And multiple vowel or consonant. Summary of literacy classes for children of the preparatory to school group "Sound and the letter Y"

The letter "th": hard or soft? This question is often asked by students who need to make out a word according to all the rules of phonetics. You will get an answer to it a little further.

General information

Before we talk about what is the letter "d" (soft or hard), you should find out why the letters of the Russian alphabet are generally divided according to such features.

The fact is that each word has its own sound envelope, which consists of individual sounds. It should be noted that the sound of an expression is fully correlated with its value. At the same time, different words and their forms have completely different sound design. And the sounds themselves have no meaning. However, they play a crucial role in the Russian language. After all, thanks to them, we can easily distinguish between words. Let's give an example:

• [house] - [lady '] - [do´ma];
• [m’el] - [m’el ’], [tom] - [there], [house] - [tom].

Transcription

Why do we need information about what the letter "y" is (hard or soft)? During a word, it is very important to correctly display the transcription that describes its sound. In such a system, it is customary to use the following symbols:

This designation is called They are necessarily put to designate transcription.

[´] is the stress. It is placed if the word has more than one syllable.

[b ’] - a kind of comma is placed next to the consonant letter and denotes its softness.

By the way, during the phonetic analysis of words, the following symbol is often used - [j]. As a rule, they are denoted by the sound of the letter “d” (sometimes a symbol such as [st] is also used).

The letter "y": consonant or vowel?

As you know, in Russian, all sounds are divided into consonants and vowels. They are completely differently perceived and pronounced.

• Vowel sounds are those sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air passes freely and freely through the mouth, without encountering any obstacles in its path. Moreover, they can be pulled, with the help of them you can scream. If you put your hand to the throat, then the work of the ligaments (voice) during the pronunciation of vowels can be felt quite easily. There are 6 stressed vowels in Russian, namely: [a], [e], [y], [y], [o] and [i].
• Consonant sounds are those sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air on its way meets an obstacle, namely a bow or a slit. Their appearance determines the nature of the sounds. As a rule, a gap is formed when [s], [br], [3] and [g] are pronounced. At the same time, the tip of the tongue approaches the upper or lower teeth. Presented consonants can be pulled (for example, [WF, W], [3, 3, 3]). As for the bow, such a barrier is formed due to the closure of the organs of speech. The air, or rather its flow, dramatically overcomes it, so that the sounds are energetic and brief. That is why they are called explosive. By the way, it is impossible to draw them (try it yourself: [p], [b], [t], [d]).

In addition to the above consonants, in Russian there are the following: [m], [y], [v], [f], [g], [l], [p], [h], [q], [x] . As you can see, there are many more than vowels.

Deaf and sonorous sounds

In terms of the ratio of voice and noise, consonant sounds can be both voiced and deaf. At the same time, during the pronunciation of voiced one can hear both noise and voice, while the deaf hear only noise.

By the way, many consonant sounds form themselves between pairs of deafness and voicing: [k] - [g], [b] - [n], [g] - [c], [e] - [t], [f] - [c] and so forth. In total, there are 11 such pairs in Russian. However, there are sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. These include: [st], [p], [n], [l], [m] are unpaired voiced, and [h] and [p] are unpaired deaf.

Soft and hard consonants

As you know, consonants differ not only in voicing or, on the contrary, deafness, but also in softness and hardness. This property is the second most important feature of sounds.

So, the letter "d": hard or soft? To answer this question, each attribute should be considered separately:

• During the pronunciation of soft consonants, the entire tongue moves a little forward, and its middle part rises slightly.
• During the pronunciation of hard consonants, the entire language is literally pulled back.

It should be especially noted that many consonant letters form pairs among themselves according to such characteristics as softness and hardness: [g] - [g ’], [n] - [g’], etc. In total, there are 15 such pairs. However, there are some sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. What kind of letters are hard? These include the following - [w], [w] and [p]. As for unpaired soft, it is [yi ’], [ch’] and [y ’].

Letter designation

Now you know the information that the letter "» "is hard or soft. But here a new question arises: "How is the softness of such sounds indicated in the letter?" For this purpose, completely different methods are used:

• The letters "e", "u", "e", "i" after consonants (not counting "g", "sh", and "q") indicate that these consonants are soft. Let us give an example: dyodya - [d'a'd'a], aunt - [t'o't'a].
• The letter "i", standing after consonants (not counting "g", "sh", and "c") indicates that these consonants are soft. Let us give an example: sweet - [m ',' ’], leaf - [l’ist], not 'tits - [n'i'tk’i].
• The soft sign (“ь”) after consonants (not counting “g” and “sh”) is an indicator of grammatical form. It also suggests that consonants are soft. Examples include: dal - [dal ’], stranded - [m’el’], request - [prozba].

As you can see, the softness of consonant sounds on the letter is not transmitted in separate letters, but by their combinations with the vowels "e", "u", "e", "I", and also For this reason, when phonetic analysis of the word, experts recommend turning their attention to adjacent characters .

As for the vowel "d", it is always soft. In this connection, it is customary to denote it in the transcription as follows: [y ’]. That is, the comma symbol, indicating a soft sound, must always be set. The same rule is subject to [y ’’], [ch ’].

Let's sum up

As you can see, there is nothing difficult in correctly making a phonetic analysis of a word. To do this, you just need to know what vowels and consonants are, deaf and voiced, as well as soft and hard. For a greater understanding of how it is necessary to arrange the transcription, we give several detailed examples.

1. The word "hero." It consists of two syllables, and the second is stressed. Let's make analysis:

g - [g ’] - sonorous, consonant and soft.

e - [i] - unstressed vowel.

p - [p] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and firm.

o - [o] - shock vowel.

th - [st ’] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and soft.

Total: 5 letters and 5 sounds.

2. The word "trees". It consists of three syllables, and the second is stressed. Let's make analysis:

d - [d ’] - sonorous, consonant and soft.

e - [i] - unstressed vowel.

p - [p ’] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and soft.

e - [e´] - stressed vowel.

in - [in ’] - sonorous, consonant and soft

e - [y ’] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and soft, and [e] - vowel, unstressed;

in - [f] - deaf and hard.

Total: 8 letters and 8 sounds.

Hello guys!

So today we talk about letter Y short and sound [st] .

In the first class you have already met letter and short . This letter is very similar to the letter I, They differ only in that above the letter J there is a superscript sign - as if a small smile. But the sound [And] we can pull for a long time: and-and-and-and. And even to sing: and-and-and-and. At the same time, the sound freely comes out of the mouth, without encountering any obstacle. You remember that we denote the sound in square brackets? But try to pull the sound [st]. The tongue immediately rises, blocking the passage, and the sound is short. That is why, despite the resemblance, we say that [and] - vowel sound , but [st] - consonant .

At the same time, when we pronounce soft consonant sounds, our tongue rises slightly to the upper palate. If in doubt, check. Try to say, for example, the sound [K] is firm, and then soft. [K - K /]. Or any other consonant letter, and watch your tongue. - [t] - [t /], [l] - [l /], [p] - [p /]. Now let's try to pronounce the sound [nd]. [TH] - [TH] ... Feel that the tongue rose? It's because the consonant sound [s] is soft.

Well, now let's try to pronounce this sound loudly, loudly. [Th]! Happened? So sound [st] - ringing . Does the sound have a pair? For example, sound [B] has a pair of soft [B /], and each of them has a pair of deaf - [P] And [P /]. Well, could not find a pair of sound [nd]? Of course, sound [st] unpaired   Neither on voiced-deafness, nor on hardness-softness.

So, we proved that sound [st] consonant, soft, sonorous, unpaired .

And now let's play the One-to-Many game with you. I say a word denoting one thing, and you say the same word denoting "many."

Fight - fighting, hero - heroes, museum - museums, lazy - lazy, loaf - loaves. What has changed the words, turning one object into many objects? Just the letter Y was replaced with the letter I. But this is not all. Now we will try divide our words into syllables.

Fight - 1 syllable, bo-and - 2 syllables. Hero - 2 syllables, ge-ro-i - 3 syllables. Mu-Zei - 2 syllables, Mu-Ze-i - 3 syllables. Len-tyay– 2 syllables, len-tya-i - 3 syllables. Ka-ra-vai - 3 syllables, ka-ra-va-i - 4 syllables.

As so, the word seems to be the same, and the number of syllables is different. And the fact is that the letter I is a vowel. She, like all vowels, forms new syllables. But, as we have already proved, the letter Th short - consonant, so syllable it cannot form.

Sometimes the whole word does not fit on the line. Add it to the fields or, even funny, on another page is impossible. What to do? Well, of course, move part of the word to another line. How are the words with the letter Y transferred?

Look again at the words with the letter Y. Have you noticed that the letter J is almost always written after the vowel? When transferring, we will never tear it from this vowel.. After all, they are so friendly with each other - the vowel, and the letter Y. H.-roy, who stands after her, muse, ka-ra-vai.

And even if the Short is in the middle of a word, as in the words nut, husky, hare, we still And we will not take a short one from the previous vowel. Guy, kay, kay, zay.

Sometimes the letter J can stand not after, but before a vowel, for example, mayonnaise, fireworks. Or even at the beginning of the word - iodine, yogurt.

And they all came to the Russian language from other languages ​​- French, English, German, and others. Writing these words is necessary check with the dictionary   and memorize .

And remember, I said that the letter Y short loves to play hide and seek? What do you think when we don’t see the letter, but hear the sound [nd]? Well, of course, when we call the letters I, E, E, Y and in the words in which these letters appear at the beginning of a word or after vowels. For example, the yacht [st / aht], raccoon [st / enot], tree, skirt [st / pack], lighthouse [may / ak]. See how cleverly the sound [th] hid in the letters I, E, E, Yu?

* Letter th   denotes the sound [s]. He is willing, soft, sonorous, unpaired.

* Letter th   does not form a syllable (forest, gull).

* When transferring, TH does not break away from the front vowel (loan, credit, lei-ka).

* More often letter Y   written in the middle or at the end of a word after a vowel, but sometimes in words that come to us from other languages, it may appear at the beginning of a word or in front of a vowel.

There are quite a few words in “Y”:

Yogurt, iodine, and the word yoga.

York, Yorkshire, Yoshkar-Ola ...

Few of them, my friends.

And now I say goodbye to you guys. Until new meetings.

For many parents who are starting to learn the alphabet with babies, the question arises: how to qualify Y as a vowel or a consonant sound?

Indeed, the sound of H is similar to both, and the other, being in the middle, as it were. Let's try to understand this issue.

Which sound?

And yet, when classifying sounds, it is not quite clear which sound is H: a vowel or a consonant.

Immediately it is necessary to answer: neither one nor the other.

Let's try to think.

The sound is not deaf, which can be easily felt by uttering this sound.

It is rather ringing, as pronounced with the participation of voices. However, this is not a vowel sound, since any vowel can be easily sung.

Try to sing the sound Y: you are unlikely to succeed. In this regard, although the voice is involved in the formation of this sound,   he still agrees.

So qualify him in school practice teacher philologists.

However, the sound is not ringing. According to the classification of philologists, consonant sound can be attributed to any of the four groups: deaf, hissing, sonorous or sonorous. Let's talk about the last group of sounds in more detail.

A consonant sonoric sound is between the vowels and consonants, but it is nevertheless designated as a consonant.

There are some sonoric sounds in Russian: H, R, L, Y, M. They can be stretched out in a voice, but they cannot be sung as a vowel sound.

Thus, the sound of Y is consonant sonor.

Another question that may arise is the letter Y, which is: soft or hard.

Most sounds have softness-hardness pairs. Sound TH has no such pair.

He qualifies scientists as always soft.

In the transcription of the word beside him always stands the designation of softness.

Composed of letters

The consonant sonoric sound Y is present in Russian not only in the form of the letter Y, but is also part of the four vowel sounds: E, E, Y, Y. In the letter, of course, it is not indicated in this case, but clearly pronounced when pronounced. Each of these letters is a combination: vowel sound and Y.

If we decompose these letters into components, we get: E = I + E, I = I + I, I = I + Y, I = I + A.

These letters are read as “vowel + Y” only in strictly defined cases: after the vowel, b or b. In other cases, they only soften the previous consonant.

Thus, it can be said quite definitely that today's science is not inclined to regard звук sound as a vowel, although it was born from just such a sound.

If we take into account that in Greek there was such a thing as long and short sounds, then the birth in th Church Slavonic writing as a short version And it is quite natural, because the Church Slavonic language was created on the basis of Greek.

In modern language, we classify consonants as consonants, however, we classify them as sonorous ones, as close as possible to vowels. That is how sound knowledge is taught in children and at school. Of course, it is very difficult for a small child to explain what a sonorous sound means. You can simply designate it as a consonant, but for themselves, parents should remember the history of its origin in order to be ready to answer unforeseen questions at any time.

Literacy Lesson in Grade 1

Teacher: Svetlana Okulova

LESSON TYPE: "The study and initial consolidation of new knowledge"

THEME: "Sound   [Y], letter Y.

GOALS: ,

Introduce Sound[Y] and the letters Y, Y;

teach accentuated pronunciation of this sound based on one-level word patterns; transcoding of the sound form of words into alphabetic on the basis of two-level models of words; reading words by syllables and orthoepic; exercise in reading sentences;

develop speech, phonemic hearing, thinking;

foster a culture of academic work, hard work, a desire to help parents.

EQUIPMENT:

Vowel table; symbol table of consonant voiced soft sound and consonant [E]; envelopes with letter patterns; single-level and two-level word patterns;

printed and upper case demo card

Y, Y; melody to the gym.

TMC "Perspective Primary School"

DURING THE CLASSES.

I .Organizing time.

II. Repetition

· -Open tutorials.

· -What page was opened? (34)

· -Why? ( yesterday worked on this page)

· -What topic was in the last lesson? (Sounds [P], [P "], the letter" P ")

· -What do you know about the sound [p]? ( Consonant, merger, voiced, firm, in writing ... ..)

· -What do you know about the sound [p "]?

· -What sounds - do you know rtorakryvateli? (ABOUT US)

· -Why are they rtorakers? (because we move from the vowel to the vowel without closing the mouth)

· -Chorse read.

· - Reading a column of words along the chain.

· -Read sentence

How many words are in a sentence?

What does this sentence say?

3 rules of writing.

III . Identify the topic and objectives of the lesson.

§ -Look at the next page.

§ -What are we going to work with? (Above the new letter)

§ - Identify the topic of the lesson, which is set in the upper left corner (A new sound: consonant, sonorous, soft. On the letter it is indicated by a new letter),

So, the goal of our lesson is to get acquainted with the sound [Y], the letter "Y".

IV . Learning new material.

1.-What item is shown in the first picture? (hive)

o-Name the last sound.

o-Look at the picture on the right, how to call a multi-string in one word? (Roy)

o-Name the last sound in the word "swarm".

o-Read the schemes of these words, highlighting the latest sounds.

, (1 student at the blackboard, then in chorus)

o-This sound [th] - consonant or vowel?

oWhy? (When is pronounced ...)

oRtoraper or rtoshrykatel?

oAttach your fingers to the larynx and determine the ringing or deaf sound[TH].

oTell me, what is the nature of the sound[Th]?

Conclusion:,

Sound [Th]   - consonant, rtmklacatel, sonorous, soft.

·

The letter denotes the letter YY.

Name words with sound[TH].

2. Designing a printed letter "Y".

The letter Y, name is "And short"

"Y" as "And" in a notebook.

So as not to be confused with

Top wand write.

The letter "Y" is lazy. At the beginning of the word, it is rarely found in total words. . (iodine, yoga, yogurt)

3. Familiarity with the designation of the studied sound in a two-level model.,

oSo, what do you know about sound[Th]?

oWhat is the character? ···

In the diagram, it will be denoted by a square with a comma and a dot inside;

using square brackets

printed letter "J"[TH]

So: The letter "Y" denotes oneconsonant sound soft, sonorous.

4. Work on two-level schemes.

oLook at the picture. What does a girl do? ( Girl helps mom. After dinner she washes the dishes.)

oHow do you help parents? What do you do around the house? (After eating, you need to clean up after yourself. Keep your toys, things in order, do not scatter around the room. Do not throw a school uniform anywhere, but hang it neatly on a chair or closet so that your mother does not have to iron twice)

What word is written in the scheme?

1. Name the sounds of the word in order.

(The finger on the top line, leads 1 student)

2. Read the word by syllable, focusing on the letters inII line

3. Read with stress. Chorus the word. (the emphasis is on the vowel sound).

4. How many sounds are there in a word? Syllables? ((In the word "MY": 3 letters, 3 sounds, 1 syllable, since 1 vowel.)

5. Is sound soft or hard? (Always soft)

GUESS:

That gardener

With a long nose lives

How to bow

So it will rain

(Watering can)

1. Put your finger on the top line of the word “watering”. Say the word "watering", highlighting each sound with your voice . (1 student leads at the blackboard)

2. Read the word by syllables, focusing on the letters.

3. Read with stress.

4. How many syllables in the word "watering"? Why?

5. What is the character of this word sound [I]?

5. Fizkultminutka.

V. Fastening.

1. Reading syllables in a given pattern:

· By chain,

· On their own

· Chorus

2. Reading words:

· What does dull mean? (Sad)

· On the contrary? (Happy)

· By the word of the name of the sign come up with the word name of the subject . (look, boy, time, mood)

3. Reading the text on the proposal:

· Who was told to wash the frame? (Marina)

· What is the name of the little girl? (Lara)

· What is Lara? ( Wound)

· How does she scream?

4. Reading word pairs:

MAY RAY.

· What is the difference between words? (Paradise, for example, earthwalker: a beautiful, pleasant place)

VI. The outcome of the lesson.

· What have you learned new to yourself?

· What letter did you meet?

· What do you know about the letter "Y"?

· What is remembered? What was difficult? Why?

  Natalya Yaltsova
  Sound [st], letter nd.

Sound(th, letter y.

purpose: automation sound [st].

Tasks: learn to determine position sound [s] in words, synthesis and analysis of reverse and direct syllables, to introduce letter d;

develop phonemic perception, auditory attention, speech coordination with movement, fine hand motor skills, logical thinking;

to raise interest in sounding speech, independence, the desire to bring the work started to the end.

1. Organizational moment

I will ask to sit down guys, in whose names there is sound [w], [d ’], [l’], [m], [k], [t], [c], [n], [p], [l] (reiteration).

2. Acquaintance with by sound.

Guys, today we will learn new sound. And what - guess yourself. I will call an assistant to me, and he will carry out my commands.

Speech therapist calls one baby: "Stand, run, sing, count".

What commands did I give? (Children are called, speech therapist pronounces, highlighting exaggerated th)

Which one sound  heard at the end of these words? (Th)

Today we will hear the tale of the sound  [nd] and we will play with him.

Exhibited family sounds.

Once vowels sit in their homes- letterssing songs to all voices. Suddenly they hear something strange, incomprehensible

Look, some unlike them sound  in a green shirt is trying to explain something to them, he says it very briefly

He listened to And recognized in him his distant relative, whose name was I-short, because it sounds abruptly, briefly, and it is not always easy to hear him.

They listened, they listened, they finally understood - and the brief choir asks them.

Vowels came out, stood in a circle, began to think about how to teach singing to the Brief. All his voice is well voiced, soft, gentle, and the sound can not.

For a start, the house was built to him the same as that of his relative, sound andbut with a visor - to distinguish

I-Brief House was called letter and short. I was delighted and short, thanks everyone for the house letter.

Settled and short in his house letter, listens to how the vowels sing, and he tries to sing along with them. Listened-listened A, and yes he speaks:

And let's try to sing together. You start, and I pick up

And short agreed, and they started singing

YA, YA, YA!

You are doing great, ”Y said thoughtfully,“ will you sing with me? ” - he turned to the brief

I will, - he answered, without thinking

And then they all heard - yy, yy, yy

Oh, how nice! Sing now with me! - asked Oh

You are welcome.

Yo yo yo! - poured a new song.

Uh, I don’t want to stand aside, ó judged Ö, we will sing together, - he offered to the brief

The next song sounded like this

Ye, ye, ye

I-rejoice rejoices with A - it turns out "YA YA YA"sings with y "YOU YOU YOU"sings with o - it turns out "Yo, yo, yo"sings with u - gets “YE, YE, YE”

Were sad only And yes

Nice, very sweet, - sighed And listening to the singing of friends - I would like to sing with the I-short, but if I start singing, no one will hear him at all we are relatives

I and the Brief too cannot sing together He is so tall and I am so low, - we were sad

So they sat, listened to the songs, quietly talked and decided to build such houses, where I-short could give concerts with sound awith by soundwith sound ohwith sound e

Thought and thought and made four houses

The first house was called letter I sound a

The second house was called letter U, in it I-short began to sing with by sound

The third house was called by letter  In it, the I-short began to sing with sound oh

The fourth house was called letter E, in it I-short began to sing with sound e

So still singing in the houses letters I, Yu, E, E

BUT sound i-short forthat he agreed to sing with the vowels, began to be called willing and add to the name of a ringing, soft. The voice of I-Brief is really surprisingly sonorous and surprisingly soft.

Sang sounds a lot and at homeand at concerts

Speakers vowels sounds  always in red shirts, and short, in green

Looking at him, all soft sounds  began to wear shirts green, and solid sounds  decided to wear blue shirts

So since then it has been the custom in Russian.

Six vowels sounds  denoted by red circles,

Other sounds - consonants,

Soft consonants are indicated by green circles,

Solid consonants are blue.

3. "Journey".

And now we guys go on a journey for letter y. See what we take with you. Pictures are exhibited, selected, called (sparrow, ant, tram, box, turkey, berries, kettle, T-shirt, shirt, whirligig, ski, boat).

And on the trip, guys, we'll go by train. Letter  hiding in a tree on sound [st]. What is this tree?

Name the pictures. In the names of pictures sound  [st] is pronounced at the beginning, in the middle, at the end of a word. We will distribute the pictures in three cars. In the first car will go the words in which sound [st] at the beginning of the word. In the second car are words in which sound  [st] in the middle of the word. In the third - the words in which sound [st] at the end of a word, last.

The whole train started off. In the meantime, the train is going, we'll have a little rest.

4. Fizkultminutka

Finger gymnastics "Herringbone".

Christmas tree in front of us: Show Herringbone: arms bent in elbows, in front of you; fingers interlaced, thumbs raised up - top Christmas trees.

Cones, needles, Show "Bumps"  - clenched cams and "Needles"  - Spread fingers.

Bulbs, lanterns, Show "balloons": palm - "Polukovshik"  with slightly spread fingers facing upwards; "Flashlights": also folded palms facing down.

Bunnies and candles, show "Bunnies"  - Cams with raised index and middle fingers; "Candles"  - folded palms with flattened fingers.

Stars, little men. Show "stars"  - folded palms with spread fingers; "Little men"  - position "ears"  way down.

5. "Mysteries of Yagi".

I won't let you go anywhere until you guess mine riddles:

Everything is dressed in white snow, which means it has come ... (winter).

At night, every window is dimly lit ... (moon).

Under the tree there are 4 lions, one left, left ... (one).

Any girl knows that carrot ... (orange).

Barefoot passed by the hive ... (bear).

The mouse counts the holes in cheese: 3 + 2 - total ... (five).

I know very well that the cloud ... (white).

3 trees have grown a wall in a birch grove, every peasant knows, their color, of course ... (green).

Guys, let's make a proposal about Baba Yaga, so she let us go.

6. "At the Christmas tree". Synthesis and analysis of syllables (oh, oh, ui, oi, hey).

And here is our letter Yand with it the vowels, let's befriend them, what syllables can we get?

And now let's compose a glossary for Yagi:

Ay-ay-ay-you Yaga do not scare us.

Oh-oh-oh- we will be friends with Yaga.

Hey hey hey - let us go quickly.

6. Getting to know letter d.

And now we are together with by letter  th we go to the nursery garden:

Children listen to a poem:

A bird is flying over the gate,

But do not sit on the gate.

So as not to be confused with And,

Top tick write.

E. Tarlapan

Laying out letters of elements.

7. Summing up.

With which sound we played today?

What did you like to do in class?