Hydrogen from aluminum. An economically viable way of producing hydrogen has been found. Chinese culture - ancient civilization

A generator was made, which is a sealed container with an internal volume of 220 ml and a detachable lid, in which there are sealed insulated current leads for aluminum and a gas outlet pipe for removing hydrogen. 200 g of solution is poured into the generator table salt with a concentration of 17 Aluminum plates with an area of ​​13 cm 2 each are fixed to the current leads-fasteners. Close the generator with a lid, making sure it is tight. Then the voltage is applied to the current leads. For faster removal of the oxide film from the aluminum surface, a voltage of up to 1.5 V is applied at the beginning. After the destruction of the oxide film, the voltage is lowered to the operating value. For generator operation, a voltage range of 0.3-1.5 V is selected, since at these voltage values ​​the characteristic G / W) is higher than at higher or lower voltage values, which allows more rational use of electricity, but the hydrogen generator can also operate in a wider voltage range.

The proposed method can be implemented more efficiently

To increase the hydrogen yield at the same power values, you can use a multi-electrode system in one cell, three electrodes, a passive electrode is placed between the negative and positive electrodes, and so two cells, a higher result is obtained. Also, dispersed aluminum can be used as a reducing agent, which makes it possible to increase the yield of hydrogen.

As a result of testing the generator according to the method of example 1, 200 g is poured into the generator with two aluminum electrodes sea ​​water... The total area of ​​each electrode is 13 cm 2. As a result, the following results were obtained: hydrogen yield at 1.5 V 0.5 l / h, relative energy yield at 1.5 V 0.52 W / h.

With an increase in the total concentration of salts by evaporation, the yield of hydrogen increases in time and the relatively expended energy reaches a maximum of 16-23 salts of seawater. This method allows to ensure uniform production of hydrogen and allows to regulate its output with the consumption required by the consumer.

Claim

A method for producing hydrogen, including the interaction of aluminum with aqueous solution an alkaline halide or alkaline earth metal characterized in that, in order to ensure the possibility of regulating the hydrogen yield, the interaction is carried out while passing an electric current through the reaction mixture, first at a voltage of 1.5 V, and after removing the oxide film, the voltage is reduced to 0.3 V.

Getting hydrogen at home

Method 1. Pour a small amount of caustic potassium or sodium hydroxide into the flask and pour 50-100 ml of water, stir the solution until the crystals are completely dissolved. Next, add a few pieces of aluminum. A reaction will immediately begin with the release of hydrogen and heat, at first weak, but constantly increasing.

After waiting for the reaction to occur more actively, carefully add another 10g. alkali and a few pieces of aluminum. This will significantly strengthen the process. We seal the flask, a test tube with a tube leading the vessel for collecting gas. We are waiting for about 3-5 minutes. until the hydrogen displaces the air from the vessel.

How is hydrogen formed? The oxide film that covers the surface of aluminum is destroyed in contact with alkali. Since aluminum is an active metal, it begins to react with water, dissolving in it, while hydrogen is released.

2Al + 2NaOH + 6h3O → 2Na + 3h3

Method 2. Hydrogen from aluminum, copper sulfate and food grade salt.

Pour a little copper sulfate and salt into the flask. Add water and stir until completely dissolved. The solution should turn green, if not, add a little more salt. The flask must be placed in a cup filled with cold water since when reacting, a large amount of heat will be generated. Add a few pieces of aluminum to the solution. A reaction will begin.

How does hydrogen evolve? In the process, copper chloride is formed, washing off the oxide film from the metal. Gas formation occurs simultaneously with copper reduction.

Method 3. Hydrogen from zinc and hydrochloric acid.

We place pieces of zinc in a test tube and fill them with hydrochloric acid. As an active metal, zinc, interacting with an acid, displaces hydrogen from it.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + h3

Method 4. Hydrogen production by electrolysis.

We pass an electric current through the solution of water and boiled salt. During the reaction, hydrogen and oxygen will be released.

Hydrogen has long been considered and used in some places as an environmentally friendly fuel. But the wider use of hydrogen fuel is hampered by a number of unresolved problems, the main ones of which are storage and transportation. However, a group of researchers from the US Army Research Laboratory, conducting experiments at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds near Maryland, made an accidental discovery. Having spilled water on a bar of a special aluminum alloy, the composition of which is still kept secret, the researchers noticed an instantaneous process of rapid evolution of hydrogen.

From school course chemistry, if anyone still remembers it, hydrogen is a by-product of the reaction between water and aluminum. However, this reaction usually takes place only when enough high temperature or in the presence of special catalysts. And even then it goes quite "leisurely", it will take about 50 hours to fill the tank of a hydrogen car, and the energy efficiency of this method of producing hydrogen does not exceed 50 percent.

All of the above has nothing to do with the reaction in which the new aluminum alloy takes part. "The efficiency of this reaction is very close to 100 percent, and the reaction itself is" accelerated "to maximum performance in less than three minutes," says Scott Grandal, research team leader.

The use of a system that generates hydrogen on an on-demand basis solves many of the problems. Water and aluminum alloy are easy to transport from one place to another, both of these substances are inert and stable in themselves. Secondly, to start the reaction, no catalyst is required, nor an initial shock, the reaction begins to proceed as soon as water comes into contact with the alloy.

All of the above does not mean that researchers have found a panacea for hydrogen fuel. In this case, there are still a number of issues to be clarified or clarified. The first question is whether such a scheme for producing hydrogen will work outside the laboratory, because there are many examples where experimental technologies work perfectly in laboratory conditions, but fail completely in field tests. The second issue is the issue of the complexity and cost of producing an aluminum alloy, the cost of utilizing the reaction products, which will become factors that determine the economic feasibility of a new method of producing hydrogen.

And in conclusion, it should be noted that the clarification of the issues mentioned above, most likely, will not take so much time. And only after that it will be possible to draw conclusions about the further viability of the new method for producing hydrogen fuel.

Sources: www.ntpo.com, all-he.ru, h3-o.sosbb.net, 505sovetov.ru, dailytechinfo.org, joyreactor.cc

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When one kilogram of electroexplosive aluminum nanopowder interacts with water, 1244.5 liters of hydrogen are released, which, when burned, gives 13.43 MJ of heat. The efficiency of this hydrogen production process is higher than in the case of electrolysis. Oxidation of electroexplosive aluminum nanopowder is 100%, that is, the material used is fully utilized.

Description:

A number of important civil and military applications require mobile energy sources, in particular hydrogen-powered ones, and technologies that would provide getting hydrogen in normal field conditions. The technical solution to this problem - hydrogen production is based on the use of energy storage substances with a chemothermal effect, in particular, the use of generators hydrogen operating on the self-heating effect of electroexplosive aluminum nanoparticles (ALEX) in water.

When interacting with water One kilogram of electroexplosive aluminum nanopowder releases 1244.5 liters of hydrogen, which, when burned, gives 13.43 MJ of heat. The effectiveness of such a process receiving hydrogen is higher than in the case of electrolysis. Oxidation of electroexplosive aluminum nanopowder is 100%, that is, the material used is fully utilized.

The peculiarities of the thermal regime of the process of interaction of aluminum nanopowders with water lead to the appearance of new effects that were not known for the reaction with the participation of large aluminum powders.

First of all, this is the effect of self-heating of nanoparticles to temperatures exceeding the temperature of the surrounding water by hundreds of degrees.

So, when using industrial micron-sized aluminum powder, the rate of hydrogen evolution is only 0.138 ml per second per 1 g of powder. In this case, only 20 ... 30% of the original powder is converted into the final product - a mixture of oxides and hydroxides of aluminum. Aluminum nanopowder in its reactivity is superior to conventional industrial micron-sized powders. At the same time, the rate of hydrogen evolution during the interaction of aluminum nanopowder with distilled water at 60 ° C is 3 ml per second per 1 g of powder, at 80 ° C - 9.5 ml per second per 1 g of powder, which exceeds the rate of hydrogen evolution at hydrothermal synthesis approximately 70 times.

Another advantage of using nanopowder in this reaction is that the degree of aluminum conversion is 98 ... 100% (depending on temperature).

Moreover, the introduction of even small amounts of alkali into distilled water leads to a significant increase in the reaction rate: with an increase in the pH of the solution to 12, the rate of hydrogen evolution increases to 18 ml per second per 1 g of powder at 25 ° C. The rate of hydrogen evolution when dissolving micron-sized aluminum in a solution containing 8 g / l NaOH at the same temperature is only 1 ml per second per 1 g of powder.

The data presented show that electroexplosive aluminum nanopowders, in contrast to compact aluminum and large industrial powders, interact with water at a high rate and a conversion rate of ~ 100%, and it is their use that will make it possible to obtain hydrogen at a sufficient rate under normal conditions.

Advantages:

- simple and effective method obtaining hydrogen in normal and field conditions,

– obtaining hydrogen at a high rate - 10 (tens) times higher than traditional technologies,

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Demand coefficient 257

Published: 12 oct. 2013 g.
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Hello everyone, this time we will conduct an interesting experiment on the conversion of aluminum into fuel, which is hydrogen. If you've watched the second part of Back to the Future, there was one interesting moment when Dr. Emmett Brown ran DeLorean.

In the future, technology has long been working on household waste, converting all trash into electricity. Such a transformer in the film is the installation called "Mister Fusion". Doc pours the rest of the drink into the machine, and then tosses an aluminum can there. Most likely, there was Coca-Cola as a drink.

But how, from a scientific point of view, can you get energy from such waste? One author decided to repeat this experiment, and it worked out quite well. What is behind all this? Everything is actually very simple, we will receive energy from aluminum, extracting hydrogen from it. This can be done in various ways; aluminum is a rather unstable metal if its oxide film is destroyed. At the same time, it begins to release hydrogen, simply in contact with air. Acids and other substances can be used to break down the oxide film. For example, you can simply scratch aluminum with a needle under a drop of mercury, and in this place the oxide film will be destroyed.

Why will you need Coca-Cola during the experiment, you will learn from the article;)

Materials and tools used

List of materials:
- hoses;
- boards;
- plastic bottles;
- two-stroke engine;
- engine direct current 12V;
- 12V battery;
- (optional);
- plastic canister;
- pressure gauge;
- metal clamps;
- a piece of a metal tube;
- cold welding;
- Activated carbon;
- water;
- thin sheet steel;
- self-tapping screws.

For chemical reaction: aluminum, coca-cola, sodium hydroxide.

Tool list:
- scissors;
- screwdriver;
- hacksaw;
- ;
- keys, screwdrivers and other little things.

Let's start assembling the device:

Step one. Theory
The bottom line is as follows, we take Coca-Cola and add sodium hydroxide to it. Coca-Cola contains phosphoric acid, when it interacts with sodium hydroxide, the substance is sodium orthophosphate, as well as water. So, if aluminum is added to sodium orthophosphate, a violent reaction is obtained with the release of hydrogen, which we need.

All that remains for us is to adapt the container for the reaction, as well as to install filters and a hydrogen consumer, which is the internal combustion engine.

Step two. Installing the "reactor"
As a base, you will need a piece of board, we screw the bars to it to hold the canister. The canister works as a reactor for us. Wrap a rubber hose around the canister to act as a condenser to keep water vapor out of the engine.
In the upper part of the canister, we install a pressure gauge, as well as a fitting for connecting a gas outlet hose.

We connect the hose from the canister to the heat exchanger, and a piece of hose with a tee is also connected to the outlet of the heat exchanger. One outlet of the tee is used to connect the burner, which is a piece of metal tube. There must be a tap in front of the burner, since you will then not be able to supply gas to the engine.

Step three. Installing filters
The filtering system consists of two filters. The first is a bottle with water poured into it, into which a hose from the heat exchanger is lowered. This filter is designed to collect large droplets of moisture that form in the heat exchanger. Also, with the help of this filter, you can clearly observe how actively gas enters the engine. To secure the bottle, cut off the bottom of another bottle and secure it with self-tapping screws on the base. Now we insert the filter into this bracket.

As for the second filter, a finer cleaning is already taking place here. Pour activated carbon into the bottle as a filter element. We start the hoses through the holes drilled in the bottle caps. Hot glue or cold welding can be used to seal it as per author.

Step four. Installing the engine
We will feed with hydrogen in a two-stroke internal combustion engine. A motor from a petrol cutter, a chainsaw or other similar equipment will do. We fasten the engine with screws to the bar, which is installed on the base.

The engine must be prepared for gas operation. For this we need a small plastic bottle. We cut out holes for the screws in the cover and make an inlet hole for the carburetor. We attach the cover to the carburetor. Cut off the bottom of the bottle, and instead put on a sponge or something similar that is suitable for the role of a filter.

Punch a hole in the bottle at the carburetor inlet and install the gas supply hose.

Highly important point for the operation of a two-stroke engine, there is a lubrication system. Here the author found a very interesting solution, the oil is supplied to the carburetor, that is, instead of gasoline. If you wish, you can always adjust the required amount of oil that will flow during the operation of the internal combustion engine. You can determine whether a lot of oil is pouring or not enough by the amount of smoke, and at first you need to make sure that the engine does not overheat. Install the rack, attach a container of oil to it and connect the hose to the carburetor.

Finally, we install the engine on 12V, connect it to the internal combustion engine shaft. As a result, we get two in one, this is a starter with which we will start the engine, and this starter will also work as a generator of electricity! The author originally planned to connect a 110-volt lamp to the generator through an inverter, but the inverter turned out to be faulty.

The shafts of the generator and engine are connected using a piece of rubber hose. For security, you can insert a thinner hose into a thicker one. We fix the whole thing with metal clamps.

After that, you can try to start the engine. Spray engine starting fluid on the air filter and apply voltage to the engine to spin the engine. Do not forget about ignition and direction of rotation.

Step five. Let's start testing the installation!
First you need to fill up "Mister Fusion", fill the canister with Coca-Cola, the author took 7 cans. Then add sodium hydroxide to the cola and mix everything. It remains to add aluminum. We cut aluminum cola cans into small pieces and put them in a canister. A powerful reaction will immediately begin with the release of a large amount of heat and hydrogen. We close the roof and wait until the required pressure is formed. It must be at least 2PSI (0.13 Atmospheres) for the gas to be used. But avoid high pressure as the gas can detonate easily!

During the reaction, so much heat is released that the water begins to boil. To avoid this, the author pours cold water on the canister.

"Hydrogen is only generated when needed, so you can produce just as much as you need," Woodall explained at a university symposium that described the details of the discovery. This technology can, for example, be used in conjunction with small internal combustion engines in various applications- portable emergency generators, lawn mowers and saws. In theory, it can also be used on cars and trucks.

Hydrogen is released spontaneously when water is added to the balls made of an aluminum-gallium alloy. “In this case, the aluminum in the hard alloy reacts with water, tearing oxygen from its molecules,” comments Woodall. Accordingly, the remaining hydrogen is released into the surrounding space.

The presence of gallium is critical for the reaction, since it prevents the formation of an oxide film on the aluminum surface during its oxidation. This film usually prevents further oxidation of the aluminum by acting as a barrier. If its formation is disrupted, the reaction will go on until all the aluminum is consumed.

Woodall opened this process with a liquid aluminum-gallium alloy in 1967 when he was working in the semiconductor industry. “I was cleaning a crucible containing an alloy of gallium and aluminum,” he says. “When I added water there, there was a strong pop. After that I retired to the laboratory and studied for several hours what exactly happened. "

“Gallium is a necessary component because it melts at a low temperature and dissolves aluminum, which makes it possible for the latter to react with water. - explains Woodall. "This was an unexpected discovery, as it is well known that solid aluminum does not interact with water."

The end products of the reaction are gallium and aluminum oxide. Burning hydrogen leads to the formation of water. “So no toxic emissions are generated,” Woodall says. “It's also important to note that gallium is not involved in the reaction, so it can be disposed of and reused. This is important, since this metal is now much more expensive than aluminum. However, if this process is widely used, then the extractive industry will be able to produce cheaper low-grade gallium. In comparison, all gallium currently used is highly purified and used primarily in the semiconductor industry. "

Woodall says that because hydrogen can be used in place of gasoline in internal combustion engines, the technique could be applied to road transport. However, in order for the technology to be able to compete with gasoline, it is necessary to reduce the cost of alumina reduction. “The cost of one pound of aluminum is now over $ 1, so you can't get the equivalent of gasoline at $ 3 a gallon,” explains Woodall.

However, the cost of aluminum can be reduced if it is obtained from oxide using electrolysis, and electricity for it will come from or. In this way, aluminum can be produced on-site and there is no need for power transmission, which reduces overall costs. In addition, such systems can be located in remote areas, which is especially important in the construction of nuclear power plants. This approach, according to Woodall, will reduce the use of gasoline, pollution and reduce dependence on oil imports.

“We call this aluminum-based hydrogen power,” Woodall says. All that is needed is to replace their fuel injector with a hydrogen one. "

The system can also be used to power fuel cells. In this case, it can already compete with gasoline engines - even with today's high cost of aluminum. "The efficiency of systems on fuel cells is 75%, while the internal combustion engine is 25%, says Woodall, "So once the technology is widely available, our hydrogen recovery methodology will become economically viable."

Scientists emphasize the value of aluminum for energy generation. “Most people don’t know how much energy it contains,” Woodall explains. “Each pound (450 grams) of metal can produce 2 kWh when the released hydrogen is burned, and the same amount of energy in the form of heat. Thus, an average car with a tank filled with aluminum alloy balls (about 150 kg) will be able to drive about 600 km, and it will cost $ 60 (assuming that the aluminum oxide will then be disposed of). For comparison, if I fill the tank with gasoline, I will receive 6 kW * hours from each pound, which is 2.5 times more energy from a pound of aluminum. In other words, I would need 2.5 times as much aluminum to get the same amount of energy. However, the important thing is that I completely eliminate gasoline and use a cheap substance available in the US instead. ”