Salt decomposition table. Salt properties: physical and chemical. Physical properties of table salt

4. Classification, preparation and properties of salts

The most complex inorganic compounds are salts. They are very diverse in composition. They are divided into medium, sour, basic, double, complex, mixed.

Salts are compounds that form upon dissociation in aqueous solution positively charged metal ions and negatively charged ions of acid residues, and sometimes, in addition to them, hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

Salts can be considered as products of the replacement of hydrogen atoms in an acid by metal atoms (or groups of atoms):

H 2 SO 4 → NaHSO 4 → Na 2 SO 4,

Or as products of substitution of hydroxyl groups in the basic hydroxide with acid residues:

Zn (OH) 2 → ZnOHCl → ZnCl 2.

With full replacement, we get medium (or normal) salts:

Ca (OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = CaSO 4 + 2H 2 O.

When medium salts are dissolved, metal cations and anions of the acid residue are formed:

Na 2 SO 4 → 2 Na + + SO 4 2 -.

With incomplete replacement of hydrogen, acids are obtained acidic salts:

NaOH + H 2 CO 3 = NaHCO 3 + H 2 O.

When acid salts are dissolved in solution, metal cations, complex anions of the acid residue, as well as ions that are the products of the dissociation of this complex residue, including H + ions, are formed:

NaHCO 3 → Na + + HCO 3 -

HCO 3 - H + + CO 3 2 - .

With incomplete substitution of the hydroxo groups of the base - basic salts:

Mg (OH) 2 + HBr = Mg (OH) Br + H 2 O.

When basic salts are dissolved in solution, acid anions and complex cations consisting of metal and hydroxo groups are formed. These complex cations are also capable of dissociation. Therefore, OH ions are present in the basic salt solution - :

Mg (OH) Br → (MgOH) + + Br -,

(MgOH) + Mg 2+ + OH -.

Thus, in accordance with this definition, salts are divided into average e, sour and the main.

There are also some other types of salts, for example: double salts, which contain two different cations and one anion: CaCO 3 × MgCO 3 (dolomite), KCl ∙ NaCl (sylvinite), KAl (SO 4 ) 2 (potassium alum); mixed salts containing one cation and two different anions: CaOCl 2 (or CaCl (OCl )) - calcium salt of hydrochloric and hypochlorous ( HOCl ) acids (calcium chloride-hypochlorite). Complex salts contain complex cations or anions: K 3 + [Fe (CN) 6] −3, K 4 + [Fe (CN) 6] −4, [Cr (H 2 O) 5 Cl] 2+ Cl 2 -.

According to modern nomenclature rules, the names of salts are formed from the name of the anion in the nominative case and the name of the cation in the genitive case. For example FeS - iron sulfide ( II), Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 - ferrous sulfate ( III ). The hydrogen atom, which is part of the acidic salt, is indicated by the prefix hydro- ( NaHSO 3 -sodium hydrosulfite), and the OH group - - prefix hydroxo- ( Al (OH) 2 Cl - aluminum dihydroxochloride).

Salt production

Salts are closely related to all other classes of inorganic compounds and can be obtained from almost any class. Most of the methods for obtaining salts have already been discussed above (section,), these include:

1. Interaction of basic, acidic and amphoteric oxides with each other:

BaO + SiO 2 = BaSiO 3,

MgO + Al 2 O 3 = Mg (AlO 2) 2,

SO 3 + Na 2 O = Na 2 SO 4,

P 2 O 5 + Al 2 O 3 = 2AlPO 4.

2. Interaction of oxides with hydroxides (with acids and bases):

ZnO + H 2 SO 4 = ZnSO 4 + H 2 O,

CO 2 + 2KOH = K 2 CO 3 + H 2 O,

2 NaOH + Al 2 O 3 = 2 NaAlO 2 + H 2 O.

3. Interaction of bases with medium and acidic salts:

CuSO 4 + 2KOH = Cu (OH) 2 ↓ + K 2 SO 4,

K 2 SO 4 + Ba (OH) 2 = 2KOH + BaSO 4↓ .

2NaHSO 3 + 2KOH = Na 2 SO 3 + K 2 SO 3 + 2H 2 O,

Ca (HCO 3) 2 + Ba (OH) 2 = BaCO 3↓ + CaCO 3 ↓ + 2H 2 O.

Cu (OH) 2 + 2NaHSO 4 = CuSO 4 + Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O.

4. Salts of anoxic acids, in addition, can be obtained by direct interaction of metals and non-metals:

2 Mg + Cl 2 = MgCl 2.

Chemical properties of salts

During chemical reactions of salts, the features of both cations and anions that make up their composition are manifested. Metal cations in solutions can react with other anions to form insoluble compounds. On the other hand, the anions that make up the salts can combine with cations to form precipitates or poorly dissociated compounds (or in redox reactions). Thus, salts can react:

M.V. Andryukhova, L.N. Bopodina

Every day we are faced with salts and do not even think about the role they play in our life. But without them, the water would not be so tasty, and food would not bring pleasure, and plants would not grow, and life on earth could not exist if there were no salt in our world. So what are these substances and what properties of salts make them irreplaceable?

What is salt

In terms of its composition, this is the most numerous class, which is distinguished by its diversity. Back in the 19th century, chemist J. Verzelius defined salt as a product of the reaction between an acid and a base, in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a metallic one. In water, salts usually dissociate into a metal or ammonium (cation) and an acid residue (anion).

You can get salt in the following ways:

• by the interaction of metal and non-metal, in this case it will be oxygen-free;
• when a metal interacts with an acid, a salt is obtained and hydrogen is released;
• metal can displace other metal from solution;
• in the interaction of two oxides - acidic and basic (they are also called non-metal oxide and metal oxide, respectively);
• when the metal oxide and acid react, salt and water are obtained;
• the reaction between a base and a non-metal oxide also produces salt and water;
• using the ion exchange reaction, in this case, various water-soluble substances (bases, acids, salts) can react, but the reaction will proceed if gas, water or salts are poorly soluble (insoluble) in water.

The properties of salts depend only on the chemical composition. But first, let's take a look at their classes.

Classification

Depending on the composition, the following classes of salts are distinguished:

• oxygen content (oxygen-containing and oxygen-free);
• by interaction with water (soluble, slightly soluble and insoluble).

This classification does not fully reflect the whole variety of substances. Modern and most complete classification, reflecting not only the composition, but also the properties of the salts, is presented in the following table.

Physical properties

No matter how wide the class of these substances is, it is possible to isolate the general physical properties of salts. These are substances of non-molecular structure, with an ionic crystal lattice.

Very high melting and boiling points. Under normal conditions, all salts do not conduct electricity, but in solution, most of them are perfectly conductive.

The color can be very different, it depends on the metal ion that is part of it. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4) is green, ferric chloride (FeCl 3) is dark red, and potassium chromate (K 2 CrO 4) is a beautiful bright yellow color. But most of the salts are still colorless or white.

Solubility in water also varies and depends on the composition of the ions. In principle, all the physical properties of salts are peculiar. They depend on which metal ion and which acidic residue are included in the composition. Let's continue looking at salts.

Chemical properties of salts

There is an important feature here too. Like physical, chemical properties of salts depend on their composition. And also on what class they belong to.

But the general properties of salts can still be distinguished:

• many of them decompose on heating with the formation of two oxides: acidic and basic, and oxygen-free - metal and non-metal;
• salts interact with other acids, but the reaction proceeds only if the acid residue of a weak or volatile acid is in the composition of the salt, or an insoluble salt is obtained as a result;
• interaction with alkali is possible if the cation forms an insoluble base;
• a reaction is also possible between two different salts, but only if one of the newly formed salts does not dissolve in water;
• a reaction with a metal can also occur, but it is possible only if we take the metal located to the right in the row of stress from the metal contained in the salt.

The chemical properties of normal salts are discussed above, while other classes react with substances in a slightly different way. But the difference is only in the output products. Basically, all the chemical properties of salts are preserved, as are the requirements for the course of reactions.

Salts can also be considered as products of complete or partial replacement of hydrogen ions in acid molecules with metal ions (or complex positive ions, for example, ammonium ion NH) or as a product of complete or partial replacement of hydroxo groups in basic hydroxide molecules with acid residues. With full replacement, we get medium (normal) salts... With incomplete substitution of H + ions in acid molecules, acidic salts, with incomplete substitution of OH groups - in base molecules - basic salts. Examples of salt formation:

H 3 PO 4 + 3NaOH
Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O

Na 3 PO 4 ( phosphate sodium) - medium (normal salt);

H 3 PO 4 + NaOH
NaH 2 PO 4 + H 2 O

NaH 2 PO 4 (dihydrogen phosphate sodium) - acidic salt;

Mq (OH) 2 + HCl
MqOHCl + H 2 O

MqOHCl ( hydroxychloride magnesium) - basic salt.

Salts formed by two metals and one acid are called double salts... For example, potassium aluminum sulfate (potassium alum) KAl (SO 4) 2 * 12H 2 O.

Salts formed by one metal and two acids are called mixed salts... For example, calcium chloride-hypochlorite CaCl (ClO) or CaOCl 2 is a calcium salt of hydrochloric HCl and hypochlorous HClO acids.

Double and mixed salts, when dissolved in water, dissociate into all the ions that make up their molecules.

For example, KAl (SO 4) 2
K + + Al 3+ + 2SO ;

CaCl (ClO)
Ca 2+ + Cl - + ClO -.

Complex salts Are complex substances in which it is possible to isolate central atom(complexing agent) and related molecules and ions - ligands... The central atom and ligands form complex (inner sphere), which is enclosed in square brackets when writing the formula of a complex compound. The number of ligands in the inner sphere is called coordination number. The molecules and ions surrounding the complex form external sphere.

Central atom Ligand

K 3

Coordination number

The name of the salts is derived from the name of the anion followed by the name of the cation.

For salts of anoxic acids, the suffix is ​​added to the name of the non-metal - id, for example, NaCl sodium chloride, FeS iron (II) sulfide.

When naming salts of oxygen-containing acids, the ending is added to the Latin root of the element name -at for higher oxidation states, -it for lower (for some acids, the prefix is ​​used hypo for low oxidation states of non-metal; for salts of perchloric and manganic acids, the prefix is ​​used per-). For example, CaCO 3 - calcium carbonate, Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 - iron (III) sulfate, FeSO 3 - iron (II) sulfite, KOCl - potassium hypochlorite, KClO 2 - potassium chlorite, KClO 3 - potassium chlorate, KClO 4 - potassium perchlorate, KMnO 4 - potassium permanganate, K 2 Cr 2 O 7 - potassium dichromate.

In the names of complex ions, ligands are indicated first. The name of the complex ion ends with the name of the metal with the corresponding oxidation state (Roman numerals in brackets). In the names of complex cations, Russian names of metals are used, for example, [ Cu (NH 3) 4] Cl 2 - copper (II) tetraammine chloride. The names of complex anions use the Latin names of metals with the suffix –At, for example, K is potassium tetrahydroxoaluminate.

Chemical properties of salts

See properties of bases.

See properties of acids.

SiO 2 + CaCO 3
CaSiO 3 + CO 2 .

Amphoteric oxides (they are all non-volatile) displace volatile oxides from their salts during fusion

Al 2 O 3 + K 2 CO 3
2KAlO 2 + CO 2.

5. Salt 1 + salt 2
salt 3 + salt 4.

The exchange reaction between salts takes place in solution (both salts must be soluble) only if at least one of the products is a precipitate

AqNO 3 + NaCl
AqCl + NaNO 3.

6. Salt of less active metal + Metal more active
The metal is less active + salt.

Exceptions - alkali and alkaline earth metals in solution primarily interact with water

Fe + CuCl 2
FeCl 2 + Cu.

7. Salt
thermal decomposition products.

I) Nitric acid salts. The products of thermal decomposition of nitrates depend on the position of the metal in the series of metal stresses:

a) if the metal is to the left of Mq (excluding Li): MeNO 3
MeNO 2 + O 2;

b) if the metal is from Mq to Cu, as well as Li: MeNO 3
MeO + NO 2 + O 2;

c) if the metal is to the right of Cu: MeNO 3
Me + NO 2 + O 2.

II) Salts of carbonic acid. Almost all carbonates decompose to the corresponding metal and CO 2. Carbonates of alkali and alkaline earth metals, except for Li, do not decompose when heated. Silver and mercury carbonates decompose to free metal

MeCO 3
MeO + CO 2;

2Aq 2 CO 3
4Aq + 2CO 2 + O 2.

All bicarbonates are decomposed to the corresponding carbonate.

Me (HCO 3) 2
MeCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O.

III) Ammonium salts. Many ammonium salts decompose on calcination with the release of NH 3 and the corresponding acid or its decomposition products. Some ammonium salts containing oxidizing anions decompose with the release of N 2, NO, NO 2

NH 4 Cl
NH 3 + HCl ;

NH 4 NO 2
N 2 + 2H 2 O;

(NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7
N 2 + Cr 2 O 7 + 4H 2 O.

Table 1 shows the names of acids and their average salts.

The names of the most important acids and their average salts

The end of the table. 1

EXAMPLES OF SOLVING PROBLEMS

Objective 1. Write the formulas of the following compounds: calcium carbonate, calcium carbide, magnesium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrosulfide, iron (III) nitrate, lithium nitride, copper (II) hydroxycarbonate, ammonium dichromate, barium bromide, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate.

Solution. Calcium carbonate - CaCO 3, calcium carbide - CaC 2, magnesium hydrogen phosphate - MqHPO 4, sodium hydrosulfide - NaHS, iron (III) nitrate - Fe (NO 3) 3, lithium nitride - Li 3 N, copper (II) hydroxycarbonate - 2 CO 3, ammonium dichromate - (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7, barium bromide - BaBr 2, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) - K 4, sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate - Na.

Objective 2. Give examples of salt formation: a) from two simple substances; b) of two complex substances; c) from simple and complex substances.

Solution.

a) iron, when heated with sulfur, forms iron (II) sulfide:

Fe + S
FeS;

b) salts enter into exchange reactions with each other in an aqueous solution if one of the products precipitates:

AqNO 3 + NaCl
AqCl + NaNO 3;

c) salts are formed when metals are dissolved in acids:

Zn + H 2 SO 4
ZnSO 4 + H 2.

Objective 3. During the decomposition of magnesium carbonate, carbon monoxide (IV) was released, which was passed through lime water (taken in excess). In this case, a precipitate weighing 2.5 g was formed. Calculate the mass of magnesium carbonate taken for the reaction.

Solution.

We compose the equations of the corresponding reactions:

MqCO 3
MqO + CO 2;

CO 2 + Ca (OH) 2
CaCO 3 + H 2 O.

2. We calculate the molar masses of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate using the periodic system of chemical elements:

M (CaCO 3) = 40 + 12 + 16 * 3 = 100 g / mol;

M (MqCO 3) = 24 + 12 + 16 * 3 = 84 g / mol.

3. Calculate the amount of calcium carbonate substance (precipitated substance):

n (CaCO 3) =
.

It follows from the reaction equations that

n (MqCO 3) = n (CaCO 3) = 0.025 mol.

We calculate the mass of calcium carbonate taken for the reaction:

m (MqCO 3) = n (MqCO 3) * M (MqCO 3) = 0.025 mol * 84 g / mol = 2.1 g.

Answer: m (MqCO 3) = 2.1 g.

Task 4. Write down the reaction equations for the following transformations:

Mq
MqSO 4
Mq (NO 3) 2
MqO
(CH 3 COO) 2 Mq.

Solution.

Magnesium dissolves in dilute sulfuric acid:

Mq + H 2 SO 4
MqSO 4 + H 2.

Magnesium sulfate enters into an exchange reaction in aqueous solution with barium nitrate:

MqSO 4 + Ba (NO 3) 2
BaSO 4 + Mq (NO 3) 2.

When strongly calcined, magnesium nitrate decomposes:

2Mq (NO 3) 2
2MqO + 4NO 2 + O 2.

4. Magnesium oxide is the main oxide. It dissolves in acetic acid

MqO + 2CH 3 COOH
(CH 3 COO) 2 Mq + H 2 O.

Glinka, N.L. General chemistry. / N.L. Glinka. - M .: Integral-press, 2002.

Glinka, N.L. Tasks and exercises in general chemistry. / N.L. Glinka. - M .: Integral-press, 2003.

Gabrielyan, O.S. Chemistry. Grade 11: textbook. for general education. institutions. / O.S. Gabrielyan, G.G. Lysov. - M .: Bustard, 2002.

Akhmetov, N.S. General and inorganic chemistry... / NS. Akhmetov. - 4th ed. - M .: graduate School, 2002.

Chemistry. Classification, nomenclature and reaction capabilities of inorganic substances: guidelines for the implementation of practical and independent work for students of all forms of education and all specialties

There are many foods that we are used to eating on a daily basis. This includes salt. This product is associated not only with our nutrition, but also with life in general. Our article describes variety different types salt. In addition, you can find out her positive and negative qualities, as well as the daily rate of its use.

What is salt? General information about the substance

Salt - which in an aqueous solution decomposes into metal cations and anions of acidic residues. It is considered a natural preservative, a source of essential minerals and a must-have spice in the kitchen. V Ancient Rome Salt was paid and used to create amulets. It was this substance that was used as a medicine for certain diseases.

The largest amount of salt is found in sea water. It can also be found in the mineral halite. It is mined from sedimentary rocks. This salt is no less in demand than the classic one.

In the food industry, salt is a food product in the form of ground sodium chloride crystals used in food preparation. It dissolves in water, but does not change its color. There are different types of table salt. All of them differ in taste, but nevertheless contain sodium chloride in their composition.

Each of us knows the expression according to which salt is a white poison. However, it is believed that without it life would not have arisen on Earth. Not everyone knows that salt is found in the blood.

In the chemical industry, sodium chloride (table salt) is used to create chlorine and soda. It is also often used in cosmetology.

The positive qualities of salt

Different types of salt have both positive and negative properties. This substance contains a lot of trace elements. Salt has a positive effect on the digestive system and improves vitality. A small amount of salt in the diet reduces the number of attacks in asthmatics. This substance contains selenium in its composition - this is a useful substance that is an antioxidant. It has a positive effect on cells and protects them from destruction.

All types of food salt contribute to the elimination of harmful and dangerous substances from the body. This compound is excellent for poisoning, as it blocks the absorption of the intestinal mucosa of toxic components. Salt also delays their entry into the bloodstream. This supplement helps the body in the fight against radiation and other hazardous radiation. It is excellent at killing germs.
Many types of salt are used in cosmetology. It is added to creams and scrubs. Thanks to this component, pores open and dead cells are exfoliated. The salt procedure can be done both at home and in the cosmetology office with a specialist.

All types of table salt were used during the Second World War. Then, in the solution with its addition, a napkin was abundantly moistened and applied to the wounded soldier for several days. This kept the damaged area clean and healthy pink. It is known that saline can also be used in the treatment of tumors.

Negative properties of salt

Any product has both positive and negative qualities. All types of salt are no exception. At a medical symposium in 1979, scientists stated that the table salt we consume every day is a poisonous substance. In their opinion, it suppresses our health.

It is important to know the rate. An excess of sodium in the body leads to excess fluid retention. As a result - bags under the eyes, swelling of the face and legs. Regular consumption of excessively salty food leads to obesity and high blood pressure. In this regard, a person quickly gets tired and feels headaches. An excess of salt leads to the formation of stones in the urinary tract.

People themselves are to blame for all the harmful qualities of salt. Attempts to make it whiter and better quality ended in the fact that today the product contains a huge amount. Surprisingly, natural sea salt evaporated in the sun resembles in its composition not organic compounds blood. The daily salt intake should not exceed 15 grams. It is important to take into account its content in finished products.

The main types of table salt

There are three types of salt:

• stone;
• evaporated;
• marine.

They are the most basic. All three varieties differ in the way they are mined and refined.

It is gray in color and large in size. This is crushed halite. Surprisingly, it is the only edible mineral in the world. The substance was formed several million years ago in the territory of ancient seas. This type of salt is mined in mines and caves. Then it is cleaned. Unfortunately, table salt contains a large amount of insoluble substances. Over time, they build up in the body.

Differs in snow-white color and small size. For its extraction, a mine with a salt layer is filled with water. After that, the so-called brine rises upward, which is evaporated and cleaned under the influence of high temperatures... For example, "Extra" salt is a product that is 99% sodium chloride. She is considered the most beautiful, snow-white and shallow. It does not include solid impurities, but, unfortunately, useful trace elements such as iodine, magnesium and bromine are also missing. Chemicals are often added to the Extra salt to protect it from absorbing liquids. Because of this, the product is poorly soluble in the blood and accumulates in the body.

It is no secret that sea salt is extracted from the seas, lakes and evaporated under the influence of the sun and wind. Unlike other types, it can be of fine, medium and coarse grinding. Sea salt contains the most important trace elements for the body. It is she who is considered a truly natural and useful component. Sea salt contains iodine, magnesium, bromine, iron, zinc and silicon. It is her that nutritionists recommend to choose those people who monitor their health and weight.

Recently, sea salt with unusual components has been in extraordinary demand. Among them is a product with kelp. Dried algae are added to this salt. It contains organic iodine compounds. This component remains in the product throughout the entire shelf life, as well as during the preparation of not only cold, but also hot dishes. As additional additives, spices, herbs and even bread are added to sea salt with kelp. Surprisingly, it was from the last component that our ancestors prepared black salt. It was lit up in the church and used as a medicine or as a talisman.

There are different types of salt on store shelves. For each of us, it is a spice that we use every day. However, many interesting facts are associated with this product, which not everyone knows about.

Surprisingly, the name of many dishes is associated with salt. Many years ago, a salad was a mixture of pickled vegetables. Thanks to this, its name arose, which we know today.

It is with salt that the name of salami sausage is associated. It is made from salted ham. Marinade is also associated with our everyday product.

Scientists believe that the daily salt requirement can vary. They recommend that you first of all pay attention to the season and the person's lifestyle. In the summer, people sweat and lose a large amount of fluid, and that is why experts allow the use of up to 20 grams of salt during this period. Athletes can also adhere to this norm at any time of the year.

One more interesting fact associated with cooking. Surprisingly, coffee lovers can safely add a pinch of spice to their drink. This will give it a richer flavor. Good housewives know that it is the salt that will help beat the egg white to steady peaks. You cannot do without it when making yeast dough.

Salt in the human body

The types of salts in the body and their properties remain a mystery to many. It is they who participate in which is characterized by the intake of mineral components into the body. Salt enters our body through food and water. It then enters the bloodstream and is transported to cells throughout the body. The most vital types of salt are:

• sodium;
• magnesium;
• potassium;
• calcium.

The salts that are found in our body perform a wide variety of functions. They participate in the formation of enzymes, ensure proper blood clotting and normalize the alkaline balance in it. Salts also play an important role in fluid regulation.

Salt in water

The types of salts in the water play an important role. It is on them that the rigidity of the liquid important for the life of each depends. Soft and hard water is distinguished by a combination of chemical and physical properties, as well as the amount of salts dissolved in it, namely calcium and magnesium.

Fresh water is considered to contain no more than 0.1% salts. This is the lowest rate. Sea water considered the most salty. The percentage of the substance content in it fluctuates up to 35%. Brackish water is distinguished by the amount of salt, which is more than in fresh water, but less than in sea water. There is also such a liquid in which this substance is absent. Water that does not contain salt and other components is called distilled water.

Aromatic salts

Mineral salts play an important role in our life. The species that exist today are capable of surprising everyone. Despite the fact that they are all quite similar in taste, experienced chefs not only distinguish between them, but also prefer the most exotic types.

One of the most popular is the Himalayan. She is pink in color. Its deposits were formed about 250 million years ago. The unique color is due to the interaction of salt and magma. This spice is pure and natural. Due to its dense consistency, it is often used in construction.
Another popular aromatic salt is Svan. It was formed due to the combination of spices and spices that are familiar to us. You can either cook it yourself or purchase a finished product.

Black hawaiian salt

Hawaiian black salt is considered one of the most exotic and expensive. It belongs to the marine species and is produced only on the Hawaiian island of Molokai. It contains activated carbon, turmeric and taro. The salt has a firm structure, mild taste with nutty notes and an unforgettable aroma. Usually it is used at the end of cooking, and is also used to decorate the finished dish with it.

Korean fried bamboo salt

We are accustomed to using table salt in the form of small white crystals. However, every year more and more exotic species appear, which amaze with their taste and color. Korean fried bamboo salt is a traditional spice in Southeast Asia. The method of its preparation was invented by monks over 1000 years ago. The collected salt is dried in the sun and then placed in a bamboo stem. It is covered with yellow clay and fried over a fire. This removes all harmful components from the salt.

Persian Blue Salt

Persian blue salt is considered the rarest. It has a pleasant blue color, which is due to its high mineral content. It is extremely useful and in demand.
Persian blue salt is used in the preparation of the finest and most expensive dishes. Experienced chefs say that its taste is revealed in stages.

Summing up

Salt is a spice that almost every one of us uses on a daily basis. It can affect the body both positively and negatively. Many types of salt differ significantly from the food we add to our food. They differ not only in color, but also in taste. Exotic types of salt are most in demand among cooks.

Unfortunately, with the regular use of excessively salty food, the general condition of the body can be disrupted. That is why it is important to know its daily rate, which you familiarized yourself with in our article.

When you hear the word "salt", the first association is, of course, a cookery one, without which any dish will seem tasteless. But this is not the only substance that belongs to the class of salt chemicals. You can find examples, composition and chemical properties of salts in this article, and also learn how to correctly form the name of any of them. Before we continue, let's agree, in this article we will only consider inorganic medium salts (obtained by the reaction inorganic acids with complete replacement of hydrogen).

Definition and chemical composition

One of the definitions of salt is:

• (i.e., consisting of two parts), which includes metal ions and an acidic residue. That is, it is a substance resulting from the reaction of an acid and a hydroxide (oxide) of any metal.

There is another definition:

• This compound, which is a product of complete or partial replacement of acid hydrogen ions with metal ions (suitable for medium, basic and acidic).

Both definitions are correct, but do not reflect the whole essence of the salt production process.

Salt classification

Considering the various representatives of the salt class, you can see that they are:

• Oxygen-containing (salts of sulfuric, nitric, silicic and other acids, the acid residue of which includes oxygen and one more non-metal).
• Oxygen-free, that is, salts formed during the reaction, the residue of which does not contain oxygen - hydrochloric, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen sulfide and others.

By the number of substituted hydrogens:

• Monobasic: hydrochloric, nitrogen, hydrogen iodide and others. The acid contains one hydrogen ion.
• Dibasic: two hydrogen ions are replaced by metal ions during salt formation. Examples: sulfuric, sulfurous, hydrogen sulfide and others.
• Tribasic: in the composition of the acid, three hydrogen ions are replaced by metal ions: phosphoric.

There are other types of classifications by composition and properties, but we will not analyze them, since the purpose of the article is slightly different.

Learning to name correctly

Any substance has a name that is understandable only to residents of a certain region, it is also called trivial. Table salt is an example of a colloquial name; according to the international nomenclature, it will be called differently. But in a conversation, absolutely anyone familiar with the nomenclature of names will easily understand that we are talking about a substance with chemical formula NaCl. This salt is derived from hydrochloric acid, and its salts are called chlorides, that is, it is called sodium chloride. You just need to learn the names of the salts shown in the table below, and then add the name of the metal that formed the salt.

But the name is so easy to compose if the metal has a constant valence. And now let's look at the name), which has a metal with variable valence - FeCl 3. The substance is called ferric chloride. This name is correct!

Chemical properties

As a class, salts in their own chemical properties characterized by the fact that they can interact with alkalis, acids, salts and more active metals:

1. When interacting with alkalis in a solution, a prerequisite for the reaction is the precipitation of one of the resulting substances.

2. When interacting with acids, the reaction proceeds if a volatile acid, an insoluble acid or an insoluble salt is formed. Examples:

• TO volatile acids refers to coal, since it easily decomposes into water and carbon dioxide: MgCO 3 + 2HCl = MgCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2.
• Insoluble acid - silicic, is formed as a result of the reaction of silicate with another acid.
• One of the signs chemical reaction is the precipitation. What salts can be found in the solubility table.

3. The interaction of salts with each other occurs only in the case of binding of ions, ie, one of the formed salts precipitates.

4. To determine whether the reaction between a metal and a salt will proceed, you need to refer to the table of metal voltages (sometimes it is also called a series of activities).

Only the more active metals (located to the left) can displace the metal from the salt. An example is the reaction of an iron nail with copper sulfate:

CuSO 4 + Fe = Cu + FeSO 4

Such reactions are characteristic of most representatives of the salt class. But there are also more specific reactions in chemistry, the properties of salt are individual reflecting, for example, decomposition during incandescence or the formation of crystalline hydrates. Each salt is individual and unusual in its own way.