Crimean War what century and participant in the event. immediate causes of the war. The state of the Russian armed forces

War-on the border between the Russian im-pe-ri-ey and koa-li-qi-ey countries (Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nia, France, Os-man-sky im-pe -ria and Sar-din-ko-ro-left-st-vo), caused by a clash-but-ve-ni-em of their in-te-re-owls in the bass-this-not Black-but th m., on Kav-ka-ze and Bal-ka-nah. Og-ra-no-chen-nye military. dei-st-via were also carried out on the Bal-ti-ke, Bel-scrap m. and Pacific Ocean.

K ser. 19th century Great Britain and France you-tes-no-whether Russia from near-non-sewage markets and under-chi-no-whether your influence -nia of the Os-man-sky im-pe-ry. Ros. right-vi-tel-st-in without-us-pesh-but py-ta-moose to-go-to-rit-sya with Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-her about time-de-le spheres of influence in the Middle East-to-ke, and then decided to restore the morning-ra-chen-nye-zi-tion directly on the press on Os -man-sky im-pe-riyu. Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nia and France are able-to-st-in-va-li about-st-re-niyu conflict-ta, ras-count-you-was-la- beat Russia and trade Crimea, the Caucasus and other ter-ri-to-rii from it. For-mal-nym in-house for K. v. in-serve-whether the dispute between the right-in-glorious and some-lich. spirit-ho-ven-st-vom because of the Holy places in Pa-le-sti-ne, on-ho-div-shih-sya under the protection of Russia and France, and fak-ti-che-ski it was about us-ta-nov-le-nii pre-o-la-giving-th influence on the os-lab-len-nuyu Os-man- im-pe-riyu, someone-paradise hoped for the help of the west. countries in the preservation of statehood in the Bal-ka-nah. Feb. 1853 through you-tea-ny in-slan-nick imp. Ni-ko-lai I adm. A. S. Men-shi-kov in-tre-bo-val from Port-you confirm-waiting for the pro-tek-to-ra-ta of Russia over all the right-to-glory-us -mi in the Os-man-sky im-pe-rii. Under-der-zhy-vae-my Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-ey and Fran-qi-ey tour. pra-vi-tel-st-in from-clo-no-lo grew up. but-that and yes-lo permission to enter English-lo-French. es-kad-ry in the Strait of Dar-da-nel-ly. In connection with this, Russia is ra-zo-rva-la di-plo-ma-tich. from-no-she-niya with Os-man-sky im-pe-ri-ey and on June 21 (July 3-la) introduced war-ska into the Du-nai-sky princes-same-st-va - Mol-da-wiyu and Wa-la-hyu. Under-der-zhan-ny Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-ey and Franc-tsi-ey, tour. sul-tan Ab-dul-Med-kid 27 Sept. (9 Oct.) tre-bo-val you-vo-yes grew up. troops from the principalities, and 4 (16) Oct. announced-I-vil Russia howl-well, someone-paradise 20 Oct. (November 1) in turn, about-I-vi-la howl-well of the Os-man-im-pe-rii. To-cha-lu of the war in the Du-nai-sky princes-same-st-wakh would-la-so-medium-to-that-che-grew. army (83 thousand people) under command. gene. from art. M. D. Gor-cha-ko-va (since 1854 - General Feldm. I. F. Pas-ke-vi-cha). On Kav-ka-ze means. part grew. troops would be in-la-vle-che-on in the Caucasian-Kaz-war-well 1817-64, and for covering the Russian tour. gra-ni-tsy sfor-mi-ro-van 30-thousand-thousand corps (gen.-l. V. O. Be-bu-tov). In the Crimea under the arm. Men-shi-ko-va, on-sign-of-no-go-to-man-blowing-shchim of the Crimean army and the Black Sea Fleet, on-ho-di- elk only 19 thousand people. In zap. areas for covering the Russian-Austrian gra-ni-tsy and on the se-ve-ro-for-pa-de was left a large con-ting-gent of troops (256 thousand people), still approx. 500 thousand people os-ta-va-moose inside. regions of Russia.

We didn’t have specific plans for the war against us. Ros. pra-vi-tel-st-vo-ta-lo that you can achieve your own goals, but de-mon-st-ra-qi-en. si-ly, therefore, after joining the Du-Nai-princes-of-the-same-st-va, active actions are not pre-at-ni-ma -lo. This gave the opportunity to the Os-man-im-pe-rii to complete the strategic. unfold-you-va-nie your army by the end of september-rya. Main si-ly tour. troops (143 thousand people) under command. Omer-pa-shi (av-st-ri-ets Lat-tas, re-re-went to the tour. service-boo) would be co-medium-to-the-che-us on Du-nai- com TVD. To Kavka. TVD on-ho-di-las Ana-to-liy-skaya army of Ab-di-pa-shi (about 100 thousand people). Regardless of the number of pre-sunrise, tour. ko-man-to-va-nie wait-yes-lo enter-p-le-niya into the howl-well so-yuz-ni-kov, that’s why in the 1853 camp-pa-nii on Du-nai- skom theater in-en. dei-st-via shi-ro-ko-go times-ma-ha not in-lu-chi-li. To Kavka. TVD in-en. action-st-via on-cha-lis in oct. 1853 out-of-the-way on-pa-de-ni-em and behind the tour. howl-ska-mi grew up. in a hundred St. Nicholas. Ch. si-ly tour. armies under command. Ab-di-pa-shi (about 20 thousand people) on-stu-pa-li on Alek-san-d-ro-pol (Gyum-ri), and the 18-thousandth building Ali-pa-shi - to Akhal-tsikh. In the battles near Ba-yan-du-ra (near Alek-san-d-ro-po-lem) and near Akhal-tsi-hom, pe-re-to-vye from-row grew. troops inflicted a tour. howl-scam and os-ta-but-wee-whether they are pro-movement. In the Bash-ka-dyk-lar-sky battle of 1853, would there be a thunder-le-na ch. si-ly tour. armies in the Caucasus. Ros. Black Sea Fleet with Na-cha-la K. v. us-pesh-but action-st-in-shaft on the sea. com-mu-no-ka-qi-yah pro-tiv-no-ka, block-ki-ro-val tour. fleet in ports. Ros. es-cad-ra under command. vice-adm. P. S. Na-hi-mo-va 18 (30) Nov. in the Si-nop-sky battle of 1853, a complete destruction of the zhi-la tour. es-kad-ru. This be-doy grew up. the fleet for-war-shaft dominance on the Black M. and lost the tour. howl-ska on Kav-ka-ze support-ki from the sea. At the same time, military weakness of the Os-man-im-pe-rii before-op-re-de-li-la join-p-le-tion in the war-well of We-li-ko-bri-ta-nia and France , some on December 23, 1853 (January 4, 1854) introduced a united union fleet into the Black Sea. Pro-test of Russia against on-ru-she-niya me-zh-du-nar. convention about pro-li-vah was rejected, grew up. pra-vi-tel-stvo ra-zo-rva-lo di-plo-ma-tich. from-no-she-niya with these countries-on-mi.

In the campaign of 1854 on the Danube theater of operations grew. ko-man-do-va-nie before-at-nya-lo in-torture-ku up-re-dit co-yuz-ni-kov, break-up the tour. arm-mia and from-me-thread the course of the war. Vo-en. action-st-via on-cha-lis 11 (23) March-that re-re-right-howl grew up. troops at the same time in the districts of Brai-lo-va, Ga-la-tsa and Iz-mai-la, behind Isak-chi, Tul-chi, Ma-chi-na , and then Gir-co-in. The people of Bol-gar-rii grew up. howl-ska like os-wo-bo-di-te-lei from the tour. yoke. All in. Greece flashed-well-an-ti-tu-retz-something, one-to-the-far-her-neck on-stu-p-le-nie grew. troops were-lo at-os-ta-nov-le-but because of not-re-shi-tel-no-sti M. D. Gor-cha-ko-va. Only on May 4 (16) by order of imp. Ni-ko-lai I started the siege-yes Si-li-st-rii. Pro-in-loch-ki with the beginning of the camp-pa-nii in-call-whether We-li-ko-bri-ta-nii and France to issue in-en.-by- li-tic. co-use, develop a plan of joint actions and complete the preparation of ex-pe-dits. troops. 15-16(27-28). 3.1854 these countries declared war on Russia and Russian tour. howling-on-pe-re-growing-la in the howling-well of Russia with koa-li-qi-her ev-rop. state-su-darstvo. English-French fleet (34 linear ships-slave, 55 free-ha-tov, mainly sail-Russian-but-pa-ro-with wines-you-mi-dvi-ga-te-la -mi), re-rey-dya to active de-st-vi-pits on the Black m., subjected to Odes-su and other coastal states ro-yes, blo-ki-ro-shaft grew. a fleet (14 sailing lines of the ko-slave and 6 frigates; 6 pa-ro-ho-dof-re-ga-tov) in Se-va-sto-po-le. In na-cha-le Apr. 1854 Av-st-ria co-together with Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-ey and Franc-tsi-ey you-dvi-nu-la ul-ti-ma-tiv-nye tre -bo-va-nia, under-der-zhan-nye Prus-si-she, grew up by you. troops from Mol-da-via and Wa-la-hii. I grew up in torture. di-plo-mat-tov to-beat-sya co-gla-siya ev-rop. countries for the withdrawal of a fleet of so-uz-ni-kov from Cher-no-go m. in exchange for accepting their conditions-lo-viy us-pe-ha did not have. By the end of August, it grew. ar-miya in-ki-nu-la for-no-mae-my ter-ri-to-ri, someone-rye would be ok-ku-pi-ro-va-ny av-str-ri- tsa-mi.

In June-July-Le ang-lo-franco-tour. ex-pedic. howl (62 thousand people, 134 on the left and 114 siege weapons) under command. French mar-sha-la A. J. L. St. Arno and Brit. gene. F.J. Rag-la-na co-wed-to-to-chi-lis in Var-na, and 1-6 (13-18) Sept. you-sa-di-lissed in Ev-pa-to-riy bay-those. Attempt to os-ta-but-twist about-moving-the-same-nie against-it-no-ka on the ru-be-the same river. Al-ma (see Al-min battle of 1854) at-ve-la grew up. ar-mii, someone-paradise-went away-cha-le to Se-va-sto-po-lu, and then to the Bakh-chi-sa-raya district, os-ta-viv Se -va-hundred-field without cover for the su-ho-way troops. How-ska so-yuz-ni-kov went to the city from the south. Ang-li-cha-not for-hwa-ti-li Ba-lak-la-vu, but franc-tsu-zy - Ka-we-sho-vuyu bukh-tu, where would you create -lo-ba-zy for providing-ne-che-niya after-blowing combat actions. In Se-wa-sto-po-le 13 (25) Sept. ob-i-vi-whether the siege in the same way, on-cha-las Se-va-sto-pol-skaya ob-ro-on 1854-55. Trying to co-use-no-go-ko-man-do-va-niya for-grab Se-va-sto-pol after 9-day-no-go art. on-str-la, on-cha-that-th 5 (17) Oct. The fire grew. ba-ta-rei inflicted tangible damage to the siege ar-til-le-rii and co-slave-lyam against-v-ni-ka, what for-sta-vi-lo Rag-la- on and gen. F. Kan-ro-be-ra (for-me-niv-she-go Saint-Ar-but) from-lo-live assault. Ros. Voy-ska 13 (25) Oct. before-pri-nya-whether in-torture for-hva-ta uk-re-p-lyon-noy base English. troops in the Ba-lak-la-you area. Chor-gun detachment (gen.-l. P. P. Li-p-ran-di) under the cover of the detachment of the gen.-m. O.P. ka-va-le-rii, one-on-one time-twist so-tich. us-peh failed. The new, general, assault on Se-va-sto-po-la, on-significant so-uz-no-ka-mi on 6 (18) Nov., was co-rvan In-ker-man-skim at the same time 1854, in something, despite growing up. troops, against-nick-carried means-chit. in-te-ri and, from-ka-zav-shis from the storm-ma, re-went to a long wasp-de-go-ro-yes.

To Kavka. TVD tur-ki with-medium-to-chi-li army of Mus-ta-fa Za-rif-pa-shi number of up to 120 thousand people. and in May 1854 they re-went to on-st-p-le-tion on alek-san-d-ro-pol-sky and ku-ta-is-sky on-right-le-ni-yah pro- tiv 40-thousand-thousand-th cor-pu-sa V. O. Be-bu-to-va. Ch. si-ly kor-pu-sa (18 thousand people) at this time from-ra-zha-whether the second in the East. Georgia from the rows of mountaineers under the pre-di-tel-st-vom Sha-mi-la. Despite this, he grew up. howl-ska, action-st-vuya dep. from-rya-da-mi, raz-gro-mi-whether that-rock on the river. Cho-roh, in Kyu-ryuk-Da-rin-sky battle of 1854 and for-nya-li Baya-zet.

In the spring of 1854, military actions began on the Baltic Sea, where would it be on the right-le-na English. and French es-cad-ry under command. vi-tse-ad-mi-ra-lov Ch. Nei-pi-ra and A.F. her ko-slave, 32 pa-ro-ho-do-f-re-ha-ta and 7 pa-rus-ny fre-ga-t). Balt. the fleet consisted of 26 sail-Russian linear ships-slave, 25 fre-ga-ts and cor-ve-ts, of which only 11 were pa-ro-you-mi. For the defense of bases from the sea, it grew. mo-rya-ki for the first time use-pol-zo-va-li min-nye for-gra-zh-de-niya. 4(16) Aug. against-tiv-no-ku managed-elk ov-la-child basic. grew up uk-re-p-le-ni-em on the Aland Islands - Bo-mar-zun-dom. At-torture-ki you-sa-dit others. Autumn-new 1854 co-workers-whether in-ki-well-whether the Baltic m. In the se-ve-re in 1854 several. English and French ko-slave-lei entered the Be-loye m. On the Far East Vos-to-ke in August. 1854 English-lo-French. es-kad-ra before-pri-nya-la in-torture-ku ov-la-det by Pe-tro-pav-lov-sky Port (see Pe-tro-pav-lov-ska ob-ro- on 1854). One-at-a-ko, after-ter-pev in-ra-same-nie, so-uz-naya es-kad-ra ush-la from the banks of Kam-chat-ki. The combat actions on these theater of operations had a second-degree-pe-noe value, so-use-no-ki pre-follow-to-wa-whether the goal was for-sta- to grow up ko-man-do-va-nie from-draw their forces from Ch. te-at-ra - Crimea-go. In de-kab-re to vra-zh-deb-noy Russia ang-lo-french. the coalition was connected to the key of the Av-st-riya (see the Vienna so-yuz-ny do-go-thief 1854), one-on-one in the military. dei-st-vi-yah participation is not with-ni-ma-la.

14 (26) .1.1855 at the request of France, the Sardinian kingdom entered the war, on the right-neck to the Crimea 15 thousandth corps (gen. A. La Mar-mo-ra). In Feb-ra-le grew up. ko-man-to-va-nie before-pri-nya-lo not-successful-to-torture ov-la-det Ev-pa-to-ri-her, after something entered-beer -shey on the pre-table imp. Alexander II changed style from one hundred commands. Crimean ar-mi-ey (128 thousand people, including 43 thousand people in Se-va-sto-po-le) A. S. Men-shi-ko-va and on- meant instead of a hundred not-go M. D. Gor-cha-ko-va. One-on-one change-on-to-man-blowing-shchih could no longer from-me-thread in the same way. In those springs and summers of 1855, the union troops (175 thousand people) produced 5 many-su-precise art. about-stre-catching and pre-pri-nya-whether several. Shtur-mov Se-va-one hundred-on-la. In re-zul-ta-te after the next of them on August 27. (Sept. 8) would-la for-hwa-che-on the key-che-way in-zi-tion in the system of defense Se-va-sto-po-la - Ma-la- hov kur-gan. Ros. ko-man-to-va-nie pri-nya-lo re-she-nie to-ki-nut the city and re-rei-ti to the sowing. shore of the Se-va-sto-pol-sky bay. Res-tav-shie-sya ko-slave-whether for-p-le-na. Os-lab-len-nye allied union troops, occupying the south. part of the city, could not continue to re-press on-stu-p-le-tion.

On the Baltic m. es-kad-ry (20 vin-to-line-ney-ny-ko-slave-lei, 32 pa-ro-ho-dof-re-ha-ta and cor-ve-ta, 18 other ships ) under command. counter-ad-mi-ra-lov R. Dan-da-sa and Sh. Pe-no. After under-ry-va not-how-ki-ko-slave-lei grew up. min-nah at Kronstadt did not show pro-tiv-nick active-no-sti. His actions in the main. og-ra-ni-chi-va-lis-ka-doy and about-arrow in-be-re-zhya. At the end of July, he without-us-pesh-but tried to seize Gel-sing-fors (Hel-sin-ki) and to cover his fortress Svea -borg. By the end of but-yab-rya English-lo-French. es-kad-ry in-ki-well-whether the Baltic m. On the Bel-scrap m. whether blocking actions, the effect of someone would be not significant. To Kavka. Theater of operations in May on-cha-moose on-stu-p-le-tion Ch. forces Det. Kavk. cor-pu-sa (gen. from inf. N. N. Murav-yov; 40 thousand people) in Er-zu-rum-sky on the right-le-nii and the next blo-ka-yes 33-thousand-thousandth tour. gar-ni-zo-na in the fortress of Kars. You are a garden on the Black Sea in the be-re-jee Kav-ka-for tour. ex-pedic. cor-pu-sa Omer-pa-shi (45 thousand people) and his on-stu-p-le-ning from Su-hu-ma with the goal of de-blo-ka-dy Kar-sa us- pe-ha don't have. Li-shyon-ny support of the gar-ni-zones of the cre-by-sti 16 (28) no-yab. ka-pi-tu-li-ro-val. Omer-pa-sha with os-tat-ka-mi times-thunder-len-no-go kor-pu-sa went to Su-hu-mu, from-ku-yes in February. 1856 on the co-slave of eva-kui-ro-val-sya to Turkey. The do-ro-ha on Er-zu-rum turned out to be open, but the arrival of winter and for-labor-not-niya with under-the-wire pro-to-freedom did not grow up. howl-scam continue to live on-stu-p-le-nie. By this time-me-no in-en. and eco-no-mich. the possibility of a side would be practical-ti-che-ski is-cher-pa-na, in-en. action-st-via pre-kra-ti-lis on all theaters. After the death of imp. No-ko-lai I in-goiter-but-were-re-go-in-ry in Vienna, and on 18 (30). summed up the result of the Crimean war.

In-ra-same-tion in K. c. would-lo ob-word-le-but eco-no-mich. and in-en. from-a-hundred-lo-stuy of Russia, gro-mozd-cue for-bu-ro-kra-ti-zi-ditch. app-pa-rat state. the administration could not provide the country with the preparation for war, and the errors grew. di-plo-ma-tii with-ve-whether to poly-tich. iso-la-tion of Russia. The war was an important stage in the development of military. lawsuit. After her, the armies of the most-shin-st-va countries would have been based on a carved weapon, a sailing Russian fleet for me-nyon pa-ro -you m. In the course of K. in. about-on-ru-zhi-las not-with-standing-tel-ness so-ti-ki-co-lonn, in-lu-chi-whether the development of so-ti-ka shooter. ce-pei and elements-men-you in zits. war. Re-zul-ta-you K. v. ob-slo-vi-whether pro-ve-de-nie eco-no-mich., so-qi-al-nyh and military. reforms in Russia. He grew up. arm-mii for the time of the war-us so-hundred-vi-whether St. 522 thousand people, touring rock - approx. 400 thousand people, French-call - 95 thousand people, Ang-li-chan - 22 thousand people.

Russia's defeat in the Crimean War was inevitable. Why?
“This is a war of cretins with scoundrels,” said F.I. Tyutchev.
Too harsh? Maybe. But if we take into account the fact that others died for the sake of the ambitions of some, then Tyutchev's statement will be accurate.

Crimean War (1853-1856) also sometimes called Eastern war- This is a war between the Russian Empire and a coalition of the British, French, Ottoman empires and the Kingdom of Sardinia. fighting unfolded in the Caucasus, in the Danube principalities, in the Baltic, Black, White and Barents Seas, as well as in Kamchatka. But the battles reached the greatest tension in the Crimea, which is why the war got its name. Crimean.

I. Aivazovsky "Review of the Black Sea Fleet in 1849"

Causes of the war

Each side that took part in the war had its own claims and reasons for the military conflict.

Russian empire: sought to revise the regime of the Black Sea straits; increasing influence in the Balkan Peninsula.

The painting by I. Aivazovsky depicts participants in the upcoming war:

Nicholas I peers tensely into the formation of ships. He is being watched by the commander of the fleet, stocky Admiral M.P. Lazarev and his pupils Kornilov (Chief of Staff of the Fleet, behind Lazarev's right shoulder), Nakhimov (behind the left shoulder) and Istomin (far right).

Ottoman Empire: wanted to suppress the national liberation movement in the Balkans; the return of the Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

England, France: hoped undermine Russia's international prestige, weaken its position in the Middle East; tear away from Russia the territories of Poland, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Finland; strengthen its position in the Middle East, using it as a sales market.

By the middle of the XIX century, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of decline, in addition, the struggle of the Orthodox peoples for liberation from the Ottoman yoke continued.

These factors led the Russian Emperor Nicholas I in the early 1850s to think about separating the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, inhabited by Orthodox peoples, which was opposed by Great Britain and Austria. Great Britain, in addition, sought to oust Russia from the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and from Transcaucasia. The Emperor of France, Napoleon III, although he did not share the plans of the British to weaken Russia, considering them excessive, supported the war with Russia as a revenge for 1812 and as a means of strengthening personal power.

Russia and France had a diplomatic conflict over the control of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, Russia, in order to put pressure on Turkey, occupied Moldavia and Wallachia, which were under the protectorate of Russia under the terms of the Adrianople peace treaty. The refusal of the Russian Emperor Nicholas I to withdraw troops led to the declaration of war on Russia on October 4 (16), 1853 by Turkey, followed by Great Britain and France.

The course of hostilities

First stage of the war (November 1853 - April 1854) - these are Russian-Turkish military operations.

Nicholas I took an uncompromising position, hoping for the power of the army and the support of some European states (England, Austria, etc.). But he miscalculated. The Russian army numbered over 1 million people. However, as it turned out during the war, it was imperfect, primarily in technical terms. Its armament (smooth-bore guns) was inferior to the rifled weapons of the Western European armies.

The artillery is outdated. The Russian fleet was predominantly sailing, while the European navies were dominated by ships with steam engines. There were no good communications. This did not allow to provide the place of hostilities with a sufficient amount of ammunition and food, as well as human replacements. The Russian army could successfully fight against the Turkish army, which was similar in state, but it was not able to resist the united forces of Europe.

The Russian-Turkish war was fought with varying success from November 1853 to April 1854. The main event of the first stage was the Battle of Sinop (November 1853). Admiral P.S. Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay and suppressed coastal batteries.

As a result of the Battle of Sinop, the Russian Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral Nakhimov defeated the Turkish squadron. The Turkish fleet was defeated within a few hours.

During a four-hour battle in Sinop bay(Turkish naval base) the enemy lost a dozen and a half ships and over 3 thousand people killed, all coastal fortifications were destroyed. Only 20-gun fast steamer "Taif" with an English adviser on board he was able to escape from the bay. The commander of the Turkish fleet was taken prisoner. Nakhimov's squadron lost 37 men killed and 216 wounded. Some ships left the battle with heavy damage, but one was not sunk. . The battle of Sinop is inscribed in history in golden letters Russian fleet.

I. Aivazovsky "Sinop battle"

This activated England and France. They declared war on Russia. The Anglo-French squadron appeared in the Baltic Sea, attacked Kronstadt and Sveaborg. English ships entered the White Sea and bombarded the Solovetsky Monastery. A military demonstration was also held in Kamchatka.

Second phase of the war (April 1854 - February 1856) - Anglo-French intervention in the Crimea, the appearance of warships of the Western powers in the Baltic and White Seas and in Kamchatka.

The main goal of the combined Anglo-French command was the capture of the Crimea and Sevastopol, the Russian naval base. On September 2, 1854, the Allies began the landing of an expeditionary force in the Evpatoria region. Battle on the river Alma in September 1854, the Russian troops lost. By order of the commander A.S. Menshikov, they passed through Sevastopol and retreated to Bakhchisaray. At the same time, the garrison of Sevastopol, reinforced by the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet, was actively preparing for defense. It was headed by V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov.

After the battle on the river Alma the enemy laid siege to Sevastopol. Sevastopol was a first-class naval base, impregnable from the sea. In front of the entrance to the raid - on the peninsulas and capes - there were powerful forts. The Russian fleet could not resist the enemy, so some of the ships were sunk in front of the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay, which further strengthened the city from the sea. More than 20,000 sailors went ashore and lined up along with the soldiers. 2 thousand ship guns were also transported here. Eight bastions and many other fortifications were built around the city. Earth, boards, household utensils were used - everything that could delay bullets.

But for the work there were not enough ordinary shovels and picks. Theft flourished in the army. During the war years, this turned into a disaster. In this regard, a well-known episode comes to mind. Nicholas I, outraged by all sorts of abuses and theft found almost everywhere, in a conversation with the heir to the throne (the future Emperor Alexander II) shared his discovery, which shocked him: “It seems that in all of Russia only two people do not steal - you and me.”

Defense of Sevastopol

Defense led by admirals Kornilova V.A., Nakhimova P.S. and Istomin V.I. lasted 349 days with a 30,000-strong garrison and naval crews. During this period, the city was subjected to five massive bombardments, as a result of which part of the city, the Ship Side, was practically destroyed.

On October 5, 1854, the first bombardment of the city began. It was attended by the army and Navy. From the land, 120 guns fired at the city, from the sea - 1340 guns of ships. During the shelling, over 50 thousand shells were fired at the city. This fiery whirlwind was supposed to destroy the fortifications and crush the will of their defenders to resist. However, the Russians responded with accurate fire from 268 guns. The artillery duel lasted five hours. Despite the huge superiority in artillery, the allied fleet was badly damaged (8 ships were sent for repairs) and was forced to retreat. After that, the Allies abandoned the use of the fleet in the bombing of the city. The fortifications of the city were not seriously damaged. The decisive and skillful rebuff of the Russians came as a complete surprise to the allied command, which expected to take the city with little bloodshed. The defenders of the city could celebrate a very important not only military, but also a moral victory. Their joy was overshadowed by the death during the shelling of Vice Admiral Kornilov. The defense of the city was headed by Nakhimov, who, for his distinction in the defense of Sevastopol, was promoted to admiral on March 27, 1855. F. Roubaud. Panorama of the defense of Sevastopol (detail)

A. Roubaud. Panorama of the defense of Sevastopol (detail)

In July 1855, Admiral Nakhimov was mortally wounded. The attempts of the Russian army under the command of Prince Menshikov A.S. to pull back the forces of the besiegers ended in failure (the battle under Inkerman, Evpatoria and Black River). The actions of the field army in the Crimea did little to help the heroic defenders of Sevastopol. Around the city, the enemy's ring was gradually shrinking. Russian troops were forced to leave the city. The offensive of the enemy ended there. Subsequent military operations in the Crimea, as well as in other parts of the country, were not of decisive importance for the Allies. Things were somewhat better in the Caucasus, where Russian troops not only stopped the Turkish offensive, but also occupied the fortress Kars. During the Crimean War, the forces of both sides were undermined. But the selfless courage of the Sevastopol people could not compensate for the shortcomings in armament and provision.

On August 27, 1855, French troops stormed the southern part of the city and captured the height that dominated the city - Malakhov Kurgan.

The loss of Malakhov Kurgan decided the fate of Sevastopol. On this day, the defenders of the city lost about 13 thousand people, or more than a quarter of the entire garrison. On the evening of August 27, 1855, by order of General M.D. Gorchakov, the Sevastopol residents left the southern part of the city and crossed the bridge to the northern part. The battles for Sevastopol ended. The Allies did not achieve his surrender. The Russian armed forces in Crimea survived and were ready for further fighting. They numbered 115 thousand people. against 150 thousand people. Anglo-French-Sardinians. The defense of Sevastopol was the culmination of the Crimean War.

F. Roubaud. Panorama of the defense of Sevastopol (fragment "The battle for the Gervais battery")

Military operations in the Caucasus

In the Caucasian theater, hostilities developed more successfully for Russia. Turkey invaded Transcaucasia, but suffered a major defeat, after which Russian troops began to operate on its territory. In November 1855, the Turkish fortress Kare fell.

The extreme exhaustion of the allied forces in the Crimea and the Russian successes in the Caucasus led to the cessation of hostilities. Negotiations between the parties began.

Parisian world

At the end of March 1856, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Russia did not suffer significant territorial losses. Only the southern part of Bessarabia was torn away from her. However, she lost the right to protect the Danubian Principalities and Serbia. The most difficult and humiliating was the condition of the so-called "neutralization" of the Black Sea. Russia was forbidden to have naval forces, military arsenals and fortresses on the Black Sea. This dealt a significant blow to the security of the southern borders. The role of Russia in the Balkans and the Middle East was reduced to nothing: Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia passed under the supreme authority of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

The defeat in the Crimean War had a significant impact on the alignment of international forces and on the internal situation of Russia. The war, on the one hand, exposed its weakness, but on the other, it demonstrated the heroism and unshakable spirit of the Russian people. The defeat summed up the sad end of Nikolaev's rule, stirred up the entire Russian public and forced the government to come to grips with reforming the state.

Heroes of the Crimean War

Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich

K. Bryullov "Portrait of Kornilov on board the brig "Themistocles"

Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich (1806 - October 17, 1854, Sevastopol), Russian Vice Admiral. Since 1849 the chief of staff, since 1851 the actual commander of the Black Sea Fleet. During the Crimean War, one of the leaders of the heroic defense of Sevastopol. Mortally wounded on Malakhov Hill.

He was born on February 1, 1806 in the family estate of Ivanovsky, Tver province. His father was a naval officer. Following in his father's footsteps, Kornilov Jr. entered the Naval Cadet Corps in 1821 and graduated two years later, becoming a midshipman. Richly gifted by nature, ardent and addicted young man was burdened by coastal combat service in the Marine Guards crew. He could not stand the routine of parade grounds and drills at the end of the reign of Alexander I and was expelled from the fleet "for lack of vigor for the front." In 1827, at the request of his father, he was allowed to return to the Navy. Kornilov was assigned to M. Lazarev's ship Azov, which had just been built and arrived from Arkhangelsk, and from that time his real naval service began.

Kornilov became a participant in the famous Navarino battle against the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. In this battle (October 8, 1827), the crew of the Azov, carrying the flagship flag, showed the highest valor and was the first of the ships of the Russian fleet to earn the stern St. George flag. Lieutenant Nakhimov and midshipman Istomin fought next to Kornilov.

October 20, 1853 Russia declared a state of war with Turkey. On the same day, Admiral Menshikov, appointed commander-in-chief of naval and land forces in the Crimea, sent Kornilov with a detachment of ships to reconnoiter the enemy with permission to "take and destroy Turkish warships wherever they meet." Having reached the Bosphorus Strait and not finding the enemy, Kornilov sent two ships to reinforce Nakhimov's squadron cruising along the Anatolian coast, sent the rest to Sevastopol, and he himself switched to the steam frigate "Vladimir" and lingered at the Bosphorus. The next day, November 5, "Vladimir" discovered the armed Turkish ship "Pervaz-Bakhri" and entered into battle with it. It was the first battle of steam ships in the history of naval art, and the crew of the Vladimir, led by Lieutenant Commander G. Butakov, won a convincing victory in it. The Turkish ship was captured and taken to Sevastopol in tow, where, after repairs, it became part of the Black Sea Fleet under the name Kornilov.

At the council of flagships and commanders, which decided the fate of the Black Sea Fleet, Kornilov called for the ships to go to sea in order to fight the enemy for the last time. However, by a majority vote of the council members, it was decided to flood the fleet, excluding steam frigates, in the Sevastopol Bay and thereby block the enemy’s breakthrough to the city from the sea. On September 2, 1854, the flooding of the sailing fleet began. All the guns and personnel of the lost ships were directed by the head of the city's defense to the bastions.
On the eve of the siege of Sevastopol, Kornilov said: "Let them first tell the troops the word of God, and then I will give them the word of the king." And around the city a religious procession was made with banners, icons, hymns and prayers. Only after this did the famous Kornilov call sound: “Behind us is the sea, ahead of the enemy, remember: do not believe in retreat!”
On September 13, the city was declared under a state of siege, and Kornilov involved the population of Sevastopol in the construction of fortifications. The garrisons of the southern and northern sides were increased, from where the main attacks of the enemy were expected. On October 5, the enemy undertook the first massive bombardment of the city from land and sea. On this day, when bypassing the defensive orders, V.A. Kornilov was mortally wounded in the head on Malakhov Hill. "Defend Sevastopol," were his last words. Nicholas I, in his letter addressed to Kornilov's widow, pointed out: "Russia will not forget these words, and a name honored in the history of the Russian fleet will pass to your children."
After the death of Kornilov, a will was found in his box, addressed to his wife and children. “I bequeath to the children,” wrote the father, “to the boys, once choosing the service of the sovereign, do not change it, but make every effort to make it useful to society ... Daughters follow their mother in everything.” Vladimir Alekseevich was buried in the crypt of the Naval Cathedral of St. Vladimir next to his teacher, Admiral Lazarev. Soon Nakhimov and Istomin would take their place beside them.

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov was born on June 23, 1802 in the Gorodok estate of the Smolensk province in the family of a nobleman, retired major Stepan Mikhailovich Nakhimov. Of the eleven children, five were boys, and all of them became navy sailors; at the same time, Pavel's younger brother, Sergei, finished his service as vice admiral, director of the Naval Cadet Corps, in which all five brothers studied in their youth. But Pavel surpassed everyone with his naval glory.

He graduated from the Naval Corps, among the best midshipmen on the Phoenix brig he participated in a sea voyage to the shores of Sweden and Denmark. At the end of the corps with the rank of midshipman, he was assigned to the 2nd naval crew of the St. Petersburg port.

Tirelessly engaged in training the Navarin crew and polishing his combat skills, Nakhimov skillfully led the ship during the actions of the Lazarev squadron to blockade the Dardanelles in Russian-Turkish war 1828 - 1829 For excellent service, he awarded the order Saint Anne 2nd degree. When the squadron returned to Kronstadt in May 1830, Rear Admiral Lazarev wrote in the certification of the Navarin commander: "An excellent and completely knowledgeable sea captain."

In 1832, Pavel Stepanovich was appointed commander of the Pallada frigate built at the Okhta shipyard, on which, as part of the squadron, Vice Admiral F. Bellingshausen he sailed in the Baltic. In 1834, at the request of Lazarev, then already the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Nakhimov was transferred to Sevastopol. He was appointed commander of the battleship Silistria, and eleven years of his further service were spent on this battleship. Giving all his strength to work with the crew, instilling in his subordinates a love for maritime affairs, Pavel Stepanovich made the Silistria an exemplary ship, and made his name popular in the Black Sea Fleet. In the first place, he put the naval training of the crew, was strict and demanding of his subordinates, but had a kind heart, open to sympathy and manifestations of maritime brotherhood. Lazarev often kept his flag on the Silistria, setting the battleship as an example to the entire fleet.

The military talents and naval art of Nakhimov were most clearly manifested during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Even on the eve of Russia's clash with the Anglo-French-Turkish coalition, the first squadron of the Black Sea Fleet under his command was vigilantly cruising between Sevastopol and the Bosphorus. In October 1853, Russia declared war on Turkey, and the squadron commander emphasized in his order: “In the event of a meeting with an enemy that is superior to us, I will attack him, being absolutely sure that each of us will do his job. In early November, Nakhimov learned that the Turkish squadron under the command of Osman Pasha, heading for the shores of the Caucasus, left the Bosporus and, on the occasion of a storm, entered the Sinop Bay. The commander of the Russian squadron had 8 ships and 720 guns at his disposal, Osman Pasha had 16 ships with 510 guns under the protection of coastal batteries. Without waiting for the steam frigates, which Vice Admiral Kornilov led the Russian squadron to reinforce, Nakhimov decided to attack the enemy, relying primarily on combat and moral character Russian sailors.

For the victory at Sinop Nicholas I honored Vice Admiral Nakhimov with the Order of St. George, 2nd class, writing in a personalized rescript: "By destroying the Turkish squadron, you have adorned the annals of the Russian fleet with a new victory, which will forever remain memorable in maritime history." Assessing the battle of Sinop, Vice Admiral Kornilov wrote: “A glorious battle, higher than Chesma and Navarin ... Hurray, Nakhimov! Lazarev rejoices at his student!”

Convinced that Turkey was not in a position to wage a successful struggle against Russia, England and France brought their fleet into the Black Sea. Commander-in-Chief A.S. Menshikov did not dare to prevent this, and the further course of events led to the epic of the Sevastopol defense of 1854-1855. In September 1854, Nakhimov had to agree with the decision of the council of flagships and commanders to sink the Black Sea squadron in the Sevastopol Bay in order to make it difficult for the Anglo-French-Turkish fleet to enter it. Having moved from sea to land, Nakhimov voluntarily entered into submission to Kornilov, who led the defense of Sevastopol. Seniority in age and superiority in military merit did not prevent Nakhimov, who recognized the mind and character of Kornilov, from maintaining good relations with him, based on a mutual ardent desire to defend the southern stronghold of Russia.

In the spring of 1855, the second and third assaults on Sevastopol were heroically repulsed. In March, Nicholas I granted Nakhimov for military distinctions with the rank of admiral. In May, the valiant naval commander was awarded a life lease, but Pavel Stepanovich was annoyed: “What do I need it for? It would be better if they sent me bombs.”

Since June 6, the enemy began active assault operations for the fourth time through massive bombardments and attacks. On June 28, on the eve of the day of Saints Peter and Paul, Nakhimov once again went to the advanced bastions to support and inspire the defenders of the city. On Malakhov Kurgan, he visited the bastion where Kornilov died, despite warnings about strong rifle fire, he decided to climb the parapet banquet, and then an aimed enemy bullet hit him in the temple. Without regaining consciousness, Pavel Stepanovich died two days later.

Admiral Nakhimov was buried in Sevastopol in the Cathedral of St. Vladimir, next to the graves of Lazarev, Kornilov and Istomin. With a large gathering of people, admirals and generals carried his coffin, seventeen in a row stood a guard of honor from army battalions and all the crews of the Black Sea Fleet, drums sounded and a solemn prayer service sounded, a cannon salute thundered. In Pavel Stepanovich's coffin, two admiral's flags and a third, priceless, stern flag of the battleship "Empress Maria", the flagship of the Sinop victory, were torn by cannonballs.

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov

The famous doctor, surgeon, participant in the defense of Sevastopol in 1855. The contribution of N. I. Pirogov to medicine and science is invaluable. He created anatomical atlases of exemplary accuracy. N.I. Pirogov was the first to come up with the idea of ​​plastic surgery, put forward the idea of ​​bone grafting, used anesthesia in military field surgery, for the first time applied a plaster cast in the field, suggested the existence of pathogens that cause suppuration of wounds. Already at that time, N.I. Pirogov called for abandoning early amputations in case of gunshot wounds of the limbs with bone injuries. The mask designed by him for ether anesthesia is still used in medicine. Pirogov was one of the founders of the Sisters of Mercy service. All his discoveries and achievements saved the lives of thousands of people. He did not refuse to help anyone and devoted his whole life to the boundless service of people.

Dasha Alexandrova (Sevastopol)

She was sixteen and a half when the Crimean War began. She lost her mother early, and her father, a sailor, defended Sevastopol. Dasha ran to the port every day, trying to find out something about her father. In the chaos that reigned around, it turned out to be impossible. Desperate, Dasha decided that she should try to help the fighters at least somehow - and, along with everyone else, to her father. She exchanged her cow - the only thing she had of value - for a decrepit horse and wagon, got vinegar and old rags, and, among other women, joined the wagon train. Other women cooked and washed for the soldiers. And Dasha turned her wagon into a dressing station.

When the position of the troops worsened, many women left the convoy and Sevastopol, went north, to safe areas. Dasha stayed. She found an old abandoned house, cleaned it out and turned it into a hospital. Then she unharnessed her horse from the wagon, and spent the whole day walking with her to the front line and back, taking out two wounded for each "walk".

In November 1953, in the battle of Sinop, sailor Lavrenty Mikhailov, her father, died. Dasha found out about this much later ...

A rumor about a girl who takes the wounded from the battlefield and gives them medical care, spread throughout the warring Crimea. And soon Dasha had associates. True, these girls did not risk going to the front line, like Dasha, but they completely took over the dressing and care of the wounded.

And then Pirogov found Dasha, embarrassing the girl with expressions of his sincere admiration and admiration for her feat.

Dasha Mikhailova and her assistants joined the Crusades. Studied professional treatment of wounds.

The youngest sons of the emperor, Nikolai and Mikhail, came to Crimea “to raise the spirit of the Russian army”. They also wrote to their father that in the fighting Sevastopol "she takes care of the wounded and sick, a girl named Daria is exemplary diligence." Nicholas I ordered her to come gold medal on the Vladimir ribbon with the inscription "For diligence" and 500 rubles in silver. By status, the gold medal "For Diligence" was awarded to those who already had three silver medals. So we can assume that the Emperor highly appreciated the feat of Dasha.

The exact date of death and the resting place of the ashes of Darya Lavrentievna Mikhailova have not yet been discovered by researchers.

Reasons for the defeat of Russia

• Economic backwardness of Russia;
• Political isolation of Russia;
• The absence of a steam fleet in Russia;
• Poor supply of the army;
• Absence railways.

In three years, Russia lost 500 thousand people in killed, wounded and captured. The allies also suffered great damage: about 250 thousand killed, wounded and died of disease. As a result of the war, Russia lost its positions in the Middle East to France and England. Its prestige in the international arena was badly undermined. On March 13, 1856, a peace treaty was signed in Paris, under the terms of which the Black Sea was declared neutral, the Russian fleet was reduced to minima and fortifications were destroyed. Similar demands were made to Turkey. In addition, Russia lost the mouth of the Danube and the southern part of Bessarabia, was supposed to return the fortress of Kars, and also lost the right to patronize Serbia, Moldova and Wallachia.

Crimean War 1853-1856 this is one of the Russian pages of the foreign policy of the Eastern Question. The Russian Empire entered into a military confrontation with several opponents at once: the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.

The fighting took place on the Danube, the Baltic, the Black and White Seas.The most tense situation was in the Crimea, hence the name of the war - Crimean.

Each state that took part in the Crimean War pursued its own goals. For example, Russia wanted to strengthen its influence on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, and the Ottoman Empire wanted to suppress resistance in the Balkans. By the beginning of the Crimean War, he began to admit the possibility of joining the Balkan lands to the territory Russian Empire.

Causes of the Crimean War

Russia motivated its intervention by the fact that it wants to help the peoples professing Orthodoxy to free themselves from the oppression of the Ottoman Empire. Such a desire naturally did not suit England and Austria. The British also wanted to push Russia off the Black Sea coast. France also intervened in the Crimean War, its emperor Napoleon III hatched plans for revenge for the war of 1812.

In October 1853, Russia entered Moldavia and Wallachia, these territories were subject to Russia according to the Treaty of Adrianople. The Emperor of Russia was asked to withdraw the troops, but was refused. Further, Great Britain, France and Turkey declared war on Russia. Thus began the Crimean War.

Lecture, abstract. Crimean War 1853-1856 - concept and types. Classification, essence and features.