English transcription signs for children. Transcription signs

How to install a font.

Copy to any folder on your computer and unzip (simple archive - zip).

Then (I bring in my own Windows XP SP2):

Start (in the lower left corner);

In the menu that opens, find and click on "Control Panel"

In the list that opens, find and click on "Fonts" - a folder with all the fonts installed on your computer opens.

In the upper right corner, click "File", in the menu that opens, click "Install Font" - a small window "Add Fonts" opens.

In the bottom half of the window (Folders, Disks) select the drive and the specific folder where you downloaded and unzipped the phonetic transcription file.

When you find the desired folder in this small (and very inconvenient) window and open it, then the fonts in this folder should appear in the upper window "Font List".

In our particular case (let it be any arbitrary folder where we just copied and unzipped the font), the computer scans the contents of this folder and, upon finding our copied file, reports in the "Font List" window - PhoneticTM (True Type).

Select it with a blue background by clicking on it with the left mouse button.

Then click "OK" and the font is installed.

The file you just copied is no longer needed, and you can simply throw it away.

On the other hand, when reinstalling your operating system, you will find that the font phonetic transcription  no (as well as previously installed archivers and all your other useful programs). Therefore, this copied file can be saved just in case somewhere in daddy, or, which is also a simple option, go here and take it again.

Why do we need a phonetic transcription font?

1) If there are signs of international phonetic transcription in the texts we downloaded, then only if the font folder contains the Phonetic TM font, they will be displayed correctly.

2) If we ourselves work with English words and texts, then next to words difficult for us, we can print them from the dictionary correct pronunciationthen we don’t have to look into the dictionary several times for the same reason.

How does it look practically?

1) If we look through a ready-made text with these signs, then nothing needs to be done. In the right places, signs of international phonetic transcription will appear on their own.

2) If we want to print these signs ourselves, then there are two options (for whom it seems more convenient).

First option : With the selected language "English" you need to select the Phonetic TM font from the list of fonts at the top (it will be there if you did as described above). Now, english letters  on our keyboard (gray font here below), completely different characters will print - see the black font below.

It is clear that the label below I just created for your convenience. At first you need to have something similar before your eyes, then you get used to it.

q / q q / q

w / w w w

e / e e e

r / r r R

t / t t T

y / y

u / u u

i / i i i

o / o o o

p / p p P

[ / { [

] / } ]

a / a a A

s / s s s

d / d d D

f / f f f

g / g g g

h / h h H

j / j j j

k / k k

l / l l L

; / : ; :

" / " " "

z / z z z

x / x x

c / c   C

v / v v V

b / b b

n / n n N

m / m m

, / < ,

. / > .

/ / ?

Second option : For any keyboard layout (Russian, English) in the desired place at the top, select "Insert" - "Symbol". A small window appeared called "Symbol", in the Font column we find and select Phonetic TM, instead of the symbols that were there, all the signs of phonetic transcription appeared. You can select the desired character and click "Insert", but it is much more convenient to simply double-click on it, it will appear in the place of the text where we have the cursor. You need to adapt a little to do two quick clicks with the left mouse button. The “Symbol” plate, while we need it, can not be closed, but simply shifted to the side, leaving a barely noticeable tip on the edge of the screen, for which it can be instantly pulled out when we still need it.

Rules for reading transcription English characters

Consonants sounds   in English	An analogue of pronunciation in Russian		An approximate analogue   pronunciations   In russian language
[ d ]	[ d ]	[ ∧ ]	[ but  ] - short
[ b ]	[ b ]	Single sounds
[ d s ]	[ j  ] - soft	[ i: ]	[ and  ] - long
[ f ]	[ f ]	[ a:]	[ but  ] - long
[   s ]	[ well  ] - soft	[ i ]	[ and  ] - short
[ g ]	[ g ]	[ ɔ ]	[ about  ] - short
[ h ]	[ x  ] - very soft	[ ɔ: ]	[ about  ] - long
[ k ]	[ to  ] - aspirated	[ u ]	[ at  ] - short
[ l ]	[ l ]	[ u: ]	[ at  ] - long
[ m ]	[ m ]	[ e ]	like a russian letter e without sound [ th ]
[ n ]	[ n ]	[ ε: ]	like a russian letter ё without sound [ th ]
[ p ]	[ p  ] - aspirated	Diphthongs
[ s ]	[ from ]	[ əu]	[ oU ]
[ t ]	[ t  ] - aspirated	[ au ]	[ ay ]
[ v ]	[ in ]	[ ei ]	[ hey ]
[ z ]	[ s ]	[ ɔi ]	[ oh ]
[ tʃ ]	[ h ]	[ ai ]	[ ah ]
[ ʃ ]	The average between [ w  ] and [ u ]
[ r ]	[ r  ] - soft
Sounds in English that have no close analogues in Russian
[ θ ]	A dull interdental sound, as in a word thank  (you) thanks  - grip your tongue between your teeth and try to pronounce C [es] or F [ef]	[ æ ]	Open sound [ uh  ], as in the word bad bad. It occurs in the group of Turkic languages, mild e.
[ ð ]	Voiced interdental sound, words this this  and that that one  - grip your tongue between your teeth and try to make a sound Z [ze]
[ ŋ ]	Nasal sound [ n  ]. When pronouncing, the back of the tongue is close to the palate.   In words ending -ing  - everything [`evriθiŋ] all	[ ə ]	Neutral sound, a cross between [ but  ] and [ uh ].   Found in group   Turkic languages   very soft er.
[ w ]	The sound [B] pronounced with aspiration and extended lips.

   Vowels in English are divided into monophthongs, i.e. sounds consisting of one element, and diphthongs, or trifthongs, i.e., sounds consisting of 2 or 3 elements. Vowels are short and long. The longitude of the sound is indicated by 2 dots to the right [ɔ:], [i:].

According to the participation of speech organs (by articulation), vowels are divided into:

middle-speaking -  sounds formed by the middle part of the tongue - [∧]

front lingual -  sounds formed by the front of the tongue, lightly pressing the tongue to the lower gum - [i], [i:], [æ]

back lingual -  sounds formed by pressing the back of the tongue to the palate - [a], [a:], [u]

half-open (half-closed) -sounds made by a half-open mouth - [∧], [e]

open -  sounds made with the mouth wide open, close to the sound [O], - [æ], [a:], [u:], [a]

closed -  sounds formed with a small opening of the mouth - [i], [i:], [u]

Vowels in English

[i]	same as previous sound but pronounced briefly
[i:]	Front lingual closed long vowel, similar to long Russian [and]
[e]	Semi-open anterolanguage short soundsimilar to the Russian sound [e] in the word “revenge”
[ æ ]	Front-language sound similar to Russian [e], pronounced with wide open mouth
[ ɔ ]	short open rear-language sound, similar to an open short sound [o], for example, in the word "thrombus"
[ ɔ: ]	long open rear-language sound, similar to Russian long sound [o], for example "pug"
[a:]	long open rear-language sound, similar to Russian sound [a] in stressed syllable  the words “jump rope”;
[u]	closed back lingual short sound similar to a short sound [y]
[u:]	same sound but long
[ ∧ ]	a short half-open middle-language sound, pronounced as Russian unstressed [o], and [a], for example, in the words “Moscow”, “water”, almost always under stress
[ ə: ]	A long, middle-language sound, a cross between Russians [ё] and [o].
[ ə ]	Short medium-speaking semi-open neutral sound close to english sound  [∧] a cross between [a] and [e], soft "e"

Consonants in English

Consonants in English are classified according to the following principles:

a) on the work of the active organ of speech and the place of formation of the barrier:

1. labial - [v], [f]
2. labial-labial - [b], [p], [m], [w]
3. middle-speaking - [j], [3]
4. front lingual - [s], [l], [n], [z], [θ], [ð], [r], [t], [d]
5. rear lingual - [h], [k], [g]

b) by the method of forming the barrier

1. slotted - [h], [l], [j], [f], [v], [w], [r], [t], [d], [θ], [ð]
2. collapsible - [h], [m], [n], [p], [b], [k], [g]

1. deaf - [f], [p], [k], [θ], [t], [tʃ]
2. voiced - [b], [d], [m], [g], [r], [v], [ð], [z];

Deaf consonants in English are characterized by strong articulation, weakening of articulation is inherent in the final voiced consonant.

Consonant sounds are pronounced more energetically, unlike the Russian language. Most consonants in English are aspirated.

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Transcription  - This is a record of the sound of a letter or word in the form of a sequence of special phonetic symbols.

Transcription may not be of interest to everyone, but, no doubt, is useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read the unfamiliar word without help. In the classroom, you yourself can read the transcription of a word (for example, from a blackboard) without interrogating others, thereby facilitating the process of assimilation of lexical material, etc.

At first there will be errors in the correct reading, because There are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is only a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you can transcribe the words yourself.

Transcription is directly related to reading rules. In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is readable (both in Russian and Spanish, for example).

When textbooks (mainly domestic) talk about reading rules, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. About five such types are usually described. But such a detailed theoretical exposition of reading rules does not greatly facilitate the fate of a beginner, and may even be misleading. It must be remembered that a good knowledge of reading rules is a great merit of practice, not theory.

The basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations will be presented to your attention. "Behind the scenes" will remain some phonetic moments that are difficult to convey in a letter.

A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easily acquired in a short time.  Then you will be surprised: "How easy it was to read and write!"

However, do not forget that, despite its widest distribution, English does not cease to be a LANGUAGE full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of language learning, and especially at the initial, often look in the dictionary.

Transcription icons and their pronunciation

Characters    Consonant sounds	Sound pronunciation    (similar to Russian)	Characters    Vowel sounds	Sound pronunciation    (similar to Russian)
[ b ]	[ b ]	Single sounds
[ d ]	[ d ]	[ Λ ]	[ but  ] - a short
[ f ]	[ f ]	[ a:]	[ but  ] - deep
[ 3 ]	[ well ]	[ i ]	[ and  ] - a short
[ d3 ]	[ j ]	[ i: ]	[ and  ] - long
[ g ]	[ g ]	[ o ]	[ about  ] - a short
[ h ]	[ x ]	[ o: ]	[ about  ] - deep
[ k ]	[ to ]	[ u ]	[ at  ] - a short
[ l ]	[ l ]	[ u: ]	[ at  ] - long
[ m ]	[ m ]	[ e ]	as in the word "pl ed "
[ n ]	[ n ]	[ ε: ]	as in the word "m ёd "
[ p ]	[ p ]	Diphthongs
[ s ]	[ from ]	[ ə u ]	[ oU ]
[ t ]	[ t ]	[ au ]	[ ay ]
[ v ]	[ in ]	[ ei ]	[ hey ]
[ z ]	[ s ]	[ oi ]	[ oh ]
[ t∫]	[ h ]	[ ai ]	[ ah ]
[∫ ]	[ w ]
[ r ]	Soft [ r  ] as in the word russky
[ about	Sign of softness as in the Russian letter Yo (ёlca)
Sounds without analogies in Russian
[ θ ]		[ æ ]
[ ð ]
[ ŋ ]	Bow, in the French manner, sound [ n ]	[ ə ]	[neutral sound]
[ w ]

Notes:

o  ]. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

Diphthong  - This is a complex sound, which consists of two sounds. In most cases, the diphthong can be "broken" into two sounds, but not in the letter. Since in many cases one of the constituent sounds of the diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example diphthong [ au  ]: separately for such a transcription icon as [ a  ] - Does not exist. Therefore, most diphthongs are not indicated by a combination of different transcriptional icons, but by their own sign.

In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is denoted as [ ou  ], which is more obvious. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

In this transcription, unstressed vowel sounds are often indicated in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that give this sound.

Reading rules

English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the whole system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish the following two types: open  and closed.

Open syllable  ends with a vowel: game, like, stone  - a vowel letter in a word is read in the same way as in the alphabet.

Closed syllable  ends in a consonant: pen, cat, bus  - the vowel in the syllable gives a different sound.

Stress in transcription and words is indicated by a vertical bar before the stressed syllable.

Single vowel sounds

Sound	rules
[ e ]	usually gives the letter e  in closed syllable: g et [g et], v et [v et]    as well as the combination of letters ea: d ead [d ed], pl easure [´pl e3 ə] Note:  the same combination often gives a sound [ i:  ] (see below)
[ i ]	usually gives the letter i  closed syllable: h it [h it], k ill [k il]    as well as the letter y  closed syllable: g ym [d3 im], c ylinder [´s ilində] Note:  the same letters in open syllable  give a sound [ ai  ] (see below)
[ i: ]	e + e  (always): m eet [m i:t], d eep;    letter e  in the open syllable: tr ee  [tr i:  ], St eve [st i:v];    in combination e + a: m eat [m i:t], b eam [b i:m] Note:  the same combination of letters ( ea) often gives a sound [ e  ] (see above)
[ o ]	usually gives the letter o  closed syllable: p ot [p ot], l ottery [´l otə ri],    as well as the letter a  in the closed syllable after w: wasp [w osp], s wan [sw on]
[ o: ]	occurs in the following letter combinations: o + r: c orn [k o:n], f ortress [´f o:trə s]; m ore [m o: ] almost always in a + u: f auna [´f o:nə], t aunt [t o:nt]; the exception is only a few words, for example, aunt Consonant (except w) + a + w  : d awn [d o:n], h awk [h o:k]. always in combination a + ll: t all  [t o:l], sm all  [sm o:l] Letter combination a + ld (lk) also gives this sound: b ald  [b o:ld], t alk  [t o:k] Infrequently, but you can find a combination of letters ou + rgiving this sound: p our  [p o:  ], m ourn
[ æ ]	usually gives the letter a  closed syllable: fl ag [fl æ g], m arried [´m æ rid]
[ Λ ]	usually gives the letter u  closed syllable: d ust [d Λ st], S unday \u200b\u200b[´s Λ ndei].    And: ouble: d ouble  [d Λ bl], tr ouble  [tr Λ bl] ove: gl ove  [gl Λ v], d ove  [d Λ v] Note:  but there are exceptions: m ove  [m u:v] - (see below);    fl ood [fl Λ d], bl ood [bl Λ d] - (see above)
[ a: ]	occurs in the following letter combinations: a + r: d ark [d a:k], f arm [f a:m] (see note) regular letter a  closed syllable: l ast [l a:st], f ather [f a:ðə] - therefore it is necessary to consult the dictionary, because a  in a closed syllable traditionally gives a sound [ æ   ] as in c at [k æ t]; consonant + alm  also stably gives this sound: p alm  [p a:m], c alm  [k a:m] + note Note:  1. very rare a + r  gives a sound [ o:  ] w arm [w o:m];    3. Rarely: s almon [s æ mə n]
[ u ] [ u: ]	the longitude of this sound in most cases varies for historical reasons, rather than spelling. That is, for each word it is determined individually. This difference in longitude does not carry an enormous meaningful load, as in other sounds. And in oral speech it does not need to be specially emphasized.    This sound occurs in the following cases: always o + o: f oot [f ut], b oot [b u:t], t ook [t uk], m oon [m u:n] after pu  in a closed syllable, sometimes it gives a short version: put [p ut], push [p u∫] (previous letter always p) - (see note) ou  + consonant: c ould [k u:d], w ound [w u:nd] (but similar cases are not frequent). r + u+ consonant + vowel: p rune [pr u:n] rumour [r u:mə] Note:  2. But in similar cases with other consonants u  almost always gives a sound [ Λ   ]: c ut [k Λ t], pl us [pl Λ s], p unch [p Λ nt∫]
[ ε: ]	occurs in closed syllables with the following letter combinations: always i / e / u + r  (in closed syllable): sk irt [sk ε: t], p erson [p ε: sə n] t urn [t ε: n], b urst [b ε: st] - (see note) ea + r: p earl [p ε: l], l earn [l ε: n] Note:  in some cases, a combination o + r  after w  gives this sound: w ord [w ε: d], w ork [w ε: k]
[ ə ]	Neutral sound is produced by most unstressed vowel combinations: fam ous [feim ə   s], c omput er  [k ə   mpju: t ə ]

Vowels diphthongs

Sound	rules
[ ei ]	a  in open syllable: g ame [g eim], p ale [p eil] ai  closed syllable: p ain [p ein], r ail [r eil] ay  (usually at the end): pr ay  [pr ei  ], h ay  [h ei ] ey  (rare, but aptly) usually at the end: gr ey  [gr ei  ], surv ey  [´sε: v ei ] Note:  4. The same combination sometimes gives a sound [ i:  ]: key [k i: ]
[ ai ]	usually occurs in the following cases: letter i  in open syllable: f ine [f ain], pr ice [pr ais] ie  at the end of the word: p ie  [p ai  ], d ie  [d ai ] letter y  open syllable: rh yme [r aim], s yce [s ais] and at the end of the word: m y  [m ai  ], cr y  [kr ai ] ye  at the end of the word: d ye  [d ai  ], r ye  [r ai ]
[ oi ]	usually occurs in the following cases: oi  (usually in the middle of a word) - p oison [´p oizə n], n oise [n oiz] oy  (usually at the end) - b oy  [b oi  ], all oy  [´æl oi ]
[ au ]	occurs in the following letter combinations: o + w: h ow  [h au  ], d own [d aun] - (see note) o + u: r ound [r aund], p out [p aut]    Note: 1. the same combination often gives a sound [ ə u  ] (see below)
[ ə u ]	usually gives the letter o  in open syllable: st one [st ə un], l onely [´l ə unli] letter combinations o + w  (usually at the end of a word): bl ow  [bl ə u  ], cr ow  [kr ə u  ] - (see note) ou  before l: s oul [s ə ul  ], f oul [f ə ul] oa+ vowel: c oach [k ə ut∫  ], t oad [t ə ud] old  (as in the open syllable): c old  [k ə uld], g old  [g ə uld]. Note:  1.exception word: b oth [b ə uθ ];    2. The same combination often gives a sound [ au  ] (see above)
[ iə ]	ea + r: h ear  [h iə  ], n ear  [n iə  ] - (see note) e + r + e: h ere  [h iə  ], s ere  [s iə ] ee + r: d eer  [d iə  ], p eer  [p iə ] Note:  1. if a consonant follows this letter combination, then a sound [ ε:   ] - d earth [d ε: θ]. Exception - b eard [b iəd]
[ eə ]	give the following letter combinations: a + r + e: d are  [d eə  ], fl are  [fl eə ] ai + r: h air  [h eə  ], f air  [f eə ]
[ aiə ]	give the following letter combinations: i + r + e: f ire  [f aiə  ], h ire  [h aiə ] y + r + e: t yre  [t aiə  ], p yre  [p aiə ]

Consonant sounds

Sound	rules
[∫ ]	there are several letter combinations that always give this sound (among others): tion [∫ə n  ]: celebra tion  [´seli´brei∫n], tui tion  [tju: ´i∫n] cious [∫ə s  ]: deli cious  [dil´∫əs], vi cious  [´vi∫əs] cian [∫ə n  ]: musi cian  [mju: ´zi∫ən], politi cian  [poli´ti∫ən] and, of course, the combination of letters sh: sheep [∫i: p], shoot [∫u: t]
[ t∫]	always occurs in: ch: chair [t∫eə], child [t∫aild] t + ure: crea ture  [´kri: t∫ə], fu ture  [´fju: t∫ə]
[ ð ] [ θ ]	These two sounds come from the same combination of letters. th.    Usually, if this letter combination is in the middle of a word (between two vowels), then a sound [ ð   ]: wi thout [wi´ ð aut]    And, if it stands at the beginning or end of a word, then a sound [ θ ]: thanks [ θ ænks], fai th  [fei θ ]
[ ŋ ]	a nasal sound occurs in a vowel + ng:    s ing  [si ŋ   ], h ungry [´hΛ ŋ gri], wr ong  [wro ŋ   ], h ang  [hæ ŋ ]
[ j ]	softness in sound may occur in some cases, and not manifest in other similar cases, for example, s uper [´s u:  p ə] (see dictionary): u  in open syllable: m ute [m ju: t], h uge [h ju: d3] ew: f ew  [f ju:], l ewd [l ju: d] if the word starts on y +  vowel: yard [ ja: d], young [ jΛŋ ]

Now go through an interactive lesson and fix this topic.