How to correctly determine the geographic coordinates. What is longitude and how to find it. Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

In Chapter 1, it was noted that the Earth has the shape of a spheroid, that is, an oblate ball. Since the terrestrial spheroid differs very little from the globe, this spheroid is usually called the globe. The earth rotates around an imaginary axis. The points of intersection of an imaginary axis with the globe are called poles. Geographic North Pole (PN) is considered to be the one from which own rotation The earth is seen counterclockwise. Geographic south pole (PS) is the pole opposite to the north.
If we mentally cut the globe with a plane passing through the axis (parallel to the axis) of the Earth's rotation, we get an imaginary plane, which is called plane of the meridian ... The line of intersection of this plane with the earth's surface is called geographical (or true) meridian .
A plane perpendicular to the earth's axis and passing through the center of the globe is called equatorial plane , and the line of intersection of this plane with the earth's surface is equator .
If you mentally cross the globe with planes parallel to the equator, then circles are obtained on the surface of the Earth, which are called parallels .
Parallels and meridians drawn on globes and maps make up degree grid (fig. 3.1). The degree grid makes it possible to determine the position of any point on the earth's surface.
When compiling topographic maps, it was taken as the initial meridian Greenwich Astronomical Meridian passing through the former Greenwich Observatory (near London from 1675 to 1953). Currently, the buildings of the Greenwich Observatory houses the Museum of Astronomical and Navigational Instruments. The current prime meridian passes through Hearstmonceau Castle 102.5 meters (5.31 seconds) east of the Astronomical Greenwich meridian. The modern prime meridian is used for satellite navigation.

Rice. 3.1. Degree grid of the earth surface

Coordinates - angular or linear quantities that determine the position of a point on a plane, surface or in space. To determine coordinates on the earth's surface, a point is projected with a plumb line onto an ellipsoid. To determine the position of horizontal projections of a terrain point in topography, systems are used geographic , rectangular and polar coordinates .
Geographical coordinates determine the position of the point relative to the earth's equator and one of the meridians taken as the initial one. Geographic coordinates can be obtained from astronomical observations or geodetic measurements. In the first case, they are called astronomical , in the second - geodetic ... In astronomical observations, the projection of points to the surface is carried out by plumb lines, in geodetic measurements - by normals, therefore, the values ​​of astronomical and geodetic geographic coordinates are somewhat different. To create small-scale geographic maps the compression of the Earth is neglected, and the ellipsoid of revolution is taken as a sphere. In this case geographical coordinates will be spherical .
Latitude - the angular value that determines the position of a point on Earth in the direction from the equator (0º) to the North Pole (+ 90º) or the South Pole (-90º). Latitude is measured by the central angle in the plane of the meridian of a given point. On globes and maps, latitude is shown using parallels.

Rice. 3.2. Geographic latitude

Longitude is the angular value that determines the position of a point on Earth in the West-East direction from the Greenwich meridian. Longitudes are counted from 0 to 180 °, to the east - with a plus sign, to the west - with a minus sign. On globes and maps, latitude is shown using meridians.

Rice. 3.3. Geographic longitude

3.1.1. Spherical coordinates

Spherical geographic coordinates are called angular values ​​(latitude and longitude) that determine the position of points on the surface of the earth's sphere relative to the plane of the equator and the initial meridian.

Spherical latitude (φ) called the angle between the radius vector (the line connecting the center of the sphere and a given point) and the plane of the equator.

Spherical longitude (λ) is the angle between the plane of the prime meridian and the plane of the meridian of the given point (the plane passes through the given point and the axis of rotation).

Rice. 3.4. Geographic Spherical Coordinate System

In the practice of topography, a sphere with a radius of R = 6371 is used km, the surface of which is equal to the surface of the ellipsoid. On such a sphere, the length of the great circle arc is 1 minute (1852 m) are called nautical mile.

3.1.2. Astronomical coordinates

Astronomical geographic coordinates are latitude and longitude, which determine the position of points on geoid surface relative to the plane of the equator and the plane of one of the meridians, taken as the initial one (Fig. 3.5).

Astronomical latitude (φ) called the angle formed by a plumb line passing through a given point and a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the Earth.

Plane of the astronomical meridian - a plane passing through a plumb line at a given point and parallel to the axis of rotation of the Earth.
Astronomical meridian - the line of intersection of the geoid surface with the plane of the astronomical meridian.

Astronomical longitude (λ) is called the dihedral angle between the plane of the astronomical meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the Greenwich meridian taken as the initial one.

Rice. 3.5. Astronomical latitude (φ) and astronomical longitude (λ)

3.1.3. Geodetic coordinate system

V geodetic geographic coordinate system the surface on which the positions of the points are found is the surface reference -ellipsoid ... The position of a point on the surface of the reference ellipsoid is determined by two angular values ​​- geodetic latitude (V) and geodetic longitude (L).
Plane of the geodesic meridian - a plane passing through the normal to the surface of the earth's ellipsoid at a given point and parallel to its minor axis.
Geodesic meridian - the line along which the plane of the geodesic meridian intersects the surface of the ellipsoid.
Geodesic parallel - the line of intersection of the ellipsoid surface by a plane passing through a given point and perpendicular to the minor axis.

Geodetic latitude (V)- the angle formed by the normal to the surface of the earth's ellipsoid at a given point and by the equatorial plane.

Geodetic longitude (L)- the dihedral angle between the plane of the geodesic meridian of a given point and the plane of the initial geodesic meridian.

Rice. 3.6. Geodetic latitude (B) and geodetic longitude (L)

3.2. DETERMINING THE GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES OF POINTS ON THE MAP

Topographic maps are printed in separate sheets, the dimensions of which are set for each scale. The side frames of the sheets are the meridians, and the upper and lower frames are the parallels. ... (fig. 3.7). Hence, geographic coordinates can be determined by the side frames topographic map ... On all maps, the top frame always faces north.
Geographic latitude and longitude are signed at the corners of each sheet of the map. On the maps of the Western Hemisphere, in the north-western corner of the frame of each sheet to the right of the longitude of the meridian, the inscription is placed: "West of Greenwich."
On maps of scales 1: 25,000 - 1: 200,000, the sides of the frames are divided into segments equal to 1 ′ (one minute, Fig. 3.7). These segments are shaded through one and separated by dots (except for a map of scale 1: 200,000) into parts of 10 "(ten seconds). middle parallel with digitization in degrees and minutes, and along the inner frame - outputs of minute divisions with strokes 2 - 3 mm long.This allows, if necessary, draw parallels and meridians on a map glued from several sheets.

Rice. 3.7. Card side frames

When compiling maps of scales 1: 500,000 and 1: 1,000,000, a cartographic grid of parallels and meridians is applied to them. Parallels are drawn at 20 'and 40 "(minutes), respectively, and meridians at 30" and 1 °.
The geographic coordinates of a point are determined from the nearest southern parallel and from the nearest western meridian, the latitude and longitude of which are known. For example, for a map of scale 1: 50,000 "LIGHT UP", the closest parallel to the south of the given point is 54º40 ′ N, and the closest meridian to the west of the point is the meridian of 18º00 ′ E. (fig. 3.7).

Rice. 3.8. Determination of geographic coordinates

To determine the latitude of a given point, you must:

• set one leg of the measuring compass to a given point, set the other leg at the shortest distance to the nearest parallel (for our map 54º40 ′);
• without changing the solution of the caliper, set it on the side frame with minute and second divisions, one leg should be on the south parallel (for our map 54º40 ′), and the other - between 10-second points on the frame;
• count the number of minutes and seconds from the south parallel to the second leg of the measuring compass;
• add the result to the south latitude (for our map 54º40 ′).

To determine the longitude of a given point, you must:

• set one leg of the measuring compass to a given point, set the other leg at the shortest distance to the nearest meridian (for our map 18º00 ′);
• without changing the solution of the caliper, set it on the nearest horizontal frame with minute and second divisions (for our map, the lower frame), one leg should be on the nearest meridian (for our map 18º00 ′), and the other - between 10-second points on horizontal frame;
• count the number of minutes and seconds from the western (left) meridian to the second leg of the measuring compass;
• add the obtained result to the longitude of the western meridian (for our map 18º00 ′).

note that this way determining the longitude of a given point for maps with a scale of 1: 50,000 and smaller has an error due to the convergence of the meridians that limit the topographic map from the east and west. The north side of the frame will be shorter than the south. Consequently, the discrepancies between longitude measurements on the north and south frames may differ by several seconds. To achieve high accuracy in the measurement results, it is necessary to determine the longitude on both the south and north sides of the frame, and then interpolate.
To improve the accuracy of determining geographic coordinates, you can use graphical method... To do this, it is necessary to connect with straight lines the ten-second divisions of the same name closest to the point in latitude to the south of the point and in longitude to the west of it. Then determine the sizes of the segments in latitude and longitude from the drawn lines to the position of the point and sum them accordingly with the latitude and longitude of the drawn lines.
The accuracy of determining geographic coordinates using maps of scales 1: 25,000 - 1: 200,000 is 2 "and 10", respectively.

3.3. POLAR SYSTEM OF COORDINATES

Polar coordinates are called angular and linear quantities that determine the position of a point on a plane relative to the origin taken as a pole ( O), and the polar axis ( OS) (Fig. 3.1).

The location of any point ( M) is determined by the position angle ( α ), measured from the polar axis to the direction to the determined point, and the distance (horizontal distance - the projection of the terrain line on the horizontal plane) from the pole to this point ( D). Polar angles are usually measured from the polar axis in the clockwise direction.

Rice. 3.9. Polar coordinate system

For the polar axis can be taken: true meridian, magnetic meridian, vertical grid line, direction to any landmark.

3.2. BIPOLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Bipolar coordinates are called two angular or two linear quantities that determine the location of a point on a plane relative to two original points (poles O 1 and O 2 rice. 3.10).

The position of any point is determined by two coordinates. These coordinates can be either two position angles ( α 1 and α 2 rice. 3.10), or two distances from the poles to the determined point ( D 1 and D 2 rice. 3.11).

Rice. 3.10. Determining the location of a point at two angles (α 1 and α 2 )

Rice. 3.11. Determining the location of a point by two distances

In a bipolar coordinate system, the position of the poles is known, i.e. the distance between them is known.

3.3. POINT HEIGHT

Previously reviewed plane coordinate systems defining the position of any point on the surface of the earth's ellipsoid, or reference ellipsoid , either on a plane. However, these plane coordinate systems do not allow obtaining an unambiguous position of a point on the physical surface of the Earth. Geographic coordinates relate the position of a point to the surface of the reference ellipsoid, polar and bipolar coordinates relate the position of a point to a plane. And all these definitions have nothing to do with the physical surface of the Earth, which is more interesting for the geographer than the reference ellipsoid.
Thus, the horizontal coordinate systems do not make it possible to unambiguously determine the position of a given point. It is necessary to somehow define your position at least with the words "above", "below". Just about what? To obtain complete information about the position of a point on the physical surface of the Earth, the third coordinate is used - height . Therefore, it becomes necessary to consider the third coordinate system - height system .

The distance along a plumb line from a level surface to a point on the physical surface of the Earth is called height.

There are heights absolute if they are counted from the level surface of the Earth, and relative (conditional ), if they are counted from an arbitrary level surface. Usually, the reference point of absolute heights is taken as the level of the ocean or the open sea in a calm state. In Russia and Ukraine, the reference point for absolute heights is zero of the Kronstadt foot stock.

Footstock- a bar with divisions, fortified vertically on the shore so that it is possible to determine the position of the surface of the water in a calm state on it.
Kronstadt tide stock- a line on a copper plate (board) mounted in the granite abutment of the Blue Bridge of the Obvodny Canal in Kronstadt.
The first tide rod was installed during the reign of Peter the Great, and in 1703 regular observations of the Baltic Sea level began. Soon the tide rod was destroyed and only from 1825 (and up to the present) regular observations were resumed. In 1840, the hydrographer MF Reynekebyla calculated the average height of the Baltic Sea level and fixed it on the granite abutment of the bridge in the form of a deep horizontal line. Since 1872, this line has been taken as a zero mark when calculating the heights of all points on the territory of the Russian state. The Kronstadt tide stock was repeatedly modified, however, the position of its main mark remained the same when the design was changed, i.e. defined in 1840
After the breakup Soviet Union Ukrainian surveyors did not begin to invent their own national system of heights, and currently in Ukraine it is still used Baltic height system.

It should be noted that measurements are not taken directly from the Baltic Sea level in every necessary case. There are special points on the terrain, the heights of which were predetermined in the Baltic system of heights. These points are called benchmarks .
Absolute heights H can be positive (for points above the Baltic Sea level), and negative (for points below the Baltic Sea level).
The difference in the absolute heights of two points is called relative height or exceeding (h):
h = H A−H V .
The excess of one point over another can also be positive and negative. If the absolute height of the point A greater than the absolute height of the point V, i.e. is above the point V, then the excess of the point A over point V will be positive, and vice versa, the excess of the point V over point A- negative.

Example... Absolute point heights A and V: H A = +124,78 m; H V = +87,45 m... Find mutual excess of points A and V.

Solution... Exceeding a point A over point V
h A (B) = +124,78 - (+87,45) = +37,33 m.
Exceeding a point V over point A
h B (A) = +87,45 - (+124,78) = -37,33 m.

Example... Point absolute height A is equal to H A = +124,78 m... Exceeding a point WITH over point A equals h C (A) = -165,06 m... Find the absolute height of a point WITH.

Solution... Point absolute height WITH is equal to
H WITH = H A + h C (A) = +124,78 + (-165,06) = - 40,28 m.

The numerical value of the height is called the point elevation. (absolute or conditional).
For example, H A = 528.752 m - absolute point elevation A; H " V = 28.752 m - conditional point elevation V .

Rice. 3.12. Elevation of points on the earth's surface

To pass from conditional heights to absolute and vice versa, it is necessary to know the distance from the main level surface to the conditional one.

Video
Meridians, parallels, latitudes and longitudes
Determining the position of points on the earth's surface

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Expand the concepts: pole, equatorial plane, equator, meridian plane, meridian, parallel, degree grid, coordinates.
2. With respect to which planes on the globe (ellipsoid of revolution) are geographic coordinates determined?
3. What is the difference between astronomical geographic coordinates and geodetic ones?
4. Using the drawing, reveal the concepts of "spherical latitude" and "spherical longitude".
5. On what surface is the position of points in the astronomical coordinate system determined?
6. Using the drawing, reveal the concepts of "astronomical latitude" and "astronomical longitude".
7. On what surface is the position of points in the geodetic coordinate system determined?
8. Using the drawing, reveal the concepts of "geodetic latitude" and "geodetic longitude".
9. Why is it necessary to connect ten-second divisions closest to the point with straight lines to improve the accuracy of determining the longitude?
10. How can you calculate the latitude of a point if you determine the number of minutes and seconds from the northern border of the topographic map?
11. What coordinates are called polar?
12. What is the purpose of the polar axis in a polar coordinate system?
13. What coordinates are called bipolar?
14. What is the essence of the direct geodetic problem?

Every place on earth can be identified by a global latitude and longitude coordinate system. Knowing these parameters, it is easy to find any location on the planet. The coordinate system has been helping people in this for several centuries in a row.

Historical preconditions for the emergence of geographic coordinates

When people began to travel long distances through deserts and seas, they needed a way to fix their position and know in which direction to move so as not to get lost. Before latitude and longitude appeared on the map, the Phoenicians (600 BC) and Polynesians (400 AD) used the starry sky to calculate latitude.

Over the centuries, quite sophisticated devices have been developed such as the quadrant, astrolabe, gnomon, and Arabic kamal. They were all used to measure the height of the sun and stars above the horizon and thereby measure latitude. And if the gnomon is just a vertical stick that casts a shadow from the sun, then the kamal is a very peculiar device.

It consisted of a 5.1 x 2.5 cm rectangular wooden plank, to which a rope with several equally spaced knots was attached through a hole in the middle.

These instruments were used to determine latitude even after their invention until a reliable method for determining latitude and longitude on a map was invented.

Navigators for hundreds of years did not have an accurate idea of ​​the location due to the lack of a concept of the value of longitude. There was no accurate time device in the world, such as a chronometer, so calculating longitude was simply impossible. Not surprisingly, early navigation was problematic and often resulted in shipwrecks.

Without a doubt, the pioneer of revolutionary navigation was Captain James Cook, who traveled across the vast The Pacific thanks to the technical genius Henry Thomas Harrison. In 1759, Harrison developed the first navigational clock. By keeping accurate Greenwich Mean Time, Harrison's watch allowed sailors to determine how many hours were at a point and at a location, after which it became possible to determine the longitude from east to west.

Geographic coordinate system

A geographic coordinate system defines two-dimensional coordinates based on the surface of the earth. It has an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian and an equator with latitude zero. The globe is conventionally divided into 180 degrees of latitude and 360 degrees of longitude. Latitude lines are parallel to the equator and are horizontal on the map. Longitude lines connect the North and South Poles and are vertical on the map. As a result of the overlay, geographical coordinates are formed on the map - latitude and longitude, with which you can determine the position on the surface of the Earth.

This geographic grid gives a unique latitude and longitude for every position on Earth. To improve the accuracy of measurements, they are further subdivided into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds.

The Equator is located at right angles to the Earth's axis, roughly midway between the North and South Poles. At 0 degrees, it is used in the geographic coordinate system as the starting point for calculating latitude and longitude on a map.

Latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial line of the center of the Earth and the location of its center. The North Pole and South Pole have a width angle of 90. To distinguish locations in the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere, width is additionally provided in the traditional spelling with N for north or S for south.

The earth is tilted by about 23.4 degrees, so to find the latitude at the summer solstice, you need to add 23.4 degrees to the angle you are measuring.

How to determine latitude and longitude on a map during the winter solstice? To do this, subtract 23.4 degrees from the angle that is being measured. And in any other period of time, you need to determine the angle, knowing that it changes by 23.4 degrees every six months and, therefore, about 0.13 degrees per day.

In the northern hemisphere, you can calculate the angle of the Earth's tilt, and therefore latitude, by looking at the angle of the North Star. At the North Pole, it will be 90 degrees from the horizon, and at the equator, it will be directly ahead of the observer, 0 degrees from the horizon.

Important latitudes:

• North and South polar circles, each is located at 66 degrees 34 minutes north and south latitude respectively. These latitudes limit the areas around the poles where the sun does not set at the summer solstice, so the midnight sun prevails there. V winter solstice the sun does not rise here, the polar night sets in.
• Tropics are located at 23 degrees 26 minutes in the north and south latitudes. These latitudinal circles mark the solar zenith with the summer solstice of the northern and southern hemispheres.
• Equator lies at latitude 0 degrees. The equatorial plane runs roughly in the middle of the Earth's axis between the north and south poles. The equator is the only circle of latitude that corresponds to the circumference of the earth.

Latitude and longitude on a map are important geographic coordinates. Longitude is much more difficult to calculate than latitude. The earth rotates 360 degrees a day, or 15 degrees an hour, so there is a direct relationship between longitude and the time the sun rises and falls. The Greenwich meridian is indicated by 0 degree longitude. The sun sets an hour earlier every 15 degrees east of that and an hour later every 15 degrees west. Knowing the difference between the sunset time of a location and another known location can help you understand how far east or west is from that location.

Longitude lines run from north to south. They converge at the poles. And the longitude coordinates are between -180 and +180 degrees. The Greenwich meridian is the zero line of longitude, which measures the east-west direction in a geographic coordinate system (such as latitude and longitude on a map). In fact, the zero line passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich (England). Greenwich meridian as the zero is the starting point for calculating longitude. Longitude is specified as the angle between the center of the prime meridian of the center of the Earth and the center of the center of the Earth. The Greenwich meridian has an angle of 0, and the opposite longitude, along which the date line runs, has an angle of 180 degrees.

How to find latitude and longitude on a map?

Determining the exact geographic location on a map depends on its scale. To do this, it is enough to have a map with a scale of 1/100000, or better - 1/25000.

First, longitude D is determined by the formula:

D = G1 + (G2 - G1) * L2 / L1,

where G1, G2 - the value of the right and left nearest meridians in degrees;

L1 is the distance between these two meridians;

Longitude calculation, for example, for Moscow:

G1 = 36 °,

G2 = 42 °,

L1 = 252.5 mm,

L2 = 57.0 mm.

The sought longitude = 36 + (6) * 57.0 / 252.0 = 37 ° 36 ".

Determine the latitude L, it is determined by the formula:

L = G1 + (G2 - G1) * L2 / L1,

where G1, G2 - the value of the lower and upper nearest latitude in degrees;

L1 is the distance between these two latitudes, mm;

L2 - distance from the definition point to the nearest left.

For example, for Moscow:

L1 = 371.0 mm,

L2 = 320.5 mm.

The desired width L = 52 "+ (4) * 273.5 / 371.0 = 55 ° 45.

We check the correctness of the calculation, for this we need to find the coordinates of latitude and longitude on the map using online services on the Internet.

We establish that the geographical coordinates for Moscow correspond to the calculations performed:

1. 55 ° 45 "07" (55 ° 45 "13) north latitude;
2. 37 ° 36 "59" (37 ° 36 "93) east longitude.

Determining the coordinates of a location using an iPhone

Accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress by the present stage led to revolutionary discoveries in mobile technology, with the help of which faster and more accurate determination of geographic coordinates became available.

There are various mobile applications for this. On iPhones, this is very easy to do using the Compass app.

Determination procedure:

1. To do this, click "Settings" and then - "Privacy".
2. Now click on Location Services at the very top.
3. Scroll down until you see the compass and touch it.
4. If you see that it says "When used on the right side", you can start defining.
5. If not, tap it and select "While using an app."
6. Open the Compass app and you will see your current location and current GPS coordinates at the bottom of the screen.

Finding coordinates in an Android phone

Unfortunately Android does not have an official built-in way to get GPS coordinates. However, it is possible to get Google Maps coordinates, which requires some additional steps:

1. Open Google Maps on your Android device and search for the desired definition point.
2. Press and hold it anywhere on the screen and drag it to Google Maps.
3. An informational or detailed map.
4. Find Share option on information card in the upper right corner. This will bring up a menu with the Share option.

This setting can be done in Google Maps on iOS.

This is a great way to get coordinates and does not require installing any additional applications.

We suggest using a similar service from Google - + location interesting places in the world on the Google Maps scheme

Calculation of the distance between two points by coordinates:

Online calculator - calculating the distance between two cities, points. Their exact location in the world can be found at the link above

Countries alphabetically:

map Abkhazia Austria Australia Azerbaijan Armenia Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Brazil Great Britain Hungary Germany Greece Georgia Egypt Israel Spain Italy India Kazakhstan Canada Cyprus China Crimea South Korea Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Monaco Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Syria Slovenia United States of America Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Turkey Tunisia Ukraine Uzbekistan Finland France Montenegro Czech Republic Switzerland Estonia Japan Russia's neighbors? regions of Russia Republic of Russia Territories of Russia Federal District of Russia Autonomic District of Russia Federal District of Russia Cities of the USSR Countries of the CIS Countries of the European Union Countries of the Schengen Countries of NATO

satellite Abkhazia Austria Australia Azerbaijan Armenia Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Brazil Great Britain Hungary Germany Greece Georgia Egypt Israel Spain Italy Kazakhstan Canada Cyprus China South Korea Latvia Lithuania Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Monaco Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Russia + stadiums Syria Slovenia United States of America Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Turkey Tunisia Ukraine Finland France + stadiums Montenegro Czech Republic Switzerland Estonia Japan

panorama Australia Belgium Bulgaria Brazil + stadiums Belarus Great Britain Hungary Germany Greece Israel Spain Italy Canada Crimea Kyrgyzstan South Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Monaco Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Russia + stadiums United States of America Thailand Turkey Ukraine Finland France Czech Republic Switzerland Estonia Japan

Finding latitude and longitude on a map?

On the page, a quick determination of coordinates on the map - we find out the latitude and longitude of the city. Online search for streets and houses by address, by GPS, to determine the coordinates on the Yandex map, how to find the location - described in more detail below.

Determining the geographical coordinates of any city in the world (find out the latitude and longitude) on an online map from the Yandex service is actually a very simple process. You have two convenient options, let's dwell on each of them in more detail.

We fill out the form: Rostov-on-Don Pushkinskaya 10 (with the help and if you have a house number, the search will be more accurate). In the upper right corner there is a form for determining the coordinates, which contains 3 exact parameters - the coordinates of the mark, the center of the map and the zoom scale.

After activating the search "Find" in each field there will be the necessary data - longitude and latitude. We look at the field "Map Center".

Second option: In this case it is even easier. An interactive world map with coordinates contains a placemark. By default, it is located in the center of Moscow. You need to drag the label and put it on the desired city, for example, define coordinates on. Latitude and longitude will automatically match the search object. Look at the "Placemark coordinates" field.

When searching desired city or countries, use navigation and zoom tools. Zooming in and out +/-, also moving the interactive map, easy to find any country, search for a region on the world map. So you can find geographic center Ukraine or Russia. In the country of Ukraine, this is the village of Dobrovelichkovka, which is located on the Dobraya River, Kirovograd region.

Copy the geographical coordinates of the center of Ukraine town. Dobrovelichkovka - Ctrl + C

48.3848.31.1769 48.3848 North and 31.1769 East

Longitude + 37 ° 17 ′ 6.97 ″ E (37.1769)

Latitude + 48 ° 38 ′ 4.89 ″ N (48.3848)

At the entrance to the urban-type settlement, a sign is installed notifying about this interesting fact... Considering its territory is likely to be uninteresting. There are much more interesting places in the world.

How to find a place on the map by coordinates?

Consider reverse process, for example . Why do you need to determine the latitude and longitude on the map? Let's say you need to determine the exact location of the car on the diagram by the coordinates of the GPS navigator. Or a close friend will call on a weekend and give the coordinates of his location, inviting you to join the hunt or fishing.

Knowing the exact geographic coordinates, a map with latitude and longitude will come in handy. It is enough to enter your data into the search form from the Yandex service to determine the location by coordinates successfully. For example, we enter the latitude and longitude of Moskovskaya street 66 in the city of Saratov - 51.5339,46.0368. The service will quickly determine and show the location of this house in the city as a mark.

In addition to the above, you can easily determine the coordinates on the map of any metro station in the city. After the name of the city we write the name of the station. And we observe where the mark and its coordinates with latitude and longitude are located. To determine the length of the route, you need to use the "Ruler" tool (measuring distances on the map). We put a mark at the beginning of the route and then at the end point. The service will automatically determine the distance in meters and show the track itself on the map.

It is possible to more accurately survey the place on the map thanks to the "Sputnik" scheme (upper corner on the right). See how it looks. You can do all of the above operations with it.

World map with longitude and latitude

Imagine you are in an unfamiliar area, and there are no objects or landmarks nearby. And there is no one to ask! How could you explain your exact location so that you can be found quickly?

With concepts such as latitude and longitude, you can be spotted and located. Latitude shows the location of an object in relation to the South and North Poles. The equator is considered to be the zero latitude. The South Pole is located at 90 degrees. south latitude, and North at 90 degrees north latitude.

This data turns out to be insufficient. It is also necessary to know the position in relation to the East and West. This is where the longitude coordinate comes in handy.

Thank you for the data provided by Yandex. Cards

Map data of cities in Russia, Ukraine and the world

It is possible to determine the location of a point on planet Earth, as on any other spherical planet, using geographical coordinates - latitude and longitude. Right-angle intersections of circles and arcs create a corresponding mesh, which allows the coordinates to be determined unambiguously. A good example is an ordinary school globe, lined with horizontal circles and vertical arcs. How to use the globe will be described below.

This system is measured in degrees (degree angle). The angle is calculated strictly from the center of the sphere to a point on the surface. With respect to the axis, the degree of the latitude angle is calculated vertically, longitude - horizontally. There are special formulas for calculating exact coordinates, where one more quantity is not uncommon - height, which serves mainly to represent three-dimensional space and allows calculations to be made to determine the position of a point relative to sea level.

Latitude and longitude - terms and definitions

The earth's sphere is divided by an imaginary horizontal line into two equal parts of the world - the northern and southern hemispheres - into positive and negative poles, respectively. This is how the definitions of north and south latitudes were introduced. Latitude is represented as circles parallel to the equator, called parallels. The equator itself, with a value of 0 degrees, is the starting point for measurements. The closer the parallel is to the upper or lower pole, the smaller its diameter and the higher or lower the angular degree. For example, the city of Moscow is located at 55 degrees north latitude, which determines the location of the capital as approximately equidistant from both the equator and the north pole.

Meridian - this is the name of longitude, represented as a vertical arc strictly perpendicular to the circles of the parallel. The sphere is divided into 360 meridians. The reference point is the prime meridian (0 degrees), the arcs of which run vertically through the points of the north and south poles and spread in the east and west directions. This determines the angle of longitude from 0 to 180 degrees, calculated from the center to the extreme points to the east or south.

Unlike latitude, the reference point of which is the equatorial line, any meridian can be zero. But for convenience, namely the convenience of timing, the Greenwich meridian was determined.

Geographic coordinates - place and time

Latitude and longitude allow you to assign an exact geographical address to a particular place on the planet, measured in degrees. Degrees, in turn, are subdivided into smaller units such as minutes and seconds. Each degree is divided into 60 parts (minutes), and a minute into 60 seconds. On the example of Moscow, the record looks like this: 55 ° 45 ′ 7 ″ N, 37 ° 36 ′ 56 ″ E or 55 degrees, 45 minutes, 7 seconds north and 37 degrees, 36 minutes, 56 seconds south.

The interval between the meridians is 15 degrees and about 111 km along the equator - this is the distance the Earth, rotating, covers in one hour. It takes 24 hours for a full turnover of a day.

Using the globe

The model of the Earth is accurately reproduced on a globe with a realistic depiction of all continents, seas and oceans. Parallels and meridians are drawn on the globe map as auxiliary lines. Almost any globe has a sickle-shaped meridian in its design, which is installed on the base and serves as an auxiliary measure.

The meridian arc is equipped with a special degree scale, according to which latitude is determined. Longitude can be found out using another scale - a hoop horizontally installed at the equator. Marking the desired place with your finger and rotating the globe around its axis to the auxiliary arc, we fix the latitude value (depending on the location of the object, it will be either north or south). Then we mark the data of the equatorial scale at the point of its intersection with the meridian arc and determine the longitude. It is possible to find out whether it is east or south longitude only relative to the prime meridian.

The ability to determine where the latitude or longitude is on a map is important to a person. Especially when an accident has occurred and you need to quickly make a decision and transfer the coordinates to the police. She will be recognized different methods... They mean the angle, which is a plumb line and 0 parallel at a predetermined point. The value is only up to 90 degrees.

Remember that the equator divides the earth into a northern hemisphere and a southern hemisphere. Therefore, the latitude of the earthly points that are higher than the longest parallel are northern, and if they are lower, then southern.

How do you know the latitude of any object?

You can define latitude and longitude on the map. Look at which parallel the object is marked. If it is not specified, then independently calculate the distance between neighboring lines. Then find the degree of parallel you are looking for.

At the equator, latitude is 0 °. Points that are on the same parallel will have the same latitude. If you take a map, you will see it on the frame, if it is a globe, then where the parallels with the 0 ° and 180 ° meridians intersect. Geographic latitudes range from 0 ° and only up to 90 ° (at the poles).

5 main latitudes

Take the map, there you will see the main parallels. Thanks to them, coordinates are easier to recognize. From the latitudinal line to the line, the territories are located. They belong to one of the regions: temperate or equatorial, arctic or tropics.

The equator is the longest parallel. Lines that are lower or higher decrease towards the poles. The latitude of the equator is 0 °. This is the point from which the parallels are counted towards the south or north. The terrain that begins at the equator and extends to the tropics are equatorial areas. The northern tropic is the main parallel. It is always marked on the maps of the world.

The exact coordinates can be found 23 ° 26 min. and 16 sec. north of the equator. This parallel is also called the Tropic of Cancer. The southern tropic is a parallel located at 23 ° 26 min. and 16 sec. south of the equator. It is called the Tropic of Capricorn. The terrain that is located in the middle of the line and towards the equator are tropical regions.

At 66 ° 33 min. and 44 sec. just above the equator is the Arctic Circle. This is the border, beyond it the length of the night increases. Near the pole, it is 40 calendar days.

Latitude of the Arctic Circle -66 ° 33 min. and 44 sec. And this is the border, and beyond it there are polar days and nights. The regions between the tropics and the described lines are temperate, and those beyond them are called polar.

Instructions

Step # 1

Everyone knows that the equator divided the earth into a southern and a northern hemisphere. Besides the equator, there are parallels. These are circles that are parallel to the equator itself. Meridians are conventional lines that are perpendicular to the equator.

Meridian zero passes through the observatory, it is called Greenwich and it is located in London. Therefore, they say: "Greenwich Meridian". The system, which includes the parallels with the meridians, creates a grid of coordinates. It is used when they want to determine where an object is located.

Step # 2

Does the geographical latitude show this point to the south or north of the equator? It defines an angle of 0 ° and to 90 °. The angle begins to be counted from the equator and to the south, or north pole... So you can determine the coordinates, they say that the latitude is south or north.

Step # 3

Geographic coordinates are measured in minutes and seconds, and most importantly - in degrees. The degree of a particular latitude is 1/180 of any of the meridians. The average length is 1 degree - 111.12 km. A minute in length is 1852 m. The diameter of Mother Earth is 12,713 km. This is the distance from pole to pole.

Step # 4

To find out the latitude 1 in the described way, you need a plumb line with a protractor. You can make a protractor yourself. Take some rectangular planks. Fasten them like a compass so that they change the angle between them.

Step # 5

Take the thread. Hang a load (plumb line) on it. Secure the thread in the center of your protractor. Direct the base of the protractor to the Polar Star. Make some geometric calculations. Specifically, subtract 90 ° from the angle between the plumb line and the base of your protractor. This result is the angle that passes between the polar star and the horizon. This angle is the geographical latitude where you are.

Another way

There is another option, how you can find the coordinates. It doesn't look like the first one. Wake up before sunrise and watch its beginning, and then the sunset. Pick up a monogram to find latitude. On the left of the monogram, postpone how long the daylight hours lasted, and on the right, write the date.

Back in the middle of the 18th century. such coordinates could be found on the basis of astronomical observations. In the 20s. In the 20th century, it is already possible to contact by radio and determine the coordinates with special tools.