the subsequent era and people had a modern type. Now Neanderthals are considered as a peculiar side branch of Homo Sapiens. On the Don and the North Caucasus, the appearance of people is connected just with Neanderthals.

Transition of human society to the Upper Paleolithic (35-10 thousand years ago) coincided with the completion of anthropogenesis - the formation of a person of modern physiological type. The first people of modern appearance are referred to as Cryanonians (in the parking lot of Neoantropov in Kro Manon, France).

The birthplace of modern humanity was most likely anterior Asia with surrounding areas. About 20 thousand years ago, modern people widely spread throughout Europe, Asia and Africa. Kromanonians developed ai-graduated speech, visual art appeared. At this time, the material culture of primitive person significantly changed - a high level reached the technology of stone processing, the horn and bone were widely used, a new form of organization of human society was replaced by a primitive flock.

Neanderthal, whose head brain had the same dimensions as the brain of a modern man, and the skull was still heavy, sometimes referring to the mind of Homo Sapiens. Neanderthals appeared about 100,000 years ago. Remains are quite modern representative of N. sapiens was first discovered in sediments of the age of 40,000 years.

Neanderthals are Paleoanthropes, they stand much closer to a modern person than the archangetres previously. Neanderthals spread very widely. Their parking lots on the territory of our country were found in the Caucasus, in the Crimea, in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, in the lower reaches of Dnipro and Don, near Volgograd. A great role in the development of a person begins to play glaciation, changing the composition of animals and the appearance of flora. Neanderthals learned how to produce fire, which was a huge conquest of the emerging humanity. They, apparently, appeared the first primitive ideological ideas. In the Teshik-Tash cave in Uzbekistan, the Horn of a mountain goat was surrounded. There are burials in which the bodies of the dead are focused on the East-West line.

For many years, the question was discussed where the place of Neanderthals on an evolutionary tree and could occur between them and Homo Sapiens during their coexistence for dozens of millennia. If crossing was possible, then moderneuropeans could have some Neanderthal Genes. The answer is, although not final - received quite recently when studying the DNA of Neanderthal. Genetic Svante Pabo - the one who studied DNA from Egyptian mummies, extracted the DNA from the remains of Neanderthal, who have several tens of thousands of years. Despite the fact that DNA was strongly fragmented, the scientist was determined using the most modern method for analyzing the DNA method of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to establish a nucleotide sequence of a small section of mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA was chosen for research because in cells its molar concentration is hundreds of times the concentration of nuclear DNA.

DNA extraction was carried out under the conditions of the highest sterility - scientists worked in suits resembling spaces, in order to prevent accidental contamination of the samples under study, modern DNA. Under normal conditions, using the methods used by scientists, the method of polymerase chain reaction is able to "read" DNA fragments with a length of up to several thousand pairs of nucleotides. On the samples studied, the maximum length of "read" fragments was about 20 pairs of nucleotides.

Having received a set of such short fragments, scientists restored the original nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial DNA on them. A comparison of it with DNA of a modern man showed that they differ significantly. The data obtained suggests that the Neanderthals constituted a separate, albeit a kind of kind.

Most likely, the crossing of these two species was impossible - genetic differences between them are too large. Consequently, there are no genes received from Neanderthal in the human gene pool. The sequence of DNA was rated the time of discrepancies of the branches of the Neanderthal and the modern man, which was 550-690 thousand years.

In Late Paleolitis (40-35 thousand years ago), a modern type man is formed (Cryanonian man). These people have already significantly improved the technique of making stone tools: they become much more diverse, sometimes miniature. A throwing spear appears, which significantly increased the efficiency of hunting. Art is born. Magic goals served rock painting. On the walls of the caves, images of rhinos, mammoths, horses, etc. have been applied to the walls of the natural oxygen. (for example, a cap of Bashkiria). The forms of human communities gradually change in the Paleolithic Epoch. From the primitive human herd - to the generic system, which arises in the late Paleolithic.

A generic community is becoming the main cell of human society, which is characterized by common property for fixed assets of production. The transition to the Mesh-Independent Age - Mesolith on our territory began in the XII-X millennium BC, and ended in the VII-V Millenniums BC. At this time, humanity made a lot of discoveries. The most important invention was onions and arrows, which led to the possibility of not injected, but individual hunting, and in small animals. The first steps were made in the direction of cattle breeding. A dog was tamed. Some scientists suggest that at the end of the mesolite, pigs, goats and sheep were tamed. Cattle breeding as a type of economic activity was formed only in Neolithic, when agriculture originated. The transition to a producing farm has such an unusual importance for humanity and on the scale of the stone age occurred so quickly, which allows scientists to speak even about the Neolithic "revolution".

The assortment of stone workers of labor is expanding and improved, but fundamentally new materials appear.

So, in Neolithic, the manufacture of ceramics was mastered, still stucco, without a pottery circle. Weaving was mastered. The boat was invented and began to start shipping. In the Neolithic, the birthbroken system achieves a higher stage of development - large associations of labor - tribes are created, cross-combined exchange and inter-bond connections.