The train on the magnetic cushion. Trains on magnetic pillows - Maglev. How does it work? Record speed. From the series "Perspective high-speed transport." Very expensive toy

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1. Purpose

Magnetic cushion train or maglev (From English Magnetic Levitation, i.e. "Maglev" - magnetoplan) is a train on a magnetic suspension, driven and controlled by magnetic forces, designed to transport people (Fig. 1). Refer to the technique of passenger transport. Unlike traditional trains, during the movement, it does not concern the surface of the rail.

2. Basic parts (device) and their purpose

There are different technological solutions in the development of this design (see paragraph 6). Consider the principle of operation of the magnetic cushion of the train "Transrapid" on electromagnets ( electromagnetic suspension, EMS) (Fig. 2).

Electronically controlled electromagnets (1) are attached to the metal "skirt" of each car. They interact with magnets on the underside of a special rail (2), as a result of which the train hangs over the rail. Other magnets provide lateral alignment. Along the path laid the winding (3), which creates a magnetic field, leading the train in motion (linear motor).

3. Principle of action

The principle of operation of the train on magnetic suspension is the following physical phenomena and laws:

phenomenon and the law of electromagnetic induction M. Faraday

lenza rule

bio-Savara Laplace Law

In 1831, the English physicist Michael Faraday opened electromagnetic induction law, Whereby changing the magnetic flux inside the conductive circuit excites in this circuit electricity Even in the absence of a power source in the circuit. The question left by the Faraday, the Russian physicist Emily Christianovich Lenz soon decided on the direction of the induction current.

Consider a closed circular conductive circuit without a connected battery or other power source, in which the North Pole is beginning to enter a magnet. This will lead to an increase in the magnetic flux passing through the contour, and, according to the Faraday law, an induced current will appear in the circuit. This current, in turn, according to the law of Bio-Savara, will generate a magnetic field, whose properties are not different from the properties of the normal magnet field with the northern and southern poles. Lenza just managed to find out that the induced current will be directed in such a way that the north pole of the generated current magnetic field It will be focused towards the North Pole of the Magnet. Since between two northern Poles Magnets act with the strength of mutual repulsion, induction current induced in the circuit flows precisely in this direction, which will counteract the introduction of a magnet into the contour. And this is only a special case, and in the generalized wording, the Lenza rule states that the induction current is always directed to counteract its root cause.

Lenza rule is just used in the train on the magnetic cushion. Under the bottom of the car, such a train mounted powerful magnets located in centimeters from steel canvas (Fig. 3). When the train moves, the magnetic flux passing through the contour of the canvas is constantly changing, and there are strong induction currents that create a powerful magnetic field that repel the magnetic suspension of the train (in the same way as the repulsion forces arise between the contour and magnet in the above-described experiment). This power is so great that by typing some speed, the train literally breaks away from the canvas for several centimeters and, in fact, flies through the air.

The composition is levitized due to the repulsion of the same poles of magnets and, on the contrary, attracting different poles. The trains of the Transrapid train (Fig. 1) applied an unexpected magnetic suspension scheme. They used not repulsion of the same poles, but attracting the varied. Move the load over the magnet is easy (this system is stable), and under the magnet - almost impossible. But if you take a controlled electromagnet, the situation changes. The control system retains the magnitude of the gap between the magnets constant in several millimeters (Fig. 3). With an increase in the gap, the system increases current strength in carrier magnets and thus "pulls up" the car; With a decrease, the current strengths is reduced, and the gap increases. The scheme has two serious advantages. Travel magnetic elements are protected from weather influences, and their field is significantly weaker due to the small gap between the way and the composition; It requires currents of much lower strength. Consequently, the train of such a design turns out to be much more economical.

Train movement forward linear engine. Such an engine has a rotor and a stator stretched into the strip (in the usual electromotor they are twisted in the rings). The stator winding is turned on alternately, creating a running magnetic field. The stator, strengthened on the locomotive, is drawn into this field and moves the whole composition (Fig. 4, 5). . The key element of the technology is the change of poles on electromagnets by alternating the supply and removal of the current with a frequency of 4000 times per second. The gap between the stator and the rotor should not exceed five millimeters. It is difficult to achieve because of the characteristic of monorail roads, except for roads with a side suspension, routing of cars while driving, especially when turning turns. Therefore, the perfect track infrastructure is necessary.

The stability of the system is provided by automatic current control in magnetization windings: the sensors constantly measure the distance from the train to the path and, accordingly, it changes the voltage on electromagnets (Fig. 3). Ultrafast control systems control the gap between the road and train.

The only braking force is the power of aerodynamic resistance.

So, the map of the train on a magnetic suspension: bearing electromagnets are installed under the car, and on the rail - the coils of the linear electric motor. When they interact, there is a force that lifts the wagon over the road and pulls it forward. The direction of current in the windings is continuously changing, switching magnetic fields as the train is moving.

Bearing magnets feed from onboard batteries (Fig. 4), which are recharged at each station. The current on the linear electric motor that accelerates the train to aircraft velocities is supplied only on the site where the train goes (Fig. 6 A). A sufficiently strong magnetic field of the composition will damage the current in travel windings, and those in turn - to create a magnetic field.

There, where the train increases the speed or is in the mountain, the energy is supplied with a greater power. If you need to slow down or ride in the opposite direction, the magnetic field changes the vector.

Check out video phrases " Electromagnetic induction law», « Electromagnetic induction» « Faraday experiences».

Fig. 6. B personnel from video phrases "The law of electromagnetic induction", "Electromagnetic induction" "Faraday's experiments."

Magnetoplan or Maglev (from the English Magnetic Levitation) is a train on a magnetic suspension, driven and controlled by magnetic forces. This composition, in contrast to traditional trains, does not concern the surface of the rail during the movement. Since there is a gap between the train and the surface of the movement, friction is excluded, and the only braking force is the strength of aerodynamic resistance.

The speed, reaching Maglev, is comparable with the speed of the aircraft and allows the competing of the air reports on small (for aviation) distances (up to 1000 km). Although the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch transport is not new, economic and technical limitations did not allow it to be fully: for public use, the technology was incarnated only several times. Currently, Maglev cannot use the existing transport infrastructure, although there are projects with the location of the elements of the magnetic road between the rails of the ordinary railway or under the vehicles.

At the moment there are 3 main technologies of the magnetic suspension of trains:

1. On superconducting magnets (electrodynamic suspension, EDS).

Created in Germany "The Railway of the Future" and first caused protests of the residents of Shanghai. But this time the power, frightened by demonstrations, threatening to pour into large unrest, promised to deal with trains. In order to stop demonstrations on time, the officials even smeared the camcorder in those places where mass protests most often occur. The Chinese crowd is very organized and mobile, she can gather in seconds and turn into a demonstration with slogans.

These are the largest folk performances in Shanghai since the time of Antiappon Marsh in 2005. This is no longer the first protest caused by the concern of the Chinese worsening ecology. Multiple crowds of demonstrators forced the government to postpone the construction of a chemical complex.

Trains on magnetic pillows - is it transport of the future? How does the train on the magnetic cushion?

Already more than two hundred years have passed since the moment mankind has invented the first steam locomotives. However, still railway land transport transporting passengers and heavy cargoes with the help of electricity and diesel fuel is very common.

It is worth saying that all these years, the inventors engineers actively worked on the creation of alternative ways to move. The result of their work was trains on magnetic pillows.

History of appearance

The very idea of \u200b\u200bcreating trains on magnetic pillows was actively developed at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, to embody this project at that time, for a number of reasons, it was not possible. It was started to make such a train only in 1969. It was then that in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany began to lay a magnetic route, which should have passed a new vehicle, which was subsequently called this: Train Maglev. It was launched in 1971. On the magnetic route, the first train-maglev was held, which was called "Transrapid-02".

Interesting the fact that German engineers made an alternative vehicle on the basis of those records that left the scientist Herman Cermin, in 1934 received a patent confirming the invention of the magnetoplane.

"Transrapid-02" is difficult to name very fast. He could move at a maximum speed of 90 kilometers per hour. Low there was its capacity - only four people.

In 1979, created a more advanced model of Maghelov. This train, which is called "Transrapid-05", could carry sixty-eight passengers. It moved along the line located in the city of Hamburg, the length of which was 908 meters. The maximum speed that this train developed was equal to seventy five kilometers per hour.

In the same 1979, another model of Magheva was issued in Japan. She was called "ML-500". Japanese train on the magnetic cushion developed speed up to five hundred seventeen kilometers per hour.

Competitiveness

The speed that trains can be developed on magnetic pillows can be compared with the speed of aircraft. In this regard, this type of transport can be a serious competitor to those airlines that work up to a thousand kilometers away. The ubiquitous use of Magrelov prevents the fact that they cannot move according to traditional railway coatings. Trains on magnetic pillows need to build special highways. And this requires major capital investments. It is also considered that the magnetic field created for magnetic field can adversely affect the human body, which will adversely affect the health of the driver and residents of regions near such a route.

Principle of operation

Trains on magnetic pillows are a special variety of transport. During Maglev's movement, it seems to boil over the railway cloth, without touching it. This is due to the fact that the vehicle is controlled by the force of an artificially created magnetic field. During Maglian's movement there is no friction. Thoring force at the same time is aerodynamic resistance.

Electromagnetic suspension

This technology is called EMS. It is based on the power of an electromagnetic field changing over time. It causes levitation (lifting in the air) Maglava. To move the train in this case, T-shaped rails are necessary, which are performed from the conductor (as a rule, from metal). This system is similar to the usual railway. However, on the train instead of wheeled steam installed support and guide magnets. They are placed parallel to ferromagnetic stators located along the edge of the T-shaped web.

Inhibition of trains created on the basis of EMS technology, performs a synchronous Line Acceleration Linear Engine. It is represented by supporting magnets, as well as a roadbed, over which Parian Maglev. The speed and thrust of the composition can be adjusted by changing the frequency and forces of the created alternating current. To slow down the stroke, it is sufficient to change the direction of magnetic waves.

Electrodynamic suspension

There is a technology in which the Maglam movement occurs when two fields interact. One of them is created in the linen of the highway, and the second is on board the composition. This technology was named EDS. At its base, a Japanese train on the magnetic cushion Jr-Maglev was built.

Advantages and disadvantages of EDS technology

The positive side of the system operating on an electrodynamic suspension is its stability. Even a slight reduction or increase in the distance between the magnets and the web is regulated by repulsion and attraction. This allows the system to be unchanged. With this technology, there is no need to install electronics to control. No devices for adjusting the distance between the canvas and magnets are not needed.

EDS technology has some disadvantages. So, the force sufficient to levitate composition may occur only at high speed. That is why Maglev is equipped with wheels. They provide their movement at speeds up to a hundred kilometers per hour. Another disadvantage of this technology is the friction force arising in the posterior and front of the repellent magnets at a low speed value.

Due to the strong magnetic field in the section intended for passengers, a special protection is needed. Otherwise, a person with an electronic heart stimulator is prohibited. Protection is needed for magnetic information carriers (credit cards and HDD).

Developed technology

The third system that currently exists only on paper is to use in EDS version permanent magnetswhich do not need energy supply to activate. It was even recently thought that it was impossible. The researchers believed that permanent magnets do not have such a force that can cause levitation of the train. However, this problem was avoided. To solve it, the magnets were placed in the Halbach Massif. Such a location leads to the creation of a magnetic field not under an array, but above it. This contributes to maintaining the levitation of the composition even at a speed of about five kilometers per hour.

Practical implementation This project has not yet received. This is explained by the high cost of arrays made of permanent magnets.

Advantages of Magrelov

The most attractive side of trains on the magnetic cushion is the prospect of achieving high speeds, which will allow Maglava to compete in the future even with reactive aircraft. This type of transport is quite economical in terms of electricity consumed. Nearby expenses and its operation. This becomes possible due to the lack of friction. I am glad and low noise of magless, which will have a positive effect on an ecological situation.

disadvantages

The negative side of Magrelov is too much the amount required to create them. High costs and track service. In addition, for the considered type of transport, a complex system of paths and ultra-precision devices controlling the distance between the canvas and magnets are required.

Implementation of the project in Berlin

Trains on a magnetic pillow, Maglev - the fastest type of ground public transport. And although only three small tracks, research and testing prototypes of magnetic trains are introduced while different countriesoh. How magnetic levitation technology developed and what awaits it in the near future you will learn from this article.

The first pages of Maglev's history were filled with rows of patents obtained at the beginning of the 20th century in different countries. Back in 1902, the Patent on the construction of the train equipped with a linear engine was noted by the German inventor of Alfred Zeiden. And already four years later, Franklin Scott Smith developed another early prototype of the train on an electromagnetic suspension. A little later, in the period from 1937 to 1941, a few more patents related to trains equipped with linear electric motors, he received the German engineer Herman Cerma. By the way, the moving formulations of the Moscow Monorail Transport System, built in 2004, use asynchronous linear engines to move - is the world's first monorail engine.

Train of the Moscow Montorels System near Tolerent Station

In the late 1940s, researchers switched from the word to the case. British engineer Eric Laceweet, whom many are called the "father of Magrelov", managed to develop the first working full-size prototype of a linear asynchronous engine. Later, in the 1960s, he joined the development of the Tracked HoverCraft speed train. Unfortunately, in 1973 the project was closed due to lack of funds.

In 1979, the world's first prototype in the magnetic cushion was appeared, licensed to provide passenger transport services - Transrapid 05. The test track of 908 m long was built in Hamburg and was presented during the exhibition IVA 79. The interest in the project was so great that transrapid 05 managed to successfully work out three months after the end of the exhibition and to transport about 50 thousand passengers a total. The maximum speed of this train was 75 km / h.

And the first commercial magnetoplan appeared in 1984 in Birmingham, England. The railway line on a magnetic suspension connected the terminal of Birmingham International Airport and located nearby railway station. She successfully worked from 1984 to 1995. The length of the line was only 600 m, and the height on which the composition with a linear asynchronous engine was raised above the pathway - 15 millimeters. In 2003, the AIRRAIL LINK passenger transport system based on Cable Liner technology was built in her place.

In the 1980s, to the development and implementation of projects for the creation high-speed trains On the magnetic pillow, not only in England and Germany, but also in Japan, Korea, China and the United States are proceeded.

How it works

We know about the basic properties of magnets since the lessons of physics for the 6th grade. If you bring the North Pole of the Permanent Magnet to the North Pole of another magnet, they will be repelled. If one of the magnets turn over, connecting different poles - attract. This simple principle is laid in magleval trains, which slide over the air over the rail at a small distance.

The magnetic suspension technology is based on three main subsystems: levitation, stabilization and acceleration. At the same time, currently there are two main magnetic suspension technologies and one experimental, proven only on paper.

Trains built on the basis of electromagnetic suspension technology (EMS) for levitation use an electromagnetic field, which changes over time. At the same time, the practical implementation of this system is very similar to the work of ordinary railway transport. A T-shaped rail can be used here from the conductor (mainly metal), but the train instead of wheeled steam uses a system of electromagnets - reference and guides. The support and guide magnets are located in parallel to ferromagnetic stators placed on the edges of the T-shaped path. The main disadvantage of EMS technology is the distance between the support magnet and the stator, which is 15 millimeters and must be monitored and adjusted by special automated systems Depending on the set of factors, including the non-permanent nature of electromagnetic interaction. By the way, the levitation system works due to batteries installed on board the trains, which are recharged by linear generators built into support magnets. Thus, in the event of a stop, the train will be able to levitate long enough on batteries. On the basis of EMS technology built TRANSRAPID trains and, in particular, Shanghai Maglev.

Trains based on EMS technology are driven and carry out braking using a synchronous linear low acceleration engine represented by supporting magnets and a web, over which heap magnetoplan. By and large, the motor system built into the cloth is a conventional stator (the fixed part of the linear electric motor), unfolded along the bottom of the web, and the reference electromagnets, in turn, operate as an anchor of the electric motor. Thus, instead of obtaining a torque, an alternating current in coils generates a magnetic field of excited waves, which moves the composition contactless. Changing the strength and frequency of alternating current allows you to adjust the traction and speed of the composition. At the same time, to slow down the move, you just need to change the direction of the magnetic field.

In the case of the use of electrodynamic suspension technology (EDS), levitation is carried out in the interaction of the magnetic field in the canvas and the field created by superconducting magnets on board the composition. On the basis of EDS technology built Japanese trains Jr-Maglev. In contrast to the EMS technology, in which conventional electromagnets and coils are applied, electricity is carried out only at the moment when power is supplied, superconducting electromagnets can carry out electricity even after the power supply has been disabled, for example, in the event of power outage. Cooling coils in the EDS system you can save a lot of energy. However, cryogenic system Cooling used to maintain lower temperatures in coils may be quite expensive.

The main advantage of the EDS system is high stability - with a minor reduction in the distance between the web and magnets there is an outline strength that returns magnets to the original position, while at the same time, the increase in distance reduces the pushing force and increases the effect of attraction, which again leads to the system stabilization. In this case, no electronics for monitoring and adjusting the distance between the train and the web is required.

True, without flaws, there was also no - sufficient for levitation of the composition. The strength occurs only at high speeds. For this reason, the train on the EDS system must be equipped with wheels, which will be able to move at low speeds (up to 100 km / h). The corresponding changes should also be made along the entire length of the canvas, as the train may stop anywhere in connection with the technical fault.

Another disadvantage of EDS is that at low speeds in the front and rear parts of repulsive magnets in the canvas, the friction force arises, which acts against them. This is one of the reasons why the JR-Maglev refused to fully repulsive the system and looked towards the side levitation system.

It should also be noted that strong magnetic fields in the passenger sections generate the need to install magnetic protection. Without shielding a trip in such a car for passengers with an electronic heart stimulator or magnetic information carriers (HDD and credit cards), contraindicated.

The subsystem of acceleration in trains based on EDS technology works exactly as in the compositions based on EMS technology, except that, after changing the polarity, the states are stopped here for a moment.

The third, closest to the implementation of technology that exists so far only on paper is an EDS version with Inductrack permanent magnets, to activate which energy does not require. Until recently, the researchers believed that permanent magnets do not have sufficient trains to levitation. However, this problem was solved by placing magnets into the so-called "Halbach array". The magnets are located in such a way that the magnetic field occurs above the array, and not under it, and are able to maintain the levitation of the train at very low speeds - about 5 km / h. True, the cost of such arrays from permanent magnets is very high, therefore there is no single commercial project of this kind.

Guinness Book of Records

At the moment, the first line in the list of the fastest trains on the magnetic cushion is the Japanese solution JR-Maglev MLX01, which on December 2, 2003, on the test track in Yamanasi, managed to develop a record speed - 581 km / h. It is worth noting that JR-Maglev MLX01 has a few more records established from 1997 to 1999 - 531, 550, 552 km / h.

If you look at the nearest competitors, then among them it is worth noting the Shanghai Maglev Transrapid SMT, built in Germany, which was able to develop a speed of 501 km / h and its progenitor - Transrapid 07, overcoming the frontier 436 km / h more 1988.

Practical implementation

The train on the magnetic cushion Linimo, the operation of which began in March 2005, was developed by Chubu HSST and is still used in Japan. It runs between the two cities of the Aichi Prefecture. The length of the canvas over which Parian Maglev is about 9 km (9 stations). At the same time, the maximum speed of Linimo is 100 km / h. This did not prevent him from only during the first three months from the moment of launching to transport more than 10 million passengers.

Shanghai Maglev, created by the German company Transrapid and commissioned on January 1, 2004, is more famous. This railway line on a magnetic suspension connects the Shanghai Lunyian Lou metro station with Pudong International Airport. The total distance is 30 km, the train overcomes it in approximately 7.5 minutes, accelerating to the speed of 431 km / h.

Another railway line on a magnetic suspension is successfully operated in the city of Thajon, South Korea. UTM-02 became available to passengers on April 21, 2008, and on its development and creation took 14 years. Railway line on magnetic suspension connects National Museum Science and exhibition park, the distance between which is just 1 km.

Among the trains on the magnetic cushion, the operation of which will begin in the near future, it is worth noting Maglev L0 in Japan, his tests were renewed quite recently. It is expected that by 2027 it will run along the Tokyo - Nagoya route.

Very expensive toy

Not so long ago, popular magazines called trains on a magnetic cushion with revolutionary transport, and the launch of new projects of such systems with enviable regularity was reported both private companies and authorities from different countries of the world. However, most of these grand projects were closed at the initial stages, and some railway lines on a magnetic suspension, though they had a short time for the benefit of the population, were later dismantled.

The main reason for the failure is that the train on the magnetic suspension is extremely roads. They require specially built under them from zero infrastructure, which, as a rule, is the most exempted article in the project budget. For example, Shanghai Maglev costs China at $ 1.3 billion or $ 43.6 million per 1 km of two-way web (including the cost of creating trains and stations building). Compete with train airlines on a magnetic cushion can only on longer routes. But again, there are enough places in the world with a large passenger traffic that is necessary in order for the railway line on a magnetic suspension.

What's next?

At the moment, the future of trains on a magnetic suspension looks foggy in more than Due to the most expensive high cost of such projects and a long period of payback. At the same time, many countries continue to invest tremendous funds in projects to create high-speed railway highways (SMM). Not so long ago, speed tests of the train on the magnetic cushion Maglev L0 were resumed in Japan.

The Japanese government also hopes to be interested in their own trains on the US magnetic pillow. Recently, representatives of The Northeast Maglev, which plan to combine with the help of a railway line on Magnetic suspension Washington and New York, made an official visit to Japan. Perhaps the train on the magnetic suspension will get more distribution in countries with a less effective network of UNMD. For example, in the United States and the UK, but their cost will still remain high.

There is another event development scenario. As is known, one of the ways to increase the efficiency of trains on the magnetic cushion is the use of superconductors, which, when cooled to close to the absolute zero, temperatures completely lose electrical resistance. However, to keep huge magnets in pots with extremely cold liquids are very expensive, so to keep the desired temperature, you need huge "refrigerators", which increases even more costs.

But no one excludes the likelihood that in the near future, the luminais of physics will be able to create an inexpensive substance that retain superconducting properties even at room temperature. When achieving superconductivity when high temperatures Powerful magnetic fields that can hold on the weight of the machine and trains will become so affordable that even "flying cars" will be economically beneficial. So we are waiting for news from laboratories.

Already more than two hundred years have passed since the moment mankind has invented the first steam locomotives. However, still railway land transport transporting passengers and heavy cargoes with the help of electricity and diesel fuel is very common.

It is worth saying that all these years, the inventors engineers actively worked on the creation of alternative ways to move. The result of their work was trains on magnetic pillows.

History of appearance

The very idea of \u200b\u200bcreating trains on magnetic pillows was actively developed at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, to embody this project at that time, for a number of reasons, it was not possible. It was started to make such a train only in 1969. It was then that in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany began to lay a magnetic route, which should have passed a new vehicle, which was subsequently called this: Train Maglev. It was launched in 1971. The first train-maglev, which was called "Transrapid-02" passed along the magnetic route.

Interesting the fact that German engineers made an alternative vehicle on the basis of those records that left the scientist Herman Cermin, in 1934 received a patent confirming the invention of the magnetoplane.

"Transrapid-02" is difficult to name very fast. He could move at a maximum speed of 90 kilometers per hour. Low there was its capacity - only four people.

In 1979, created a more advanced model of Maghelov. This train, which is called "Transrapid-05", could carry sixty-eight passengers. It moved along the line located in the city of Hamburg, the length of which was 908 meters. The maximum speed that this train developed was equal to seventy five kilometers per hour.

In the same 1979, another model of Magheva was issued in Japan. She was called "ML-500". Japanese train on the magnetic cushion developed speed up to five hundred seventeen kilometers per hour.

Competitiveness

The speed that trains can be developed on magnetic pillows can be compared with the speed of aircraft. In this regard, this type of transport can be a serious competitor to those airlines that work up to a thousand kilometers away. The ubiquitous use of Magrelov prevents the fact that they cannot move according to traditional railway coatings. Trains on magnetic pillows need to build special highways. And this requires major capital investments. It is also considered that the magnetic field created for magnetic field can adversely affect the human body, which will adversely affect the health of the driver and residents of regions near such a route.

Principle of operation

Trains on magnetic pillows are a special variety of transport. During Maglev's movement, it seems to boil over the railway cloth, without touching it. This is due to the fact that the vehicle is controlled by the force of an artificially created magnetic field. During Maglian's movement there is no friction. Thoring force at the same time is aerodynamic resistance.

How does it work? About what basic properties make magnets, each of us known from the lessons of the physics of the sixth grade. If two magnets bring to each other with the Nordic Poles, they will be repelled. The so-called magnetic pillow is created. When connecting different poles, the magnets will attract each other. This is a fairly simple principle and underlies the movement of the train-Magelev, which literally slides through the air at a small distance from the rails.

Currently, two technologies have already been developed, with which the magnetic cushion or suspension is operated. The third is experimental and exists only on paper.

Electromagnetic suspension

This technology is called EMS. It is based on the power of an electromagnetic field changing over time. It causes levitation (lifting in the air) Maglava. To move the train in this case, T-shaped rails are necessary, which are performed from the conductor (as a rule, from metal). This system is similar to the usual railway. However, on the train instead of wheeled steam installed support and guide magnets. They are placed parallel to ferromagnetic stators located along the edge of the T-shaped web.

The main disadvantage of EMS technology is the need to control the distance between the stator and magnets. And this is despite the fact that it depends on the set of factors, including from the non-permanent nature of electromagnetic interaction. In order to avoid a sudden train stop, special batteries are installed on it. They are able to recharge linear generators built into support magnets, and thus sufficiently support the levitation process.

Inhibition of trains created on the basis of EMS technology, performs a synchronous Line Acceleration Linear Engine. It is represented by supporting magnets, as well as a roadbed, over which Parian Maglev. The speed and thrust of the composition can be adjusted by changing the frequency and forces of the created alternating current. To slow down the stroke, it is sufficient to change the direction of magnetic waves.

Electrodynamic suspension

There is a technology in which the Maglam movement occurs when two fields interact. One of them is created in the linen of the highway, and the second is on board the composition. This technology was named EDS. At its base, a Japanese train on the magnetic cushion Jr-Maglev was built.

Such a system has some differences from EMS, where conventional magnets are used to which electrical current is supplied from the coils only when power is applied.

EDS technology implies constant flow of electricity. This happens even if the power source is disabled. In the coils of such a system, cryogenic cooling is installed, which allows to save significant amounts of electricity.

Advantages and disadvantages of EDS technology

The positive side of the system operating on an electrodynamic suspension is its stability. Even a slight reduction or increase in the distance between the magnets and the web is regulated by repulsion and attraction. This allows the system to be unchanged. With this technology, there is no need to install electronics to control. No devices for adjusting the distance between the canvas and magnets are not needed.

EDS technology has some disadvantages. So, the force sufficient to levitate composition may occur only at high speed. That is why Maglev is equipped with wheels. They provide their movement at speeds up to a hundred kilometers per hour. Another disadvantage of this technology is the friction force arising in the posterior and front of the repellent magnets at a low speed value.

Due to the strong magnetic field in the section intended for passengers, a special protection is needed. Otherwise, a person with an electronic heart stimulator is prohibited. Protection is needed for magnetic information carriers (credit cards and HDD).

Developed technology

The third system that currently exists only on paper is the use of permanent magnets in the EDS version, which do not need energy supply to activate. It was even recently thought that it was impossible. The researchers believed that permanent magnets do not have such a force that can cause levitation of the train. However, this problem was avoided. To solve it, the magnets were placed in the Halbach Massif. Such a location leads to the creation of a magnetic field not under an array, but above it. This contributes to maintaining the levitation of the composition even at a speed of about five kilometers per hour.

Practical implementation This project has not yet received. This is explained by the high cost of arrays made of permanent magnets.

Advantages of Magrelov

The most attractive side of trains on the magnetic cushion is the prospect of achieving high speeds, which will allow Maglava to compete in the future even with reactive aircraft. This type of transport is quite economical in terms of electricity consumed. Nearby expenses and its operation. This becomes possible due to the lack of friction. I am glad and low noise of magless, which will have a positive effect on an ecological situation.

disadvantages

The negative side of Magrelov is too much the amount required to create them. High costs and track service. In addition, for the considered type of transport, a complex system of paths and ultra-precision devices controlling the distance between the canvas and magnets are required.

Implementation of the project in Berlin

In the capital of Germany in 1980, the opening of the first Maglev type system called M-Bahn was held. The length of the canvas was 1.6 km. The train on the magnetic cushion rushed between the three metro stations on weekends. The passage for passengers was free. After the fall Berlin Wall The city's population has increased almost twice. It took the creation of transport networks with the possibility of providing high passenger traffic. That is why in 1991 the magnetic cloth was dismantled, and the construction of the subway began in its place.

Birmingham

In this German city, low-speed Maglev connected from 1984 to 1995. Airport and railway station. The magnetic path length ranged only 600 m.

The road worked for ten years and was closed in connection with numerous complaints of passengers for existing inconveniences. Subsequently, monorail transport replaced Maglev on this site.

Shanghai

The first magnetic road in Berlin was built by the German company Transrapid. The project failure did not scare the developers. They continued their research and received an order from the Chinese government, which decided to build a trace-Maglev in the country. Shanghai and Pudun Airport tied this high-speed (up to 450 km / h) path.

The road in a length of 30 km was opened in 2002 in plans for the future - its extension is up to 175 km.

Japan

In this country in 2005, Expo-2005 exhibition was held. The magnetic route of 9 km long was commissioned to its discovery. Nine stations are located on the line. Maglev serves the territory that comes to the venue of the exhibition.

Maglev are considered the transport of the future. Already in 2025 it is planned to open a new ultra-speed track in such a country as Japan. The train on the magnetic cushion will transport passengers from Tokyo to one of the regions of the central part of the island. Its speed will be 500 km / h. To implement the project, it will take about forty-five billion dollars.

Av. Lyudmila Frolova January 19, 2015 http: //fb.ru/article/165360/po ...

Japanese train magnetoplan again broke the speed record

Distance in 280 kilometers Train will overcome only 40 minutes

Japanese train on the magnetic pillow, or Maglev, broke his own speed record, disperse up to 603 km / h during tests near Fuji.

The previous record - 590km / h - was put last week.

Jr Central, which belongs to these compositions, intends to release them on Tokyo Nagoya by 2027.

The distance of 280 kilometers the train will be overcome in just 40 minutes.

At the same time, according to the management of the company, carry passengers at maximum speed will not be: it will accelerate "only" to 505 km / h. But this is noticeably higher than the speed of the fastest Japanese train "Sinkansen", covering the distance in 320 km per hour.

Passengers of the speed records will not be demonstrated, but 500 with an excess KM / h.

The cost of building a high-speed highway to Nagoya will be almost 100 billion dollars, this is explained by the fact that more than 80% of the path will run on the tunnels.

It is expected that by 2045, Maglev's trains will overcome the distance from Tokyo to Osaka in just an hour, having shown the time on the way.

It was about 200 enthusiasts to observe the tests of the ultra-speed train.

"I already have goosebumps on the skin, so I want to reconcose on this train as soon as possible," said NHK television company. One of the audience. "For me as if a new story page was opened."

"The faster the train moves, especially since it is stable, so the quality of the trip in my opinion has improved," explains the head of the research department of Jr Central Jasukadza Endo.

New trains will come to the Tokyo Nagoya route by 2027

In Japan, there has been a network of high-speed roads on Steel rails "Sinkansen". However, investing in the new technology of trains on the magnetic pillow, the Japanese hope that they can export it abroad.

During the visit to the United States, Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe will give a sentence in building a high-speed highway between New York and Washington.

Other posts in the framework of the "Perspective Tightening Transport" and "Perspective Local Transport" CM:

Supersonic vacuum "train" - Hyperloop. From the series "Perspective high-speed transport."

Series "Perspective Local Transport". New electric train EP2D

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