The North Pole was stormed by all of the USSR. Rescue expedition to evacuate Papanin residents Name of the expedition held in 1937 1938

Mikhailov Andrey 06/13/2019 at 16:00

There are many glorious pages in the history of the discovery and study of the Russian Arctic. But there is a special chapter in it, with which the heroic polar epic began. On May 21, 1937, the polar air expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences reached the North Pole and landed the North Pole-1 scientific station on the drifting ice for nine long months.

This expedition began the systematic development of the entire Arctic basin, thanks to which navigation along the Northern Sea Route became regular. Its members were to collect data in the field of atmospheric phenomena, meteorology, geophysics, hydrobiology. The station was headed by Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, hydrologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist-astronomer Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel became its employees. The expedition was led by Otto Yulievich Schmidt, the pilot of the N-170 flagship aircraft was a hero Soviet Union Mikhail Vasilievich Vodopyanov.

And it all started like that. On February 13, 1936, at a meeting in the Kremlin on the organization of transport flights, Otto Schmidt outlined a plan for an air expedition to the North Pole and the establishment of a station there. Stalin and Voroshilov, on the basis of the plan, instructed the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (Glavsevmorput) to organize an expedition to the North Pole region in 1937 and deliver equipment for the scientific station and winterers there by plane.

An air expedition squadron was formed from four four-engined aircraft ANT-6-4M-34R "Aviaarktika" and a twin-engined reconnaissance aircraft R-6. In the spring of 1936, pilots Vodopyanov and Makhotkin went on reconnaissance to select the location of the intermediate base for the assault on the pole on Rudolf Island (Franz Josef Land). In August, the icebreaking steamer Rusanov headed there with cargo for the construction of a new polar station and equipment for the airfield.

The whole country was preparing the expedition. For example, a tent for a residential camp was created by the Moscow plant "Kauchuk". Its frame was made of easily disassembled aluminum pipes, the canvas walls were paved with two layers of eider down, and the rubber inflatable floor was also supposed to keep warm.

The Central Radio Laboratory in Leningrad made two radio stations - a powerful 80-watt and a 20-watt emergency one. The main power source was two sets of alkaline batteries charged from a small wind turbine or from a dynamo - a light gasoline engine (there was also a hand-operated engine). All equipment, from the antenna to the smallest spare parts, was made under the personal supervision of Krenkel, the weight of the radio equipment fit into half a ton.

According to special drawings, the Leningrad Shipyard named after Karakozov built ash sleds that weighed only 20 kilograms. The Institute of Catering Engineers prepared meals for the drifting station for a whole year and a half, weighing about 5 tons.

On May 21, 1937, at about five in the morning, Mikhail Vodopyanov's car took off from Rudolf Island. Throughout the flight, radio communication was maintained, the weather and the nature of the ice cover were clarified. During the flight, an accident occurred: in the upper part of the radiator of the third engine, a leak formed in the flange, and antifreeze began to evaporate. The flight mechanics had to cut the wing skin in order to put a rag that absorbed the liquid, squeeze it into a bucket, and from it pump the coolant back into the engine reservoir with a pump.

The mechanics had to carry out this operation until the very landing, sticking out their bare hands from the wing in -20 and a fast wind. At 10:50 we reached the pole. And on May 25, the rest of the group of aircraft was launched.

After landing at the North Pole, the researchers made many discoveries. Every day they took soil samples, measured the depth and speed of drift, determined the coordinates, conducted magnetic measurements, hydrological and meteorological observations. Soon after the landing, an ice floe drifting was discovered, on which the researchers' camp was located. Her wanderings began in the North Pole region, after 274 days the ice floe turned into a piece of 200 by 300 meters.

The drift of the first research expedition led by Ivan Papanin began in May 1937. 9 months of work, observations and research at the North Pole station ended when an ice floe in the Greenland Sea collapsed and scientists had to curtail their activities.
The entire Soviet Union watched the epic of the rescue of 4 Papanin residents.

The expedition was preceded by a long 5-year preparation. Before that, none of the travelers and scientists had tried to live on a drifting ice floe for so long. Scientists, knowing the direction of ice movement, could imagine their route, but none of them imagined how long the expedition would last and how it would end.

I.D. Papanin

The ideologist of this expedition was Otto Yulievich Schmidt. After Stalin's approval, he quickly found people for this project - all of them were no strangers to Arctic expeditions. The efficient team consisted of 4 people: Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov. The head of the expedition was Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin. Although he was born on the Black Sea coast in Sevastopol, he connected his life with the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Papanin was first sent to the Far North in 1925 to build a radio station in Yakutia. In 1931, he took part in the expedition of the Malygin icebreaker to the Franz Josef Land archipelago, a year later he returned to the archipelago as the head of a field radio station, and then created a scientific observatory and a radio center at Cape Chelyuskin.

P.P. Shirshov

Hydrobiologist and hydrologist Petr Petrovich Shirshov was also no stranger to Arctic expeditions. He graduated from the Odessa Institute of Public Education, was an employee of the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences, but he was attracted by travel, and in 1932 he was hired on an expedition to the icebreaking ship A. Sibiryakov ", and a year later he became a member of the tragic flight on" Chelyuskin ".

E.K. Fedorov

The youngest member of the expedition was Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov. He graduated from Leningrad University in 1934 and devoted his life to geophysics and hydrometeorology. Fedorov knew Ivan Papanin even before this expedition "North Pole-1". He worked as a magnetologist at the polar station in Tikhaya Bay at the ZPI, and then at the observatory at Cape Chelyuskin, where Ivan Papanin was his chief. After these winters Fedorov was included in the team for drifting on the ice floe.

E. T. Krenkel

The virtuoso radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel graduated from the courses of radiotelegraphists in 1921. At the final exams, he showed such a high speed of work in Morse code that he was immediately sent to the Lyubertsy radio station. Since 1924, Krenkel worked in the Arctic - first at Matochkin Shara, then at several other polar stations of Novaya and Severnaya Zemlya. In addition, he took part in expeditions aboard the Georgy Sedov and Sibiryakov and in 1030 managed to set a world record by contacting the American Antarctic station from the Arctic.

Funny dog

Another full-fledged member of the expedition is Vesely the dog. It was presented by the winterers of the island of Rudolph, from which the planes made a rush to the Pole. He brightened up the monotonous life on the ice, and was the soul of the expedition. A thieving soul, because he never denied himself the pleasure of sneaking into the warehouse with food on occasion and stealing something edible. In addition to enlivening the atmosphere, the main duty of Vesely was to warn of the approach of polar bears, which he did an excellent job.
There was no doctor on the expedition. His duties were assigned to Shirshov.


When preparing the expedition, we tried to take into account everything that was possible - from the operating conditions of the equipment to household trifles. The Papanin people were supplied with a solid supply of food, a camping laboratory, a windmill that generated energy and a radio station for communication with the earth. But, main feature This expedition consisted in the fact that it was prepared on the basis of theoretical ideas about the conditions of stay on an ice floe. But without practice, it was difficult to imagine how the expedition might end and, most importantly, how the scientists would have to be removed from the ice floe.


A tent was a dwelling and a camping laboratory during the drift. This structure was small - 4 x 2.5 m.It was insulated according to the principle of a down jacket: the frame was covered with 3 covers: the inner one was sewn from canvas, the middle cover was made of silk stuffed with eider down, the outer one was made of thin black tarpaulin soaked in waterproof compound. Reindeer skins lay on the canvas floor of the tent as insulation.
The Papanin residents recalled that it was very cramped inside and they were afraid of touching anything (laboratory samples were also kept in the tent, raised from the depths of the Arctic Ocean and preserved in alcohol in flasks).


I. Papanin cooking dinner
The food requirements for the polar explorers were quite strict - each day's diet had to consist of food with calories up to 7000 kcal. At the same time, the food had to be not only nutritious, but also contain a significant amount of vitamins - mainly vitamin C. For the nutrition of the expedition, concentrated soup mixtures were specially developed - a kind of present "bouillon cubes", only more useful and rich. One packet of this mixture was enough to make a good soup for four members of the expedition. In addition to soups, it was possible to prepare porridge, compotes from such mixtures.Also, even cutlets were prepared in a dry form for the expedition - in total, about 40 types of instant concentrates were developed - this required only boiling water, and all the food was ready in 2-5 minutes.
In addition to the usual dishes, absolutely new products with an interesting taste have appeared in the diet of polar explorers: in particular, crackers, 23% consisting of meat and "salty chocolate with an admixture of meat and chicken powder." In addition to concentrates, the Papanin residents had butter, cheese, and even sausage in their diet. Also, the expedition members were provided with vitamin tablets and sweets.
All the dishes were made on the principle that one item fits into another to save space. This subsequently began to be used by manufacturers of tableware, not only expeditionary, but also ordinary, household.


Almost immediately after landing on the ice, work began. Pyotr Shirshov carried out depth measurements, took soil samples, water samples at different depths, determined its temperature, salinity, oxygen content in it. All samples were immediately processed in a field laboratory. Evgeny Fedorov was responsible for meteorological observations. Atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative air humidity, wind direction and speed were measured. All information was transmitted by radio to Rudolf Island. These communication sessions were carried out 4 times a day.
To communicate with the ground, the central radio laboratory in Leningrad manufactured two special-order radio stations - a powerful 80-watt and a 20-watt emergency one; the main power source for them was a wind turbine (besides it, there was a hand-operated engine). All this equipment (its total weight was about 0.5 tons) was made by the feast of Krenkel's personal supervision and the leadership of radio engineer N.N. Stromilov.


Difficulties began after the new 1938. The ice floe drifted south and fell into bad weather. A crack appeared on it and its size was rapidly decreasing. However, the polar explorers tried to remain calm and observed the usual daily routine.
“In the tent, our glorious old living tent, a kettle was boiling, dinner was being prepared. Suddenly, in the midst of pleasant preparations, there was a sharp jolt and a creaky rustle. It seemed that silk or linen was being torn somewhere nearby, ”Krenkel recalled about how the ice cracked.
“Dmitrich (Ivan Papanin) could not sleep. He smoked (the first sign of excitement) and fiddled with household chores. Sometimes he looked longingly at the loudspeaker suspended from the ceiling. With the jolts, the loudspeaker swayed slightly and rattled. Towards morning, Papanin proposed to play chess. They played thoughtfully, calmly, with full awareness of the importance of the work being done. And suddenly, through the roar of the wind, an unusual noise broke through again. The ice floe shuddered convulsively. We decided not to stop the game, ”he wrote about the moment when the ice floe cracked under the tent itself.
Krenkel then rather casually transmitted Papanin's message on the radio: “As a result of a six-day storm at 8 am on February 1, the field was torn apart by cracks from half a kilometer to five in the area of ​​the station. We are on a fragment of a field 300 meters long and 200 meters wide (the initial size of the ice floe was approximately 2 X 5 km). Two bases were cut off, as well as a technical warehouse with minor property. Everything valuable has been saved from the fuel and utility depots. There was a crack under the living tent. We will move to a snow house. I will inform you additionally the coordinates today; in case of disconnection, please do not worry "
The ships "Taimyr" and "Murman" have already advanced to the polar explorers, but it was not easy to get to the station because of the difficult ice situation. The planes were also unable to pick up the polar explorers from the ice - the site for their landing on the ice collapsed, and one plane sent from the ship itself got lost, and a rescue expedition was created to search for it. The ships were able to break through to the station only when an ice hole formed, they received significant damage in the ice along the way.
On February 19, at 13:40, Murman and Taimyr moored to the ice field 1.5 km from the polar station. They took on board all the members of the expedition and their equipment. The last message of the expedition was as follows: “... At this hour we are leaving the ice floe at 70 degrees 54 minutes of the Nordic, 19 degrees 48 minutes of the messenger, and having covered over 2500 km in 274 days of drift. Our radio station was the first to report the news of the conquest of the North Pole, ensured reliable communication with the Motherland, and this telegram ends its work. " On February 21, the Papanin residents went over to the Ermak icebreaker, which delivered them to Leningrad on March 16.


The scientific results obtained in the unique drift were presented to the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1938 and were highly appreciated by specialists. All members of the expedition were awarded academic degrees and titles of Hero of the Soviet Union. Also, this title was awarded to the pilots - A. D. Alekseev, P. G. Golovin, I. P. Mazuruk and M. I. Shevelev.
Thanks to this first expedition, the following became possible - in the 1950s, the North Pole-2 expedition followed, and soon such wintering grounds became permanent. In 2015, the last North Pole expedition took place.

1. Determine the point on the earth's surface, relative to which the entire territory of Russia is located strictly in the south.
   show Answer: North Pole
2. What is the name of the steady winds, which change direction twice a year to the opposite and largely determine the climate of the Russian Far East?
   show Answer: Monsoons
3. Name one of the types of large rural settlements in the Cossack regions of the North Caucasus, South Urals and Siberia.
   show Answer: Stanitsa
4. What is the name of the set of processes of physical and chemical destruction of rocks under the influence of temperature fluctuations, freeze-thaw cycles and chemical action of water, atmospheric gases and organisms?
   show Answer: Weathering
5. Indicate the correct combination of natural zones and soils found on the territory of the Southern Federal District:
   A) humid subtropics - yellow soils; B) mountain meadows - sierozem;
   C) dry steppes - brown soils.
   show Answer: A) humid subtropics - yellow soils
6. Select from the list an object with the highest salinity water:
   A) the Caspian Sea; B) the Kara Sea; C) Lake Elton; D) Lake Ilmen.
   show Answer: B) Lake Elton
7. What does this symbol mean on topographic maps?

   show Answer: Shrub
   (see all designations on topographic maps)

8. Arrange mountain systems in ascending order of their maximum altitude:
   A) Khibiny; B) Altai; C) Western Sayan; D) Sikhote-Alin.
   show Answer: A - D - C - B
9. Name the indigenous mountain people of the Caucasus, whose population on the territory of Russia is about 470 thousand people, living mainly in the south of Dagestan, who became famous for the dances widespread in the Caucasus.
   show Answer: Lezgins
10. Name one of the traditional Russian ceramics centers, where the famous white-cobalt tableware is produced, which has become the same symbol of Russia as the balalaika and matryoshka dolls. Mikhail Lomonosov spoke highly of the quality of the clays mined here.
    show Answer: Gzhel
11. What are the names of the clouds of vertical development, which are associated with heavy rainfall, thunderstorms, hail, squally wind?
    show Answer: Cumulonimbus (answer "cumulus" is correct)
12. Name natural area Russia, where cloudberries and dwarf birches grow, are home to lemming and reindeer.
    show Answer: Tundra, forest-tundra
13. Arrange settlements in the direction from north to south:
    A) Syktyvkar; B) Ufa; C) Arkhangelsk; D) Perm.
    show Answer: C - A - D - B
14. What is the extreme mainland point of Russia, which is located in the Western Hemisphere.
    show Answer: Cape Dezhnev
15. Select from the list a city where the sun can sometimes be seen at midnight:
    Petrozavodsk, Vorkuta, Veliky Ustyug, St. Petersburg.
    show Answer: Vorkuta
16. The distance in a straight line from Botik Peter I pod Pereslavl-Zalessky to the Museum of Gramophones and Records is 200 meters. What will it equal on a 1: 100,000 scale map?
    Give the answer in centimeters.
    show Answer: 0.2 cm.
17. Select subject Russian Federation, within which there are territories with a subtropical climate:
    A) Rostov region; B) Krasnodar Territory; C) Astrakhan region; D) Stavropol Territory.
    show Answer: B) Krasnodar Territory
18. Name the large river of Russia, a tributary of the Volga, on the banks of which the hero Ilya Muromets and the poet Sergei Yesenin were born.
    show Answer: Oka
19. Indicate in which city from the list the sunrise comes before the others in the summer:
    A) Bryansk; B) Lipetsk; C) Samara; D) Penza.
    show Answer: B) Samara
20. Name the subject of the Russian Federation in which the day ends 2 hours later than in Astrakhan and Samara.
    show Answer: Kaliningrad region
21. Select from the list and indicate the river, the lower reaches of which are shown in the satellite image:
    A) Volga; B) Lena; C) Selenga; D) Yenisei.

    
    
    show Answer: B) Selenga

22. Name one of the oldest cities in Russia, a hero city located at the western borders of the country on the banks of the Dnieper.
    show Answer: Smolensk
23. Name the shallowest sea in Russia, its average depth is 8 meters, the largest is 15 meters, and the area is 11 times smaller than the area of ​​the Black Sea.
    show Answer: Azovskoe
24. Select a pair of objects from the list that are not geographically related to each other:
    A) Onega River - Lake Onega;
    B) the Okhota River - the Sea of ​​Okhotsk;
    C) the Chukotka Peninsula - the Chukchi Sea;
    D) Lake Taimyr - Taimyr Peninsula.
    show Answer: A) Onega river - Lake Onega
25. Name one of the oldest cities in Russia, founded on the Volga River in the 11th century, which is part of the Golden Ring of Russia tourist route.
    His coat of arms depicts a bear with an ax.
    show Answer: Yaroslavl
26. “The surroundings ... are characterized by miserable vegetation. Bora maims and kills everything. Only dry grass and bushes of a thorny tree can survive ... The first gusts of wind hit the decks of ships ... The wind quickly gains full strength, and in two or three hours a fierce hurricane is already gushing from the mountains to the bay and the city. It raises water in the bay and carries it to houses with showers ... Bora blows when the sky is clear. In winter, it is always accompanied by a hard frost. Ships turn into blocks of ice. Ice, breaking off the tackle, cripples and kills sailors ... ".

    About the outskirts of what Russian city did Konstantin Paustovsky write about?
    show Answer: Novorossiysk

27. Find out the city - the regional center of Russia by the lines from its anthem:

    “When the sun wakes up over the Northern Dvina
    And fogs will fall on the forests as dew,
    ... will smile at us broadly
    And it will conquer with its discreet northern beauty ”.

    show Answer: Arkhangelsk
28. Name the river to which Mikhail Lermontov's poem is dedicated:

    “His cry is like a storm,
    Tears are splashing.
    But, scattering across the steppe,
    He assumed the form of the crafty one
    And, affectionately caressing,
    Murmurs to the Caspian Sea ”.

    show Answer: Terek
29. Name the city of Russia about which the song is sung:

    “There is a native city on the Volga,
    Baptized with fire and sword
    The whole world flew around, the whole world went around
    Winged glory about him "
    (the author of the words is Anton Priishelets).

    show Answer: Volgograd
30. Name the expedition that took place in 1937-1938, in which those depicted on a postage stamp became famous
    Ivan Papanin, Evgeny Fedorov, Ernst Krenkel and Pyotr Shirshov.

    
    show Answer: Drifting station North Pole - 1
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Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin

PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (14 / 26.11.1894-30.01.1986), Arctic explorer, geographer, rear admiral. Born into a sailor's family. He headed the first Soviet drifting station "North Pole-1" (1937 - 38). Head of Glavsevmorput (1939 - 46), during Great Patriotic War authorized by the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North. Since 1951 he was the head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1952 - 72). The author of the books "Life on the Ice" (1938) and "Ice and Fire" (1977).

PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (1894-1986) - Soviet cultural figure, scientist, polar explorer, Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938), Rear Admiral (1943), Hero of the Soviet Union (1937, 1940).

An active participant in the Civil War in Russia in 1918-1922. In 1923-1932. worked in the People's Commissariat of Communications. In 1932-1933. headed the polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land; in 1934-1935 - polar station at Cape Chelyuskin; in 1937-1938 - the first drifting station "North Pole" ("SP-1"), Head of Glavsevmorput (1939-1946); simultaneously in 1941-1945. - authorized by the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North. In 1948-1951. - deputy. Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences; from 1951 - Head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and at the same time in 1952-1972. - Director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1945 - before. Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

Orlov A.S., Georgieva N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical Dictionary... 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. 380.

Ivan Papanin. Photo for memory. 1930s.
The original is at the Moscow House of Photography Museum.

From the encyclopedia

Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich [b. 14 (26) I. 1894, Sevastopol], Soviet explorer of the Arctic, twice Hero of the Sov. Union (27.6. 1937 and 3.2.1940), Rear Admiral (1943), Doctor of Geogr. Sciences (1938). Member The Communist Party of the Soviet Union since 1919. In 1914 he was drafted into the military. service in the navy. To Grazhd. During the war he took part in battles against the White Guards in the Ukraine and the Crimea. As part of a special detachment, he was sent to the rear of Wrangel's army to organize partisans. movement in the Crimea. In 1923-32 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Communications. In 1931, as a representative of this People's Commissariat, he participated in the Arctic. expedition of the icebreaker "Malygin" to Franz Josef Land. In 1932-33 he headed the polar expedition in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land, in 1934-35 - the polar station at Cape Chelyuskin, in 1937-38 - the first drifting station "North Pole" ("SP-1"), work on -roi laid the foundation for the systematic study of high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, meteorology, and hydrology. In 1939-46 P. - head of the Glavsevmorput, at the same time during the Great Patriotic War, he was authorized by the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North. In 1948-51 the deputy. Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions, and since 1951 head of the Department of Marine. forwarders. works of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1952-72 at the same time director of the Institute of Biology internal. waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1945 to. Moscow branch of Geogr. society of the USSR. At the 18th All-Union Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1941), he was elected a member of the Center, the Auditing Commission. Dep. Top. Council of the USSR of the 1st and 2nd convocations. He was awarded 8 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, the Orders of Nakhimov 1st degree, the Red Banner of Labor, the Red Star, as well as medals. A cape on the Taimyr Peninsula, mountains in Antarctica and a carriage, a mountain in Tikhiy approx.

Used materials of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 8 volumes, vol. 6

To supply the GULAG

Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich (11/14/1894, Sevastopol - 1/30/1986), polar explorer, statesman, Rear Admiral (1943), Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (06/27/1937, 3.2.1940). Member of the Civil War. In 1919 he joined the RCP (b). From 1931 he led polar expeditions. In 1937-38 he headed the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1". The tragic fate of the station was the focus of a major propaganda campaign launched to prove the superiority of the USSR over the West. In 1937-50 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1939-46 the beginning. Glavsevmorput, which played a vital role in the supply of the camps Gulag ... In 1941-52 he was a member of the Central Auditing Commission of the BKP (O). During the Great Patriotic War, he was simultaneously authorized by the State Defense Committee for transportation in the north. Since 1948, deputy. Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. From 1951 to the beginning. of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1951-72 he was director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author of the memoirs "Life on an Ice Floe" (1938) and "Ice and Fire" (1977).

Used materials from the book: Zalessky K.A. Stalin's empire. Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. Moscow, Veche, 2000

I. D. Papanin. Taimyr. Photo by Y. Khalin.

... If not for the case

Papanin's name would never have gone down in the history of world discoveries, if not for the case. In 1937 he was appointed head of the first Soviet drifting scientific station "North Pole".

Otherwise, his biography is quite traditional. He was born in Odessa into a poor family, reached the position of a ship mechanic, and worked as a locksmith for a long time. Like many people of his generation, Papanin was a Participant civil war... Then he worked in the North and sailed on icebreakers. During the expedition aboard the Graf Zeppelin I was on the Malygin icebreaker.

Before Papanin's expedition, man had already reached the North Pole. The first to get there was the Norwegian Roald Amundsen, in 1926 the American Bert and, finally, in 1928 the Italian Umberto Nobile. The organization of the North Pole station pursued completely different goals. The researchers had to stay in the pole area for many months and conduct a variety of scientific research.

The group of brave polar explorers consisted of four people: in addition to Papanin, it included hydrologist and biologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist and astronomer Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel. Papanin was approved as the head of the expedition, as well as the cook. The entire scientific program of this unique expedition was led by the famous polar explorer Otto Yulievich Schmidt.

The expedition was outfitted for a long time and very carefully: an insulated tent house was specially designed, a unique radio equipment was created, special food products were developed that could withstand strong frosts at 50 degrees, and storage for many months. The participants underwent a wide range of training. For example, P.P. Shirshov even completed a medical training course, since there was no doctor at the station.

In March 1937, an air expedition of four heavy bombers designed by A.N. Tupolev, grandiose at that time, flew north. On May 21, 1937, the expedition was landed on an ice floe near the North Pole. For two whole weeks, the equipment of the scientific station lasted, and only in early June the planes flew away. The ice floe began to slowly move south.

During the drift, unique scientific material was collected. The researchers discovered a huge underwater ridge that crossed the Arctic Ocean, conducted meteorological observations, daily at the same time Krenkel sent to The mainland weather report. It turned out that the polar regions are densely populated. Contrary to forecasts, polar bears, seals, and even seals came to the polar explorers. The water of the Arctic Ocean also turned out to be saturated with plankton.

The drift of this scientific station continued for two hundred and seventy-four days. By February 1938, the size of the ice floe had decreased so much that the polar explorers had to be removed. The famous epic of their salvation began. At this time, the station was in the Greenland Sea and was approaching warm waters Atlantic Ocean.

The first to go to the drifting station was the small hunting ship "Murmanets". He bravely entered the ice, but was soon squeezed and carried away into the Atlantic Ocean. The airship "USSR-B6", which took off to the rescue, crashed, crashing into a mountain near the city of Kandalaksha. Two submarines were also sent into the ice, but they could not surface in the drifting area.

Only on February 19, two powerful icebreakers, "Taimyr" and "Murman", were able to approach the expedition. A small single-engine aircraft was launched from the Taimyr and was the first to reach the drifting ice floe. It was piloted by the famous polar pilot Vlasov.

The next day, icebreakers approached the station. The polar explorers first went over to the Taimyr, and from it to the board of the Ermak, which had arrived in time by that time, the grandfather of the Russian icebreaker fleet. He was supposed to deliver the polar explorers to Leningrad. However, suddenly the captain of "Ermak" received an order to follow to Tallinn. Everyone who was on the ship wondered why it was necessary to enter the capital of Estonia.

Only many years later it became known that the notorious trial of Bukharin was taking place in Moscow just these days, and Stalin demanded that the meeting of the polar explorers take place after him. Indeed, the meeting of the brave heroes turned into a nationwide celebration. They were awarded state awards and became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

After that, Papanin worked as the head of the Northern Sea Route, and after the war he worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences.

Reprinted from the site http://visserf.com/?p=35

Moving from chekists to polar explorers

Heroes of a cruel time

Few people know that the famous polar explorer Ivan Papanin was ... a Chekist at a time when tens of thousands of dissidents were being exterminated on the Crimean peninsula. And yet, the legendary Crimean went down in history as the creator of the world's most powerful research fleet, which made the USSR the undisputed leader in the study of the World Ocean.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin belonged to the category of people who are usually called nuggets. He was born on November 26, 1894 in Sevastopol in the family of a port sailor, who led a half-miserable existence, not even having her own home. They huddled in a strange structure of 4 walls, two of which were pipes, trying to earn at least some penny, helping the mother to pull out the family. Ivan, the eldest of the children, especially got it. The boy studied well, was the first in the class in all subjects, for which he received an offer to continue his studies at public expense. But the impressions of a beggar and disenfranchised childhood will be decisive in the formation of his personality and character.

At the head of the partisan movement

The most striking event, according to the recollections of Papanin himself, was the uprising of sailors on "Ochakov" in 1905 for him. He sincerely admired the courage of the sailors on their way to certain death. It was then that the future convinced revolutionary was formed in him. At this time, he was learning a craft, working at the factories of his native Sevastopol. By the age of 16, Ivan Papanin was among the best workers of the Sevastopol plant for the manufacture of navigation devices. And at the age of 18, he was selected as the most capable for further work at the shipyard in Revel (present-day Tallinn). At the beginning of 1915, Ivan Dmitrievich was drafted into the Navy as a technical specialist. In October 1917, together with other workers, he went over to the side of the Red Guards and plunged headlong into revolutionary work. Returning from Revel to Sevastopol, Papanin is actively involved in the establishment of Soviet power here. After the occupation of Crimea by German troops on the basis of the Brest Peace, Ivan went underground and became one of the leaders of the Bolshevik partisan movement on the peninsula. The professionals of the revolution Mokrousov, Frunze, Kuhn entrust him with secret and most difficult tasks. Over the years, he has gone through all imaginable difficulties - "fire, water, and copper pipes."

In August 1920, a group of communists and military specialists of the Red Army, led by A. Mokrousov, landed in the Crimea. Their task was to organize partisan warfare in the Crimea. Papanin also joined Mokrousov. The insurgent army they had assembled dealt serious blows to Wrangel. The White Guards had to withdraw their troops from the front. To destroy the partisans, military units from Feodosia, Sudak, Yalta, Alushta, Simferopol began to surround the forest. However, the partisan detachments managed to break out of the encirclement and retreat into the mountains. It was necessary to contact the command, report on the situation and coordinate their plans with the headquarters of the Southern Front. It was decided to send a reliable person to Soviet Russia. The choice fell on I. D. Papanin.

In this situation, it was possible to get to Russia only through Trebizond. It was possible to agree with the smugglers that for a thousand Nikolaev rubles they would transport a person to the opposite shore of the Black Sea. The journey was long and unsafe. He managed to meet with the Soviet consul, who on the very first night sent Papanin on a large transport ship to Novorossiysk. And already in Kharkov he was received by the commander of the Southern Front, MV Frunze. Having received the necessary help, Papanin began to prepare for the return journey. In Novorossiysk, he was joined by the future famous writer Vsevolod Vishnevsky.

It was November, the sea was constantly storming, but it was impossible to waste time. One night the paratroopers went to sea on the ships "Rion", "Shokhin" and a boat where Papanin was. We walked in the dark, with the lights extinguished, in the midst of a violent storm. The boat circled for a long time, looking for "Rion" and "Shokhin" in the dark, but, convinced of the futility of the search, headed for the Crimea. On the way we stumbled upon the White Guard ship "Three Brothers". To prevent the crew from reporting about the landing, the owner of the vessel and his companion ... were taken hostage, and the crew was given an ultimatum: not to approach the shore for 24 hours. The incessant storm has exhausted everyone. In the dark we approached the village of Kapsikhor. They dragged all the cargo to the shore. Replenished with local residents, the detachment of Mokrousov and Papanin moved to Alushta, disarming the retreating White Guards along the way. On the way to the city, the red partisans joined forces with the 51st Division of the Southern Front.

Commissioner who was ashamed

After the defeat of the last army of the white movement - Wrangel's army - Papanin was appointed commandant of the Crimean Extraordinary Commission (Cheka). During this work, he received gratitude for the confiscated valuables saved.

Needless to say, what is the Cheka, especially in the Crimea. An extremely important mission was entrusted to this organization here - to physically destroy the remnants of the whites, the flower of the Russian officers. Despite Frunze's promises to save their lives after they lay down their arms, about 60 thousand people were shot, drowned, buried alive.

Unfortunately, it is difficult to trace the transformation of Papanin's worldview over the terrible years of the revolution. But, undoubtedly, these bloody events left many scars on his heart. As the commandant of the Cheka, he saw and knew everything, but did not write or say anything about it anywhere and never. He did not write, and he could not write, for otherwise he would have been turned into "camp dust", like many thousands of his associates.

Of course, Ivan Dmitrievich, being a cheerful and benevolent person by nature, conscientious and humane, could not help but think about what was happening. It is curious that it was Papanin who became the prototype of the sailor Shvandi in the play by the playwright K. Trenev "Lyubov Yarovaya". He, of course, compared the ideals to which the Bolsheviks called, and what happened in real life before his eyes and with his participation. He drew conclusions and decided on an unexpected act, which can only be explained by changes in views on what is happening. He seriously decided to move away from politics and revolution and take up science.

Without receiving special knowledge, having passed the thorny path of self-education, he will reach significant scientific heights. Thus, Papanin's "first" life was given to the revolution, and the "second" to science. His ideals were drowned in the blood streams of the Bolshevik Red Terror, and, realizing his guilt and repenting, he decides to distance himself from revolutionary violence. However, over the next four years, Papanin could not find a place for himself in the literal and figurative sense of the word.

Fate decreed that in the future I.D. Papanin will be treated kindly by Stalin, being always in his sight. For Papanin, the "second half" of life is much longer - as much as 65 years. He becomes the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee in Kharkov. However, by the will of fate, he again got into the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet as a secretary, and in April 1922 he was transferred to Moscow as the commissar of the Administrative Directorate of the Glavmortekhkhozupra. The next year, having already demobilized, he goes to work in the system of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs as the manager of affairs and the head of the Central Directorate of the militarized guard.

Papanin is constantly changing his job and place of residence. It seems that something is tormenting him, for some reason his soul hurts, he is looking for reassurance for her and for such an occupation where she would find peace, get the opportunity to detach herself from what she has experienced for a while, change her mind and sort things out. And the North became such a place for him. Here, in 1925, Papanin started building a radio station in Yakutia and proved himself to be an excellent organizer and just a person who can be trusted to solve complex issues and who will never let you down, even under the most difficult conditions. It was for these qualities that the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) appointed him in 1937 as the head of the polar station SP-1.

The way to the North is the way to yourself

For Soviet Russia, the opening of permanent navigation of ships along the Northern Sea Route was of great importance. For this purpose, a special department was even created - Glavsevmorput. But to operate the track, it was necessary to conduct a series of multifaceted scientific research in the Arctic: to identify the presence of underwater currents, ice drift paths, the timing of their melting, and much more. To resolve these issues, it was necessary to land a scientific expedition directly on the ice floe. The expedition had to work on ice for a long time. The risk of dying in these extreme conditions was very high.

Perhaps no event between the two world wars attracted as much attention as the drift of the “Papanin Four” in the Arctic. Scientific work on the ice floe lasted 274 days and nights. At first it was a huge ice field of several square kilometers, and when the Papanin residents were removed from it, the size of the ice barely reached the area of ​​a volleyball court. The whole world followed the epic of polar explorers, and everyone wanted only one thing - the salvation of people.

After this feat, Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Yevgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov turned into national heroes, became a symbol of everything Soviet, heroic and progressive. If you look at the newsreels about how Moscow met them, it becomes clear what these names meant at that time. After the gala reception in Moscow, there were dozens, hundreds, thousands of meetings all over the country. Polar explorers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This was Papanin's second such award - he received the first at the beginning of the drift.

It was in 1938, a terrible year for the country. At this time, thousands of people were killed, most of them making up the intellectual elite of the people. The criterion for reprisals was one thing - the ability to provide not only active, but also passive resistance to the totalitarian regime. Especially purposefully they dealt with those who established Soviet power, with the Bolsheviks of the first draft. There is nothing surprising in this - the old guard could be the first to oppose the revision of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, and therefore was subject to destruction. And Papanin would have been among these victims if he had not left the Cheka in 1921.

Papanin lived for another 40 years, filled with deeds, events, people. After drifting in the Arctic, he becomes the first deputy, and then the head of the Glavsevmorput. Tasks of enormous state importance fell on his shoulders. Since the beginning of the war, he is building a new port in Arkhangelsk, which was simply necessary to receive ships bringing in goods from the United States under Lend-Lease. He deals with similar problems in Murmansk and in the Far East.

After the war, Ivan Dmitrievich again works in Glavsevmorput, and then creates a scientific fleet of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1951, he was appointed head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Work under the apparatus of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Papanin's merits were highly appreciated. Few people had such an "iconostasis" of awards, like his. In addition to two titles of Hero of the Soviet Union, 9 Orders of Lenin and many other orders and medals, not only Soviet, but also foreign. He was also awarded the military rank of Rear Admiral and a scientist - Doctor of Geographical Sciences.

Probably, an outstanding person in any historical era and under any life circumstances is able to realize potential opportunities. The external canvas of events, the framing of fate are different, but the internal, decisive side remains constant. Firstly, it concerns efforts to achieve the basic goals, and, secondly, the ability to remain a person of high moral principles under any historical conditions. Papanin's life is a vivid confirmation of this.

Died I.D. Papanin in January 1986. His name is immortalized three times on geographic map... The waters of the polar seas are plowed by ships named after him. He is an honorary citizen of Sevastopol, his hometown, in which one of the streets is named after Papanin.

Sergey Chennyk

Reprinted here from the site http://www.c-cafe.ru/days/bio/21/papanin.php

Compositions:

Life on an ice floe. Diary. Ed. 7th. M., 1977;

Ice and fire. M., 1977.

Literature:

People of immortal feat. Book. 2. Ed. 4th. M., 1975.

Biological processes in inland waters [to the 70th anniversary of ID Papanin]. M.-L., 1965.

Kremer V. A. Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin. - "Meteorology and Hydrology", 1964.

Rescue expedition to evacuate Papanin residents

The USSR government was seriously concerned about the alarming situation at the SP-1 station. Already on January 10, 1938, the icebreaking steamer "Taimyr" with the P-5 aircraft on board and the motorboat "Murmanets" came out to the Papanin residents. Spirin flew two TsKB-30 aircraft to Murmansk, so that from there, if necessary, fly to the ice camp. The repair of the Ermak icebreaker was urgently completed in Leningrad.

Making its way to Papanin's camp, "Murmanets" fought desperately against the ice, and on clear water "Taimyr" fought a fierce storm. The deck superstructures of the vessel were seriously damaged, the deck and gear were iced up, and hydrogen balloons for balloon-probes were washed overboard.

The campaign turned out to be difficult for the three submarines allocated by the Northern Fleet command. These were D-3, Shch-402, Shch-404, who had just returned from exercises. They were sent to help "Taimyr" and to support the flight of the airship "USSR V-6".

On February 2, the commander of a squadron of airships N.S. Gudovantsev turned to the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet with a proposal to use an airship to save the Papanin people. On the same day, at an emergency meeting in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a positive decision was made on this issue. Preparation of the USSR V-6 airship begins immediately, for which only three days are allotted.

"USSR V-6" was the largest airship in the country and corresponded to the type of semi-rigid airships "Norway" and "Italy". It was also designed by the Italian designer Umberto Nobile and built in 1933 at the Dirizhablestroy enterprise in Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region. Its shell had a volume of 18.5 thousand cubic meters, length - 104.5, diameter - 19.5 meters. Three 265 hp engines provided speed with a load of 8.5 tons up to 110 km / h. The flight range reached 4.5 thousand km. In 1937, this device set a world record for the duration of a flight without refueling - 130.5 hours. The "USSR V-6" has repeatedly made non-stop flights from Moscow to Leningrad, Petrozavodsk, Kazan, Sverdlovsk.

The airship crew was reinforced with the best specialists. The first navigator was approved by A.A. Ritsland, a participant in the landing of the Papanins in the crew of Molokov. For many rank-and-file positions of assistant helmsmen and mechanics, they took commanders from other airships, which turned out to be a mistake - they had lost their practical experience.

The material part was carefully checked, fuel, food, equipment were loaded on board. An electric winch was installed for lowering and lifting a two-seater cabin, with the help of which it was expected to evacuate the Papanin people from the ice floe. Preparation went on around the clock

"USSR V-6" with a crew of 19 took off from Moscow in the late evening of February 5, 1938. Politburo member A.I. Mikoyan. In the official press there was a message: the airship went on a training flight on the route Moscow - Murmansk. In the light of the searchlights, the gigantic torso of the airship lifted off the ground and disappeared into the darkness of the night. In the afternoon of February 6, having safely passed Petrozavodsk and Kem, the ship moved to Kandalaksha, where it fell into a zone of heavy snow. At about 20:00, local residents received alarming reports of a strong hum and an explosion. From the memoirs of the airship flight engineer V.A. Ustinovich:

“I was resting in a hammock above the crew gondola in front of my watch when I was awakened by a terrible blow and the crackling of trees. I felt the smoke, I realized we were on fire ... I broke through the keel skin and fell out. Almost 20 thousand "cubes" of hydrogen is a sea of ​​fire! Burning debris broke in the trees and fell down. The snow was deep, not less than a meter, and that saved ...

There were six of us nine out of nineteen - all who survived. In addition to me, the mechanics Konstantin Novikov, Aleksey Burmakin and Dmitry Matyunin, who were on watch in the motor gondolas, the fourth assistant commander Viktor Pochekin and the radio engineer Ariy Vorobyov, survived. " (Kaminsky, 2006).

The survivors recalled that the altimeter readings along the route did not correspond to the heights of the hills over which the airship flew. Navigator Myachkov was the first to see a large mountain along the course and raised the alarm. The helmsmen worked feverishly at the helms, trying to lift the nose of the airship and increase the altitude. But the mountain was inevitably advancing. After hitting the slope, the structure could not stand it and began to fall apart. The broken phosphoric lighting bombs caused a fire.

The fatal obstacle was Neblo-Gora, 18 km from railway station White Sea. The cause of the disaster can be considered schematic maps drawn up at the beginning of the century, and the commander's decision to move at a dangerously low altitude in bad weather. Why not immediately go up, behind the clouds? In Moscow, at the Novodevichy cemetery, urns with the ashes of 13 dead astronauts rest in the wall of an old monastery. Everything is arranged according to the highest standard, but who makes it easier?

... Now only sailors could act as rescuers. On February 15, the icebreaking steamers Murman and Taimyr were 50-60 km from the Papanin ice floe. A kind of rivalry arose between the ships: who would be the first to reach the goal. On February 12, Krenkel saw lights on the horizon that differed from the stars in their immobility. Fedorov brought the theodolite and became convinced of their "earthly" origin. Having agreed on the radio with "Taimyr" about the exchange of signals, Papanin lit a magnesium rocket. She was noticed on the ship.

At this time, the ice floe with the remnants of the camp was near Greenland, the rugged mountainous coast was clearly visible. The Taimyr could not come closer because of the hummocks, and flat young fields were needed for the onboard aircraft.

On February 14, the ice began to break, and the Taimyr moved closer to the camp. On the same day, the second icebreaking steamer "Murman", on board of which was the Sh-2 Cherevichny plane, came here. This pilot flew twice in search of, but did not return from the second flight. To find him, Vlasov was sent from Taimyr, who accidentally stumbled upon the SP-1 airfield and landed. Papanin, who met him, advised the pilot not to waste time on them and to continue searching for Cherevichny, who could be in a critical situation.

While combing the surroundings, Vlasov discovered the missing plane and took the pilots to the steamer on two flights. Later "Taimyr" approached this place and lifted the car aboard. It turned out that the onset of darkness and thick fog forced the pilots to land. To save fuel, the engine was turned off. We spent a long polar night in a cramped cockpit, while daylight hours were carried with a worn out engine. It was never launched, after which another difficult overnight stay followed.

On the night of February 19, the Murman approached the SP-1 camp, and later the Taimyr. It was the 274th day on the ice. Nearby, shining with numerous lights, were two ships. The people of Papanin tied notebooks with valuable notes in packs, carefully packed them and photographic films into backpacks. The meteorological instruments were not removed in order to make the last observations in the morning. Nobody slept. Papanin and Krenkel silently bent over the chess. In the morning a large group of sailors came to the camp. Following the order of the leadership of the expedition, they collected the equipment scattered on the surface of the ice floe, dug a tent that was brought in from the snow and transferred it all to the steamer. Thanks to this foresight, the SP-1 tent is currently on display at the Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic in St. Petersburg.

When the winterers and the greeters approached the ships, a dispute arose: who would take whom. They seduced with stocks of beer, fruits and vegetables, frightened rivals with an abundance of bedbugs. As a result, they drew lots. It fell to Papanin and Krenkel to go on the "Murman", and Fedorov and Shirshov - on the "Taimyr". They were escorted to the wardroom and immediately poured a glass of alcohol under the herring and pickled cucumber. The first hot bath in nine months was followed by a real banquet.

Soon the ships met with the icebreaker "Ermak" headed by O.Yu. Schmidt. Papanin's men went on board. In the North Sea, the icebreaker was caught in a violent storm, during which it was laid at 45 degrees. It was impossible not only to walk and stand, but even to sleep. Having replenished coal reserves in Tallinn, "Ermak" went to Leningrad. The wives and journalists met them in advance, coming out to meet them on the port icebreaker Truvor.

After the rally in the port, the Papanin residents together with their wives were taken to the city in cars. Having squeezed through the human sea with difficulty, we got to the hotel "Evropeyskaya". But the polar explorers practically did not need it, since at midnight, after the concert, they boarded the Moscow train. At the Oktyabrsky (now Leningradsky) railway station they were met by the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs M.M. Litvinov, Chief of the Civil Air Fleet V.S. Molokov, hero pilots A.V. Belyakov, M.M. Gromov, V.P. Chkalov, A.B. Yumashev. Komsomolskaya Square, despite a cloudy and damp day, was crowded with people. After a short meeting with a speech by Papanin, we moved to the Kremlin.

About 800 people were waiting for the heroes in the St. George Hall; members of the Politburo, headed by I.V. Stalin. All were seated at the set tables; Papanin's people, of course, are at a separate table together with the country's leadership. The official part ended with a concert. Everyone got home only in the morning.

From the memoirs of I.D. Papanin:

“We arrived in Leningrad on Tuesday, March 15th. The newspapers wrote then that the meeting turned into a popular celebration. And how worried our four was ...

At 3:50 a.m., when the mighty icebreaker, decorated with flags, appeared in the port, all ships greeted him with honks. Orchestras thundered on the shore, drowning them out, a squadron of aircraft swept over the port in the sky.

On March 17, the expedition members arrived in Moscow. A road strewn with flowers awaited them. Kremlin, St. George Hall. Polyarnikov was greeted by the entire Politburo headed by Stalin ...

Stalin sat me down next to him.

“Now let's drink, comrade Papanin, to victory,” he said, raising his glass. - The work was difficult, but we were all sure that your four will do it with honor! (Papanin, 1977).

Drift participants received high government awards. After the completion of the air expedition "North" in June 1937, I.D. Papanin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and Krenkel, Fedorov and Shirshov were awarded the Orders of Lenin. After the end of the drift, the title of Hero was awarded to Krenkel, Fedorov and Shirshov, and Papanin received the Order of Lenin. The Higher Attestation Commission awarded all four the titles of doctors of geographical sciences without defending their dissertations, and the Academy of Sciences soon approved Fedorov and Shirshov as Corresponding Members. Even the dog Merry, who brought a lot of joys and worries to the expedition members, did not pass high honors.

“When we took the dog with us, somehow we didn’t think about its further fate. We talked about his antics in print, which made the Merry world famous.

At a reception in the Kremlin, Stalin asked:

- And where is Merry?

I explained to him that he was still at Ermak.

- I think he will be fine at my dacha.

Then, when I was undergoing treatment in Barvikh, I often saw Merry on a walk - he accompanied Alliluyev, I.V.'s father-in-law. Stalin. Merry did not forget me, wagged his tail affably, but did not leave the new owner. That's right: a new musher is a new affection. " (Papanin, 1977).

The achievements of Soviet polar explorers found a wide response in many countries of the world. In the central square of Spanish Barcelona, ​​for example, a large semi-globe of the northern half of the globe was installed. On its top was a red flag indicating the location of the North Pole drifting station, and the drift line was marked with a red stripe.

Assessing the scientific significance of the work carried out at the SP-1 station, Professor V.Yu. Wiese wrote:

“The observations of the first Soviet drifting station made a major contribution to the treasury of world science. They opened to the scientist's eyes a part of the Earth that had remained previously unexplored. " (Wiese, 1948).

Oceanographic observations gave much new knowledge of the nature of the Arctic basin. Even F. Nansen, during the Fram drift, discovered penetration into high latitudes of Atlantic waters with positive temperatures. But how far north they went, no one knew. Research by "SP-1" showed that these waters reach the Pole and form a thick layer there - up to 500 meters.

During the drift, Shirshov took 38 complete hydrological stations between the pole and 76 degrees north latitude. An important achievement was the confirmation of Nansen's hypothesis about the existence of an underwater ridge between Greenland and Spitsbergen, the so-called "Nansen's Rapid". The Norwegian discovered its eastern slope from the Svalbard side, and Shirshov - the western one, from the Greenland side. The depth of the ridge top was only 1300-1400 meters there.

Interesting materials were collected on the study of the drift of the ice floe on which the station was located. In 274 days, she covered 1134 miles, or 2100 km, in the general direction to the southwest.

Shirshov, Krenkel, Papanin and Fedorov aboard the icebreaker

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