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Introduction

At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrialized society, the dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this interference has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy, so cities and factories are being built on them. Man has to intervene more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be distinguished, none of which improves the ecological situation on the planet.

The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment by substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. atmosphere carcinogenic burial

Environmentalists are also alarmed by the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of this size can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the considered factors, which can be attributed to the polluting effect, have a significant impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.

1 . Chemical pollution of the atmosphere

I will begin my essay with a review of those factors that lead to the deterioration of one of the most important components of the biosphere - the atmosphere. Man has been polluting the atmosphere for thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used throughout this period, were insignificant. I had to put up with the fact that the smoke interfered with breathing and that soot lay in a black cover on the ceiling and walls of the dwelling. The resulting heat was more important to a person than clean air and unfinished cave walls. This initial air pollution was not a problem, for people then lived in small groups, occupying an immeasurably vast untouched natural environment. And even a significant concentration of people in a relatively small area, as was the case in classical antiquity, was not yet accompanied by serious consequences.

This was the case until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only in the last hundred years has the development of industry "gifted" us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first man could not yet imagine. Million-strong cities arose, the growth of which cannot be stopped. All this is the result of great inventions and conquests of man.

1 .1 Main pollutants

Basically, there are three main sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boilers, transport. The share of each of these sources in total air pollution varies greatly from place to place. It is now generally accepted that industrial production pollutes the air the most. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into the air; metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic into the air; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter the air as a result of fuel combustion for industrial needs, home heating, transport, combustion and processing of household and industrial waste.

Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary, entering directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, resulting from the transformation of the latter. So, sulfur dioxide entering the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms droplets of sulfuric acid. When sulfuric anhydride reacts with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed.

Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physico-chemical reactions between pollutants and atmospheric components, other secondary signs are formed. The main source of pyrogenic pollution on the planet are thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, which consume more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuels. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:

a) Carbon monoxide. It is obtained by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. At least 1250 million tons of this gas enters the atmosphere every year. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with the constituent parts of the atmosphere and contributes to an increase in the temperature on the planet and the creation of a greenhouse effect.

b) Sulfur dioxide. It is emitted during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfurous ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of the global emission.

c) Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and exacerbates human respiratory diseases. The precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical enterprises is observed at low cloudiness and high air humidity. Leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km. from such enterprises, are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where droplets of sulfuric acid have settled. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.

d) Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil refineries, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.

e) Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, and celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons. in year.

f) Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or dust of sodium and calcium fluoride. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.

g) Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, soda. In the atmosphere, they are found as an admixture of chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, during the smelting of pig iron and its processing into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. So, in terms of 1 ton of pig iron, in addition to 12.7 kg. sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, tar substances and hydrogen cyanide.

1 .2 Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and cause specific diseases in humans. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic km enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people. Information about some sources of man-made dust is given below:

Manufacturing process.

Dust emission, million tons/year

1. Combustion of hard coal 93,600

2. Iron smelting 20.210

3. Copper smelting (without refining) 6,230

4. Smelting zinc 0.180

5. Smelting of tin (without cleaning) 0.004

6. Lead smelting 0.130

7. Cement production 53,370

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, enrichment plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are distinguished by a wide variety of chemical composition. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - oxides of metals: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos.

An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises.

Permanent sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial mounds of redeposited material, mainly overburden, formed during mining or from waste from processing industries, thermal power plants.

The source of dust and poisonous gases is mass blasting. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. conditional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust.

The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust. The main technological processes of these industries - grinding and chemical processing of semi-finished products and products obtained in hot gas streams are always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere.

Atmospheric pollutants include hydrocarbons - saturated and unsaturated, containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after being excited by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, compounds of hydrocarbons with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are formed, often in the form of aerosol particles. Under certain weather conditions, especially large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities can form in the surface air layer.

This usually happens when there is an inversion in the air layer directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warm air, which prevents air masses and delays the transfer of impurities upward. As a result, harmful emissions are concentrated under the inversion layer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which becomes one of the reasons for the formation of a photochemical fog previously unknown in nature.

1 .3 Photochemical fog (smog)

Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The composition of the main components of smog includes ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, numerous organic peroxide compounds, collectively called photooxidants.

Photochemical smog occurs as a result of photochemical reactions under certain conditions: the presence of a high concentration of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants in the atmosphere, intense solar radiation and calm or very weak air exchange in the surface layer with a powerful and increased inversion for at least a day. Sustained calm weather, usually accompanied by inversions, is necessary to create a high concentration of reactants.

Such conditions are created more often in June-September and less often in winter. In prolonged clear weather, solar radiation causes the breakdown of nitrogen dioxide molecules with the formation of nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen give ozone. It would seem that the latter, oxidizing nitric oxide, should again turn into molecular oxygen, and nitric oxide into dioxide. But that doesn't happen. The nitric oxide reacts with the olefins in the exhaust gases, which break down the double bond to form molecular fragments and excess ozone. As a result of the ongoing dissociation, new masses of nitrogen dioxide are split and give additional amounts of ozone.

A cyclic reaction occurs, as a result of which ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. This process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with olefins. Various peroxides are concentrated in the atmosphere, which in total form oxidants characteristic of photochemical fog. The latter are the source of the so-called free radicals, which are characterized by a special reactivity.

Such smog is not uncommon over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. According to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often cause premature death of urban residents with poor health.

1 .4 The problem of controlling the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises (MPC)

The priority in the development of maximum permissible concentrations in the air belongs to the USSR. MPC - such concentrations that a person and his offspring are directly or indirectly affected, do not worsen their performance, well-being, as well as sanitary and living conditions for people.

The generalization of all information on MPC, received by all departments, is carried out in the MGO (Main Geophysical Observatory). times the largest value was higher than the MPC.The average concentration value for a month or a year is compared with the long-term MPC - medium-stable MPC.The state of air pollution with several substances observed in the atmosphere of the city is assessed using a complex indicator - the air pollution index (API).For this normalized to the corresponding MPC values ​​and the average concentrations of various substances with the help of simple calculations lead to the value of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, and then summed up.

The maximum one-time concentrations of the main pollutants were the highest in Norilsk (nitrogen and sulfur oxides), Frunze (dust), Omsk (carbon monoxide). The degree of air pollution by the main pollutants is directly dependent on the industrial development of the city. The highest maximum concentrations are typical for cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants. Air pollution with specific substances depends on the type of industry developed in the city. If enterprises of several industries are located in a large city, then a very high level of air pollution is created, but the problem of reducing emissions of many specific substances still remains unresolved.

2. Chemical pollution of natural waters

Any body of water or water source is associated with its external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that degrade water quality. Pollution entering the aquatic environment is classified in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and tasks. So, usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution.

Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it, both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).

2 .1 Inorganic pollution

The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activities. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred through the food chain to more highly organized organisms. The toxic effect of some of the most common pollutants in the hydrosphere is presented in Table 2.1.

In addition to the substances listed in the table, dangerous contaminants of the aquatic environment include inorganic acids and bases, which cause a wide range of pH of industrial effluents (1.0 - 11.0) and can change the pH of the aquatic environment to values ​​​​of 5.0 or above 8.0, while fish in fresh and sea water can exist only in the pH range of 5.0 - 8.5.

Table 2.1

Substance	Plankton	Crustaceans	shellfish
7. Rhodanide
10. Sulfide

Degree of toxicity (note):

Missing

Very weak

Weak

strong

Very strong

Among the main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere with minerals and biogenic elements, food industry enterprises and agriculture should be mentioned. About 6 million tons are washed out from irrigated lands annually. salts. By the year 2000 it is possible to increase their weight up to 12 million tons/year.

Wastes containing mercury, lead, copper are localized in separate areas off the coast, but some of them are carried far beyond the territorial waters. Mercury pollution significantly reduces the primary production of marine ecosystems, inhibiting the development of phytoplankton. Wastes containing mercury usually accumulate in the bottom sediments of bays or river estuaries. Its further migration is accompanied by the accumulation of methyl mercury and its inclusion in the trophic chains of aquatic organisms.

Thus, Minamata disease, first discovered by Japanese scientists in people who ate fish caught in the Minamata Bay, into which industrial effluents with technogenic mercury were uncontrollably discharged, became notorious.

2 .2 Organic pollution

Among the soluble substances introduced into the ocean from land, not only mineral and biogenic elements, but also organic residues are of great importance for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. The removal of organic matter into the ocean is estimated at 300 - 380 million tons/year. Wastewater containing suspensions of organic origin or dissolved organic matter adversely affects the condition of water bodies. When settling, the suspensions flood the bottom and delay the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms involved in the process of water self-purification. When these sediments rot, harmful compounds and toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, can be formed, which lead to pollution of all water in the river. The presence of suspensions also makes it difficult for light to penetrate deep into the water and slows down the processes of photosynthesis.

One of the main sanitary requirements for water quality is the content of the required amount of oxygen in it. Harmful effect is exerted by all contaminants that in one way or another contribute to the reduction of oxygen content in water. Surfactants - fats, oils, lubricants - form a film on the surface of the water, which prevents gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the degree of saturation of water with oxygen.

A significant amount of organic matter, most of which is not characteristic of natural waters, is discharged into rivers along with industrial and domestic wastewater. Increasing pollution of water bodies and drains is observed in all industrial countries. Information on the content of some organic substances in industrial wastewater is provided below:

Pollutants Quantity in the world runoff, million tons/year

1. Oil products 26, 563

2. Phenols 0.460

3. Waste from the production of synthetic fibers 5,500

4. Plant organic residues 0.170

5. Total 33, 273

Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and the somewhat slow construction of sewage treatment plants or their unsatisfactory operation, water basins and soil are polluted with household waste. Pollution is especially noticeable in slow-flowing or stagnant water bodies (reservoirs, lakes).

Decomposing in the aquatic environment, organic waste can become a medium for pathogenic organisms. Water contaminated with organic waste becomes almost unsuitable for drinking and other purposes. Household waste is dangerous not only because it is a source of some human diseases (typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera), but also because it requires a lot of oxygen for its decomposition. If domestic wastewater enters the reservoir in very large quantities, then the content of soluble oxygen may drop below the level necessary for the life of marine and freshwater organisms.

3. The problem of pollution of the World Ocean (on the example of a number of organic compounds)

3 .1 Oil and oil products

Oil is a viscous oily liquid that is dark brown in color and has low fluorescence. Oil consists mainly of saturated aliphatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of oil - hydrocarbons (up to 98%) - are divided into 4 classes:

a) Paraffins (alkenes) - (up to 90% of the total composition) - stable substances, the molecules of which are expressed by a straight and branched chain of carbon atoms. Light paraffins have maximum volatility and solubility in water.

b) Cycloparaffins - (30 - 60% of the total composition) - saturated cyclic compounds with 5-6 carbon atoms in the ring. In addition to cyclopentane and cyclohexane, bicyclic and polycyclic compounds of this group are found in oil. These compounds are very stable and difficult to biodegrade.

c) Aromatic hydrocarbons - (20 - 40% of the total composition) - unsaturated cyclic compounds of the benzene series, containing 6 carbon atoms in the ring less than cycloparaffins. Oil contains volatile compounds with a molecule in the form of a single ring (benzene, toluene, xylene), then bicyclic (naphthalene), semicyclic (pyrene).

d) Olefins (alkenes) - (up to 10% of the total composition) - unsaturated non-cyclic compounds with one or two hydrogen atoms at each carbon atom in a molecule that has a straight or branched chain.

Oil and oil products are the most common pollutants in the oceans. By the beginning of the 1980s, about 6 million tons were entering the ocean annually. oil, which accounted for 0.23% of world production.

The greatest losses of oil are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergencies, discharge of washing and ballast water overboard by tankers - all this leads to the presence of permanent pollution fields along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment as a result of accidents. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons are lost annually. oil. Large masses of oil enter the seas along rivers, with domestic and storm drains.

The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. Every year, 0.5 mln.t. oil. Getting into the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of various thicknesses. By the color of the film, you can determine its thickness:

Appearance Thickness, microns Amount of oil, l / sq. km

1. Barely noticeable 0.038 44

2. Silver reflection 0.076 88

3. Traces of coloring 0.152 176

4. Brightly colored stains 0.305 352

5. Dull colored 1.016 1170

6. Dark colored 2.032 2310

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into the water. Light transmission of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280nm), 60-70% (400nm).

A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms an emulsion of two types: direct - "oil in water" - and reverse - "water in oil". Direct emulsions, composed of oil droplets with a diameter of up to 0.5 μm, are less stable and are typical for oils containing surfactants. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions, which can remain on the surface, be carried by the current, wash ashore and settle to the bottom.

3 .2 Pesticides

Pesticides are a group of man-made substances used to control pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides - to combat harmful insects, fungicides and bactericides - to combat bacterial plant diseases, herbicides - against weeds.

It has been established that pesticides, destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. In agriculture, there has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control. Currently, more than 5 million tons. pesticides enter the world market. About 1.5 million tons. of these substances has already entered the composition of terrestrial and marine ecosystems by ash and water.

The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. In the aquatic environment, representatives of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are more common than others. Synthesized insecticides are divided into three main groups: organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbonates.

Organochlorine insecticides are obtained by chlorination of aromatic and heterocyclic liquid hydrocarbons. These include DDT and its derivatives, in the molecules of which the stability of aliphatic and aromatic groups in the joint presence increases, various chlorinated derivatives of chlorodiene (eldrin). These substances have a half-life of up to several decades and are very resistant to biodegradation. In the aquatic environment, polychlorinated biphenyls are often found - derivatives of DDT without an aliphatic part, numbering 210 homologues and isomers. Over the past 40 years, more than 1.2 million tons have been used. polychlorinated biphenyls in the production of plastics, dyes, transformers, capacitors.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enter the environment as a result of industrial wastewater discharges and the incineration of solid waste in landfills. The latter source delivers PBCs to the atmosphere, from where they fall out with atmospheric precipitation in all regions of the globe. Thus, in snow samples taken in Antarctica, the content of PBC was 0.03 - 1.2 kg/l.

3 .3 Synthetic surfactants

Detergents (surfactants) belong to an extensive group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of synthetic detergents (SMC), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with wastewater, surfactants enter the continental waters and the marine environment.

Depending on the nature and structure of the hydrophilic part of the surfactant molecules, they are divided into anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic. The latter do not form ions in water. The most common among the surfactants are anionic substances. They account for more than 50% of all surfactants produced in the world.

The presence of surfactants in industrial wastewater is associated with their use in such processes as the flotation concentration of ores, the separation of chemical technology products, the production of polymers, the improvement of conditions for drilling oil and gas wells, and the fight against equipment corrosion. In agriculture, surfactants are used as part of pesticides.

3 .4 Compounds with carcinogenic properties

Carcinogenic substances are chemically homogeneous compounds that exhibit transforming activity and the ability to cause carcinogenic, teratogenic (violation of embryonic development processes) or mutagenic changes in organisms. Depending on the conditions of exposure, they can lead to growth inhibition, accelerated aging, disruption of individual development, and changes in the gene pool of organisms.

Substances with carcinogenic properties include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The maximum amount of PAHs in the current sediments of the World Ocean (more than 100 µg/km of dry matter mass) was found in tentonically active zones subject to deep thermal action. The main anthropogenic sources of PAHs in the environment are the pyrolysis of organic substances during the combustion of various materials, wood, and fuel.

3 .5 Heavy metals

Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are among the common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial productions, therefore, despite the treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. Mercury, lead and cadmium are the most dangerous for marine biocenoses. Mercury is transported to the ocean with continental runoff and through the atmosphere.

During the weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks, 3.5 thousand tons are released annually. mercury. The composition of atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons. mercury, and a significant part is of anthropogenic origin. About half of the annual industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) ends up in the ocean in various ways. In areas polluted by industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspension is greatly increased. At the same time, some bacteria convert chlorides into highly toxic methylmercury.

Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of the coastal population. By 1977, there were 2,800 victims of the Minomata disease, which was caused by waste from the production of vinyl chloride and acetaldehyde, which used mercury chloride as a catalyst. Insufficiently treated wastewater from enterprises entered the Minamata Bay.

Lead is a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: in rocks, soils, natural waters, the atmosphere, and living organisms. Finally, pigs are actively dispersed into the environment during human activities.

These are emissions from industrial and domestic effluents, from smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. The migration flow of lead from the continent to the ocean goes not only with river runoff, but also through the atmosphere. With continental dust, the ocean receives (20-30) tons of lead per year.

3 .6 Waste dumping into the sea b yu burial (dumping)

Many countries with access to the sea carry out marine burial of various materials and substances, in particular soil excavated during dredging, drill slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemicals, and radioactive waste. The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean.

The basis for dumping in the sea is the ability of the marine environment to process a large amount of organic and inorganic substances without much damage to the water. However, this ability is not unlimited.

Therefore, dumping is considered as a forced measure, a temporary tribute to the imperfection of technology by society. Industrial slags contain a variety of organic substances and heavy metal compounds. Household waste contains on average (by weight of dry matter) 32-40% organic matter; 0.56% nitrogen; 0.44% phosphorus; 0.155% zinc; 0.085% lead; 0.001% mercury; 0.001% cadmium.

During the discharge, the passage of the material through the water column, part of the pollutants goes into solution, changing the quality of the water, the other is sorbed by suspended particles and goes into bottom sediments.

At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic substances often leads to the rapid consumption of oxygen in water and often to its complete disappearance, the dissolution of suspensions, the accumulation of metals in dissolved form, and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide.

The presence of a large amount of organic matter creates a stable reducing environment in the soil, in which a special type of interstitial water appears, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and metal ions. Benthic organisms and others are affected to varying degrees by the discharged materials.

In the case of the formation of surface films containing petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactants, gas exchange at the air-water boundary is disturbed. Pollutants entering the solution can accumulate in the tissues and organs of hydrobiants and have a toxic effect on them.

The dumping of dumping materials to the bottom and prolonged increased turbidity of the given water leads to the death of inactive forms of benthos from suffocation. In surviving fish, mollusks and crustaceans, the growth rate is reduced due to the deterioration of feeding and breathing conditions. The species composition of a given community often changes.

When organizing a system for monitoring the discharge of waste into the sea, the determination of dumping areas, the determination of the dynamics of pollution of sea water and bottom sediments is of decisive importance. To identify possible volumes of discharge into the sea, it is necessary to carry out calculations of all pollutants in the composition of the material discharge.

3 .7 Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater from power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of ​​hot water patches in coastal areas can reach 30 sq. km.

A more stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers. The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature, the activity of aerobic bacteria that decompose organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire flora of algae is increasing.

Based on the generalization of the material, it can be concluded that the effects of anthropogenic impact on the aquatic environment are manifested at the individual and population-biocenotic levels, and the long-term effect of pollutants leads to a simplification of the ecosystem.

4. Soil pollution

The soil cover of the Earth is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere.

The most important significance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, and energy. The soil cover functions as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted. That is why it is extremely important to study the global biochemical significance of the soil cover, its current state and changes under the influence of anthropogenic activity. One of the types of anthropogenic impact is pesticide pollution.

4 .1 Pesticides as a pollutant

The discovery of pesticides - chemical means of protecting plants and animals from various pests and diseases - is one of the most important achievements of modern science. Today in the world on 1 hectare. applied 300 kg. chemicals. However, as a result of long-term use of pesticides in agriculture, medicine (vector control), almost universally there is a decrease in efficiency due to the development of resistant pest races and the spread of "new" pests whose natural enemies and competitors have been destroyed by pesticides.

At the same time, the effect of pesticides began to manifest itself on a global scale. Of the huge number of insects, only 0.3% or 5 thousand species are harmful. Pesticide resistance has been found in 250 species. This is exacerbated by the phenomenon of cross-resistance, which consists in the fact that increased resistance to the action of one drug is accompanied by resistance to compounds of other classes.

From a general biological point of view, resistance can be considered as a change in populations as a result of the transition from a sensitive strain to a resistant strain of the same species due to selection caused by pesticides. This phenomenon is associated with genetic, physiological and biochemical rearrangements of organisms. Excessive use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, defoliants) negatively affects soil quality. In this regard, the fate of pesticides in soils and the possibilities and possibilities of neutralizing them by chemical and biological methods are being intensively studied.

It is very important to create and use only drugs with a short lifespan, measured in weeks or months. Some progress has already been made in this area and drugs with a high rate of destruction are being introduced, but the problem as a whole has not yet been resolved.

4 .2 Acid landfall (acid rain)

One of the most acute global problems of today and the foreseeable future is the problem of increasing acidity of precipitation and soil cover. Areas of acidic soils do not know droughts, but their natural fertility is lowered and unstable; they are rapidly depleted and yields are low.

Acid rain causes not only acidification of surface waters and upper soil horizons. Acidity with downward water flows extends to the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human economic activity, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon.

These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfurous, sulfuric, nitrous, nitric and carbonic acids, which fall in the form of "acid rain" on land, interacting with plants, soils, waters.

The main sources in the atmosphere are the burning of shale, oil, coal, gas in industry, agriculture, and at home. Human economic activity has almost doubled the entry of sulfur oxides, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Naturally, this affected the increase in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, ground and ground waters. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic representative measurements of atmospheric pollutant compounds over large areas.

Conclusion

The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light.

However, human impact on the environment has taken on alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused to Nature by Man.

Bibliography

Pierre Aguess; Keys to ecology; Leningrad; 1992

V.Z. Chernyak; Seven Wonders and others; Moscow; 1995

Franz Schebeck; Variations on the theme of one planet; 1998

G. Hoefling. Anxiety in 2000. Moscow. 1990

V.V. Plotnikov. At the crossroads of ecology. Moscow. 2002

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In the vast majority of modern technological processes, various pollutants are emitted into the atmospheric air. At the same time, sources of atmospheric pollution (API) can be organized or unorganized. According to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, environmental standards for atmospheric air quality are established - the maximum permissible concentrations of air pollutants.

The main contribution to air pollution is made by organized sources of pollutant emissions (pipes, ventilation shafts, aeration lamps), so we will focus on them.

The task of standardization of pollutant emissions is to establish for each source of air pollution such a limiting value of the emission so that in the surface layer of the atmosphere the concentration of any substance emitted by it does not exceed the MPC values.

Consider one organized source of air pollution - the chimney of a boiler house. It is known that during the combustion of organic fuels (natural gas, coal, firewood, fuel oil, etc.), the flue gases contain various pollutants:

1. Natural gas: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides.

2. Coal: particulate matter (ash), carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, benzapyrene, sulfur dioxide.

3. Fuel oil: particulate matter (fuel oil ash), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide.

The chimney is characterized by a number of parameters: height, diameter of the mouth, volume flow of flue gases, their temperature. All these parameters affect the dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere.

In addition, it is necessary to know the magnitude of the mass release of each pollutant, g/s.

The smoke stream, getting from the chimney into the atmosphere, is carried downwind, and at the same time, it is dispersed in the horizontal and vertical directions. The dispersion process strongly depends on the nature of atmospheric diffusion, and it, in turn, on the weather conditions existing at the moment. The process of dispersion of impurities is affected by the wind speed, its distribution with height, the vertical course of temperature, the nature of the underlying surface, and the features of the terrain.

There are also regional features of atmospheric diffusion processes; all these and other factors are taken into account in the mathematical model of impurity dispersion.

If we depict on the graph the course of surface concentration as we move away from the pipe, then we get a characteristic curve shown in Fig. 3.1.

Rationing of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air is necessary to comply with air quality standards. The main terms and definitions related to indicators of atmospheric pollution, the monitoring program, the behavior of impurities in the atmospheric air are defined by GOST 17.2.1.03-84 “Nature Protection. Atmosphere. Terms and definitions of pollution control”. The quality of atmospheric air in it refers to the degree to which atmospheric conditions meet the needs of people or other living organisms.

Up to a certain level of anthropogenic impact, acceptable atmospheric pollution is provided by nature itself with the help of self-cleaning processes. Pollutants are removed from it under the action of gravitational forces (only aerosols), washed out by atmospheric precipitation, and destroyed in the process of photochemical reactions. However, the ever-increasing technogenic impact on the air basin, especially in recent decades, has raised the question of the need to regulate its quality, for which standards are needed:

• a) air pollution by various substances;
• b) maximum allowable impacts on the atmosphere.

As mentioned above, ensuring the quality of atmospheric air involves the establishment of standards for the maximum permissible human impact on the atmosphere.

Under the influence is understood any anthropogenic activity associated with the implementation of economic, recreational, cultural interests of a person, introducing changes in the atmosphere of a physical, chemical or biological nature. The most common type of negative impact on the atmosphere is the release of chemical or biological pollutants (for example, micro-organisms-producers) into it.

The ultimate goal of setting these standards is to provide a scientifically based combination of environmental, social and economic interests of society. It must be clearly understood that compliance with environmental requirements always requires certain financial costs, which, of course, somewhat worsen the economic performance of any enterprise. Thus, compliance with the maximum permissible standards is a kind of compromise between environmental and purely economic requirements, a forced compromise that allows, on a mutually interested basis, on the one hand, to develop the productive forces of society, on the other hand, to minimize the negative impact of the technosphere on people's health and the well-being of others. inhabitants of our pretty planet.

The standards are based on three indicators:

• medical - threshold level of threat to human health, its genetic program;
• technical - the ability of the economy to ensure compliance with the established limits of impact on humans and their environment;
• scientific and technical - the ability to use technical means to monitor compliance with established standards in all their parameters.

All atmospheric air quality standards are divided into three groups: a) sanitary and hygienic; b) environmental; c) helpers.

Sanitary and hygienic standards determine the indicators of atmospheric air quality for human health, this is the most developed part of the standards.

The second group establishes requirements for atmospheric air quality regarding the state of ecological systems (for example, forest communities or ichthyofauna). Few such standards have been developed to date.

Auxiliary standards are justified to ensure unity in the terminology used, in the activities of organizational structures and the legal regulation of environmental relations.

The state bodies approving the standards are the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology and the Federal Service for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor, formerly Gossanepidnadzor of the Russian Federation).

The main standard for air quality is maximum allowable concentration(MAC) - the maximum concentration of an impurity in the atmosphere, referred to a certain averaging time, which, under periodic exposure or throughout a person's life, does not have a harmful effect on him, including long-term consequences, and on the environment as a whole.

The MPC values ​​for pollutants in the air are given in terms of mg of a substance per 1 m 3 of air (mg/m 3). MPC values ​​are approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia. Depending on the averaging period, MPCs of atmospheric air in populated areas are divided into two groups:

• a) maximum one-time MPC mr (20-30 min averaging);
• b) average daily MPC SS (24 hours of averaging).

Maximum allowable concentration maximum one-time(MPC mr) - the concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas that does not cause reflex (including subsensory) reactions in the human body when inhaled for 20 minutes.

The concept of MPC M p is used in the establishment of scientific and technical standards - the maximum permissible emissions of pollutants (MAP). Compliance with the MPE standard by the enterprise means that in the rez "ltate of dispersion of its emissions in the atmosphere in the surface layer of air at the border of the sanitary protection zone, the concentration of harmful substances contained in emissions will not exceed the MPC Ch r at any time.

Maximum allowable concentration average daily(MAC SH.) - this is the concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas, which should not have a direct or indirect effect on a person with an unlimited long (years) inhalation. Thus, MPC SS is designed for all population groups and for an indefinitely long period of exposure and, therefore, is the most stringent sanitary and hygienic standard that establishes the concentration of a harmful substance in the inhaled air.

It is the MPC SS value that usually acts as a criterion for assessing the well-being of the air environment in a residential area. However, it should be noted that, unfortunately, in recent years, MPC SS values ​​have become a kind of units of measurement. In government reports, air pollution is described by enumerations such as: 5 MPC SS for nitrogen oxides, 3 MPC SS for formaldehyde, 2 MPC SS for soot. This approach not only does not contribute to the adequate interpretation of information, but simply minimizes its value. On the one hand, an illusion is created that MPC SS (or any other maximum allowable concentration) is just some special unit, and not an established standard for the maximum content of a harmful substance; on the other hand, there is an impression that it is impossible to describe, evaluate, explain the features of environmental pollution in a different way.

In table. 3.1 are presented for comparison of the MPC of some substances in the atmospheric air (instant single and average daily) and the MPC of the air of the working area.

Table 3.1

The ratio of different types of MPC in the air for some substances

It is noticeable that for the same substance the value of MPC pz (MPC of the working area) is much higher than the MPC mr. This is explained by the fact that people spend only part of the day at the enterprise and, in addition, children and elderly people with poor health cannot be there.

The values ​​​​of MPC rz and MPC mr (MPC av) are given in special documents - hygienic standards (GN) approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia, currently in force GN 2.1.6.1338-03 "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of pollutants in the atmospheric air populated areas." As already mentioned, for some polluting (harmful) substances, instead of MPC, temporary hygienic regulations have been approved - SHEE, having the same dimension, mg / m 3. SHEL is established for a period of three years, after which it must be revised or replaced by the MPC value. As well as MPC, OBLI is approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, GN 2.1.6.1339-03 "Indicative safe exposure levels (OBLI) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas." MPC and SHEV are hygienic regulations for air pollution.

According to the degree of toxic effects on the human body, harmful substances are divided into four classes:

• 1 - extremely dangerous (mercury, lead, etc.);
• 2 - highly hazardous (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc.);
• 3 - moderately dangerous (xylene, tobacco dust, etc.);
• 4 - low-hazard (acetone, kerosene, etc.).

Harmful substances for which OBuv is installed instead of G1DK are not assigned a hazard class.

The process of substantiating the MPC value for any harmful substance is extremely long, laborious and expensive. For this:

• a) numerous experiments are carried out on experimental animals in order to establish thresholds for acute and chronic toxic effects;
• b) the human sense of smell is studied;
• c) the irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes is being investigated;
• d) a comparative study of the incidence of the population in areas with clean and polluted air is carried out;
• e) an assessment is made of the indirect impact of pollution on humans by reducing the transparency of air, reducing the illumination of dwellings, and absorbing the most valuable - the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum.

If the contaminant is odorable at concentrations that are much lower than the onset of its toxic effect (eg mercaptans), then the odor threshold is taken as the main criterion (exposure threshold).

The process of substantiating such responsible regulations as the MPC standard is fraught with great uncertainty. The reasons for this lie:

• a) large intraspecific differences among the human population;
• b) the need to transfer the results of experiments conducted with experimental animals to humans (interspecies differences). Not surprisingly, MPC standards developed in different countries for some pollutants differ significantly (Table 3.2).

Table 3.2

Values ​​of average daily MPC, mg/m 3 , pollutants in the air in individual countries

	Name of pollutant
	sulfur dioxide	nitrogen dioxide	carbon monoxide
Switzerland
Germany

As follows from Table. 3.2, domestic MPC standards are among the most stringent in the world.

Currently, in Russia MPCs are approved for more than 1,500 pollutants, and this list continues to grow. When normalizing air pollution, it should be taken into account that some harmful substances entering the atmospheric air are converted into other substances, often more toxic. For example, nitric oxide is oxidized to dioxide. When comparing expected calculated surface concentrations with MPCs, an appropriate recalculation should be made.

When rationing atmospheric air pollution, one more circumstance must be taken into account: a number of substances, with their simultaneous presence in the air, have a synergistic effect (summation of harmful effects). In this case, the condition

An exhaustive list of substances that have the effect of summation of action is given in GN 2.1.6.1338-03, 52 such summation groups are known to date.

Environmental standards can be illustrated by the example of MPC standards in the air for vegetation MPC - maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air in the zone of forest plantations. To date, MPC standards for forests have been sufficiently developed only for specially protected areas (for example, for the territory where the Yasnaya Polyana estate museum is located) or for environmental emergency zones (for example, for forests in the vicinity of the city of Bratsk). It is to be hoped that work in this direction will be continued.

As a result of the research, it was found that the forest reacts more sensitively to many substances contained in the air than a person (the maximum allowable concentrations for them are lower than for a person). To compare the maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air for humans and forest vegetation, see Table. 3.3.

MPC a b and MPC, pollutants in the air

Table 33

For a comparative assessment of air pollution, various indices are used, which allow taking into account the presence of several pollutants. The most common is the Comprehensive Air Pollution Index (InZA). It is calculated according to the formula

where qcpi- average concentration of the i-th substance; MPC SS g - MPC SS for the i-th substance; a, - exponent for bringing the degree of harmfulness of the i-th substance to the harmfulness of sulfur dioxide, depending on the hazard class of the pollutant (Table 3.4); P - the amount of pollutants in the air.

Table FOR

Hazard reduction constants for substances of different hazard classes

Taking into account the hazard class allows a differentiated approach to the justification of the necessary preventive measures (for example, to safety measures when working with various substances), as well as a preliminary assessment of the comparative risk of exposure to certain substances on the human body (Table 3.5).

Table 3.5

Hazard classes of chemical compounds depending on

on the characteristics of their toxicity

To compare data on air pollution of different cities or city districts with several substances, complex atmospheric pollution indices should be calculated for the same amount L impurities. When compiling the annual list of cities with the highest level of air pollution, the values ​​of the unit indices of those five substances for which these values ​​are the highest are used to calculate the complex InZA. In most regions of Russia, these include suspended solids, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, benzapyrene, formaldehyde, and phenol. Suspended substances make a special contribution to atmospheric pollution, which can not only be toxic compounds, but also adsorb other toxic substances on their surface, including xenobiotics, dusts of biogenic origin, pathogenic microorganisms, thereby contributing to secondary air pollution.

Maximum allowable emission (G1DV) - the standard for the permissible emission of a harmful (polluting) substance into the atmospheric air, which is set for a stationary source of atmospheric air pollution, taking into account the technical standards for emissions and background air pollution, provided that this source does not exceed hygienic and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality, maximum allowable (critical) loads on ecological systems, other environmental standards. MPE is set for each source in such a way that the emissions of pollutants from this source, together with all sources of the enterprise, as a result of the dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere, do not create concentrations of substances in the surface air layer that exceed the MPC for the population, flora and fauna. In other words, compliance with the NDV for the i-th pollutant means the fulfillment at the points located on the border of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise, inequality

where cj- ground concentration i-th pollutant (its content in the atmospheric layer 0-2 m), mg/m 3 , created as a result of dispersion of emissions of this API; CD- - background concentration of the /-th pollutant in the atmospheric air. Background in relation to this API is the pollution of atmospheric air created by all other APIs, excluding this one; MPC mr/ - maximum one-time MPC of the i-th pollutant in the atmospheric air.

On the territory of resorts and rest houses, other recreational areas on the right side of (3.3), 1 should be replaced by 0.8. If there are pollutants in the atmosphere that have a summation of harmful effects, this effect must be taken into account according to equation (3.1).

In terms of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, a distinction is made between mass MPE, measured in g/s, and gross MPE, t/year, respectively.

The development and approval of the MPE for each IZA and the enterprise as a whole is carried out in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.02-78 “Nature Protection. Atmosphere. Rules for Establishing Permissible Emissions of Harmful Substances by Industrial Enterprises.

The maximum allowable emission standard is set for each source of air pollution. In the process of substantiating the MPE value, the condition for the full load of process and gas cleaning equipment and their normal operation is assumed.

The complexity of the work on substantiating MPEs is growing rapidly as both the number of sources and the diversity of their parameters (composition of emissions, height and diameter of pipes, gas temperature, etc.) increase. Even for small enterprises, this can be done only with the help of special computer programs.

If the ELV value justified by calculations for an operating enterprise cannot be achieved immediately for objective reasons, then a phased reduction in emissions is introduced. At each stage, for a certain period of time, an enterprise is assigned a standard for TSR (temporarily agreed emission). It is assumed that during the period of the ESV the enterprise will carry out atmospheric protection measures and reduce the amount of emissions into the atmosphere to the MPE.

• Federal Law of May 4, 1999 No. 96-FZ "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air".

Industrial and economic development is accompanied, as a rule, by an increase in environmental pollution. Most large cities are characterized by a significant concentration of industrial facilities in relatively small areas, which poses a risk to human health.

One of the environmental factors that have the most pronounced impact on human health is air quality. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere present a particular danger. This is due to the fact that toxicants enter the human body mainly through the respiratory tract.

Air Emissions: Sources

Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sources of pollutants in the air. The main impurities that contain atmospheric emissions from natural sources are dust of cosmic, volcanic and vegetable origin, gases and smoke resulting from forest and steppe fires, products of destruction and weathering of rocks and soils, etc.

The levels of air pollution by natural sources are of a background nature. They change little over time. The main sources of pollutants entering the air basin at the present stage are anthropogenic, namely, industry (various industries), agriculture and motor transport.

Emissions from enterprises into the atmosphere

The largest "suppliers" of various pollutants to the air basin are metallurgical and energy enterprises, chemical production, the construction industry, and mechanical engineering.

In the process of burning fuels of various types by energy complexes, large amounts of sulfur dioxide, carbon and nitrogen oxides, and soot are released into the atmosphere. A number of other substances are also present in emissions (in smaller quantities), in particular hydrocarbons.

The main sources of dust and gas emissions in metallurgical production are melting furnaces, pouring plants, pickling departments, sintering machines, crushing and grinding equipment, unloading and loading of materials, etc. The largest share among the total amount of substances released into the atmosphere is occupied by carbon monoxide, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide. Manganese, arsenic, lead, phosphorus, mercury vapours, etc. are emitted in somewhat smaller quantities. Also, in the process of steelmaking, emissions into the atmosphere contain vapor-gas mixtures. They include phenol, benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia and a number of other hazardous substances.

Harmful emissions into the atmosphere from the industry, despite their small volumes, pose a particular danger to the natural environment and humans, since they are characterized by high toxicity, concentration and considerable diversity. The mixtures entering the air, depending on the type of products produced, may contain volatile organic compounds, fluorine compounds, nitrous gases, solids, chloride compounds, hydrogen sulfide, etc.

In the production of building materials and cement, emissions into the atmosphere contain significant amounts of various dusts. The main technological processes leading to their formation are grinding, processing of batches, semi-finished products and products in hot gas flows, etc. Contamination zones with a radius of up to 2000 m can form around plants that produce various building materials. They are characterized by a high concentration of dust in the air containing particles of gypsum, cement, quartz, and a number of other pollutants.

Vehicle emissions

In large cities, a huge amount of pollutants into the atmosphere comes from motor vehicles. According to various estimates, they account for 80 to 95%. consist of a large number of toxic compounds, in particular nitrogen and carbon oxides, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, etc. (about 200 compounds in total).

Emissions are highest at traffic lights and intersections, where vehicles are moving at low speeds and idling. The calculation of emissions into the atmosphere shows that the main components of the emissions in this case are also hydrocarbons.

At the same time, it should be noted that, unlike stationary sources of emissions, the operation of vehicles leads to air pollution on city streets at the height of human growth. As a result, pedestrians, residents of houses located along the roads, as well as vegetation growing in adjacent areas are exposed to the harmful effects of pollutants.

Agriculture

Impact on a person

According to various sources, there is a direct link between air pollution and a number of diseases. So, for example, the duration of the course of respiratory diseases in children who live in relatively polluted areas is 2-2.5 times longer than in those who live in other areas.

In addition, in cities characterized by unfavorable environmental conditions, children have functional deviations in the immune system and blood formation, violations of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms to environmental conditions. Many studies have also found a link between air pollution and human mortality.

The main components of air emissions from various sources are suspended solids, oxides of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur. It was revealed that the zones with exceeding the MPC for NO 2 and CO cover up to 90% of the urban area. These macro-components of emissions can cause serious diseases. The accumulation of these contaminants leads to damage to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, the development of pulmonary diseases. In addition, elevated concentrations of SO 2 can cause dystrophic changes in the kidneys, liver and heart, and NO 2 - toxicosis, congenital anomalies, heart failure, nervous disorders, etc. Some studies have revealed a relationship between the incidence of lung cancer and the concentrations of SO 2 and NO 2 in the air.

conclusions

Pollution of the environment and, in particular, the atmosphere, has adverse effects on the health of not only the present, but also future generations. Therefore, we can safely say that the development of measures aimed at reducing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is one of the most urgent problems of mankind today.

Document's name:
Document Number:	183
Type of document:
Host body:	Government of the Russian Federation
Status:	current
Published:
Acceptance date:	March 02, 2000
Effective start date:	March 02, 2000
Revision date:	July 14, 2017

GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESOLUTION

On the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it

Document as amended by:
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 14, 2007 N 229 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 17, 04/23/2007);
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 2009 N 351 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 18, 04.05.2009, (Part II));
(Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, No. 9, February 28, 2011);
(Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 37, 09/10/2012);
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 10.06.2013);
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 07/19/2017, N 0001201707190045).
____________________________________________________________________

In order to implement Articles 12 and 14 of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", the Government of the Russian Federation

decides:

1. Approve the attached Regulations on the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air and harmful physical effects on it.

2. Determine that the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation (paragraph as amended; as amended:

develops and approves methods (methods) for determining the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the air and temporarily agreed emissions; *2.1.2)
(The paragraph was supplemented by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 15, 2011 N 78; as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.

approves the maximum permissible standards for harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, with the exception of the maximum permissible standards for harmful physical effects that have a negative impact on human health, methods for determining these standards and types of sources for which they are established;

the paragraph became invalid as of July 27, 2017 -.

3. The clause became invalid on July 27, 2017 - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841 ..

Prime Minister
Russian Federation
V.Putin

REGULATIONS on the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it

APPROVED
Government Decree
Russian Federation
of March 2, 2000 N 183

1. This Regulation determines the procedure for the development and approval of standards for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air, harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air and temporarily agreed emissions, as well as the issuance of permits for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.

2. In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", for the purpose of state regulation of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, the following emission standards are established:

the technical standard for the emission of a harmful (polluting) substance into the atmospheric air (hereinafter referred to as the technical emission standard);

the maximum allowable emission of a harmful (polluting) substance into the atmospheric air (hereinafter referred to as the maximum allowable emission).

3. Technical emission standards for certain types of stationary sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air, as well as for vehicles or other mobile vehicles and installations of all types that are sources of atmospheric air pollution, are established by technical regulations (paragraph as amended by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 14, 2007 N 229.

4. The clause became invalid on July 27, 2017 - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841 ..

5. When developing standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air, methods for determining the maximum permissible emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air, approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, are applied.

The development of standards for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air is carried out in accordance with the methods for determining the standards for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmosphere established by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation.

The standards for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air are determined in relation to harmful (pollutant) substances included in the list of pollutants for which state regulation measures in the field of environmental protection are applied, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 8, 2015 N 1316-r.

When developing standards for maximum allowable emissions of radioactive substances into the atmosphere, methods (methods) approved by the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision are applied.
(Paragraph as amended, entered into force on July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.

6. Maximum permissible emissions for a specific stationary source of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air and a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur as a whole or its individual production areas, taking into account all sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air of the specified legal entity, individual entrepreneur or their individual production areas, background air pollution and technical emission standards are established by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources (with the exception of radioactive substances) and the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (in relation to emissions of radioactive substances) in the presence of sanitary - epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of these maximum permissible emissions with sanitary rules
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.

Compliance of maximum permissible emissions with sanitary rules is determined based on compliance with hygienic standards for atmospheric air quality.
(The paragraph is additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)
(Clause as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 14, 2007 N 229; as amended

7. If it is impossible for a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur, having sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air, to comply with the maximum allowable emissions, the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources may establish for these sources in agreement with territorial bodies of other federal executive bodies temporarily agreed emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air (hereinafter referred to as temporarily agreed emissions).

In order to establish temporarily agreed emissions (with the exception of radioactive substances), a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur develops and approves a plan to reduce emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air for the period of phased achievement of maximum allowable emissions (hereinafter referred to as the plan), and also prepares proposals for possible deadlines stage-by-stage achievement of maximum allowable emissions (hereinafter respectively - proposals on the terms for achieving the standards, the terms for achieving the standards).

Proposals on the terms for achieving the standards for other facilities that have a negative impact on the environment cannot exceed 7 years.

The plan and proposals on the deadlines for achieving the standards are sent by a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur to the appropriate territorial body of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources Management, which submits proposals on the deadlines for achieving the standards to the appropriate state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation for approval with the plan attached.

The state authority of the subject of the Russian Federation, within a period not exceeding 15 working days from the date of receipt of proposals on the deadlines for achieving the standards, sends the approved deadlines for achieving the standards or a reasoned refusal to approve them to the appropriate territorial body of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources Management.

The submission of these documents and information may be carried out, including in electronic form, using a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 8, 2010 N 697 "On a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction" .
(Paragraph as amended, entered into force on July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.

7_1. The grounds for the refusal by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to approve the deadlines for achieving the standards are the provision of incomplete, inaccurate or distorted information, as well as:

a) non-compliance with the deadlines for achieving the standards specified in the plan approved for the previous year;

b) re-inclusion in the plan of activities not completed during the implementation of the plan approved for the previous year;

c) inclusion in the plan of measures that do not ensure the achievement of maximum allowable emissions.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

7_2. Temporarily agreed emissions for the period of phased achievement of maximum allowable emissions are established by the territorial body of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources Management within a period not exceeding 30 working days from the date of receipt of the deadlines for achieving the standards approved by the state authority of the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

8. The development of maximum permissible and temporarily agreed emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) is provided by a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur with stationary sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air, on the basis of project documentation (in relation to those under construction, commissioned commissioning of new and (or) reconstructed objects of economic and other activities) and inventory data of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air (in relation to existing objects of economic and other activities).
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.

The development of maximum allowable emissions of radioactive substances is provided by a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur who has stationary sources of emissions of radioactive substances into the atmospheric air on the basis of project documentation (in relation to new and (or) reconstructed objects of economic and other activities put into operation) and inventory data of radioactive substances emissions into the atmospheric air (in relation to existing objects of economic and other activities).
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.
(Item as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 15, 2011 N 78.

9. Standards for maximum permissible emissions and temporarily agreed emissions (with the exception of radioactive substances) are established by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources for a specific stationary source of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and their combination (organization as a whole).

The standards for maximum allowable releases of radioactive substances are established by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision for a specific stationary source and their combination (organization as a whole).
(Paragraph as amended, entered into force on July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841.

9_1. In order to establish standards for maximum permissible emissions and temporarily agreed emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances), legal entities, individual entrepreneurs with stationary sources, submit to the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources at the place of their economic and other activities statement on the establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions, containing the following information:

a) full and abbreviated names in accordance with the constituent documents, organizational and legal form, place of state registration, location, telephone number, e-mail address (if any), main state registration number, individual taxpayer number - for a legal entity, as well as surname , name, patronymic (if any), place of residence, phone number, e-mail address (if any), details of the main identity document, main state registration number of an individual entrepreneur, individual taxpayer number - for an individual entrepreneur;

b) the location of individual production areas;

c) information on background air pollution, on the basis of which the concentration of harmful (polluting) substances in the air was calculated;

d) availability of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of the maximum allowable emissions with sanitary rules.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_2. The following materials are attached to the application:

a) inventory data of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air - in relation to existing economic and other activities, or project documentation data - in relation to new and (or) reconstructed objects of economic and other activities under construction, commissioning, and (or) reconstructed;

b) project of maximum allowable emissions.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_3. To establish temporarily agreed emissions, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, in addition to the information specified in paragraph 9.2 of this Regulation, also submit a draft plan.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_4. To establish the standards for maximum allowable emissions and temporarily agreed emissions, these legal entities, individual entrepreneurs can send an application and documents in the form of an electronic document signed with an enhanced qualified electronic signature using the federal state information system "Unified portal of state and municipal services (functions)".
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_5. The territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources consider the application, materials and draft plan submitted by legal entities, individual entrepreneurs for setting standards for maximum allowable emissions or temporarily agreed emissions and make a decision to establish standards for maximum allowable emissions and temporarily agreed emissions or a decision to refuse their establishment (with a reasoned justification).
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_6. The grounds for refusal to set standards for maximum allowable emissions are the provision of incomplete, inaccurate or distorted information, as well as:

a) the availability of information, confirmed by the results of state supervision in the field of atmospheric air protection, about the unreliability of the presented data on the inventory of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air (on the quantitative and qualitative composition of emissions, as well as on the characteristics of emission sources);

b) discrepancy between the data used in the development of the draft standards for maximum permissible emissions, the data of the project documentation (in relation to the construction, commissioning of new and (or) reconstructed objects of economic and other activities) or the data of the inventory of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air ( in relation to existing objects of economic and other activities), including an indication of an incomplete list of emitted harmful (polluting) substances;

c) the presence of arithmetic errors in the developed draft standards for maximum allowable emissions (taking into account measurement errors);

d) the presence in the developed draft standards of maximum permissible emissions of substances, the volume or mass of emissions of which exceed the maximum permissible emissions.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_7. The grounds for refusal to establish temporarily agreed emissions are:

a) provision of incomplete, unreliable or distorted information for establishing temporarily agreed emissions;

b) a reasoned refusal of the state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation to approve the deadlines for achieving the standards;

c) an indication as the final indicators of the plan of volumes or masses of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances that exceed the maximum allowable emissions.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_8. The establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions and temporarily agreed emissions (with the exception of radioactive substances) is formalized by the decision of the territorial body of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources in the form approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_9. Standards for maximum permissible emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (except for radioactive substances) are set for 7 years.

Temporarily agreed releases (with the exception of radioactive substances) are established for the time limits for achieving the standards approved by the state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

The establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions and temporarily agreed emissions (with the exception of radioactive substances) is formalized by the decision of the territorial body of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources in the form approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

9_10. The territorial authorities of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources within 5 working days after the establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions and temporarily agreed emissions (with the exception of radioactive substances) send a copy of the decision on their establishment to the appropriate state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and also inform the territorial authority Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare on the establishment of temporarily agreed emissions and deadlines for achieving standards.

The territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision inform the state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation about the standards for maximum permissible emissions of radioactive substances into the atmospheric air established for stationary sources located at economic and other activities.

Emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air by stationary sources located at objects of economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental supervision are allowed on the basis of a permit issued by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources.

A permit for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air by stationary sources located at facilities of economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental supervision is issued simultaneously with the establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions and temporarily agreed emissions.

A permit for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (except for radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air is issued for a period corresponding to the period for which the standards for maximum permissible emissions are established.

A permit for temporarily agreed emissions (with the exception of radioactive substances) is issued for 1 year, provided that the legal entity, individual entrepreneur fulfills the plan and achieves the planned indicators for the gradual reduction of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air.

Emissions of radioactive substances into the atmospheric air by stationary sources located at the facilities of economic and other activities are allowed on the basis of a permit issued by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision.

Emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air by stationary sources located at the facilities of economic and other activities subject to regional state environmental supervision are allowed on the basis of a permit issued by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out state administration in the region. environmental protection.
(The paragraph was additionally included from July 27, 2017 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2017 N 841)

10. The form of permission for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances (with the exception of radioactive substances) into the atmospheric air is approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation (paragraph as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 14, 2007 N 229; as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 22, 2009 N 351; supplemented by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 15, 2011 N 78.

The procedure for issuing and the form of permits for emissions of radioactive substances into the atmosphere are approved by the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (the paragraph was additionally included by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 15, 2011 N 78).

11. Sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and lists of harmful (polluting) substances subject to state accounting and regulation for legal entities, the territory of urban and other settlements and their parts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation as a whole are established on the basis of data on the results of the inventory of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmosphere and their sources in the manner determined by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation (paragraph as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 14, 2007 N 229; April 22, 2009 N 351.

12. Standards for harmful physical impacts on the atmospheric air are established by permits issued by the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources Management and the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare as approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation and the Federal Service for Supervision of Environmental Protection, respectively. consumer protection and human welfare form.
(Clause as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 14, 2007 N 229; as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 2009 N 351; as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 15, 2011 N 78; as amended by from September 18, 2012 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 4, 2012 N 882; as amended, put into effect on June 18, 2013 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 5, 2013 N 476.

13. Fees may be levied for the issuance of permits for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Revision of the document, taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Kodeks"

On the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it (with changes as of July 14, 2017)

Document's name:	On the standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it (with changes as of July 14, 2017)
Document Number:	183
Type of document:	Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
Host body:	Government of the Russian Federation
Status:	current
Published:	Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 11, 13.03.2000, art. 1180
Acceptance date:	March 02, 2000
Effective start date:	March 02, 2000
Revision date:	July 14, 2017