What are the 5 senses of a person. Human analyzers. The main senses and their functions. The value of the auditory analyzer

The sense organs are specialized structures through which parts of the brain receive information from the internal or external environment. With their help, a person is able to perceive the world.

Sense organs - afferent (receptor) section of the analyzer system... The analyzer is the peripheral part of the reflex arc, which communicates between the central nervous system and the environment, receives irritation and transmits it through the pathways to the cerebral cortex, where information is processed and sensation is formed.

5 human senses

How many main senses does a person have?

In total, it is customary for a person to share 5 senses. Depending on their origin, they are divided into three types.

• The organs of hearing and vision come from the embryonic neural plate. These are sensorineural analyzers, refer to the first type.
• The organs of taste, balance and hearing develop from epithelial cells, which transmit impulses to neurocytes. These are sensory-epithelial analyzers, refer to the second type.
• Third type includes peripheral parts of the analyzer that sense pressure and touch.

Visual analyzer

The main structures of the eye: the eyeball and the auxiliary apparatus (eyelids, muscles of the eyeball, lacrimal glands).

The eyeball has an oval shape, is attached with the help of ligaments, and can move with the help of muscles. Consists of three shells: outer, middle and inner. Outer shell (sclera)- this is a protein membrane of an opaque structure that surrounds the surface of the eye by 5/6. The sclera gradually passes into the cornea (it is transparent), which makes up 1/6 of the outer shell. The transition area is called the limb.

Middle shell consists of three parts: the choroid, the ciliary body and the iris. The iris has a colored color, in the center of it is the pupil, thanks to its expansion and contraction, the flow of light to the retina is regulated. In bright light, the pupil narrows, and in low light, on the contrary, it expands in order to catch more light rays.

Inner shell Is the retina. The retina is located at the bottom of the eyeball and provides light and color perception. Photosensory cells of the retina are rods (about 130 million) and cones (6-7 million). Rod cells provide twilight vision (black and white), cones are used for daytime vision, color discrimination. The eyeball has the lens and the chambers of the eye (anterior and posterior) inside.

The value of the visual analyzer

With the help of the eyes, a person receives about 80% of information about the environment, distinguishes colors, the shape of objects, is able to see even with a minimal amount of light. The accommodating apparatus makes it possible to maintain the clarity of objects when looking into the distance, or close reading. Auxiliary structures protect the eye from damage and contamination.

Auditory analyzer

The organ of hearing includes the outer, middle and inner ear, which perceive sound stimuli, generate an impulse and transmit it to the temporal cortex. The auditory analyzer is inseparable from the organ of balance, so the inner ear is sensitive to changes in gravity, vibration, rotation, and body movement.

Outer ear divided into the auricle, the auditory canal and the eardrum. The auricle is an elastic cartilage with a thin ball of skin that defines the sources of sound. The structure of the external auditory passage includes two parts: cartilaginous at the beginning and bone. Inside there are glands that produce sulfur (has a bactericidal effect). The eardrum perceives sound vibrations and transmits them to the structures of the middle ear.

Middle ear includes the tympanic cavity, inside which the hammer, stirrup, incus and Eustachian tube are located (connects the middle ear with the nasal part of the pharynx, regulates pressure).

Inner ear is divided into a bony and membranous labyrinth, between them a perilymph flows. The bone labyrinth has:

• the threshold;
• three semicircular canals (located in three planes, provide balance, control the movement of the body in space);
• the cochlea (it contains hair cells that perceive sound vibrations and transmit an impulse to the auditory nerve).

The value of the auditory analyzer

Helps to navigate in space, distinguishing between noises, rustles, sounds at different distances. With its help, information is exchanged when communicating with other people. Since birth, a person has heard oral speech, learns to speak himself. If congenital hearing impairment occurs, the child will not be able to speak.

The structure of the human sense of smell

Receptor cells are found at the back of the upper nasal passages. Perceiving smells, they transmit information to the olfactory nerve, which delivers it to the olfactory bulbs of the brain.

With the help of smell, a person determines the good quality of food, or senses a threat to life (carbon monoxide, toxic substances), pleasant aromas cheer up, the smell of food stimulates the production of gastric juice, promoting digestion.

Organs of taste

On the surface of the tongue, papillae are located - these are taste buds, on the apical part of which there are microvilli that perceive taste.

The sensitivity of receptor cells to food is different: the tip of the tongue is susceptible to sweet, the root to bitter, and the central part to salty. Through nerve fibers, the generated impulse is transmitted to the overlying cortical structures of the taste analyzer.

Organs of touch

A person can perceive the world around him through touch, with the help of receptors on the body, mucous membranes, in muscles. They are able to distinguish between temperature (thermoreceptors), pressure level (baroreceptors), pain.

Nerve endings have a high sensitivity in the mucous membranes, earlobe, and, for example, the receptor sensitivity in the back is low. The touch makes it possible to avoid danger - to remove the hand from a hot or sharp object, determines the degree of pain threshold, signals an increase in temperature.

• Vision is the ability to sense radiation waves.
• Hearing is the ability to perceive and process sounds.
• Smell is the ability to pick up and recognize odors.
• Touch is the ability to feel touch.
• Taste is the ability to distinguish between food.

A person experiences all these 5 senses thanks to the finely tuned system of sensory organs, which is part of nervous system and provides information from the external and internal environment of the body. In total, there are respectively 5 sense organs: eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue.

A person expresses feelings through emotions. In psychology, there is a lot of discussion about what is the difference between feelings and emotions, and whether there is a connection between them. It is believed that emotions relate to a specific situation, they are short-lived, arise spontaneously in the human body and appear from birth. And feelings are human states that do not depend on the situation, they are long lasting and can be developed spiritually. For example, "I'm scared" is an emotion, and "I'm afraid of the dark" is a feeling.

Feelings and emotions. How fear is related to the main human senses

Throughout life, it is common for a person to experience a variety of emotions. One of the brightest and most memorable is fear. Fear, as one of the main emotions, depends on many reasons visible and invisible to a person. In other words, as a result of the receipt and processing of information by the sense organs from environment, a person may or may not be afraid. Based on the 5 human senses, there are 5 main types of analysis of the environment that contacts a person.

For example, you can feel a sense of fear when we see something or someone. With the help of our eyes, we receive about 80-90% of all information from the outside. No wonder people say: "Fear has big eyes."

Thanks to the work of the organ of hearing - ears, a person responds accordingly to sounds. That is why some flinch in fright when they hear a rustle, or, conversely, a shrill loud noise... The organ of hearing helps to monitor the environment and the reflector to respond to what may cause harm.

Perceiving odors, a person's nose sends an impulse to the cerebral cortex. Then the brain begins to evaluate the signals that are dangerous to life and health. That is why, in order to reduce the risk of leakage of household gas (which does not smell), some additives are added to it, which have a pungent unpleasant smell. Thanks to the olfactory sense organ, a person will have time to react to the smell in time.

Due to the possession of a large number of receptors located on the human skin, you can feel what you have touched, cold or hot. If you get burned, when pain occurs, the brain will command to pull your hand back in fright.

There are also certain zones on the tongue that determine a particular taste. The tip of the tongue is responsible for sweets, the root of the tongue will tell you when there is something bitter in the mouth, and the sides of the tongue signal the acidity of the product.

Thus, the five senses of a person, which are fundamental for working with the external environment, are responsible for the analysis and protection of the body as a whole. Due to the fact that a person has sense organs, he can avoid danger and better adapt to the world around him.

Was last modified: April 20th, 2019 by Elena Pogodaeva

Broad thinking has the resilience to defend its point of view. Only people who are persistent in thought and self-confident can defend. But all your life it is impossible to stand unshakably on your own. As in boxing, the more nimble, daring, and sometimes unstable wins. Everything has its own comparison, I compared it to sports.

5 five human senses

1. Smelling - sense of smell
2. The ability to feel food - taste
3. The ability to feel touch - touch
4. The ability to feel sounds - hearing
5. The ability to feel light - sight

Thinking, no matter how nimble, is nevertheless verified and dry. Feelings are not so stable, but they are not understandable, they are simply not acceptable for the mind. Thought bows to emotions - spontaneity knockout.

If everyone was aware of this, perhaps there would be less suffering, less sad stories. This dispute has not yet begun by the mass of humanity, but if it does, it will come out no worse than the emergence of the world.

From dispute to dispute, everyone will receive the correct answer written above, but it takes time, an occasion, a meeting, perhaps one glance or acquaintance, and maybe business events. It is not necessary to feel for yourself, you can simply immerse yourself in the story of the interlocutor who experienced or is experiencing it, it is desirable to delve into someone else's tragedy. Just a great way to prove that, after all, a person is born to love, rather than just think.

Incredible facts

How many feelings does a person have?

Most people assume that we have only five senses, but others who are aware know that there are not more, not less, but 21. So when you hear from someone that he has a sixth sense, most likely , this person is right, although this does not mean at all that he can see the future.

Having a wide range of feelings turns out to be extremely surprising for many people until they realize that use them every day, without even attaching importance to it.

Many of the human senses that we take for granted are incredibly important to the smooth functioning of our bodies.

Human sense organs

10. Feeling of fullness

When we eat or drink enough, our body always lets us know. It turns out that this is a separate feeling in our body, which consists of its own set of sensitive receptors that tell us when to stop eating.

Some of them are the so-called "stretch receptors", thanks to which we know that the stomach is full.

The stomach, in turn, sends signals to the brain as it digests food. This means that if you eat your food slowly, you will feel full in the right amount of time and will not overeat.

The opposite will happen if you eat the same amount of food, but in a short period of time, because our brain takes time to realize that we are full.

Types of human senses

9. Thermoreception

Having this feeling is unlikely to surprise anyone, but it is important to note that the sensation of hot and cold is not part of our touch, it is actually a separate feeling.

Our thermo-receptors separate the hot from the cold and allow our bodies to adapt to the changing temperature of the environment. Thermoreception signals work through the spinal cord, thus reaching the thalamus, to which they provide the necessary information.

8. Feeling the amount of oxygen

The purpose of "peripheral chemoreceptors" is to track the movement of blood in the arteries, as well as monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels. It is they who, in which case, warn us that the carbon dioxide level is too high, thus, the human body automatically rebuilds and breathes according to the "established rate".

In addition, our body has special receptors that tell us how full of oxygen our lungs are, so our brain knows exactly when to inhale and exhale.

7. Trigger zone chemoreceptors

These receptors mainly interact with drugs and hormones that our body carries through the bloodstream, in addition, it is they who tell our body when it is time to vomit, if we suddenly feel sick.

If these receptors are damaged, it can lead to regular vomiting, and sometimes to a complete loss of the ability to vomit. This damage usually occurs after heart attacks.

6. Magnetoreception

Did you know that our body is potentially able to determine the direction of movement based on its sense of understanding? magnetic field Earth?

While there is still some debate about our ability to use this feeling, it is clear that for navigation purposes it would be incredibly useful to apply it.

Some people, however, have a supernatural sense of direction, and they can use magnetoreception at a higher level than an ordinary person... Therefore, they can easily indicate, and without using a compass, where is the south and where is the north.

This feeling is most pronounced in bees, some birds and cows.

5. Vestibular feeling

Vestibular sensation is also known as "equibrioception", which is more like the title of some hallucinogenic movie. The people know this feeling as "a sense of balance". Many of us have experienced bitter experience what is a violation of this feeling when drinking a lot of alcohol.

Our sense of balance is regulated by the inner ear, and although it is part of the hearing system, it is still a separate sense.

4. Itching

In fact, this feeling is much more important than the usual itching that you might think of. To begin with, itching from time to time appears completely separate from the sense of touch, and serves extremely important functions.

While this feeling may initially seem more like a nuisance than a useful tool, itching is just as important as touch because it sends signals to the brain that there is something wrong with a certain part of the skin.

In some cases, it may be just dryness, in others, it may be about the presence of microscopic microbes lurking in the hair follicles, which are removed during the scratching process.

Itching alone sends a signal to the brain that you need to look at the affected area and find out what is happening to it.

3. Nociception

Nociception is a feeling that helps you feel pain. Some people believe that this feeling is part of the sense of touch, but in fact, pain is something completely different.

Moreover, many experts say that the feeling of pain should be broken down into three more "sub-senses", each of which is associated with different kinds pain:

- pain associated with the skin;

Bone-related pain;

- pain felt by the organs of the body.

Despite the fact that these are more subcategories than individual feelings, in reality, the sensation of pain is much more than it might seem at first glance.

If you do not feel pain, then this is a signal to the brain that there are serious disorders in your body, and that your body is in danger.

2. Chronoception

Chronoception is the sense of time. For most of us, it is quite well developed, especially among young people.

In part, this feeling is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which controls our circadian rhythms. While a person's ability to perceive the passage of time is generally very useful, this feeling can be easily fooled like any other.

Each of us has come across situations when it seems to us that time goes faster or slower than it really is.

1. Proprioception

Proprioception is awareness of where our arms and legs are in relation to the rest of the body. This is what the cops test when they test the driver's sobriety by making him do things like touching the tip of his nose with his finger.

We all take this feeling for granted, but if they took him away from us, we would miss him very much.

However, there are still rare cases that are a mystery to doctors when a person loses this feeling. If this happens, then the lightest tasks, such as opening the door, picking up a cup, and others, become overwhelming.

Such people have to carefully monitor their every movement in order to properly use their limbs.

It appeared thanks to the meditation of seers, true rishis. For millennia, their teachings were passed orally from teacher to student, and later these teachings became the subject of melodic Sanskrit poetry. Although many of these texts have been lost over time, much of Ayurvedic knowledge has survived.

This wisdom, originating in the Cosmic Consciousness, was received by the hearts of the rishis. They realized that consciousness is energy manifested in five basic principles or elements: ether (space), air, fire, water and earth. Ayurveda is based on this concept of five elements.

The rishis realized that in the beginning the world existed in the form of an unmanifest consciousness. From this universal consciousness the soundless sound "AUM" emerged as a subtle cosmic vibration. From this vibration the ether element was the first to emerge.

Then this element of ether began to move, and this subtle movement created air, which is the mobile ether. The movement of the ether contributed to the occurrence of friction, which generated heat. The particles of thermal energy combined to form an intense glow, and from this light the fire element manifested.

So, the ether was transformed into air, and it was the same ether that later manifested itself in the form of fire. Usually the etheric elements dissolve and liquefy from the heat, manifesting the element of water, and then solidify, forming the molecules of the earth. Thus, ether is manifested in four elements: air, fire, water and earth.

All original living bodies were created from the earth, including the plant and animal kingdoms, as well as man. Earth is also found in inorganic substances, which include the mineral kingdom. Thus, all matter is born from the womb of the five elements.

These 5 elements exist in all matter. Water is a classic example of this: solid state water - ice - a manifestation of the principle of the earth. Latent heat (fire) in ice, melts it, revealing water, and then turns into steam, indicating the principle of air.

The vapor disappears into the ether or space. Thus, in one substance there are 5 basic elements: ether, air, fire, water and earth.

All 5 elements arise from the energy emanating from the Cosmic Consciousness, all 5 are present in matter throughout the Universe. Thus, energy and matter represent a single origin.

Man as a microcosm

Man is a microcosm. Just as the 5 elements are everywhere in matter, they also exist in every person. There are many places in the human body where the ether element is manifested. For example, there is space in the mouth, nose, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, abdomen, chest, capillaries, lymph, tissues and cells.

Space in motion is called air.

Air is the second cosmic element, the element of motion. In the human body, air manifests itself in various muscle movements, heartbeat, expansion and contraction of the lungs, in the movements of the walls of the stomach and intestinal tract.

Under a microscope, you can see that even a cell is in motion. The response to stimulation is the movement of nerve impulses, manifested in sensory and motor movements. All movements of the central nervous system are entirely controlled by air.

The third element is fire. A source of fire and light in solar system is the sun. In the human body, the source of fire is metabolism, metabolism. Fire works in the digestive system. Fire manifests itself as intelligence in the gray matter of brain cells.

Fire also manifests itself in the retina of the eye, which perceives light. Thus, body temperature, digestion, thinking and the ability to see are all functions of fire. The entire metabolism and enzyme system is controlled by this element.

Water is the fourth important element in the body. It manifests itself in the secretion of gastric juice and salivary glands, in mucous membranes, in plasma and protoplasm. Water is vital for the functioning of tissues, organs and various body systems.

For example, dehydration resulting from vomiting and diarrhea must be corrected immediately to save the patient's life. Since water is so vital, the water in the body is called the Water of Life.

Earth is the fifth and last element of the cosmos that is present in the microcosm. Life becomes possible at this level, because the earth holds all living and nonliving on its surface.

The solid structures of the body - bones, cartilage, legs, muscles, tendons, skin and hair - all originated from the earth.

Feelings (perceptions)

These 5 elements are manifested in the functions of the five senses of a person, as well as in his physiology. These elements are directly related to a person's ability to perceive the world around him. Through the senses, they are also associated with the five actions corresponding to the functions of the sensory organs.

The basic elements - ether, air, fire, water and earth - are associated with hearing, touch, sight, taste and smell, respectively.

Ether is an intermediary transmitting sound. This etheric element is associated with the function of hearing. The ear, the organ of hearing, expresses action through the organs of speech that give meaning to human sound.

Air is associated with the sense of touch; the organ of touch is the skin. The organ that transmits the sense of touch is the hand. The skin on the hand is very sensitive, the hand is endowed with the ability to hold, give and receive.

Fire, manifested as light, warmth and color, is associated with vision. The eye, the organ of vision, controls walking and is thus associated with the leg. A blind person can walk, but without direction. The eyes give direction to actions when walking.

Water is associated with the organ of taste - without water, the tongue cannot taste. The tongue is closely related to the functions of the genitals (penis and clitoris). In Ayurveda, the penis or clitoris is considered the lowest tongue, and the tongue in the mouth is the highest tongue. The person who controls the higher language naturally controls the lower language.

The earth element is associated with the sense of smell. The nose, the organ of smell, is functionally connected with the actions of the anus, the organ of excretion. This connection is manifested in a person who has constipation or an unclean rectum - he has bad breath, his sense of smell is dull.

Ayurveda refers to the human body and its sensory sensations as a manifestation of cosmic energy, expressed in five basic elements. The ancient rishis realized that these elements originate from pure Cosmic Consciousness.

Ayurveda seeks to enable each individual to bring their body into a perfect and harmonious connection with this Consciousness.

5 elements, senses and their actions

element	the senses	sense organs	action	organ of action
Ether	Hearing	An ear	Speech	Organs of speech (language, vocal cords, mouth)
Air	Touch	Leather	Holding	Hand
Fire	Vision	Eyes	Walking	Leg
Water	Taste	Language	Playback	Genitals
Land	Smell	Nose	Highlighting	Anus