Cheers cheers! I have only good news!

The "Punctuation" block (tasks 16-19) is logical, strict, subject to the algorithms, and as a result you can make tasks without errors with the highest possible scores.

And it will not take much time, you just need to learn some concepts, learn alliances and master action algorithms, which will be discussed below.

Task number 15 as it is

This task tests the ability to place commas with homogeneous terms and in a complex sentence. In previous versions of the exam, there were two tasks that tested these skills separately. Now the task has become no more difficult and not easier, the compilers simply combined the previous ones into one.

What are homogeneous sentence members?

These are members of the proposal related to the same word   and responding to one and same   question. Therefore, they are called homogeneous, identical. May be major members, may be minor. Separate sentence members may also be homogeneous.

To find homogeneous sentence members, one has to ask questions. And in order to properly ask them, you need to know from what and to what.

First, remember the definitions of ALL the members of a sentence. There are only five of them: subject, predicate, definition, addition, circumstance. The main thing is to repeat the questions they answer.

For your convenience, I will put these very questions here.

Subject to . Who! What?

Predicate . What is he doing? What is it? What?

Addition : all questions of oblique cases (indirect cases - everything except the nominative).

Definition : What? Whose?

Circumstance . How? How? When? Where? What for? Why? Under what conditions? To what extent?

The second thing to know is the unions. When homogeneous members are used only composing unions, and learn them.

Writing unions are divided into three types:

1. Connecting: and yes   in meaning   and , not only but , neither ... nor not, nor ... nor.
2. Adversary: a but but yes yes in meaning but.
3. Separating: or, either, then ..., then, or ..., or .

Features of the use of unions:

What you need to know about the complex sentence?

What is a compound sentence is already clear from the term. Difficult indicates that it has two parts (bases). Composed - the fact that they are equal and connected by the COUPLING UNIONS.

You already know the unions, because it remains to train to find the centers and determine whether there are any conditions under which a comma is not put.

And the condition is one: in the compound sentence there is a common minor member.

For example: it was dark in the passage, and it smelled of fresh hay.Centers: it was dark   and it smelled. It was dark   (Where?) in the entrance hall   and it smelled   (Where?) in the entrance hall. Thus, the circumstance in the entrance hall   refers to both parts of the proposal and is a common member of the proposal. A comma is not necessary.

As you can see, everything is simple. Let's start the algorithm.

• Find the centers of the proposals. I note that when performing tasks on punctuation, the main parts of the sentence must be found is always. What for? Yes, because absolutely everything in punctuation starts counting from the main members. Start with them - you can never go wrong!
• If there are two centers, check to see if the parts are connected with the writing union. If yes - check the presence of a common minor member, and in its absence, safely put a comma (or commas, depending on how many parts are in the sentence).
• If the center is one, ask questions to ALL members of the proposal, we find homogeneous (one and the same question from the same member), look at their number (there must be two, so that there is one comma), and we identify alliances (connective, adversary, dividing, double, repeating) and ... write the answer in the tablet!

Example reasoning:

Someone cleaned the house and waited for the owners.

Centre - someone was tidying up and waiting2 homogeneous predicates, actions occur at the same time, predicates are connected by a connecting union YES in the meaning of AND, the union is not repetitive and not double. A comma is not needed.

In the syntactical structure of the two texts, we can find both similarities and differences.

Centre - we can find, find   (what?) similarities, to find   (what?) the differencesThis is a homogeneous addition, connected by a double union. like ... so, a comma is put, and only one.

Mv Lomonosov marked the distinction between significant and official words, and later this distinction was supported by the largest representatives of Russian science.

Centers: distinction has been scheduled   and the distinction was maintained,there are two of them, which means that the sentence is complex, the parts are connected by a connecting union I, there is no secondary member, a comma is set.

Many literary critics and historians argue again and again about Goethe's correspondence with the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin.

  Center: literary scholars and historians argue, argue (who?) Literary scholars, argue (who?) Historians, homogeneous subject to be connected by union And, it is not double and not   recurring, comma is not set; argue   (as?) again   And How?) again, homogeneous circumstances, United by union and, comma is not put.

A.S. Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location

houses both century forests and cozy seaside cities.

Centre: Green could describe   (what?) river bend, (what?) location, (what?) the woods, (what?) cities. Uniform add-ons are connected by a double union. like ... so   in pairs, put two commas.

Answer: 2, 3

So, absolutely simple.

Important! Speak EVERY step of the algorithm, repeat it like a mantra (secretly: this is it!).

This may seem tedious, or the answer will seem obvious, but after all, the BALL is at stake!

And he may be decisive ...

The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, a teacher of the Russian language of the highest category, an honorary worker of the general education of the Russian Federation

B1 - Determination of the main methods of word formation.

Most often, the way a word is formed can be determined using the rule of the hand. For example, you need to find the word formed by the prefix method. 1. Select all the words in which there is a prefix. 2. Close the console with your hand. If the rest is a word that motivates the subject, then this is a prefix way. 2. If not, close the suffix (if any) at the same time as the prefix. If the rest is a word that motivates the subject, then this is a prefix-suffixed way.

For example, you need to find a word formed by the suffix way. 1. Select all the words that have a suffix. 2. Close the suffix with your hand. If the rest is a word that motivates the subject, then this is a suffix way.

Simple rules that make it easier to complete this task:

The participles and the participles, including short ones, are formed in a suffixial way;

Nouns with suffixes –ENI– and –NI– are formed from verbs in the suffix way;

The nouns with the suffix –ОСТ are formed from adjectives in the suffix way;

Adverbs with prefixes and suffixes, which are written with a hyphen, are formed in a prefixed and suffixed way;

Adverbs with suffixes –O and –E are formed from adjectives in a suffix way;

Nouns, adjectives and participles with the prefix NOT- are formed in a prefixed way.

B2 - Definition of the morphological nature of the word.

To reveal the morphological nature of the word, replace it with a synonym. For example: The light went out on the eve of the beginning of the movie session. (The light went out before the beginning of the movie session.) - an excuse. Trains passed by. (Trains drove far) - an adverb. In the portfolio were only notebooks. (There were only notebooks in the portfolio.) - a particle.

B3 - Determine the type of subordinate connection in the phrase.

Find dependent word. If the dependent word is a sign (an adjective, participle, ordinal number, numeral ONE, a pronoun is an adjective), then you have an agreement (in gender, number, and case).

If the dependent word is a noun or pronoun-noun, or another part of speech that has become a noun, then you have control (to control a word means to demand its statement in a certain case).

If the dependent word is an unchangeable word (adverb, a participle, an infinitive, a comparative adjective, possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEIR), then you have a junction.

B4 - Determination of the type of one-sentence sentences.

Find the main member of the proposal.

If this is a subject, and of the minor members there are only definitions - agreed or uncoordinated, then you have a spoken sentence.

If, besides the subject and the definitions, there is a circumstance or addition, then this indicates the group of the predicate, and before you is a two-part incomplete sentence.

If the main member of the sentence is a predicate, then substitute the appropriate word for the subject. If you managed to substitute the pronoun I, WE, YOU, YOU - then before you a definite-personal sentence. (If the predicate is expressed by a past tense verb, then its singular indicates an incompleteness of a two-part sentence).

If you managed to substitute the words ALL, THEY, PEOPLE - then you have a vaguely personal sentence.

If you were not able to substitute the subject, and only the addition in the dative case or the circumstance - YOURSELF, then you have an impersonal sentence. It must be remembered that impersonal sentences very often signify a situation that describes the state of a person or nature. The predicate in the impersonal sentence can be expressed by the category of the condition, the infinitive, their combination, and the word NO (sometimes it is omitted: There is not a soul in the room - the sentence is impersonal).

If you have a proverb or aphorism, then this is a one-sentence sentence with a general meaning.

B5 - complicated simple sentence.

Separate circumstance - most often germinal turnover. There may be a clarifying circumstance of time or place (namely?). Do not forget about the turnover with the pretext NOT LOOKING FOR.

Separate definition: coordinated - most often, the participial turn, standing after the word to be defined. It is more difficult if this application is another name for the item (who or what exactly?). Separate addition with derivative prepositions: always separates with preposition EXCEPT, the rest depend on the size of the turnover, its place and intonation.

Introductory words. It must be remembered that the introductory word can almost always be replaced by a synonym manifesting its role in a sentence. The word HOWEVER at the beginning of a sentence is a union (= BUT).

B6 is a complex sentence.

If it is necessary to find an SPP with a certain type of subordinate, then there is nothing left but to learn all the same types of subordinates.

If you need to find a proposal with a certain type of communication, then: 1) divide the complex proposal into situations, identify the basics in them, analyze the means of communication between the parts of the complex proposal (do not take into account alliances between homogeneous members).

2) Writing unions - a complex sentence;

subordinate unions - complex sentence;

3) there are no unions - all-union communication;

4) there may be various combinations of these types of communication.

If you need to find a complex sentence with different types of subordination of subordinates, then first find sentences with several subordinates. Keep in mind that:

homogeneous subordinate subordinates - subordinate, like homogeneous members of a sentence, answer the same question, belong to the same word (or sentence), they are almost always joined by the same unions or allied words. It must be remembered that there is no comma between homogeneous subordinates, United by union And! It must be remembered that sometimes homogeneous unions at the beginning of the second or subsequent subordinate clauses are omitted. The situation is even more complicated if subordinate clauses are single-ended sentences;

parallel or non-uniform subordination of subordinate: subordinate clauses answer different questions, refer to different words (but in one main sentence) or to a sentence;

successive subordination of subordinates - the first subordinate submits to the main, the second subordinate to the first, the third to the second, etc.

B7 - Means of communication proposals in the text.

Most often it is proposed to find sentences related to lexical repetition (repetition of one word or cognate words), synonyms or antonyms, or pronouns or particles. It must be remembered that one means of communication should be in the previous sentence, and the second - in the desired, most often closer to the beginning. It is necessary to indicate the number of the second sentence.

B8 - Speech. Language means of expression

1. Using the literary dictionary to determine the meaning of those terms that seem incomprehensible.

2. Well understand what means belong to the lexical, and which to the syntactic.

The spelling of suffixes is not so much a complex topic as a very voluminous one. Suffixes have all the independent parts of speech. Each of them has its own rules of writing.

In task 10, the spelling knowledge of all suffixes is checked, except for N – NN and suffixes of participles. There are separate tasks for these topics.

Task 10 is as follows: write down the word in which a letter is written at the place of the pass (hereafter, a letter is given: E, I, O, and others). Five words suggested. The answer must be written in a word, correctly inserting the missed orthogram into it.

Carefully consider each word, determine which part of the speech it is, and insert the spelling.

In this topic there are several difficult cases of correctly defining the spelling of suffixes. On our site you can read about them in the section. THEORY. Difficult spelling cases suffixes.

Performing any type of task begins with the knowledge of the theory. I offer you t ablitzon this topic.

Task 11. Spelling suffixes of participles and personal endings of verbs

Spelling suffixes of participles and personal verb endings is one of the most difficult topics for students. I think this is due to ignorance of the rules. If you learn the rules well, remember all the exceptions, then there will be no special difficulties with writing.

Task 1 on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language sounds like this: write out the word at the place of the pass in which one or another letter is written, for example, E.

In this task you need to know two rules.

The first rule: spelling of personal verb endings.

Task number 12. Fused and separate writing of NOT, the distinction in the letter NOT and NO

The task 12 is formulated as follows: define a sentence in which it is NOT FASTLY written with words. Expand the brackets and write down the word.

Algorithm of the assignment:

Carefully read all the suggestions, perhaps as you read, you will already understand which answer will be correct.

Determine what part of speech are words with NOT.

Task 13 Slitnoe, separate, hyphenated spelling of words

Task 13 is one of difficult, because it involves the knowledge of a large amount of theoretical material.

Task 13 sounds like this: define a sentence in which both highlighted words are written SLIGHTLY. Expand the brackets and write down these two words.

5 offers will be given. And only in one of them both words are written together. This means that in other sentences they can be written either together or through a hyphen. Therefore, it is necessary to know all cases of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words.

Algorithm of the answer:

Task number 14. -Н- and –НН- in parts of speech

Task 14 on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language implies knowledge of the rules for writing –Н- and –НН - in parts of speech. A sentence will be given in which one or two N should be inserted at the place of the omissions, in the answer it is necessary to write down the figures in the place of which it is written - N- or -NH-.

Another type of task may be proposed: the words are given, it is necessary to define a series in which all the words are written with H in the same way, to write these words in the answer.

Thus, in order to correctly answer the question of task 14, it is necessary to know well the rules on this topic and the exceptions, which are very numerous in this rule.

Russian language Task number 15

1.

2. Task number 15. Punctuation marks with homogeneous members

Algorithm for performing task number 15

Algorithm to perform the task number 15.

Read the sentence, find the grammatical foundations in it.

If the foundation is one, then this is a simple sentence. See how many unions And in this offer. If only one, then there is no comma.

If there are several unions in a sentence, then look at what they combine: the same sentence members or different. If the same (for example, definitions), then put a comma in front of the union, if different (for example, one union connects two definitions, and the other two additions), then these are different series of homogeneous members, no comma.

Remember that homogeneous members can be connected by double unions, that is, such, the first part of which is in front of the first homogeneous member, and the second - before the second). There is always a comma in such sentences.

Double unions: as well as; not only but; not as much as.

If the proposal has two bases, then it is complicated. Comma before the union And mostly put.

The exception, in which even in a complex sentence before the union And there is no comma, is the presence of a common secondary member BEFORE the start of the sentence.

That is the answer algorithm. Remember that in the answer there should be two numbers of sentences, for each you get a score. Thus, for this task you can get two points.

Task 16 is formulated as follows:

Arrange the punctuation marks: enter all the numbers in the place where commas should appear in the sentence.

Commas in this task are missing