Define the concept of emergency response. Emergency response

Elimination of consequences emergencies should be carried out to the maximum short time... There are three main stages in this activity.

At the first stage, measures are taken to emergency protection of the population. Through the warning system, the population is informed about emergencies and the need to use personal protective equipment. People are being evacuated from dangerous areas and provided with first aid. Urgent measures are taken to localize accidents, and, if necessary, a set of fire-fighting measures is put into effect. It is also possible to temporarily stop technological processes at enterprises or to change them.

At this stage, preparations are made for the performance of rescue and other urgent work. For this purpose, specially trained rescue units are created in advance. At industrial facilities, rescue units are formed from the number of employees of this facility (units civil defense object).

To obtain information about the situation that has developed as a result of the emergency, reconnaissance of the focus of destruction is carried out - the territory in which negative consequences have arisen as a result of the action of dangerous and harmful factors caused by the emergency. The shape of the lesion focus depends on the type of emergency: in case of explosions and earthquakes - the shape is round, in case of hurricanes, floods and tornadoes - it looks like a strip, in case of fires and landslides, an irregular-shaped lesion is formed, etc. Distinguish between simple and complex (combined) lesions. Simple lesions arise under the influence of one dangerous or harmful factor of an emergency situation, and combined ones - from the influence of several factors.

In the second stage, rescue and other urgent work, and the fulfillment of tasks to protect the population and mitigate the consequences of emergencies, which began at the first stage, continues. Localization and extinguishing of fires, as well as rescue of people from burning buildings and structures continue. If, as a result of an emergency situation, protective shelters and shelters in which people were located are destroyed or overwhelmed, they are searched for and removed from the rubble. The injured and injured are taken to medical facilities. The evacuation of the population from hazardous areas is also continuing.

If necessary (release into the environment of radioactive or toxic chemical substances, as well as bacteriological agents) carry out special treatment, which is a set of measures taken to restore the readiness of people who are part of special formations and the equipment used to continue emergency recovery work in the foci, as well as prepare facilities for the resumption of production activities ...

The special treatment consists of decontamination and sanitization. Disinfection includes the following operations: decontamination, degassing, disinfection and deratization. Decontamination - is the removal of radioactive substances from surfaces various subjects, as well as purification of water from them. There are mechanical and physicochemical (chemical) methods for removing radioactive substances (radioactive dust) from the surfaces to be cleaned. Mechanical removal of radioactive dust is reduced to washing it off with water under pressure from the surface of contaminated objects. Using chemical method radioactive dust is bound with special solutions, thereby preventing its spread in the environment. For this, surfactants (powder F-2, preparation OP-7 and OP-10) and complexing substances, acids and alkalis (sodium phosphates, Trilon B, oxalic and citric acids, salts of these acids) are used.

If the contaminated area has a hard surface, then it is decontaminated mechanically. Areas without a hard coating are treated with film-forming and fixing solutions (latex, alcohol sulfate stillage, oil sludge, etc.) or simply water, after which the radioactive dust bound in this way is removed from the surface of the contaminated area, cutting off the contaminated soil layer 5-10 cm thick with bulldozers or graders This soil is placed in metal containers and disposed of in special landfills. The treated area is covered with a layer of uncontaminated soil 9–10 cm thick. Building surfaces are decontaminated by binding radioactive dust with film-forming compounds, followed by its removal with powerful vacuum cleaners. It is also possible to treat the surfaces of low-rise buildings and vegetation with water or decontamination solutions using special equipment (fire engines, motor pumps).

There are various methods of water decontamination: filtration, settling, distillation, purification using ion exchange resins. Infected open reservoirs are decontaminated by treating with absorbing and complexing clays. Cleaning of rivers, streams and other drains is carried out by passing water through filter-type dams. They use an adsorbent filler as a filter element. Decontamination of wells is carried out by repeatedly pumping water out of them and removing contaminated soil from the bottom. To decontaminate packaged food, replace contaminated containers. If the products have not been packed, then the contaminated layer is removed from their surface.

The next neutralization operation is degassing. It is used to decompose poisonous and highly toxic substances into non-toxic products. Also used as degassing substances chemical compounds that react with poisonous and potent poisonous substances.

To remove toxic and potent chemicals from contaminated surfaces, use detergent solutions prepared on the basis of SF-24 powder or household synthetic detergents. These solutions do not neutralize toxic substances, but only allow them to be quickly washed off the contaminated surface.

Degassing is carried out using water, washing solutions, degassing solutions and organic matter using washing machines. If there is a combined contamination with radioactive and toxic substances, then degassing is carried out first, and only then decontamination.

To destroy pathogens of infectious diseases of humans and animals in the environment, disinfection. It is carried out by physical, chemical and mechanical methods.

Physical methods are used mainly for intestinal infections. These include: boiling linen, dishes, patient care items, burning things that are unnecessary and unsuitable for further use. Chemical method decontamination consists in the destruction of pathogenic microbes and the destruction of toxins with disinfectants, which are ethanol, propanol, phenol (carbolic acid) and its derivatives (for example, trichlorophenol), as well as a number of other substances. The territory infected with bacteriological agents is treated (watered) with disinfectants. This method of decontamination is the main one. The mechanical method of disinfection is to remove the contaminated soil layer or to arrange the flooring.

In order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, methods are used deratization, consisting in the destruction of the carriers of these diseases (mice, rats, other rodents). Like disinfection, deratization can be carried out by chemical, mechanical and biological methods. For example, rats are killed using barium carbonate as a toxic chemical.

As stated above, special processing includes and sanitization, which is understood as a set of measures to eliminate contamination of the personnel of rescue teams and the population with radioactive and toxic substances, as well as bacteriological means. During sanitization, both the surface of the human body and the external mucous membranes are disinfected. They also process clothing, footwear and personal protective equipment.

Distinguish between full and partial sanitization. The first of them is exposed to the personnel of rescue teams, as well as the evacuated population after leaving the contaminated areas. With complete sanitization, complete disinfection from radioactive, toxic and bacterial agents is ensured. It is carried out at the points of special processing of people. Clothes and other objects and things are disinfected by the chamber or gas method, as well as by soaking in disinfectant solutions and subsequent washing, boiling, etc.

Partial sanitization is carried out directly in the lesion focus to exclude secondary infection of people. At the same time, mechanical cleaning and processing of open areas of the skin, surfaces of clothing, shoes and personal protective equipment is carried out.

At the final (third) stage, work begins on restoration of functioning of objects of the national economy, which are carried out by construction, assembly and other special organizations... In addition, housing repairs or the construction of temporary residential buildings are carried out. Energy and water supply, utility facilities and communication lines are also being restored. After the completion of these and a number of other works, the return (re-evacuation) of the population to the place of permanent residence is carried out.

Control questions

1. Give a definition of the concept of "emergency" (ES).

2. What is the relationship between the concepts of "danger", "risk" and "emergency"?

3. What are the emergency criteria?

4. How are emergency situations classified?

5. What is the damage from emergency situations?

6. Name the stages of emergency.

7. What is the duration of the development of emergency situations?

8. What is the scale of the emergency?

9. What are "ecological disasters" "?

10. List the causes and stages of man-made disasters.

11. What are the medical consequences of the Chernobyl accident?

12. How is the sustainability of the work of objects of the national economy in emergency situations ensured?

13. What should be done to increase the stability of the functioning of the most important types of technical systems and objects of the national economy in emergency situations?

14. List the main stages of emergency response.

15. Explain the concepts of "decontamination", "degassing", "disinfection", "deratization".

Material damage from fires is estimated at more than 1% of the annual gross product of Belarus.

Assessment of economic damage.

Consists of direct(destruction of industrial facilities, damage to houses, rates of death of livestock, crops, etc.). and consequential damages. Indirect damage is the cost of evacuation, delivery of food, building materials to the victims. This is also a lost income, a shortfall in profit, payments of the State Insurance for the destruction of crops, goods, material values.

To determine direct damage, it is necessary to know the cost of fixed assets before and after an emergency. Their difference is the amount of direct material damage (i.e., the losses of the production basis are determined). To do this, it is necessary to have data on the degree of damage to objects: housing stock, industrial and agricultural facilities, etc. Need to know: the book value of destroyed buildings and structures, the cost of planting agricultural crops (seeds), forests, the book value of dead livestock + the cost of restoring destroyed buildings, restoring livestock, planting agricultural crops, forests.

Also taken into account the cost of spoiled products (industrial, agricultural), etc. In the event of a flood: all this + the amount of lost income due to the loss of crops.

The economic damage from natural disasters on a global scale has increased 8 times over the past 30 years. As a result of disasters and natural disasters the annual material damage from emergencies on a global scale is more than 100 billion... in dollars.

By frequency of occurrence, area of ​​distribution and total average annual material damage floods rank first among natural disasters. In terms of the number of human victims and material damage, floods occupy 2nd place after earthquakes ... V it is not possible to prevent them entirely in the near future. Floods can only be mitigated or contained.

In the Russian Federation, up to 2% is spent annually on eliminating the consequences of emergencies gross product. According to experts' forecasts, this share may increase in the future. up to 4-5%, which will exceed the items of expenditure on health care and protection the environment taken together.

are carried out in a short time: it is necessary to quickly save people, provide them with emergency assistance, and prevent other catastrophic consequences. To carry out urgent rescue operations, rescue teams, emergency technical teams, and other formations that if necessary, evacuate the population to safe areas; strengthen the structures of buildings and structures in emergency condition; arrange driveways in the rubble; restore damaged power lines, gas and water pipelines; restore roads, bridges, etc.

The state emergency response system carries out development of life support facilities after a natural disaster:

* Provision of drinking water, distribution of food products, their safety;

* Waste disposal, burial of corpses.

* Equipment of collection points for victims and medical points;

Organization of temporary settlements and camps for evacuees - RISK OF AN EPIDEMIC !!!

The emergency is considered liquidated when the immediate threat to human life and health is eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level, the impact of damaging factors is localized or suppressed, and the primary life support of the population is organized.

Emergency response includes conducting all types of reconnaissance and urgent work in the emergency zone and in the adjacent areas, as well as organizing life support for the affected population and personnel of the forces. ().

Using predictive data on possible emergencies in a certain subordinate area (object), their nature and scale, the management body for the Civil Defense of Emergency Situations draws up an emergency situation, which may include:

The order of work;
- order of protection public order in the emergency zone;
- special events taking into account the specifics of the area (territory, object);
- measures of medical support;
- security;
- management organization;
- issues of material and technical support and more.

The effectiveness of emergency response largely depends on the urgency of the response to them. This consists in the implementation of interrelated actions of the leadership and day-to-day management of the RSChS to immediately receive information about the occurrence of an emergency, timely notify the population and interested organizations about this, as well as clarify and analyze the situation, make decisions and organize the actions of forces and means of emergency response.

Having received information about the occurrence of an emergency, the management body of the State Emergency Situations Committee, using the warning equipment, organizes prompt notification of the population of the city (village) about the occurrence of an emergency.

The chairman of the commission for civil defense emergencies, using prognostic data and initial data on the nature and scale of emergencies, makes decisions in which, at a minimum, indicates the main tasks, the composition of forces and means, instructions on the protection of personnel of the formations and the procedure for rescuing people.

To obtain reliable information in the disaster zone (a part of the emergency zone that requires additional and immediately provided assistance and material resources for emergency response), integrated reconnaissance is organized, in which specialists - chemists, engineers, firefighters and doctors - participate.

If necessary, the link includes specialist epidemiologists who take air and soil samples for laboratory determination of the type of infectious agents. For reconnaissance at agricultural production facilities, specialists of phytosanitary supervision and veterinarians are involved.

On the basis of data received from various agencies and special integrated intelligence, the chairman of the commission for civil defense emergency situations in a complex assesses the situation and makes a decision.

Conducting rescue and other urgent work (ASDNR) in the disaster zones of the emergency area is one of the main tasks of the forces and means of the RSChS (including civil defense).

The purpose of the ASDNR in the affected areas is to rescue people and provide medical assistance to the injured, localize accidents and eliminate damage that impede rescue operations, and create conditions for subsequent recovery work.

The organization of rescue operations should be based on differentiated approach depending on the situation, a two-stage system of medical and evacuation support is provided: first medical and first medical aid provided directly in the disaster zone, as well as specialized care and inpatient treatment outside the accident area (in medical institutions).

For the evacuation of victims, certain rules have been established. First of all, the transport is loaded with severely injured, and then moderately affected, who can ride while sitting, the last - lightly injured.

The conditions for carrying out the ASDNR require from the personnel of the formations strict adherence to security measures. This will prevent accidents, loss of personnel of formations and the population during the ASDNR. In the interests of successful liquidation of possible emergencies, it is necessary to carry out a priori analytical work to study the hazards and causes by the DOP method.

Depending on the nature (genesis) of hazards and causes leading to emergencies, there are:
- Natural emergencies (for example, earthquakes, floods);
- social nature and others.
This division is conditional. For example, fires can be of natural and man-made and anthropogenic origin.

Once again, let's pay attention to the etiology of the causes of emergency situations. Can't be attributed unconditionally devastating consequences such as earthquakes or floods due to nature.

Nature lives according to its own objective laws. Disregard for these laws is the main anthropogenic and social component of the causes of emergencies. Fulfill all the provisions of the work - and there would not have been such a grandiose flood on the Lena River in 2001. If the builders had followed the rules of earthquake-resistant construction, there would not have been so many victims in the 1986 earthquake in Armenia.

In a man-made emergency, compliance with regulated safety requirements is just as important. Despite the existence of differences in emergencies, a number of general organizational and methodological provisions can be distinguished, the knowledge of which is necessary for conscious activity in such a specific area as the prevention and elimination of emergencies.

Consider some of these provisions

1. Drawing up a nomenclature of hazards. Each emergency is characterized by the presence of certain dangers (sometimes they are called damaging factors). The challenge for disaster professionals is to identify these hazards.

Thus, during the explosions of condensed explosives, an excess pressure of the air medium is formed, which decreases according to a certain dependence with the distance from the explosion site. Such an explosion is also accompanied by the formation of toxic gases, smoke, high temperature, high-speed air pressure, strong sound and other phenomena.

It is advisable to draw up a complete list (nomenclature) of such potential hazards for any hypothetical emergency, taking into account specific conditions, in advance (within the framework of the declaration or safety data sheet).

2. Quantification of hazards. The identified hazards must then be quantified. It is obvious that the explosion pressure and the amount of toxic substances formed, for example, depend on the mass of the charge.

3. Accounting for weather conditions. The course of many emergencies significantly depends on meteorological conditions, topographic, climatic and other conditions.

Thus, the spread of a cloud of gaseous explosion products depends on the speed and direction of the wind. To this end, for hypothetical accidents, it is necessary to take into account the "wind rose", for a specific one - to determine or request these parameters in the meteorological service.

4. Determination of the size of the emergency zone. This is a difficult task that cannot be solved a priori with high accuracy due to the presence of many factors that are difficult to take into account. The solution to this problem has the character of a forecast.

A forecast is a scientifically grounded judgment about the state of a phenomenon in the future, which has a probabilistic nature. Therefore, it is more correct to talk about predicting the size of emergency zones.

5. Taking into account the physical and chemical properties of substances and processes.

Gaseous products from accidents can have a density different from that of air. This circumstance is essential and must be taken into account when acting not only in an emergency. In modern conditions, accidents that occur during the transport of substances and liquid state are not uncommon. Depending on the thermodynamic state of the liquid in the vessel, there are three possible ways of the process when it is depressurized:

At high energies of superheating of liquid or compressed gases (vapors), the liquid can completely transform into a suspended finely dispersed and vaporous state with the formation of explosive mixtures;

At low energy parameters of the liquid, its calm spill occurs on hard surface, and evaporation is carried out due to heat transfer from a solid surface;

An intermediate mode, when at the initial moment there is a sharp boiling of the liquid with the formation of a finely dispersed fraction, and then a free evaporation mode occurs with relatively low rates.

To determine the size of the impact zones, it is first necessary to determine how much liquid or gas will enter the environment in a particular type of accident.

6. Use of modern computer technology and programs for solving problems of prevention and elimination of emergencies.

Given the extreme complexity of the processes occurring during an emergency, the large amount of data and dependencies, it is necessary to develop programs and use computer technologies for these purposes.

Elimination of a local emergency is carried out by the forces and means of the organization.

The elimination of a local emergency situation is carried out by the forces and means of local self-government bodies.

The elimination of a territorial emergency is carried out by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the subject Russian Federation.

Elimination of regional and federal emergencies is carried out by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that find themselves in the emergency zone.

Elimination of a cross-border emergency situation is carried out by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Anomalous natural phenomena based on geological anomalous processes include:

Volcanic eruptions

Earthquakes

Landslides

These phenomena are based on processes occurring on the surface of the core of the globe. At the same time, along the hot surface of the core, under the action of centrifugal and centripetal forces, there is a movement of tectonic plates on which the lower part is located crust... When these tectonic plates approach each other, elastic stress forces appear, measured in magnitudes.

The action of these forces causes an eruption. At the moment of action of these forces, cracks, cracks are formed, gas, steam, water, mud flows, magma are formed, and a cone-shaped hill-volcano is formed on the surface.

Landslides are the displacement of loose rocks from a mountain under the influence of the elastic forces of the earth or with heavy rainfall.

Mudflows - an overwhelming stream of water, mud, stones, boulders. The dams are being destroyed and mudflows rush down the ravine. Mudflow head: the height of the ridge is up to 10 meters and poses a threat to all obstacles in its path.

Snow avalanches are spontaneous movement large masses snow under its own weight as a result of a change in the coefficient of friction between the previously fallen and compacted layer of snow with snow that fell within several days.

They also include situations based on abnormal meteorological phenomena.

Hurricanes

Typhoons

Monsoons

A storm is a long-term movement of wind, usually in one direction at a high speed. Wind movement and speed, intensity is measured on the Bafart scale in points. By their appearance, they are divided into: snowy, sandy. And according to the intensity of the wind across the width of the strip to: hurricanes, typhoons.

Monsoons - multi-week rains, dry thunderstorms, fireballs may appear.

Tsunamis are long ocean waves with oscillation periods of several 10-100 km. formed as a result of an underwater earthquake, landslides on the bottom, an eruption of an underwater volcano. Waves approaching the coast roll all the water back a few kilometers, and then, starting from the depths, the wave falls on the coast reaching heights of up to several tens of meters.

Natural emergencies also include mass diseases: epidemics, epizootics, epiphytoties.

Environmental emergencies include: all phenomena leading to changes:

1.the atmosphere of the earth, air and water space

2.deforestation

3.emission of toxic substances (CO2, CO, smoke, dust)

4. erosion, desertification, salinization, pollution, soil contamination.

Technogenic emergencies are understood as abnormal phenomena associated with the breakdown of the unit, its unit, as well as uncontrolled processes in nuclear reactors, at chemical, explosion, fire hazardous facilities with significant material damage.

In case of accidents of this nature, accidents and disasters occur in sea, river, ocean water transport. Accidents on air, road and railway transport. Accidents at hydrodynamic facilities, sewer networks, power supply networks, cable communication networks, etc.

A radiation hazardous facility is a scientific, national economic, industrial or defense facility in case of accidents or destruction of which mass destruction of people, animals, and the environment may occur.

Radiation hazardous objects include:

Polygons

Research institutes (with nuclear reactors)

· Vehicles

Medical institutions (using radiation for treatment)

Military-industrial complex objects

Instrument-making enterprises

In case of accidents at these and other facilities, a large amount of both basic radiation substances and related products in the form of gas, water, steam are released into the environment. Moreover, infection is more destructive than nuclear explosion since during the explosion, a rapid combustion of 98% of the radioactive substance occurs in the course of an uncontrolled chain reaction.

Associated products that appear in the environment lead to the appearance of an increased level of radiation, as well as contamination of the entire area, water, animals, etc.

All accidents and disasters from the standpoint of the RSChS work are divided into:

Local

Local

Global

From a technical point of view, all accidents and disasters are divided into:

· Design-based - the release of radioactive substances into the environment does not occur, because the protection system is triggered

· Designed with small deviations - partial release, but it occurs within the economic facility or a sanitary protected area. Evacuation is not performed.

Beyond design-basis - complete evacuation of the population is carried out

Chemically hazardous objects are economic objects in case of explosions or accidents on which a real threat to the life and health of people arises, contamination of the area and the entire environment with chemically hazardous substances.

These objects include:

Gas and oil production enterprises

· Objects of the chemical industry, formology, household chemicals, rubber industry.

At all these enterprises, emergency chemical-poisoning substances will be used as raw materials or finished products.

All accidents at chemically hazardous facilities are divided into:

1) accidents, the elimination of which will require the efforts of not only the forces and means of this object, but also the forces and means of the regional-federal level, as well as additional subsidies from federal center.

2) the help of the federal center is not needed.

From the point of view of civil defense, accidents are divided into:

Local

Local conditions of their occurrence - this is an emergency

Facility natural or man-made

Territorial character

· global