Life after Masha in the saints do not elect, do not prescribe in martyrs. Life of Mary Dobrolyubova I am unusual, and other people's feats or, on the contrary, the crime - she has nothing to do with something, who has closely knew her, have changed, many - very much and forever. The semen worried about

If the post-war Europe was worried and lifting, and the Great Depression (after the 1st World War, 1929-1939), how did people live after the Great Patriotic War?

How did people live after the Great Patriotic War?

The sip of freedom and tranquility between two great wars, struck by a person. The stronghold of humanity was broken, the world was reaped forever. After the First World War (1914-1918) Not only a terrible experience, but also innovations: It is believed that it is during this period that the first wrist watches appear and the expression "queries time" acquires the latest value. A number of social and intellectual revolutions, the ideas of paffism and humans, the technological boom, the cultural revolution and the emergence of existential philosophy, the desire to live and rejoice in the luxurious moment (the era of prosperity, the United States of the Great Gatsby period) did not stop the bloodshed - the world was in a strong waiting for the "Second Coming ", Second World War.

After graduating from World War II (1939-1945) or Great Patriotic War for CIS countries (1941-1945) Participants and affected countries gradually moved away from horror, counted losses and losses. War changed the life of everyone: there was a shortage of housing, food, electricity and fuel. Bread was issued on cards, the work of urban transport was completely collapsy. Waiting stress worsen the worldview of people, after the Great Patriotic War. It was necessary to take hands and head - the production workload increased on simple work, while the recreation hours minimized. It was right that this policy was made or false practices were judged hard, as it was necessary to do, rejected, and not reflect. At the same time, measures are tightened to control and punishment for disorders of discipline.

How people lived after the Great Patriotic War:

• The most basic needs were satisfied: food, clothing, housing;
• Elimination of crime among adolescents;
• Elimination of the consequences of war: medical and psychotherapeutic assistance, the fight against dystrophy, queing, tuberculosis;

While the countries shared money and territory, they were arranged more comfortably at international chairs of negotiations, ordinary people needed to get used to the world without war, fight fear and hatred, learn to fall asleep at night. Imagine, and what is even worse, to survive what people experienced after the Great Patriotic War to the current residents of peaceful countries to the end are unrealistic. Military position changes much in the head, not to mention the fact that panic fear New bloodshed forever sat down between gray temples. On November 8, 1945, US military intelligence concluded that the USSR does not prepare the stock nuclear bombs. Governments continue to look at each other. The judgment that the USSR may apply a response nuclear strike on the US only by 1966 talking about many things - did the heads of the countries continue to think about the war?

In the early 50s, the development of agriculture began. After a couple of years, people acquired cattle. In the 60s, it was possible to get equipment from a collective farm. Gradual development continued, at least it was hard with meals. From the diary of a simple peasant : "In the winter, potatoes were ate with a bastard, baked Dranians. Closer to spring hungry, when potatoes ended. Rye flour was brewed with boiling water, water and milk were added, if there was nothing more, and the bolt was obtained. In the spring they collected nettle, sorrel, parsley. In the summer - mushrooms, berries, nuts. " The grain from the fields was mainly given to the collective farm, and not on the hands, so they could give the honey. Stalin came to the conclusion that the sizes of solders for the peasants are great, and local holidays tear them away from work. But in the period of Khrushchev, it became better to live. Although the cow could be kept (Khrushchev thaw).

Memories: Bisenova M., Bisenova A., Mizonova E.

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The completion of the Great Patriotic War has become a huge relief for the residents of the USSR, but at the same time put a number of urgent tasks before the Government. Questions whose solution was postponed during the war, now it was necessary to solve urgently. In addition, the authorities needed to equip demobilized redarmeys, to ensure the social protection of the victims of the war and restore the destroyed economic facilities in the West of the USSR.

The first post-war five-year period (1946-1950) was set to restore the pre-war level of agricultural and industrial production. A distinctive feature of the recovery of the industry was that not all evacuated enterprises were returned to the West of the USSR, their large part was rejected from scratch. This made it possible to strengthen the industry in those regions that did not have a powerful industrial base before the war. At the same time, measures were taken to return industrial enterprises to the charts of a peaceful life: the duration of the working day was reduced, and the number of weekends increased. By the end of the fourth-year plan in all the most important industries managed to achieve a pre-war production level.

Demobilization

Although the small part of the fighters of the Red Army returned to their homeland in the summer of 1945, the main wave of demobilization began in February 1946, and the final completion of demobilization was necessary for March 1948. It was envisaged that demobilized warriors will be provided with work within a month. Family and disabled families of war received special support from the state: their homes first provided with fuel. However, in general, demobilized fighters did not have any benefits in comparison with citizens who were in the years of war in the rear.

Strengthening the repressive apparatus

The apparatus of repression, surviving the flourishing in the pre-war years, during the war was changed. The key role in it was played by intelligence and SMERS (counterintelligence). After the war, these structures were filtered by prisoners of war, Ostarabiters and collaborants returned to the Soviet Union. The NKVD bodies on the territory of the USSR fought organized crime, the level of which immediately after the war increased sharply. However, already in 1947, the power structures of the USSR returned to the repression of the civilian population, and at the end of the 50s the country was shocked by high-profile trials (the case of doctors, the Leningrad case, Mingral business). In the late 1940s and early 50s, from the new-appointed territories of Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, Moldova and the Baltic States were deported by the "Anti-Soviet elements": intelligentsia, major owners, supporters of the UPA and the "Forest Brothers", representatives of religious minorities.

Foreign farmers

Back in the years of war, the future of the winning powers laid the foundations of the international structure, which would regulate the post-war world order. In 1946, the UN began its work, in which the five most influential states of the world had a blocking voice. Entry Soviet Union The UN Security Council strengthened his geopolitical position.

In the late 40s, the USSR foreign policy was aimed at creating, strengthening and expanding the block of socialist states, later than the Socialist camp known as the socialist camp. The coalition governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia emerged immediately after the war were replaced by one-party, monarchical institutions were eliminated in Bulgaria and Romania, and in East Germany and North Korea, the proper government proclaimed their republics. Shortly before that, the Communists took control of most of China. Attempts by the USSR to create Soviet republics in Greece and in Iran were not crowned with success.

Internartian struggle

It is believed that in the early 50s, Stalin planned another cleaning of the highest party apparatus. Shortly before his death, he also conducted the reorganization of the Party Management System. In 1952, the CPSU (b) began to be called the CPSU, and the Politburo was replaced by the Presidium of the Central Committee, in which there was no position of the Secretary-General. In the life of Stalin, there was a confrontation between Beria and Malenkov on one side and Voroshilov, Khrushchev and Molotov, on the other. There are such an opinion among historians: the members of both groups realized that a new series of processes was directed, first of all, against them, and therefore, having learned about Stalin's disease, they took care that he would not have the necessary medical care.

Results of post-war years

In the post-war years, which coincided with the last seven years of the life of Stalin, the Soviet Union from the winning power turned into a global power. The Government of the USSR was able to relatively quickly rebuild the national economy, restore state institutions and create a block of allied states around them. At the same time, a repressive apparatus, aimed at eradicating dissent and the "cleaning" of party structures, was intensified. With the death of Stalin, the process of developing the state has undergone sharp changes. The USSR entered a new era.

The Great Patriotic War ended the victory, which Soviet people sought four years. Men fought on the fronts, women worked in collective farms, at military factories - a word, provided rear. However, the euphoria caused by the long-awaited victory changed the feeling of hopelessness. Continuous hard work, hunger, stalinist repressions, renewed with a new force - these phenomena overshadowed the postwar years.

In the history of the USSR, the term is found " cold War". It is used in relation to the period of the military, ideological and economic confrontation of the Soviet Union and the United States. It begins in 1946, that is, in the post-war years. The USSR has come out of World War II winner, but, unlike the United States, he has stayed long Path restoration.

Building

According to the fourth-year plan plan, the implementation of which began in the USSR in the post-war years, it was necessary to first restore the cities destroyed by the fascist troops. Suffered in four years more than 1.5 thousand settlements. Young people rapidly received various building specialties. However, the workforce was not enough - the war claimed the lives of more than 25 million Soviet citizens.

For the restoration of normal labor mode, overtime works were canceled. Annual paid vacation was introduced. The working day went on eight hours now. Peace construction in the USSR in the postwar years was headed by the Council of Ministers.

Industry

Plants, factories destroyed during the Second World War, were actively restored in the post-war years. In the USSR, by the end of the forties earned old enterprises. New ones were built. The post-war period in the USSR - 1945-1953, that is, it begins after the end of the Second World War. Ends the death of Stalin.

The restoration of the industry after the war occurred rapidly in part thanks to the high working capacity of Soviet people. Citizens of the USSR were in the conviction that they live perfectly, much better than the Americans existing in the conditions of driving capitalism. This was facilitated by an iron curtain, isolated a country in a cultural and ideological plan from around the world for forty years.

They worked a lot, but their lives did not become easier. In the USSR in 1945-1953, there was a rapid development of three industries: rocket, radar, atomic. Most of the resources went to the construction of enterprises that treated these areas.

Agriculture

The first postwar years for the inhabitants were terrible. In 1946, the country covered hunger caused by destruction and drought. Especially serious position was observed in Ukraine, in Moldova, in the Right-Bank Areas of the Lower Volga region and in the North Caucasus. New collumous farms were created throughout the country.

In order to strengthen the spirit of Soviet citizens, the directors on the order of officials were filmed a huge number of films telling about happy life Collective farmers. These film guards were widely popular, even those who knew with admiration with admiration that in reality is a collective economy.

In the villages, people worked from dawn to dawn, lived in the poverty. That is why later, in the fifties, young people left the village, went to the cities where life was at least a little easier.

Standard of living

In the postwar years, people suffered from hunger. In 1947 there was a large part of the goods remained deficient. Hunger resumed. Prices for soldering goods were raised. Yet for five years, starting from 1948, the products are gradually cheaper. This somewhat improved the standard of living of Soviet citizens. In 1952, the price of bread became 39% lower than in 1947, for milk - by 70%.

The availability of the essentials of essential facilitates life ordinary peopleBut, staying under the iron curtain, most of them easily believed in the illusory idea of \u200b\u200bthe best country in the world.

Until 1955, Soviet citizens were convinced: in the victory in the Great Patriotic War, they are obliged to Stalin. But this situation was not observed on the entire regions that were joined by the Soviet Union after the war, lived much less conscious citizens, for example, in the Baltic States and in Western Ukraine, where anti-Soviet organizations appeared in the 40s.

Friendly states

After the end of the war in countries such as Poland, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, GDR, the Communists came to power. With these states, the USSR has developed diplomatic relations. At the same time, the conflict with the West aggravated.

According to the 1945 Agreement, the USSR was transferred to Transcarpathia. The Soviet-Polish border has changed. After the end of the war, a lot of former citizens of other states lived, for example, Poland. With this country, the Soviet Union concluded an agreement on the exchange of the population. Poles living in the USSR now had the opportunity to return to their homeland. Russian, Ukrainians, Belarusians could leave Poland. It is noteworthy that at the end of the forties in the USSR, only about 500 thousand people returned. In Poland - twice as much.

Criminal situation

In the post-war years, law enforcement agencies launched a serious struggle in the USSR with banditry. In 1946, the peak of crime came. During this year, about 30 thousand armed robbery was recorded.

For the fight against enveloped crime in the ranks of the police, new employees took, as a rule, former front-line. It was not so easy to return to the peace of Soviet citizens, especially in Ukraine and the Baltic States, where the criminal situation was the most depressing. In Stalin's years, the violent struggle was carried out not only with the "enemies of the people", but also with ordinary robbers. From January 1945 to December 1946, more than three and a half thousand gangster organizations were liquidated.

Repression

Even at the beginning of the twenties, many representatives of the intelligentsia left the country. They knew about how the fate of those who did not have time to flee from Soviet Russia. Nevertheless, at the end of the forties, the proposal to return home some accepted. Russian noblemen returned home. But already to another country. Many were sent immediately on returning to Stalin Camps.

In the postwar years reached its apogee. Pests, dissent and other "enemies of the people" were placed in the camps. The fate of soldiers and officers who were surrounded by the fate of soldiers and officers. At best, they spent several years in the camps, until which the cult of Stalinus was bred. But many were shot. In addition, conditions in the camps were such that only young and healthy could take them.

In the postwar years, Marshal Georgy Zhukov became one of the most respected people in the country. Its popularity annoyed Stalin. However, it was not decided to plant a native hero behind the bars. Zhukov knew not only in the USSR, but also beyond. The leader was able to create uncomfortable conditions in other ways. In 1946, the "Aviator's Case" was fabricated. Zhukov was removed from the post of Commander of the Ground Forces and sent to Odessa. Several generals, approximate Marshal, arrested.

Culture

In 1946, the struggle with Western influence began. It was expressed in popularizing domestic culture and ban on all foreign. Soviet writers, artists, directors were subjected to persecution.

For forties, as already mentioned, a huge number of military films was shot. These paintings took place tough censorship. Heroes were created on the template, the plot was built on a clear scheme. Under strict control there were music. They sound exclusively compositions, praising Stalin and happy Soviet life. It did not better effect on the development of domestic culture.

The science

The development of genetics began in the thirties. IN post-war This science was in exile. Trofim Lysenko, the Soviet biologist and Agronom, became the chief participant in the attack on genetics. In August 1948, academics who have made a significant contribution to the development of domestic science have lost the opportunity to study research activities.

The Great Patriotic War, who has become a heavy test and a shock for Soviet people, for a long time turned over the entire way and the course of the life of the majority of the country's population. Huge difficulties and material deprivation were perceived as temporarily inevitable problems as a consequence of war.

The postwar years began with a pathos of recovery, hopes for change. The main thing - the war was behind, people rejoiced that they were alive, everything else, including domestic conditions, was not so important.

All the difficulties of everyday life mostly lay on the shoulders of women. Among the ruins of destroyed cities, they were planting gardens, removed the ruins and cleared their places for new construction, at the same time they brought up children and secured a family. People lived hope that a new, more free and secured life comes very soon, so the Soviet Society of those years called the "Society of Hope".

"Second Bread"

The main realization of the everyday life of that time, stretching stretched from the military era, is a constant shortage of food, half-starving existence. Lacked the most important thing - bread. The "second bread" became potato, its consumption has doubled, it saved primarily the villagers from hunger.

From the grated raw potatoes, cut into flour or breadcrumbs, baked cakes. They used even frown potatoes, which remained for the winter in the field. It was taken out of the ground, the peel was removed and some flour, herbs, salt were added to this starchy mass (if she was) and roasted cakes. This is what in December 1948 wrote the collective farm Nikiforov from the village of Chernushki:

"Potato nutrition, sometimes with milk. In the village of hoofy bread bake so: erase potatoes bucket, put a handful of flour for gluing. This bread is almost without protein necessary for the body. It is absolutely necessary to set the minimum of the amount of bread, which must be left inviolable, at least 300 g of flour per person per day. Potatoes - deceptive food, rather taste than saturating. "

The people of the post-war generation still remember how they waited for spring when the first grass appears: you can cook empty soup and nettle. There were also "Peddyshi" - the shoots of the young field chewing, the "columns" - spherrella flowers. Even vegetable cleaning was crowned in a step, and then boil and used food.

We present a fragment from an anonymous letter to I.V. Stalin on February 24, 1947: "The collective farmers are mostly feeding in potatoes, and many and potatoes do not have, feed on food garbage and nourish hope for spring, when the green grass is growing, then the grass will be eaten. But someone else's dried potato cleaning and pumpkin crusts, which are bold and will cut the pellets, which in good farming would not have pigs. Children preschool age They do not know the colors and tastes of sugar, sweets, cookies and other confectionery, but feed on a par with adult potatoes and grass. "

A true blesso for the villagers was ripening in the summer period of berries and mushrooms, which collected mostly teenagers for their families.

One workday (a unit of labor accounting in the collective farm), earned by the collective farmer, brought him less products than the average city dweller received on a food card. The collective farmer had to work and postpone all the money all year so that he could buy the cheapest costume.

Empty soup and porridge

In cities, it was not better. The country lived in the conditions of acute deficit, and in 1946-1947. The country swept the real food crisis. In conventional food stores, there was often absent, they looked mad, often in the shop windows exhibited cardboard dining products.

Prices in the collective farm markets were high: for example, 1 kg of bread cost 150 rubles., Which was more than a week salary. In the queues for flour stood for several days, the number of the turn wrote on the hand of a chemical pencil, in the morning and in the evening they arranged a roll ring.

At the same time, commercial shops began to open, where even delicacies and sweets were sold, but they were "not affordable" by simple workers. Here's as described by such a commercial store American J. Steinbeck, who visited in 1947 in Moscow: "Food stores in Moscow are very large, as well as restaurants, they are divided into two types: those in which products can be purchased on cards, and commercial shops Also managed by the state where you can buy almost simple food, but at very high prices. Canned Mountains, champagne and Georgian wines are pyramids. We saw products that could be American. Here were banks with crabs where Japanese trademarks were. There were German products. And here they were luxurious products of the Soviet Union: large cans with caviar, sausage mountains from Ukraine, cheeses, fish and even game. And various smoked. But all these were delicacies. For a simple Russian, the main thing was how much bread costs and how much they give it, as well as the prices of cabbage and potatoes. "

The normalized supply and commercial trade services could not save people from food difficulties. Most citizens lived in the injury.

On the cards were given bread and once a month two bottles (0.5 liters) vodka. Her people drove into suburban villages and changed potatoes. The dream of a man of that time was sauerkraut with potatoes and bread and porridge (mostly barley, millet and oats). Soviet people at that time almost did not see sugar and real tea, not to mention confectionery products. Instead of sugar, a slices of boiled beet were used, which were dried in the oven. Peeling also carrot tea (from dried carrots).

Letters of the working post-war time indicate the same thing: residents of the cities were content with empty and porridge with acute bread shortage. That's what they wrote in 1945-1946: "If it were not for bread, I would have finished my existence. I live on one water. In the dining room, except for rotten cabbage and the same fish, you do not see anything, the portions give such that you eat and not notice, dinner or not "(the working metallurgical plant I.G. Savenkov);

"To feed became worse than in the war, - Balant's bowl and two spoons of oatmeal porridge, and this is a day to an adult" (Worker of the Automobile Plant M. Pugin).

Cash reform and cancellation of cards

Post-war time was marked by two the most important events in a country that could not but influence daily life People: monetary reform and cancellation of cards in 1947

There were two points of view on the cancellation of cards. Some believed that this would lead to the flourishing of speculative trade and the aggravation of the food crisis. Others believed that the abolition of cards and the permission of the commercial trading of bread and cereal stabilize the food problem.

The card system was canceled. Queues in stores continued to stand despite a significant increase in prices. The price for 1 kg of black bread grew from 1 rub. up to 3 rubles. 40 cop., 1 kg of sugar - from 5 rubles. up to 15 rubles. 50 kopecks To survive in these conditions, people began to sell things htched before the war.

Markets were in the hands of speculators who sold the essentials: bread, sugar, oil, matches and soap. They were supplied "unclean on the arm" workers of warehouses, bases, shops, canteens who made food and supply. To stop speculation, the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1947 issued a resolution "On the norms of sales of industrial and food products in one hands."

In some hands they were released: bread - 2 kg, cereals and pasta - 1 kg, meat and meat products - 1 kg, sausages and smoked goods - 0.5 kg, sour cream - 0.5 kg, milk - 1l, sugar - 0.5 kg, cotton fabrics - 6 m, threads on the coils - 1 pc., stockings or socks - 2 pairs, leather shoes, textile or rubber - 1 pair, soap economic - 1 piece, matches - 2 box, kerosene - 2 liters.

The meaning of the monetary reform explained in his memoirs the then Minister of Finance A.G. Zverev: "From December 16, 1947, new money was released and exchange cash on them, with the exception of the exchanged coins, during the week (in remote areas within two weeks) at a ratio of 1 for 10. Deposits and current accounts in Sberbassacies were overestimated at a ratio of 1 in 1 to 3 thousand rubles, 2 3 from 3 thousand to 10 thousand rubles, 1 in 2 more than 10 thousand rubles, 4 for 5 for cooperatives and collective farms. All ordinary old bonds, except for the borrowings of 1947, exchanged a new loan of 1 for 3 for 3, and 3 percent winning bonds - at the rate of 1 for 5 ".

Monetary reform was carried out at the expense of the people. The money "in Kubashka" suddenly depreciated, the tinted accumulations of the population were withdrawn. If we consider that 15% of savings were stored in the savingskassy, \u200b\u200band 85% - on hand, then it is clear who suffered from reform. In addition, the reform did not affect the wages of workers and employees, which remained in the same size.