Stalin, whose real name was Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, was officially born on December 21, 1879 in the Caucasus in Georgia in the city of Gori. In fact, he was born a month earlier than November 22, 1879, which is calculated from his date of death. His native language was Georgian. Stalin learned Russian later, but always spoke with a noticeable Georgian accent. He grew up in poverty, in the family of a shoemaker and the daughter of a serf. His father, who drank heavily and beat his son severely, died when Joseph was eleven years old. As a teenager, Joseph entered the parochial school in Gori, and then the theological seminary in Tiflis, but in 1899 he was expelled from it for spreading Marxist ideas. In 1901-1902. - Member of the Tiflis, Batumi committees of the RSDLP. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) Bolshevik. Repeatedly arrested, exiled, fled from exile. Participant in the Revolution of 1905-1907 In December 1905, a delegate to the 1st Conference of the RSDLP (Tammerfors). In 1906-1907. led the expropriations in Transcaucasia. Delegate of the 4th-5th congresses of the RSDLP (1906-07). In 1907 - 1908. - Member of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP. At the plenum of the Central Committee after the 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (1912), he was co-opted in absentia to the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. After the February Revolution of 1917 returned to Petrograd. Prior to Lenin's arrival from exile, he directed the activities of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks. In 1917 - Member of the editorial board of the newspaper "Pravda", the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks, the Military Revolutionary Center. In view of the forced departure of Lenin into the underground, Stalin spoke at the VI Congress of the Party with a report of the Central Committee. Participated in the October armed uprising as a member of the party center under his leadership. After the victory of the October Revolution, he entered the Council of People's Commissars as People's Commissar for Nationalities. In relation to the Provisional Government and its policy, he proceeded from the fact that the democratic revolution had not yet been completed, and the overthrow of the government was not an immediate practical task. After the start of the civil war, Stalin was sent to the south of Russia as an extraordinary representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the procurement and export of grain from the North Caucasus to industrial centers. Arriving on June 6, 1918 in Tsaritsyn, Stalin put things in order in the city, ensured the delivery of food to Moscow and engaged in the defense of Tsaritsyn from the troops of Ataman Krasnov. Together with K.E. Voroshilov, he managed to defend the city and prevent the joining of the armies of Krasnov and Dutov. In December 1918, the offensive of Admiral Kolchak began in Siberia. He planned to link up with the English and White Guard troops advancing from the north. A catastrophic situation arose, which Lenin instructed Stalin to correct. Stalin, together with Dzerzhinsky, quickly and decisively restored the situation near Perm. In April 1922, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) elected Stalin as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the party. In this position, he had a difficult and responsible duty - to lead the political and economic leadership of the country during the illness and after the death of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Lenin highly valued Stalin's organizational skills, his knowledge and experience in solving national and other acute political problems. Between them there were personal clashes, and fundamental disputes. However, these disagreements did not take on the character of irreconcilable political contradictions. However, Lenin sharply condemned Stalin's rudeness, considering this shortcoming intolerable precisely in the position of General Secretary, since it is fraught with a split in the leadership of the party. In his political testament, he declared that Stalin was too rude and should be removed from his post as general secretary.

After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin began to prepare ( see section of the GRP line parallel to the ordinate) to the fulfillment of the historical role assigned to him and with the help of the Higher Spiritual Forces that control the territory of Russia. The balance of power was not in his favor. By the 20th century, Belial's forces were well prepared. The country of the ancestors of the Hyperboreans (see section 9.2) Russia was captured by antichrists: Lenin (see section 6.1) with his guards; in Europe, another Antichrist Hitler was preparing to strike at the last stronghold of Orthodoxy on Earth. In the future, a second echelon of Beliar's forces was being created: Churchill, George Catlett Marshall (see section 6.1) and others. Under these conditions, it was necessary to have the genius of Stalin in order to preserve the country for 70-80 years as a counterweight to the advancing world of Veliar to the lulling sounds of M. Gorbachev: "The process has begun." First of all, it was necessary to destroy the forces of darkness within the country and, in the future, prevent them from uniting with similar external forces. Stalin was able to team up with Lev Kamenev (Rosenfeld) and Grigory Zinoviev (Apfelbaum-Radomissky), the two most powerful members of the Politburo, to form a "troika", or triumvirate. Together they defeated Leiba Bronstein Trotsky (see section 6.1) and his supporters. Then Stalin, the genius of the political struggle, destroyed Zinoviev and Kamenev. Soon, Stalin took up the right wing of the Communist Party - his former associates - and crushed them too. By the early 1930s, he had become the sole dictator of the Soviet Union. From this position of power, in 1934, Stalin began a series of harsh political purges. On Stalin's orders, a profound restructuring of the entire system of social sciences was undertaken, their vulgar sociological perversions were overcome, and the teaching of national history was resumed in secondary and higher schools. In May 1941, Stalin assumed the duties of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since the beginning of the war, he has been Chairman of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense and Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of the USSR.

M. Nostradamus. Centuria 5, quatrain 94

Michel Nostradamus called I. Stalin none other than (Stalin lived in Armenia for a long time). In the fight against the external forces of darkness, I. Stalin used the experience already accumulated. First, in August 1939, he concludes a "non-aggression pact" with Germany (), then methodically achieves the opening of a second front and does everything to ensure that the first atomic bomb does not hit Russia. Russia's victory over Germany was predetermined by their GRP values ​​(see section 1.2). This is also mentioned by M. Nostradamus:, i.e. the war could have ended with the victory of Russia without the help of the allied forces (landing in Normandy).

The Soviet state highly appreciated Stalin's personal contribution to the Victory. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, two Orders of Victory and the Order of Suvorov, 1st class. On June 27, 1945, Stalin was awarded the highest military rank of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union. Stalin's personal life was not very successful. He married in 1904, but his wife died of tuberculosis three years later (see section 9.6.1.1). Their only son Jacob supposedly was taken prisoner by the Germans during World War II. The German side provoked the exchange of him, but Stalin rejected this proposal. In fact, Yakov died as an ordinary soldier on March 31, 1942. (see section 9.6.1.2). In 1919, Stalin married a second time. His second wife died in 1932 due to genetic causes (see section 9.6.1.1). Stalin had two children from his second marriage. His son, an officer in the Soviet air force, became an alcoholic and died in 1962. Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, having inherited her mother's genetics, fled the Soviet Union and moved to the United States in 1967. The departure of I.V. Stalin from life on March 5, 1953 was perceived as a grave loss not only by the working people of the USSR, but by the whole world. The spiritual level of I. Stalin was marked by the Higher Powers, he reached the value of the Tree of Life: Logos 7/Logos 0 (see section 30.3). Not a single leader of the country in the middle of the 20th century had such a level from the Destinies of the Heavenly Creator. The soul of Stalin will incarnate twice more on Earth (2133 and 6709) in order to effectively resist the armies of the Antichrist again.

The GRP diagram of Joseph Stalin shows the GRP of Lenin, Trotsky, Churchill and Hitler for comparison. It is clearly seen who is who from the personalities of a certain historical moment in time. From the world of Belial came Lenin, Trotsky, Hitler, then Churchill consciously came into it. The lowest vibration belongs to V.Lenin (Saturnist of the BUL level, GK -10.5.666.666, see section 6.3.1), and he is the invisible ancestor of the antiworld from the 20th century. The negative influence of his mummy in the Mausoleum was compensated by the mummy of I. Stalin, but when the latter was gone, Russia more confidently went to its next Apocalypse.

For the students of our school.

Let us consider the transition of some parameters of the GRP to the FGRP (see section 4.1.5.2) in the last days of his life:

Logos 6 - 11/1/1952 - 12/31/1952: LDG 1-5 720/160; GTF 220/106; Tr 80/100; physiological/passport age 79/73

Logos 7 - 01/01/1953 - 03/01/1953: LDG 1-5 760/160; GTF 230/106; Tr 35/100; physiological/passport age 90/74

Logos 7 - 2.03.1953-4.03.1953: LDG 1-5 770/160; GTF 250/106; Tr 30/100; physiological/passport age 105/74

Logos 0 - 5.03.1953 21h50: LDH 1-5 pericardium 780/160; pentane 280/100; GTF 250/106; Tr 25/100; physiological/passport age 120/74.

The death took place according to the program of the holy hyperboreans or those who are "This of our kind": LDH 1-5 780/160, which categorically indicates that there was no poisoning!

9.6.1.1. The Secret of the Chief's Family

Father and mother of Joseph Stalin - Vissarion Ivanovich (Tree of Life: 33.14.999.999.999) and Katerina Dzhugashvili (Tree of Life: 33.14.999.999.999) Jacob's mother - Kato (Tree of Life: 30.27.999.999.999), Joseph's first wife Yakov Dzhugashvili (Tree of Life: 31.31.999.999.999) Vasily Stalin (Tree of Life: 19.9.999.999.999) Galina Dzhugashvili-Stalina (Tree of Life: 31.31.999.999) and Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva (Tree of Life: 7.18.4.999.99912.22.999.999)

(20h40min30sec)

Russia XX-XXI centuries cannot boast of a greater leader than I.V. Stalin, with his modesty as a person and as a leader of global thinking. They say, like the seed, like the fruit. What is the fiber, so is the fabric. I. Stalin was born in a family with the Tree of Life of parents going to the Worlds of Rule (25.999-33.999). The first wife of I. Stalin was also from the spiritual incarnation of the Tree of Life, so the likes of them Yakov Dzhugashvili and then Galina Dzhugashvili-Stalina were born. Therefore, the books of the latter bear the imprint of seriousness and truth, which cannot be said about the writings of Svetlana Alliluyeva, because. those who are born after the flesh share in sin.

Yakov Dzhugashvili was at the front as an ordinary soldier and died in an unequal battle on March 31, 1942, bleeding for almost a day. Therefore, all attempts on the part of the enemy (ABWER, GESTAPO) to denigrate the name of Yakov Dzhugashvili are sewn with white thread, and the yellow mass media that spread this lie is worthy of its Nuremberg International Tribunal (this is especially true of the mass media of democratic states). Look at the current heads of state: where are their children? - at best in high-ranking offices or abroad, but, as a rule, in the show porn business.

From the newspaper "Life" (No. 43, dated February 28, 2003): "You know what young men who evade service say. I would go, they say, to the army, but on one condition, if I serve in the same platoon with Yeltsin's grandson and Chubais's son (or Dyachenko, Yumashev ...) You can imagine in a clear mind that at one time Boris Nikolayevich would personally escort his grandson Borya to the army (not the English one - ours!) He would take him by the hand to the draft board and say parting words: "Take care of Russia!"

P.S. We ask the editorial staff of "Zebra E Publishing House" LLC to transfer the specified text to Galina Dzhugashvili-Stalina, as well as other details, we will personally transfer it to her.

Four years ago, the undisputed hits of the first exhibition were genealogical trees of Russian politicians - Lenin, Stalin, Yeltsin and Putin, which had not been exhibited before. Visitors to that exhibition could find out that the genealogy of the first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, can be traced back to a certain “son of Yeltsin (that’s right - without a soft sign) Anika Sergeev”, born in 1726. The genealogical tree of the "father of nations" Joseph Stalin is not particularly pompous. Against the background of the trees of other famous politicians, it generally looks like some kind of saxaul. So, the researchers found that Stalin had a grandfather Vano Dzhugashvili and a great-grandfather - a certain Zaza Dzukat-Dzukaev-Dzukashvili. On the great-grandfather of Stalin, in fact, his pedigree ends. Neither the grandmother nor the great-grandmother of Joseph Vissarionovich is known to the compilers. And there are objective reasons for this: due to the political situation, the archives of Georgia are closed to Russian researchers. The genealogical tree of Lenin is much more magnificent than that of Stalin. Which, however, is also understandable. In Soviet times, a whole scientific institute worked for Lenin's genealogy. And information about not all the relatives of the leader was publicly available. For example, the fact that there were Jews in the family of Vladimir Ilyich was carefully hidden from the public for some time.

Pedigree of Vladimir Putin is traced by researchers most carefully. As follows from the genealogy of the current Russian prime minister, all his ancestors were serfs in the Tver province and belonged first to the noble family of the Romanov princes, and then to the Apraksin princes. Since all the prime minister's ancestors, without exception, were serfs, they did not have surnames - the surnames of the peasants appeared only after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Surnames were given to peasants only if they were engaged in the so-called laissez-faire trades. In this case, the police were forced to issue passports to them. The most famous person from the premier's family is his grandfather Spiridon Ivanovich Putin (1879-1965). As you know, he was a cook who cooked, in particular, for Nadezhda Krupskaya and Joseph Stalin.

Pedigree of Vladimir Putin was compiled by employees of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The researchers managed to trace 12 generations of this genus, up to the end of the 16th century. Researchers believe that in a global sense, all relatives and relatives to each other. Therefore, every Russian can consider himself a relative (blood relationship) or at least a relative (kinship through a husband or wife) of the president or prime minister.

The highlight of the VIII All-Russian genealogical exhibition was promised to be the tree of the current president of the country, Dmitry Medvedev. However, this did not happen. “Firstly, the tree of Dmitry Anatolyevich is not finished yet,” says Tatyana Gracheva, chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod branch of the Union for the Revival of Genealogical Traditions. “In addition, the researcher of the genealogy of the president, who was doing this through the Polish line of relatives of our head of state, did not agree to post his research in public.”

"Ancestors are very vengeful"

According to Tatyana Gracheva, people who are interested in genealogy most often get acquainted through the Internet. And they are trying to draw the attention of the authorities to the plight of the Russian archives. For example, a couple of years ago, the Union for the Revival of Pedigree Traditions held an exhibition in the State Duma. Of all the deputies, only Vladimir Zhirinovsky showed interest in genealogy, who asked to hang his family tree at the exhibition. However, then he himself took it off - Vladimir Volfovich's tree was framed on a simple sheet of whatman paper and was noticeably inferior in design quality to those that were taken into museum wooden frames.

How to find out your pedigree? You can do this yourself. “I know people who specifically buy a computer to research their ancestry,” says Tatyana Gracheva. Sometimes you have to search for years. Confirming your ancestry in Western European countries is very expensive. We have this pleasure, if you order the search for your roots to specialists, it is also not cheap. “If you are immediately given a clear amount for your family tree, you can turn around and leave, because no self-respecting researcher will ever tell you a clear amount,” says Ms. Gracheva. For example, a family tree along only one line, say, along the paternal line, from our days to the first Russian census, which took place in 1710, will cost no less than 100 thousand rubles. The maternal line is at least another 100 thousand. And that is if you do not delve into the side shoots of your family tree. And “in depth” there is an opportunity to reach the 16th century.

Many people want to change their family tree, to make it more, so to speak, representative. In principle, it is possible to build a fake family tree "on order", and there are people who are ready to do it. However, experts do not advise falsifying their own history. “Ancestors are very vengeful,” Tatyana Gracheva is convinced. - Distorting the history of one's own kind will not bring any good. People, for example, sometimes try to prove that some of their ancestor was a nobleman. And when they find out that in fact he was, say, a priest, they abandon their idea to restore the family tree.

There are other nuances of compiling pedigrees. For example, once in Russia there was a so-called personal and hereditary nobility. The first one could be cured. But for this it was necessary to submit a special petition to the authorities. However, for example, at the end of the 19th century, not everyone who could lay claim to the nobility filed a petition for the nobility. Perhaps they had a presentiment that after a while being a nobleman in Russia would not only be not prestigious, but also deadly.

Although today's descendants of such nobles who failed in their time think quite the opposite and by hook or by crook still try to become an offshoot of a noble family. These are the so-called associated nobles. Or rather, noblewomen, because the vast majority of those who want to join the nobility are women. And kinship through the female line was not considered a basis for granting the nobility. So the sufferers get out of the situation with the help of all sorts of tricks, among which is the falsification of the family tree.

My own sixth cousin

According to Tatyana Gracheva, the compilation of a peasant family tree is much more interesting for her than a noble one. From the point of view of searching for documents, it is more difficult to find noble roots - if only because the nobles did not sit in one place. Peasants, as a rule, lived in one place. And if they moved somewhere, then in the revision tales or merchant's fortresses it was always reflected where and to whom the landowners sold their peasants.

A huge number of ancestors, the number of which seems to increase as we move into the depths of centuries, no one succeeds. Because somewhere at the level of the fifth generation, as a rule, relatives marry among themselves. There is a precedent for a man to be his own sixth cousin.

The Law on Personal Data allows the publication of data on family ties of certain people who died 100 years before the present moment, that is, before 1909. Data about these people in all archives is freely available. On the other hand, there are no laws concerning genealogy proper in Russia. Before issuing pedigrees, it is necessary to conduct a historical examination, since many nobles falsified their pedigrees even in tsarist times.

The Union for the Revival of Genealogical Traditions believes that Russian society is experiencing a genealogical boom. And they cite the following argument as proof: if, for example, four years ago, about 3 thousand people communicated on a genealogical forum on the Internet, today the number of home-grown family tree researchers registered on the Web has exceeded 50 thousand.

“There is no national idea in Russia today, but our country has always been very patriarchal and the family has been the main core for Russian society,” says Tatyana Gracheva. - Today, the interest in family history is huge. People realized that the family is the main thing, and began to search for their roots.”

On March 5, 1953 Joseph Stalin died. And by this, we will dedicate today's posts to him. I pull out my old entry with a link to the genealogy of Stalin.
On this site you can see the family tree of Stalin

Was Przhevalsky the real father of Stalin?

Disputes about the genealogy of the "leader of all peoples" have not subsided so far

The cult of Stalin began to take shape a little, his genealogy immediately began to acquire legends ... According to all the canons and legends, only the heirs of the tsars ruled Russia. Therefore, it was believed that there was no way an ordinary commoner could be capable of this. But that, apparently, was the Russian revolution, which the world has not yet known, in order to break this eternal rule and put forward such a person as Stalin as the leader.

There are many versions that noble people put forward as Stalin's fathers, but the most common is associated with the name of the great Russian traveler and, by the way, the famous tsarist intelligence officer in China, General Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky.

It is impossible to explore this version without presenting the biography of the person from whom the future "leader of all peoples" inherited his surname and patronymic. It was Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili.

He was born in South Ossetia in the village of Didi-Lilo around 1850. The Dzhugashvili family is most likely of Ossetian origin. However, they say that Stalin's mother said that the real name of her husband's ancestors was Beroshvili, and they became Dzhugashvili thanks to the great-great-grandfather of the leader, who became famous as a good shepherd. "Dzhuga" is translated from Ossetian as "herd", and "shvili" - son. In this case: “son of the herd” means “leader of the herd”... You need to know the ancient values ​​of the local peoples in order to understand what a reliable shepherd in the mountains meant back then!..

Since nicknames and surnames are not given just like that, I had to make “Caucasian inquiries”. The people who helped me with this were as surprised as I was when it turned out that the surname Dzhugashvili could come not only from the roots "juga" and "jogi" (flock, herd, community), but also from the roots "dzuga" and even "Dzuts", which in Ossetian means "Jew". In this regard, it is possible that the Dzhugashvilis were, like Jews, capable and resourceful people, or ... even themselves descended from mountain Jews.

Meanwhile, there is another interpretation of the root "juga" - "iron", that is, Dzhugashvili - "son of iron" - "man of steel", in a word: Stalin.

Vissarion Dzhugashvili, having chosen the craft of a shoemaker, married in 1874 the daughter of a serf Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze (1856). In 1875, on February 14, they have a son, Mikhail, who dies a week later. Son George, born on December 24, 1876, also turns out not to be a tenant (he died on June 19, 1877). And only the third son, Joseph, who saw the light on December 6 (18), 1878, was destined for a long life.

Joint residence with the family of Vissarion Ivanovich does not add up. Little Joseph is brought up mainly by his mother, who dreams that her only son will become a priest...

And who then would have thought that this son of a shoemaker would turn out not only to be a priest, but one before whom all the clergy of the world would bow their heads servilely and for whom (after the war in 1945) they would pray.

But what will be, will be, but for now, young Joseph is forced to write to the Tiflis Theological Seminary on August 28, 1895: “My father has not given me paternal care for three years as a punishment for the fact that I continued my education against his will ...” These words refute those who today claim that Stalin's father was killed in a drunken fight with a knife in 1890. If they were killed, then most likely it was August 12 (25), 1909. However, death could have come from diseases, especially since he drank ...

He was buried with state money in one of the cemeteries of the Georgian capital. True, according to other recollections, everything happened in the town of Telavi. The son, they say, learned about this only in 1929 from the shoemaker Y. Nezadze.

If his real grave is still preserved, it would be possible, by making a genetic examination of the remains, to give an answer to the question that haunts historians and politicians: are Joseph Vissarionovich and Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili of the same blood?

However, while this is impossible, one can only hope for a study whose task is to check: could General Przhevalsky be in Georgia in the spring of 1878 to become Stalin's father?

True, the photo of Vissarion Ivanovich stored in the Gori Museum, it seems, should not leave any doubts about the biological relationship between father and son. But who can guarantee that this is not a fake, which has been practiced at all times.

Two dates are celebrated in 2009: the 170th anniversary of the great Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky and the 130th anniversary of I.V. Stalin. For some time now, these two personalities in conjunction have aroused the interest of politicians and scientists, because in many historical works it is stated: Stalin was the son of Przhevalsky !!!

IOSIF VISSARIONOVICH OR IOSIF NIKOLAEVICH?

Before dedicating readers to the mystery of this "secret history of the origin of Stalin", one of the publishers pointedly states that it "uses materials from closed sources, including from the personal archives of Western experts dealing with the period of Stalin's rule."

Here is their summary.

“Most domestic and foreign researchers who adhere to this version are convinced that all the main events took place in the winter or early spring of 1878. Ekaterina Geladze (Stalin's future mother. - Ed.) was 22 years old, she had been married to the shoemaker Vissarion Dzhugashvili for 4 years, but she never knew the happiness of motherhood with her husband who turned into a drunkard ...

One day at the beginning of 1878, having come to the house of her relative Prince Maminoshvili, a young woman met a Russian officer who was visiting the prince - a middle-aged man, handsome and respectable, with a sleek mustache and many orders on a uniform made of expensive cloth.

This is my good friend, - introducing the officer to Catherine, said the prince. - His name is Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Mr. Przhevalsky is a famous scientist... and a brave traveler. And this is my distant relative - Ekaterina Geladze.

Could this almost fantastic meeting take place in the godforsaken town of Gori? What should the rich Smolensk landowner Nikolai Przhevalsky do there? - the author asks and immediately finds a surprisingly convincing answer: “There are no fantasies! Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, Smolensk nobleman, general (by the way, only since 1886 - ed.), explorer of the Far East and Central Asia, scientist, excellent military intelligence officer who carried out many assignments of the General Staff and, most importantly, explored new ways for Russian army, a man treated kindly at the court of the emperor, indeed, was in the Caucasus at that time! In fact, he was well acquainted with Prince Maminoshvili and stayed at his house in Gori for a long time!”

Further, referring to some such super-closed documents that it is impossible to quote them, the author claims that the visit of a famous military man, scientist and traveler to Gori happened just between the second expedition to Dzungaria and to Lake Lop Nor (1876 - 1877) and the third trip to Tibet (1879 - 1880). In 1878, Przhevalsky rested in the Caucasus and stayed with Prince Maminoshvili in Gori. "Everything fits!" - exclaims the author.

“According to many researchers,” he continues, “Przhevalsky was fascinated by the beauty and spontaneity of the young Georgian woman. She pleasantly impressed him with her intelligence and education. It was not just a Georgian beauty, but a relative of the prince, it is quite possible to call her a highland secular lady, however, who was in distress, which Nikolai Mikhailovich learned from the prince.

Therefore, there is nothing surprising, - the author believes, - that, being in the mood already known to us, Ekaterina Geladze decided to pay close attention to ... a handsome, solid and probably healthy Russian officer who had high ranks ...

It was a meeting destined from above and prepared by fate itself. They began to persistently seek each other's company and often spent time together with obvious pleasure. After the departure of Nikolai Mikhailovich from the Caucasus, namely on December 6, 1878 (O.S.), and not December 21, 1879 (O.S.), as was always believed, Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze gave birth to a son named Joseph. ..

It is quite characteristic, - the author notes, - that young Joseph never needed materially. Przhevalsky constantly sent very significant amounts of money from Russia to Georgia for the maintenance and education of the child. To avoid rumors and publicity, the money sent by Przhevalsky was received by Prince Maminoshvili himself and secretly transferred it to his happy mother.

The amazing portrait resemblance of Stalin and General Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky is striking.

Being the illegitimate son of a Smolensk landowner and a tsarist general, the far-sighted "leader of all working people" preferred, in the conditions of the victory of the proletariat, to have a "purely proletarian origin" ... at least on paper. Therefore, he changed the date of his birth from 1878 to 1879, that is, he indicated the year in which Przhevalsky was in China and, therefore, could not become his father in any way ...

In the encyclopedia of the Stalinist period, the portrait of General Przhevalsky is given in color and the largest - more portraits of Marx, Engels and even Lenin. In 1946, the Przhevalsky gold medal was established. A color feature film was made about him. The question arises: was not all this, albeit belated and veiled, but a tribute to the memory of the son to the father, the real father, which the son, who became the great communist dictator, could finally afford ?!

To these “historical writings”, another author tries to add data about the main secret of Przhevalsky: “In 1878 - 1879 ... Przhevalsky lived in Gori, where, true to his habit, he kept a diary. During the years of Stalin's rule, the entire period of this period disappeared from the Przhevalsky archive (let's not forget this tale. - Approx. Aut.). But in the account book for 1880 - 1881, due to an oversight of the censor, there were notes about Przhevalsky sending money to Stalin's mother for the maintenance of their common son Joseph.

You can cite other authors, both ours and Western ones, but in all studies, sentimental fictions prevail instead of strictly documented conclusions. And myths about high origin are also not new. They usually appear when the deification of a particular person begins. It could not be otherwise with the posthumous biography of Stalin ...

DEPLOYING THE ICON

Yes, as soon as this or that person begins to arouse general interest, the mysteries of the secrets of her birth immediately arise. So, even before the miraculous birth of the Infant Jesus, Octavian Augustus, the greatest of the Roman emperors, was revealed to the world with a similar “immaculate conception”. According to legend, he was conceived by his mother from the god Apollo. The mother of Genghis Khan, according to Tatar legends, was also a “immaculate maiden” until the very birth.

Millennia have passed, but the fashion for "wonderful parents" of great people has not passed. On the contrary, it has acquired more understandable forms. So Stalin, the son of the drunken shoemaker Vissarion Dzhugashvili, as he became “deified” (even icons are already being painted from him!) suddenly turned out to be a person of aristocratic blood - the illegitimate heir to the famous General Przhevalsky.

Apparently, one cannot do without archives here. It is no secret to anyone who has seen the photo of the general that Stalin really looks like the great Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky! However, looking at the photo, everyone can draw their own conclusion.

I will cite written facts that refute even the slightest possibility that the indicated similarity was the result of an intimate meeting between Stalin's mother Ekaterina Geladze and Nikolai Przhevalsky, a nobleman from Smolensk.

DOCUMENTS AND TERMS

After it has been reliably established that (contrary to official data) Stalin was born not on December 21, 1879 (according to the New Style), but on December 6, 1878 according to the old style, we will follow the archival materials where the great Russian traveler has been since February to May 1878. And especially in March of this year, because, as you know, after conception, it takes about nine months for a woman to give birth to a child. There is no evidence that the future leader was born before or after the due date. Nevertheless, we will make possible tolerances both in one direction and in the other. This means that the deadlines for conception can be calculated from mid-February to mid-May, 1878.

So, let's turn to the documents of this period. While in China (in Ghulja), the Przhevalsky expedition headed for Guchen on August 28, 1877 and arrived there on November 4. During this transition, the majority of the detachment was in the grip of a terrible disease, which predetermined all further actions until May 1878.

“After leaving Kulja,” Przhevalsky wrote, “I fell ill with an absurd, but unbearable disease: I have severe itching. We smeared with tobacco and tar - it does not help: the last remedy has been tested - blue vitriol. Two Cossacks, who were my guides from Kulja, are returning to the Zaysan post (Russia. - Approx. Aut.). I am writing to send a medicine for itching from there ... Having suffered for almost three months, I decided to return from Guchen to Zaisan (570 versts), recover here completely and in early spring (mid-February) go with renewed vigor to Tibet. It was hard for me to decide to return. Several times I cried at the thought of such a necessity. Finally, on November 27 (1877), we set out from Guchen to Zaisan ... "

In Zaisan, where the expedition arrived on December 20, 1877, the doctors did everything they could. Baths, lotions from lead water and various ointments, although they alleviated suffering, did not promise a speedy recovery. “There is still little relief,” Przhevalsky wrote, “this is a stubborn disease. I hope that by the middle of February (1878), and perhaps sooner, it will pass. So at least the local doctors assure me.

By spring, the health of the detachment really improved noticeably, and from the middle of March 1878, Przhevalsky began to prepare for an expedition to Tibet. However, on March 20, terrible news arrived with a telegram from brother Vladimir: “On June 18 last year, mother died ...” There was nothing more terrible for him than this news. His mother was everything to him!

This news was somewhat smoothed by the possibility of soon being in Smolensk and bowing at least to the grave of his mother. Przhevalsky received an order due to “political misunderstandings” with Beijing not to go to China and return to St. Petersburg: “Leaving the camels and all the equipment of the expedition in the Zaisan post, I will go to St. Petersburg so that next winter, in January or February 1879, get on the road again."

And on March 31, 1878 (before returning from Zaisan to St. Petersburg), a new entry appeared in Przhevalsky’s diary: “Today I turned 39 years old, and this day is marked for me by the end of the expedition ... (And now they write that supposedly all of his records of this period.-Author's note) If only my health improves, then next spring (1879 - Aut.'s note) I will set out on the road again. Although the stoppage of the expedition was not my fault, and, moreover, I realize that this is the best thing in the present state of my health, it is still extremely difficult and sad for me to turn back. All day yesterday I was not myself and cried many times... Farewell, my happy life, but farewell not for long. A year will pass, misunderstandings with China will be settled, my health will improve - and then I will again take the wanderer's staff and again head to the Asian deserts ... "

On the twentieth of May 1878, Przhevalsky returned to St. Petersburg. Doctors said that his illness was mainly from a nervous breakdown caused by general overwork, the best medicine was bathing and living in the country. “Which I am very happy about,” Przhevalsky wrote. - From St. Petersburg I will go straight to Otradnoye, without stopping in Smolensk.

When Przhevalsky was resting on his estate, the Paris Geographical Society sent him a gold medal for the last expedition, and from Germany they informed him of the award of the Humboldt Big Gold Medal. And all this time he thought only about traveling to Tibet.

And on December 14, 1878, permission was issued to send Colonel Przhevalsky to Tibet for two years. On January 20, 1879, he left St. Petersburg and on February 27 was already in Zaisan. On this account, there is the following entry: “There were no special adventures on the road, only severe frosts pestered us. We stayed in Orenburg, Omsk and Semipalatinsk for several days...”

Now everyone can compare what Przhevalsky himself wrote about himself with what they write about him in newspapers and books now: he was on campaigns, and not on pleasant, in all respects, meetings with the mother of the future leader. It is hard to imagine that a serious 39-year-old tsarist colonel, being in a responsible service related to travel not only for scientific, but also for intelligence purposes, would suddenly decide, like a boy, for a couple of weeks with all the equipment and documents “to rush to rest in the Caucasus ". Let's also take into account the fact that at that time railway construction was just beginning to cover the outskirts of the Russian Empire. So it was impossible to leave by train "for a couple of weeks" unnoticed!

However, if you follow the ancient ideas, Stalin could also be born “from the Holy Spirit” at the mere thought of Przhevalsky about the need for a simple girl somewhere in distant Georgia in a remote town to show the world a son who will become the “leader of the peoples”. Beautiful, of course, a fairy tale would be, but any fairy tale ends someday.
http://www.kp.ru/daily/24414.5/587389/

With the name I.V. Stalin is associated with many legends. His birth is also surrounded by legends.
A. Adamovich’s story “The Punishers” (chapter “Understudy”) describes how facts suddenly line up in the inflamed brain of the leader: the arrival of Alexander III in Tiflis, his stay in the governor’s palace in the Caucasus, a young maid who was “suddenly fused to the deaf Gori” , hurrying her extradition “to marry an inconspicuous Ossetian shoemaker”, the appearance of the newlyweds' first-born, named Joseph; and involuntarily a guess flashes: was he, the son of a shoemaker, a “poor prince”?
The version is spectacular, but it crumbles to dust at the first contact with the facts. Suffice it to say that Joseph was born four and a half years after the wedding of his parents, and was their third son.
However, it turns out that Alexander III is not the only "pretender" for the paternity of the leader of the peoples. In the queue of "applicants" we see the famous researcher of Central Asia N.M. Przhevalsky, Gori wine merchant Yakov Yegnatoshvili, "an influential official under the tsar", a certain "prosperous prince" and even a "Jewish merchant".
No evidence is provided for this. And they are unlikely to be brought. Therefore, we must proceed from the available documents. And they testify that the father of I.V. Stalin was a peasant Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich Dzhugashvili, who was born in 1850 in the village of Didi Lilo.
The surname "Dzhugashvili" literally means "son of Dzhuga", but in Georgia there is no name Dzhuga, and in the Georgian language there is no word with a similar root. This means: either this surname is not of Georgian origin, or it was originally written differently.
For the first time, the question of its origin was raised in 1939 by academician I. Javakhishvili in his article, which is called: "Where did the surname of the leader of the peoples come from." In his opinion, once the ancestors of I.V. Dzhugashvili were called "Beroshvili". Then they settled in the Kakhetian village of Dzhugaani and already by its name received the name Dzhugashvili.
Unfortunately, the named article by I. Javakhishvili has not yet been published. It is stored in the archives of the former Georgian branch of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism (GF IML), remaining almost inaccessible to researchers. In any case, in 1995 I was not given such an opportunity. In such a situation, it seems difficult to judge both the validity and the groundlessness of the above version.
In this regard, the manuscript of an article by an unknown author titled “Childhood and school years of Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Stalin)”, stored in the archives of the former GF IML, deserves attention. Written during the life of the leader, it contains a completely different explanation of the origin of his surname: “According to the story of Olga Kasradze (who knew Dzhugashvili closely) and the peasants from the village of Lilo,” we read here, “the surname“ Dzhugashvili ”, as they heard from Vissarion himself, occurred as follows way: their great-grandfather lived in the mountains of Mtiuletiya (modern South Ossetia - A.O.) and served as a shepherd. He was very fond of animals, zealously protected the herd from all sorts of hardships and sorrows, and therefore he was given the nickname “Dzhogishvili” (which means “son of the herd”).” This nickname later transformed into the surname "Dzhugashvili".
The credibility of this version is given by the fact that it was reflected in the memoirs of the mother of I.V. Stalin - Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, on the basis of which, apparently, I. Javakhishvili claimed that the original "Dzhugashvili" was called "Beroshvili".
If the first Jogisshvili was Beso's great-grandfather, he could have lived in the 18th century, when in the mountains of Mtiuletia there was still a struggle between the Georgian Mokhev people and the Ossetians who invaded their territory from the north. As you know, by the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. this struggle ended with the victory of the Ossetians, who not only subjugated, but also settled the territory of the Moheve, which later formed the northern part of the Gori district, and is now called South Ossetia. To which of the two ethnic groups between which there was a struggle, Beso Dzhugashvili's great-grandfather belonged, we do not know.
The first Dzhugashvili, whose name we know, was called Zaza.
“There is information,” recalled G.I. Elisabedashvili, that Visarion's grandfather lived in Ananur (Dushet district) and his name was Zaza. Having staged an uprising and fleeing from Prince Eristavi, he fled to the Gori district. Here the same thing happened again, and he was hiding in the mountains, where there is a church of Geris-tavi (that is, the peak of Geri - A.O.). When he was traced there, he went from there to Didi Lilo and lived there until his death.
“Stalin’s great-grandfather on the father’s side, Zaza Dzhugashvili,” wrote A.M. Tsikhitatrishvili, - participated in a peasant uprising in Ananur (Dushetsky district of the Tiflis province), was arrested, fled to the Gori district and here became a serf of princes Eristavi. Again he took part in the peasant unrest and fled again. He was a shepherd in Geris-tavi, and then settled in Didi Lilo, a village near Tiflis.
The question arises whether he appeared in the testimony of the priest Joseph Purtseladze from the village of Mereti. These testimonies were given by him on December 8, 1805 to Major Reich and concerned the participants in one of the first anti-Russian uprisings in Georgia, led by Prince Elizbar Eristavi. “I know and saw,” said I. Purtseladze, “that Ossetians who lived on this and that side used to visit Elizbar, the son of kular agasi; not a night passed without some of them coming, others not leaving, the people sent by Elizbar were Zaza Dzhuka-shvili and Tauri-hata, but Zaza often walked during the day and brought Ossetians at night.
In this regard, E. Sturua's article "Stalin during his studies in Gori", published in 1939 on the pages of the Leningrad newspaper "Smena", attracts attention. It said: “His (that is, Stalin - A.O.) ancestors at the beginning of the last century lived in the Aragvin Gorge. In 1802–1804 they took part in peasant uprisings against the tsarist colonizers and the nobility. After the uprising was suppressed, they moved to the village of Didi Lilo.
We don't know exactly where Zaza Dzhugashvili lived. It can only be argued that one of these places could be the village of Geri, located in the northern part of the Gori district, not far from the village of Mereti named above and the future capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali. Apparently, it was here that the church of Geris-tavi, which was mentioned by G.I. Elisabedashvili.
The village of Geri is located on the banks of the Big Liakhva and is about 30 km away from Gori. In 1869 it was a mountain village, in which there were 52 "smoke" and 341 people. And they were all Ossetians.
The fact that the ancestors of I.V. Stalin once really lived in Geri is evidenced by the memories of the wife of his second cousin, Nina Ivanovna Dzhugashvili (nee Tsiklauri). “My father-in-law, Georgy Dzhugashvili,” she recalled, “said that their ancestors, who came from Geri, had moved to Didi Lilo. He added with surprise that he did not understand this resettlement. Since seven villages fled from the environs of Didi Lilo due to strong winds.
And further: “I can’t say for sure who moved from Geri - Ivan (Vissarion’s father) or Nikolai (father of my father-in-law George) or their father, but George and Vissarion were born in the village of Didi Lilo and lived on the eastern outskirts of the village (near the present village council) (written in 1949 - A.O.). Here they lived in the same dugout (now a house has been built on this site, the house of the sons of George - Sandro and Nikola) ” .
A.M. also wrote about this. Tsikhitatrishvili: “Dzhugashvili's ancestors were not born in Gori. They lived in the village of Geri (Gori district, Liakhvin gorge). Like all the peasants of this gorge, they were serfs of the Machabeli princes ... The fact that those living in Lilo Dzhugashvili are from Geri, I heard both from my father and from Aunt Keke herself (mother of I.V. Stalin - A.O.) . In addition, it has not faded from my memory that Beso and Keke often remembered Geri and went there to pray as in the chapel of their ancestors.
The memoirs of A.M. Tsikhitatrishvili also contain a description of the circumstances under which Dzhugashvili moved from Geri to Didi Lilo. “Dzhugashvili,” he noted, “had an old grandfather, either Zura or Zaza (if I’m not mistaken), who was in relations with Prince Machabeli. After his death, his children and grandchildren, with part of the village, collected their belongings and asked the new ruler of Machabeli, who had escaped from Persian captivity and was known for his kindness, to settle them somewhere in the direction of Kakheti. This Machabeli, as an escapee from captivity, was rewarded by the then government with large estates and a Dianbeg in the York Gorge to Tiflis. He respected the request of the highlanders and settled them in Lilo.
It was possible to establish that in this case we are talking about the great-grandson of Prince Baadur Machabeli - Hussein (Mikhail Vasilyevich), who fled from Turkey, converted to Christianity and switched to Russian service. Having received the rank of lieutenant colonel, in 1812 he was appointed ruler of the villages of Lilo, Martkopi and Nori. And since, as established, the Georgian historian A.G. Matiashvili, for the first time the name Dzhugashvili is mentioned in the documents of the village of Didi Lilo in 1819, it can be argued that Dzhugashvili moved here no earlier than 1812 and no later than 1819.
The village of Lilo was located northeast of Tiflis at a distance of about 15 km from it. In the statement of 1802 on the division of Georgia into counties, it is listed as state-owned, and it is said about its inhabitants: "baptized from Ossetians." Over time, this village was upset, and part of its inhabitants moved to a new place, forming two new villages Didi Lilo, which means Big Lilo, and Patara Lilo, that is, Small Lilo. Apparently, it is here that M.V. Machabeli and received a land grant.
According to A.G. Matiashvili, the first Dzhugashvili mentioned in the documents, was called Joseph. In 1819, his son was born, who became known under the name Vano or Ivan, but had several names, including the name Mily. According to N.I. Dzhugashvili, Vano had a brother Nikolo (died in 1927, was married to Marta Pukhashvili).
Nikolo had a son, George, and two grandsons: Sandro (1884–1923) and Nikolo (1888–1945). Nikolo was married to Masho Karkusadze and died childless, his grave was preserved in the village of Didi Lilo. Sandro, from his marriage to Nina Ivanovna, nee Tsiklauri, from the village of Shvindadze (b. ca. 1902), had only one daughter, Elena (1918–1961), who became the wife of Georgy Arsoshvili (did not return from World War II). He left behind a daughter, Venus (1937–1961), who died unmarried, and a son, Nukzar (b. 1940). Thus, this branch of Dzhugashvili was stopped. Now the descendants of Dzhugashvili live in Didi Lilo only along the female line - Arsoshvili: Nukzar Georgievich, his wife Makvelina Vakhtangovna Kvelashvili (b. 1941) and their children: George (1964) and Manana (1965), son Koba (1973) in 1996. served on the frontier.

Information about Stalin's ancestors is scarce, scarce and superficial. When, during Stalin's lifetime, some of the sycophant historians of Transcaucasia tried to find documents and materials on this subject, digging into the church books of Georgia or interviewing centenarians from the small town of Gori, where Stalin was born on December 21, 1879, Stalin expressed on this occasion not too clear on content, but extremely angry in form, a phrase that not only immediately interrupted all these archival researches, but also cost the lives of several too curious researchers of his ancestry. Stalin reacted no less sharply to the initiative of the Children's Literature Publishing House (Detgiz), which prepared for publication "Stories about Stalin's childhood" - by analogy with stories about Lenin's childhood. Without much anger, Stalin also banned Mikhail Bulgakov's play about Stalin's revolutionary youth from being staged. Only Stalin himself said in the preface to the first volume of his works that he had once been an "immature Marxist"; no one else could repeat or even quote this phrase. Just as decisively, Stalin banned the publication of a small collection of poems once composed by the young Dzhugashvili-Koba; they were hastily translated into Russian for Stalin's 70th birthday by a group of leading Soviet poets. And yet, something about Stalin's childhood and youth can be said both from sources published in the Soviet press and from the testimonies of some of his childhood and youth friends who, by the will of fate, ended up in exile.

It is known, for example, that Stalin's great-grandfather Zaza Dzhugashvili was a serf and even took part in one of the peasant uprisings that break out from time to time in the Transcaucasus - more often than it happened in Russia. Later, Zaza Dzhugashvili settled with his family in the village of Didi-Milo near Tiflis, where his life path ended. His son Vano, Joseph Stalin's grandfather, inherited his father's farm, growing grapes and making wine. Here, in Didi Milo, his son Vissarion, nicknamed "Beso", was born. As you know, serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861, and after the death of his father, Vissarion decided to abandon hard peasant labor. He went to Tiflis and got a job as a student, and then as a worker in a leather factory. It was the shoemaking that brought Vissarion to the small Georgian town of Gori, where he met Ekaterina Geladze, who soon became his wife. Catherine also came from a peasant family. Only after the abolition of serfdom, her family moved to Gori. In Georgia, early marriages for women were accepted at that time. The first son of the Dzhugashvili spouses died at the age of one year, and much later, when the entire leadership of Georgia came to Catherine’s house to congratulate her on her birthday or on the birthday of the “great Stalin”, independent and sharp-tongued, she often said, that it was her first son who was much more capable and smarter than all the others. Joseph (Coco) was her fourth child, the second and third died in infancy. When the future "leader" was born, Catherine was only twenty years old.

We know almost nothing about Stalin's father. There is evidence that he was a rude and uneducated person and was too addicted to wine. Often he beat his little son, and these severe beatings could hardly contribute to the development of good beginnings in the character of Coco. In 1885, Vissarion left the family and again moved to Tiflis to a leather factory, although he did not completely break off ties with the family. He returned home a few years later seriously ill and died soon after. Later, Stalin never mentioned his father, and even the date of his death was not given either in Stalin's Brief Biography or in the official chronology of Stalin's life and work. It was the lack of accurate data about Stalin's father that later gave rise to many different kinds of legends about Stalin's father and, in general, about the reality of this paternity. Some of Stalin's ill-wishers spread a rumor in Georgia that Vissarion Dzhugashvili was not a Georgian at all, but an Ossetian. In the Caucasus, from time immemorial, various manifestations of national discord were strong, and relations between Georgians and Ossetians were not the best. I also heard that Stalin's father did not die from a serious illness, but was stabbed to death in a drunken tavern fight. On the other hand, even when the author of this article lived in Georgia, one often heard whispered rumors that Stalin's true father was some kind of Georgian prince, for whom Ekaterina Dzhugashvili worked as a laundress, or even a person of high spiritual rank. It was also said that Stalin's father was the famous Russian traveler Przhevalsky, who really was in Gori and looks very similar to the fifty-year-old Stalin, as can be seen from the photograph of Przhevalsky placed in the Small Soviet Encyclopedia. However, if we look not at the ITU, but at the biography of Przhevalsky himself, we can read that he really lived for some time in Gori, but six months after the birth of little Joseph.

In A. Rybakov's novel "Children of the Arbat", Stalin's father is depicted as a kind, gentle and cheerful person - as opposed to a harsh and irritable mother. Memories of Stalin's father according to Rybakov are the brightest memories of childhood. I will not analyze Fazil Iskander's version of Stalin's childhood here, after all, every writer has the right to fiction - where there is almost no reliable data.

Be that as it may, but the burden of worries about earning and raising her son fell on the shoulders of Ekaterina Dzhugashvili. Stalin's childhood friend, later one of his first biographers, Joseph Iremashvili, described Catherine as a very pious and economic woman and noted her great love for her son. Mother dreamed of Joseph becoming a priest. In order to pay for his son's education, he was hired as a laundress and seamstress in the rich houses of Gori, did various menial work in the same church school in which Joseph received his initial church education. Studying was not easy for the boy, and the Russian language was especially difficult for him. In those years, in the Georgian provinces, few people spoke Russian, and, not accustomed to Russian from childhood, Stalin spoke with a strong Georgian acceptance until the end of his life. Stalin almost always spoke Georgian with S. Ordzhonikidze, A. Yenukidze or L. Beria. After graduating from a church school, Stalin entered the seminary in Tiflis. Later, he very rarely visited his mother - both in Gori and, after the civil war, in Tiflis. She resolutely refused to move to her only son in Moscow and lived alone.

The revolution often severed family ties for a long time, or even forever. Parents often did not even know where their children lived and worked, and children often had little interest in their parents' lives. When Stalin visited his mother for the last time in late 1935, newspapers across the country launched a campaign to restore family ties that had been severed earlier. Thousands of party and state workers began to look for their parents and visit them. According to legend, at their last meeting, Stalin's seriously ill mother said to her son: "Still, it's a pity that you didn't become a priest." She died in 1936 and is buried in the Georgian Pantheon on Mount David. But Stalin did not come from Moscow to the funeral.

Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze, whom Joseph was introduced to by his close friend from the seminary and Ekaterina's brother, Alexander Svanidze.

We do not have an exact date for this meeting. The combination of a legal, that is, at that time, church marriage occurred either in 1902 or in 1903, after which the young spouses moved for some time to the homeland of Dzhugashvili's ancestors - to the village of Didi-Milo. However, Stalin was not so often next to his wife; he already led the life of a professional revolutionary, and he had to move illegally from place to place from Batumi to Baku.

Ekaterina Svanidze, like Stalin's mother, was very devout, she did not go into politics, and the life of her husband, who had already survived exile and prison, incomprehensible to her, caused her only fear. But, faithful to the centuries-old traditions of the Georgian family, she did not ask her husband unnecessary questions and could only pray for him. In March 1907, in the small village of Badzhi near Kutaisi, Catherine's son Yakov was born. Stalin at that time was imprisoned in the Baku prison, and his young wife had to work hard, doing any work, not only to support the life of the baby, but also send parcels to prison from time to time.

When Yakov Dzhugashvili was not even a year old, Ekaterina Svanidze (Dzhugashvili) became seriously ill and died - according to some sources from typhus, according to others - from pneumonia. The prison authorities allowed the imprisoned Joseph to attend his wife's funeral. In the archive of one of the daughters of Prokofy Japaridze (who died among 26 Baku commissars in 1918 under the nickname "Alyosha"), back in the 60s, a photograph was kept, presented to her by the mother of Ekaterina Svanidze. In the picture one could see Stalin, overgrown with a short black beard, and relatives of his deceased wife, standing at the head of the coffin.

The Svanidze family took care of the upbringing of little Jacob. Stalin had to leave Georgia for many years, he visited different cities of Russia and Krakow, and from 1913 - in the distant Turukhansk exile. From 1918 to 1921 Georgia existed as an independent state under the control of the Menshevik government. Only in the early 1920s was Stalin able to visit Georgia again and see his son again. But it was a short meeting—Stalin now had new worries and a new wife.

With the father of his second wife, S. Ya. Alliluyev, Stalin met back in 1903 in Tiflis, where he came on business of the Baku underground printing house. A few years later, fate again brought them to Baku, where Alliluyev lived with his family, and Stalin could meet in their house not only his son Pavel and daughter Anna, but also the youngest, but very lively and attractive six-year-old Nadia. Stalin often visited the Alliluyev family, but soon he had to go into a new exile, and S. Ya. Alliluyev moved to St. Petersburg with his whole family and got a job as a worker at an electromechanical plant. S. Alliluyev continued to maintain close contact with his party comrades and carry out various party assignments. In 1910, Stalin, who illegally left his next exile - this time in Vologda, stopped precisely in the Alliluyev family. The connection with this family, which fell in love with the lonely and unsociable Stalin, continued further, and when Stalin was exiled to the distant Turukhansk region, the Alliluyevs sent him parcels with warm clothes and money. In a letter to S. Ya. Alliluyev's wife, Olga, Stalin thanks her for the parcel she has just received and asks her not to send more money, which this large family badly needed. The letter is dated 1915.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that after the February Revolution of 1917, when Stalin returned to Petrograd, he sought out the Alliluyev family, who lived on the outskirts of the city, and he was given a warm welcome here. Soon the Alliluyevs moved into a larger apartment, and their house became a place for secret meetings of the Bolsheviks. After the July events, V. I. Lenin hid here for several days. As for Stalin, he became almost a member of the Alliluyev family. Their eldest daughter Anna worked at the headquarters of the Bolsheviks in Smolny, and Nadezhda was still in high school. Stalin came late, but the sisters were waiting for him, fed him and gave him tea. Stalin told the girls a variety of stories from his life, even read excerpts from the books of Chekhov, Gorky, Pushkin. At the same time, even then, Stalin began to give Nadezhda special signs of attention. Nadia grew up in the family of a professional revolutionary, sympathized with the Bolsheviks and was also carried away by the 37-year-old Stalin, although he was 20 years older than her. Most often silent and gloomy, Stalin nevertheless managed to restrain his inherent rudeness, trying to be attentive, helpful and even gentle to those people who he needed or to the women he liked.

The October Revolution decisively changed not only the situation in Russia, but also the position of Stalin. Now he is a member of the first Soviet government, the People's Commissar for Nationalities. But he does not forget about the Alliluyevs and, forming the still small apparatus of the People's Commissariat, offers Nadezhda a job as a secretary. Nadia agreed, and at the beginning of 1919 she had to move from Petrograd to Moscow together with the entire Soviet government. Here, in Moscow, 18-year-old Nadezhda joined her fate with the fate of Stalin, taking on the chores of his simple household. However, she retained her maiden name. This was accepted among the families of many Bolsheviks. No weddings were arranged then, and only a few of the party members resorted to civil registration; more often they simply declared themselves husband and wife and began to live together. It is not surprising that many people in the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars continued to consider Stalin as still a widower or a bachelor. Meanwhile, Nadezhda Alliluyeva joined the party and, together with Stalin, went to the Tsaritsyn front.

Returning to Moscow, Nadezhda began to work no longer in the People's Commissariat of Nationalities, but in the Secretariat of the Council of People's Commissars and in Lenin's personal secretariat. To characterize the morals and relations of that time, the episode associated with the next purge of the party, which took place in 1921, is indicative. Among other employees of the apparatus, N. Alliluyeva was expelled from the party for "insufficient social activity", although she worked in Lenin's secretariat. Upon learning of this, Vladimir Ilyich sent a letter to the leaders of the commission for the purge of the party A. A. Solts and P. A. Zalutsky with a special letter, "considering it a duty" to bring to the attention of this commission the circumstances that remained unknown "in view of the youth of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva ".

“Personally, I,” wrote Lenin, “observed her work ... in the Administration of the Council of People's Commissars, that is, I am very close. However, I consider it necessary to point out that I have known the entire Alliluyev family, that is, the father, mother and two daughters, from the period before the October Revolution. In particular, during the July days, when Zinoviev and I had to hide and the danger was very great, it was this family that hid me, and all four, using the full confidence of the then Bolshevik Party members, not only hid us both, but also provided a number of conspiratorial services without which we would not have been able to get away from Kerensky's bloodhounds.

Alliluyeva was reinstated in the party.

Alliluyeva’s “insufficient social activity” was, by the way, due to the fact that it was in 1921 that her son Vasily was born (Stalin probably gave this name to him by one of his party nicknames). A few years later, the daughter Svetlana was born.

After Lenin's death, Alliluyeva worked for several years in the Revolution and Culture magazine, and at the very end of the 1920s she entered the newly formed Industrial Academy, wanting to study the then new technology for manufacturing artificial chemical fibers. She came to the Academy by tram, always crowded with passengers, and few of the students of the Academy knew that this young woman was the wife of Stalin, whom the whole country already knew about, of course. Without completing her studies, Nadezhda Sergeevna moved in the early 30s to work in the Moscow City Party Committee.

Even in those years, many rumors and legends arose around the personality of Alliluyeva. In the 1960s, the book "Stalin" came into my hands, published in Russian in Riga in 1930 by one of the émigré publishing houses. Some of the facts in this book were true, but others were simply made up. For example, the author of the book, who took the pseudonym "Essad-Bey", claimed that Stalin, like an oriental despot, kept his wife in a large apartment in the Kremlin and that none of the other residents of the Kremlin had ever seen her. In fact, N. Alliluyeva was an open and sociable woman. She was very friendly with the family of Avel Yenukidze, with the family of the deceased Alyosha Dzhaparidze, with the large Svanidze family. She was well acquainted with N. S. Khrushchev since the time of the Industrial Academy, where Khrushchev not only studied for some time, but also headed the party organization of the Academy .

At the same time, it should be noted that Nadezhda was very independent in choosing her acquaintances and by no means broke off friendly relations with those who sometimes came into conflict with Stalin for political reasons. Of the women, the closest friend of Stalin's wife was Molotov's wife, Polina Zhemchuzhina.

In addition to an apartment in the Kremlin, the Stalin family, as well as the families of other members of the Politburo, received a large state dacha in the late 1920s. At that time, such dachas were not yet built according to special projects, but various estates near Moscow that previously belonged to Moscow merchants and industrialists were equipped or converted. They were built mainly at the beginning of the 20th century and in a different style than the estates of the 19th or 18th centuries. Stalin's country dacha was located near the village of Usovo near Moscow and on the banks of the Moscow River. The couple called their house Zubalovo - after the name of the oilman who owned it before the revolution. Stalin's children - Yakov, who arrived in Moscow only in the early 1920s as a teenager, Vasily and Svetlana - lived for the most part in Moscow and went to school. But the house in Zubalov was not empty. Relatives and some friends lived here for a long time, they occupied the entire first floor. Stalin and his wife lived on the second floor, but there were many rooms in the oilman's house, and Nadezhda's brothers Fedor and Pavel with their wives were right there on the floor. Frequent guests in the house were Anna Alliluyeva and her husband, Chekist Stanislav Redens, as well as Stalin's relatives from his first wife, Alexander Svanidze with his wife, Alexandra and Mariko Svanidze. Stalin did not particularly like this crowd, but in the 1920s he still wore the mask of a "democrat" and in the house - a hospitable host.

However, even then, quarrels broke out between him and Nadezhda more and more often, the cloudless years of the first years of marriage were a thing of the past. Twice it came to the point that Nadezhda with little Svetlana left not only the apartment in the Kremlin and the house in Zubalovo, but also Moscow. However, under the auspicious influence of her father and relatives, Nadezhda returned under a common roof a few months later. The reasons for these quarrels could be different, since the views on the life and characters of Stalin and his wife turned out to be too different. Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, cites in her memoirs an episode of a quarrel between Stalin and her mother because of the presence of the "scoundrel Beria" in her house. This episode could only take place at the end of 1931 or in 1932, since Stalin and Beria met in Georgia only in 1931 during Stalin's next vacation. The head of the GPU of Georgia, L. Beriy, then decided to personally head the security of Stalin's southern dacha.

It was also difficult for Nadezhda because in quarrels with Stalin, if they went out, most of the relatives remained on the side of Stalin, especially since some of the quarrels arose not on a personal, but on a political basis - the end of the 20s and the beginning of the 30s years were an incredibly difficult time for the whole country and the party. It can be assumed that it was at this time that Nadezhda had the idea of ​​​​suicide, since she did not meet with understanding not only from Stalin, but also from most of her relatives and friends. When Pavel Alliluyev, a participant in the Civil War, a military engineer, and later the commissar of the Armored Directorate of the Red Army (RKKA), leaving on business abroad, asked Nadezhda what to bring her as a gift, she asked not for cosmetics or clothes, but for a revolver. Pavel brought her a small ladies' Browning from Berlin. Of course, Nadezhda hid this from her husband, although the possession of weapons was commonplace in those years. Almost all senior officials of the party had revolvers of different models and brands, this has been the custom since the days of the civil war. The best gift or even an award for military and even civilian distinctions was a good pistol. Each member of the Central Committee or the Politburo kept one or even two pistols in his desk. On Bukharin's Browning, for example, there was a plate with the inscription "To Dear Bukharchik from Klim Voroshilov." I remember that my father, a commissar and participant in the Civil War, also had a revolver in his desk drawer with the inscription "For Merit in the Civil War" engraved on it. Father did not hide these weapons from us, but only kept clips with cartridges in secret or in a cache. Then the Komsomol activists also had weapons. But for women, the presence of a gun was still rare in those days, although not so unusual. Therefore, Paul was not at all surprised at his sister's request.

Although the relationship between Stalin and his wife was getting worse, Nadezhda still apparently loved Stalin. According to A. Adzhubey, N. S. Khrushchev told him that on November 7, 1932, during the November demonstration on Red Square, he, Khrushchev, ended up on one of the lower stands next to Nadezhda. It was windy and rainy, and cold autumn days were already setting in in Moscow. Alliluyeva kept looking at the podium of the Mausoleum, obviously worried about her husband. She said to Nikita Sergeevich: “It’s freezing after all! She asked me to dress warmly, and he, as always, muttered something rude and left. And just 40 hours later, on the night of November 8-9, Nadezhda Alliluyeva shot herself.

Roy MEDVEDEV

History and stories

• orchid scent

  The ferocious robber Ban barely managed to escape, convinced of the correctness of the sage Lun Yi and cursing the just order of the world.
• Now, in the workshop where she began to sew wedding dresses, seven tailors worked for her from the ruined ateliers that had given way to commercial shops. These were real craftswomen who seized upon beautiful work.
• At the beginning of the 19th century, the creators of embroidery still remembered the semantic meaning of “decoration”, the ritual of reading patterns was also alive. The girls gathered for him in their best outfits, and the guys chose old women as escorts, and those, showing them the aprons embroidered by the girls and the hems of their shirts, explained the meaning of the patterns.
• It is unlikely that anyone will argue with the fact that every person wants to have a strong, strong-willed character. Having envied book and movie superheroes in childhood, we hope to see a strong personality in ourselves. And we suffer excruciatingly when we discover in ourselves the character not of a “leader,” but of a “follower.”
• An attentive viewer who is lucky enough to see these paintings all together, to see, without haste, their cozy, bright world, will certainly notice that from canvas to canvas, in almost any plot, the artist places one cute, spiritual, attractive female image with calm dignity and cordiality.
• According to foreign envoys, Russian culinary art was specific, the cuisine consisted of various dishes, but garlic and onion smells made them almost inedible for foreigners.
• Evgeny Lebedev is known to everyone and loved by everyone. ACTOR! Capitalized. And - PERSON - charming, emotional. The energy that he radiates from the stage and in life is young and incendiary.
• And during his exile in Mikhailovsky, Pushkin again planned to leave Russia without permission, which would inevitably threaten him with serious troubles.
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin owns the treatise "On Public Education"
• Exactly ten years ago, after one of the "apartment" concerts of the Aquarium group, the unknown Vitya Tsoi met his idol - Boris Grebenshchikov.
• The Russian bath is a protective system of our distant ancestors from the constant lack of heat inherent in the harsh northern and temperate latitudes. It was in order to warm up well (first to sweat, and then to steam), our ancestors - the Slavs and created the Russian bath.
• The long-awaited and beloved holiday - the New Year - is rapidly and inevitably approaching! So, again, as always, we will pronounce and listen dozens of times to words that have almost lost their meaning from constant use: “Happy New Year! With new happiness!" 2
• On the night of October 31, on the eve of All Saints Day, the most terrible and fun holiday is celebrated - Halloween. The main traditions on this day are carnivals, parties, bonfires, "Haunted House" and "Treat or regret" visits.
• Before the appearance of the Christmas tree, in the middle of the 19th century in England they decorated the house with a "kissing branch". It was a ring braided with oak and mistletoe branches, decorated with garlands, apples and candles. If a girl accidentally found herself under this branch, she was allowed to kiss.
• Gambling has accompanied mankind throughout its history. The game of dice at the dawn of civilization looked something like this: a gnawed bone was thrown up for a bet - whether it would fall with its hip joint to the fire.
• The inventors of central heating, plumbing and underfloor heating were the engineers of the Roman Empire. They also thought of a taximeter: while the hired carriage was driving, pebbles fell into a special urn.
• Only at the end of the 19th century in St. Petersburg, for the first time, they tried to illuminate the streets with electric light. At the same time, in France, on one of the streets of Paris, they installed electric "Yablochkov candles" and began to call them "Russian light".
• Nowadays, new types of cutlery are being invented. For example, in France, a special spoon for mustachioed people has been patented with an ingenious device that allows you not to dirty your mustache while eating.
• There are enough cases in history when real events coincided exactly with book stories written decades before ...
• The Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815), the victory in which made Andrew Jackson a national hero of America, took place two weeks after the signing of the peace treaty between the British and Americans.
• Valentine's Day as a mass holiday of all lovers has been celebrated in Western Europe since the 13th century, and in our country since the late 90s of the 20th century.
• The concept of haute couture was introduced by the Paris Fashion Syndicate, which determined that haute couture products must be unique and handmade by at least seventy percent.
• Agatha Christie is the queen of the detective genre. Her life was full of contradictory extraordinary episodes, which were later embodied in her works.

• Anastasia.

  Anastasia was attractive with her youthful freshness, combined with a deep, beyond her years, education and the ability to conduct a conversation in such a way that it seemed to the interlocutor that he had surpassed himself and exalted the interlocutor; and only later did he begin to guess that it was she, the noble patrician Anastasia, the first beauty of Constantinople, imperceptibly and inoffensively, with some kind of gentle grace, who raised the conversation to such a height that he had not yet had to rise.

• Baltic gold

  Since ancient times, amber has been endowed with magical properties: amber necklaces were hung on wet nurses and babies from the "evil eye", the young, so that their life was long and comfortable, were fumigated with amber smoke, Roman gladiators decorated combat spears with amber, relying on its protective power.

• Poor Dicky

  Hearing such a quick and impudent question, the princess lowered her eyes in embarrassment, the king was speechless, and the parrot in the cage fell dead from its perch. Even the mirrors could not stand it and cracked in half, the candles in the candelabra went out, and the patterned parquet heaved in waves, like the sea in a storm.

• Donbass

  On the frescoes of Egyptian temples, built in the third millennium BC, the image of a slave who fans narrow-necked jugs and amphoras with a fan has been preserved. Why, one wonders, was this living fan needed? To speed up the evaporation of moisture from the clay walls: the stronger it is, the colder the liquid in the vessel!

• Charming beads, precious beads...

  What a miracle it is - small, smooth, shiny beads, collected with taste and patience into a marvelous picture, a purse or a glass holder! How they delight the eye with play of color, what a play of light in the depths of tiny spheres!

• "Niger Levushka" and "Little Enchantress".

  The grown-up Sashenka was not distinguished by beauty, but she charmed with unusual talent. She sang beautifully, and in the grace of dance, no one could compare with her. For the swarthy complexion of the face, the empress called Sasha "Black Sea Leuvuska" and in the messages she turned simply and friendly, as if it were not the sovereign, but an older friend.

• Clean Monday

  It begins to seem to me that now the former life is ending, and we must prepare for the life that will be ... where? Somewhere in heaven. It is necessary to cleanse the soul of all sins, and therefore everything around is different.

• May I sleep like this!

  At home, you could warm yourself by the hearth or in bed. A “roof” was built over the bed, from which dense curtains descended in two rows, during the day they were tied around the pillars at the corners of the bed.

• Vasnetsov's house.

  And Vasnetsov's Russia began with Vyatka. Three centuries of priesthood, this kind of shaft on Vyatka land. Where he came from is now difficult to ascertain. There is an assumption that among the Novgorod ushkuins, who often attacked their northern neighbors, was Vasnets, who was later captured by the Vyatichi...

• Soul is full

  Here, in Vologda, I saw how they returned and did not return from the war, I understood what human grief, suffering, women's tears are ... From here I brought out the main theme of my work - the theme of female fate, female character.

• This deceptive visible world...

  The non-fictional stories of an almost detective nature - there are fourteen of them in the book - tell how dowsing helps to solve the mystery of harmful anomalous radiation.

• Count-master.

  One day, his father gave Fyodor a cameo with a portrait of Napoleon, whose unusual ascent to the heights of glory then excited Russian minds. Fedor made a wax copy of the cameo.

• Borders in time

  I think that Slavic paganism is a whole boundless world. And to everything else, this world is alive to this day, he did not even think of dying, despite a thousand years of Christianity, almost a century of imposed atheism.

• Citizen, comrade, sir?

  With all this wealth of choice, there was a need for universal and neutral words, devoid of one or another emotional coloring, familiarity, attachment to a specific situation, suitable for any occasion in life and, of course, impeccably polite.

• Name day and birthday

  Name day is a personal holiday that falls on the very day when the church celebrates the memory of the saint of the same name. Otherwise, it's the day of the angel. And the birthday usually did not coincide with the name day.

• Name

  The pagan under no circumstances should have said “I am such and such”, because he could not be completely sure that his new acquaintance deserved full trust, that he was a person in general, and not an evil spirit.

• Origins of hospitality

  Surely you have heard about it: upon entering the hut of a highlander or the tent of an inhabitant of the northern tundra, a traveler often becomes an object of surprising, in our opinion, hospitality.

• History of proverbs

  Where did the proverb come from: "The truth does not sink in water and does not burn in fire."

• History of chocolate candy

  Cool spring replaces summer there, and the bright sun warms the earth all year round. Under the sunlight grow chocolate forests of palm trees, and in the cool under their green tents, low cocoa trees.

• "... And the secret will become clear"

  So a coquette of the 18th century could have sung in a languid voice to the object of her adoration, but then such frank manifestations of sympathy were not accepted in the world, and in order to nevertheless “bring to the attention” of her gentleman the full force of suffering, the ladies of the past indulged in all sorts of tricks.

• IVAN RYZHOV: “Why did God give me such happiness?..”

  There an amusing incident occurred: the shooting took place near Kaluga, where my kingdom was built. Artists were brought to the shooting early. I was called somehow at seven o'clock: they dressed me up and brought me to the place. The car is gone. I stood and stood - such a good morning, there was no one. And he went to "his" kingdom to take a nap. Sat on the throne...

• "AND THE ETERNAL GOLDEN CROWN"

  There were many swamps and springs in all the forests. In the summer on Trinity Day, young girls, dressed in dark clothes and covered with white handkerchiefs (not in vain: a white handkerchief is a clean, white stream), went with shovels, hoes, buckets to the springs to clean them. . Jokes, mischief, fun. Warm, humid, spicy.

• A trap for the BUREVESTNIKA family.

  The personal life of Alexei Maksimovich was not easy - his first wife, Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova, lived in Moscow, who once gave him a son, Maxim, whom the writer took abroad with him in 1922. The second, civil, wife, actress Maria Fedorovna Andreeva, appeared from time to time on the horizons of Gorky's life, but everything was over between them since her departure from Capri in 1913.

• snake crown

  For this crown, the king was especially sick of his soul. It was carved from a single carbuncle gemstone that glowed like the sun; but not only was it of exorbitant value in itself, it also had the ability to find hidden treasures: when it was carried over the place where the treasure was buried, it flashed with a bright light, so that you even had to close your eyes.

• Braid and beard

  Now it’s clear how the praise of the Spanish singer to the brave Sid is deciphered: “Your valor is so great that no one has the courage to quarrel with you.”

• Mow, spit, while dew.

  Well, the braid itself is unpretentious and simple. However, it is ingeniously simple, like many peasant tools that have come down to us from time immemorial and are marked by folk wisdom and ingenuity.

• Epiphany games with snow.

  On the same Epiphany evening, the guys and girls arranged another competition: who will cut the largest cube of snow in the field and who will be able to lower it whole into the well?

• Lion and unicorn

  A long time ago they brought an overseas carpet to Russia in the royal palace. Magical animals are woven on it: a lion with a golden mane and a unicorn - a marvelous white horse with a sharp horn on its forehead.

• Either strength - or the ruble

  Our village has a very vague idea of ​​a market economy. There is a lot of prejudice about this. The long-term indoctrination of people in the spirit of "socialist values", and the confusion of opinions, assessments, and the purposeful stirring up of passions regarding the "bourgeois degeneration" of society also affected.

• False landmark

  The destructiveness of any false deed is especially great in conditions when it is not allowed to question it, when falsity becomes the rule, is replicated in decisions and deeds.

• Mother Vologda

  The history of Vologda is vast and amazing. And, choosing from it the brightest pages, moving through the centuries, you can see this city arranged and decorated with many temples.

• Fashion

  However, with such a wealth of diversity, do we remember when this type of clothing arose in Russia, which became one of the main elements of the Russian national costume?

• "MY PRINCESS..."

  Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich composed a spiritual. Not for the first time - wills were written before every big battle, a difficult campaign, when the prince's life was in the balance. But now the winner of the Kulikovo field knew - life was just coming to an end.

• Natalya, Duchess of Oldenburg

  From the once romantic castle, nicknamed Babylon, now only picturesque ruins remain. Somewhere here was Natalya Gustavovna's bedroom with a glass ceiling built in at her request. Falling asleep, she loved to look at the bright Brodzyansky stars ...

• Night lakes.

  He just can't sleep. It seems that drowsiness begins to overcome, and suddenly someone knocks. He opens his eyes and looks at the lake: something is about to happen.

• Khonya

  So, driven by the mere thought that she would never leave a cat alone in the world, Matveikha flew up to her porch. Clutching Khonya to her chest, she inserted the key into the keyhole, opened the veranda and... on the veranda she saw her cat!!!

• About Karamzin.

  We do not always remember what complex meaning the people of that era put into the words “teacher” and “student” that have now been erased from the long and thoughtless use. It would be a mistake to understand them as a mere training in the craft of writing, although, of course, this was also the case.

• Eagle.

  Birds came from all over the world, animals came from all over the world. A battle ensued worse than before. They fought for several days, no one takes over.

• island of joy

  But reading books left an even deeper mark on Bolotov's life. And those that he was able to read in the rich enough libraries in Koenigsberg, and those that, not being afraid of expenses that were sensitive for his relatively modest budget, he diligently collected until the end of his days,

• From Rurik...

  Who could have imagined that one of the most romantic stories of true love is connected with the royal dynasty, with the history of Russian tsars?

• Singing stars

  And indeed! It happens like this: it seems that someone is out of place, interferes. And take it away, and everything around will change, it will become different. Something very important will disappear, perhaps the most important thing.

• Attempt on a relic

  The rightful owner, a native of Amboise, bequeathed the relic for storage to the Postal Museum, where, in accordance with the profile, it is written on the plate: “The pistol with which Alexander Pushkin was killed is the author of the story“ The Stationmaster ”.

• A princess who married... for love.

  Life in the Izmailovsky Palace was a curious mixture of patriarchal mores and new European customs. Guests were greeted here in the old fashioned way with a glass of wine offered with a low bow.

• DRAWN HISTORY OF RUSSIA

  Printers brought their products to Sretenka and hung them on the walls of the church standing here. The memory of this is still preserved in its name: "Trinity in the Sheets."
• His life will end tragically, in its prime: a month before the start of the war, he will be arrested on a denunciation, and six months later he will be shot in the camps.

• "YOU REMEMBER, OF COURSE YOU ALL REMEMBER..."

  A small house under the canopy of old willows in the very center of the village is known throughout the world for the fact that the great Russian poet was born and raised in it.

• "I see the enlightened faces of Russia"

  ... Completely black-looking board. This is an old icon, covered with a layer of dirt and soot. I put a piece of baize soaked in solvent on it, cover it with glass. After about twenty minutes, I remove the compress ...

• "In the world of beauty"

  “He was a man with an extraordinary, enormous talent, which are rare. The very inconsistency and exaggeration of judgments about Mochalov's talent proves that he really stood far beyond the ordinary.

• At the beginning of the journey

  Memoir literature about Chekhov is extraordinarily interesting. Why did the gymnasium years become such a failure in this literature?

• In harmony with life.

  ... His father, a famous fighter pilot, dies, he dies insultingly - albeit in wartime, but not in war, but in the Northern Nice sanatorium, where he ends up after being wounded: the Nazis bombed this sanatorium.

• growing up

  When a boy began to become a young man, and a girl - a girl, it was time for them to move into the next "quality", from the category of "children" to the category of "youth" - future brides and grooms, ready for family responsibility and procreation.

• LARK

  The future Russian pop star was born in 1884 into a peasant family in the village of Vinnikovo, Kursk province. The family had five children. As long as Nadya Vinnikova, Dezhka, as she was affectionately called, could remember herself, hard peasant labor was always accompanied by a song.

• Ancient Egypt

  In ancient Egypt, there was a very advanced medicine. The mummies bear witness to heart bypasses, organ transplants, as well as facial plastic surgeries, and maybe even limb transplants and brain enlargements.

• Silver

  Back in 5000 BC. Silver jewelry was made in ancient Egypt. However, this was not the only use of silver. Egyptian warriors used silver to treat battle wounds - they put very thin silver plates on them, and the wounds healed quickly.

• Steel arms

  Naginata is a Japanese edged weapon on a long, up to two meters, shaft, to which a blade about 60 cm long is attached. Naginata was considered the main weapon of women from samurai clans.

• Laws in history

  The Code of Hammurabi is a code of laws of Babylonia, created at the end of the reign of Hammurabi, around 1760 BC. e. The original text of the laws, inscribed in cuneiform on a diorite stele, was found in 1901-1902. during excavations on the site of the capital of ancient Elam - the city of Susa.

• History of games.

  Billiards originated in India and China. In Europe, this game appeared in the 16th century, in Russia - under Peter I, who made it his favorite pastime. V. V. Mayakovsky, I. P. Utkin, I. Z. Babel, S. M. Budyonny, M. I. Zharov, V. S. Vysotsky were fond of billiards.

• royal affairs

  Empress Elizaveta Petrovna was very fond of fashion. Once she unsuccessfully dyed her hair, and she had to cut it, and “for company” she ordered all the ladies of the court to cut their hair. The beauties were forced to wear black wigs until their hair grew back.

• famous horses

  The horse of the Roman emperor Caligula Incitatus (Swift-footed) is famous for becoming a senator at the behest of his master. Probably, the horse would have received the rank of consul if the emperor had not been killed.

• Let's hit the road...

  In the Soviet Union, the women's rally in 1936 was held on trucks, 45 participants covered over 10 thousand km through mountains, deserts, forests and steppes. In impassable areas, the lorry had to be literally dragged by hand. But Soviet women proved their complete equality with men.

• From the history of roads

  The first country to start improving roads was France. The royal decree of 1508 prescribed the repair and improvement of roads, and established the financing of this necessary work through outpost duties.

• History of Maslenitsa

  Pure Monday - the day after the farewell to Maslenitsa - was considered the day of cleansing from sin and fast food. Men usually "rinsed their teeth", that is, they drank vodka - supposedly in order to rinse out the remnants of the fast food from their mouths.

• Philosophers

  The ancient Greek philosopher Archytas of Tarentum served as a strategist (commander) in Tarentum seven times and was never defeated in hostilities. As soon as he refused this high position, Tarentum immediately lost the war with Athens.

• Historical incidents

  In Vincent van Gogh's famous self-portrait, The Man with the Ear Cut off, his right ear is bandaged, although he actually cut off his left.

• How did writing begin

  In the second century BC. e. in Babylon and China, shards of baked clay, as well as pieces of wood and small bamboo tablets, began to be used as writing material.

• From the history of ballroom dancing

  The first secular, or ballroom, dances arose in the 12th century, during the heyday of chivalric culture. The pavan dance, which was performed with candelabra or torches in hand, was very popular.