The sound in the letter is denoted by letters. Features a combination of consonant and vowel sounds. What is the difference between vowels and consonants

Speaking, we pronounce the sounds. They are formed as a result of the movement of air from the lungs through the mouth and, depending on how the tongue and lips are located at this moment, have different colors.

Speech sounds are involved in the formation of words - language units that have a certain semantic meaning and are used in the process of communication. Let's take a closer look at them!

What are letters and sounds

Everything heard and pronounced by us are sounds. They are definitely indicated on the letter, and what we write and then read are letters.

But the sounds of speech and the letters by which they are designated, in Russian, vary greatly in number. In oral speech, we make 43 basic sounds, but for their writing we use only 33 letters.

That is, all the letters of our language can be divided into 3 groups.

1. Letters that do not denote sounds (this is "ь" and "ъ"). As an example, you can bring: "stump", which is pronounced [p´en´], and "move out" - [sy сehat'].
2. Letters denoting 2 sounds. These letters include "e", "e", "u", "I". In their pronunciation, a couple of sounds are used: [i'o], [i'e], [i'y], [i'a].
3. The letters that represent 1 sound (these are all other letters).

What is the difference between vowels and consonants

There are two main groups of speech sounds - they are defined as Vowels are those sounds in which only voice is involved. They are pronounced lingeringly, in the mouth the sound does not meet any obstacles.

Consonants are what we pronounce, combining both voice and noise (they are called voiced) or just noise (deaf consonants). In addition, consonants can be both hard and soft.

Shock and unstressed syllables

Vowel sounds of speech are involved in the formation of syllables, while being under stress or in an unstressed position. By stress is meant the pronunciation of a syllable with greater force.

Russian language is characterized by a change in the position of stress. It can be on any syllable, unlike Polish or French, where a certain place is assigned to it. For example, in the word “whistled” the stress on the first syllable, and in the word “whistle” - on the second.

What letters denote vowels in Russian?

To designate the main vowel sounds of speech (there are six in our language), use ten:

sound [and] - denoted by the letter "and" (tiger);

[]] - the letter "ы" (smoke);

[a] - the letters "a" (mother) and "I" (pit);

[o] - the letter "o" (nose) and "e" (hedgehog);

[e] - the letter "e" (echo) and "e" (day);

[y] - the letter "y" (godfather) and "yu" (south).

Thus, it turns out that in order to designate 4 vowel sounds ([o], [a], [e], [y]) in the alphabet there are two whole rows of letters. It can be:

• a, oh, u;
• i, e, e, y

In the second row, the letters perform two functions at once. They not only denote but also signal that the previous consonant was soft (chalk - [m´el]).

If they are at the beginning of a word, are located after vowels or after a soft or hard dividing sign - they denote a combination of sounds. For example, the word Christmas tree sounds [y´olka], and the word sings - [share´ot].

As indicated in the letter

Speech sounds are involved in the formation of words and are there in a weak or strong position, which often has a direct impact on their designation in writing. Thus, the same letter in the language may denote different sounds. Example: the letter "n" can be designated 2 sounds - [n] and [н´]: niche - [n´ish] or nil [nil].

And one letter “b” can indicate 4 variants of sounds [б], [б´] or [п], [п´]. For example: was [was] - beat [b´il] or hump [gup] - Ob [op´].

If the voiced consonant is written at the end of a word or is located in front of the deaf consonants, then it can indicate its own double muffled sound. This position is called weak. Pay attention to how we pronounce: tub - ka [t] ka (sound is in front of a deaf consonant) or eye - eye [s] (sound is at the end of a word). This process is defined as stunning.

Deaf consonants can sound like their paired - voiced, if they are in a strong position. For example: threshing sounds like molo [d´] ba, and in the word a request you hear a sound [з´] - about [з´] ba. This, as you understand, is voicing.

It should be mentioned that in Russian the position of consonant sounds in front of vowels or in loud consonants is considered a strong position.

As in the letter some consonant sounds are indicated.

Some sounds of the Russian language are marked on the letter by a combination of letters. By the way, this situation causes a very large number of spelling errors.

For example, a single sound [sch] may in a written word look like a mf, three or three. We write - an account, but we pronounce [us], we write - a cab driver, and we say [izvoshchik], we write - a man, but it sounds like [mischina].

And the sound [u] can be designated both as a combination of TCs or ds, and as be or TC. For example: read - read [p] a, twenty - two [p] ats.

Letters do not always correspond to "their" sounds

As already mentioned, the sounds of speech are involved in the formation of words and are indicated on the letter by certain letters. And it often turns out that different sounds can “hide” behind one letter. For example, in the root of a word, when its number changes, we write the same letter, but at the same time we pronounce different sounds: stol (st [o] l) - stols (st [a] ly). That is, one letter “o” denotes two sounds: [o] and [a].

But there are cases when different sounds are denoted by one letter. So, in the word "treasure" and in the word "raft" at the end the same sound [t] sounds, but it is marked, as you see, with different letters: "d" and "t".

The letter structure of words often does not coincide with the sound. For example, in the word “valiant”, ten letters are written, but only nine are pronounced: [Add'isny]. In this and similar cases, the letter "t" is an unprovable consonant. That is, a letter that does not denote sound. Here are some more examples of such letters: the sun - [sontse], the heart - [s'ertse].

Features of the combination of consonants and vowels

Solid Russian speech is not combined with the vowel “i” following them, and soft ones cannot be combined with “s”. For example, in the word "dinner" always a solid sound [w] requires a sound [s], so we pronounce [already].

In some cases, there is a softening in the speech of hard consonants, paired with a soft. So, if in the word car, the sound [n] is solid, then in combination with the always soft [ch´] it sounds soft - the carriage [car-chic].

The same happens in situations with a combination with other soft consonants: fant - fa [n´t´] ik, forest - le [s´n´] ik, pure - chi [s´t'] it.

Use solid and in Russian

The sounds of speech and letters in our language, as you have probably understood, often do not coincide. For example, a hard and soft sign on a letter does not indicate any sounds.

These letters, as a rule, signal that the e, e, i, y behind them are pronounced like two sounds (drinking [py´ot]). If it comes after a consonant, then it indicates its softness (day [d´en´]).

In some cases, the soft sign plays only a grammatical role. For example, in the word “lie” he does not denote the softness of the previous consonant, but only indicates that the noun belongs to the female gender.

Features of writing and pronunciation of some borrowed words

In some words borrowed from other languages, the letter e does not sound soft, as is customary in Russian, but a firm consonant. Please note - in the word "tempo" we write e, but at the same time we utter a solid sound [t]. The pronunciation of this and similar words need to remember or refer to the orthoepic dictionary.

Muffler - [ne], model - [de], claim - [te], relay - first syllable [re], dash - [re], test - [te], thermos - [te], tennis - [te].

As you can see, the sounds of speech (1 class or 11 left behind) is a deep and serious topic, which, if you study carefully, will help you understand the subtleties of the pronunciation rules and the principles of writing many words that cause difficulties. Good luck!

Sounds are coded in letter by letter. For example, the sound [a] is marked on the letter with the letter I in the word ball and the letter a in the word cancer.

In modern Russian language, there are 10 vowels, 21 consonants and 2 letters that do not denote sounds.

In the form of letters, there are 4 types: printed and handwritten, each of which can be uppercase and lowercase. The difference between printed and handwritten letters is associated only with the technique of writing, and uppercase and lowercase differ in lexical and syntactic meaning.

Taking into account the functions, the letters are divided into vowels: neurotic, which serve as a means of indicating the hardness of consonants (a, o, u, e, s), and iotated, used to encode softness (i, e, i, e, u), consonants: paired by hardness-softness (15 pairs) - b, c, d, d, z, k, l, m, n, n, p, c, t, f, x and denoting unpaired solid - w, w, c and unpaired soft - h, y.

Different letters can mean one sound: [water] and [here] - sound [t]. One letter can mean two sounds: the letters I, e, e, u after the vowels - [Maya], at the beginning of the word - [yablk], after the separators - [l "yot].

The letter may not indicate sound. Those are ъ, ъ.

In addition to the principles mentioned above, the syllable principle also operates in the Russian graphic.

On the letter, the pair hard and soft consonants and the vowels following them are mutually conditioned: on the one hand, the nature of the consonant phoneme determines for the writer the vowel that follows him; on the other hand, it is important for the reader to consider the vowel after the consonant. Thus, the unit of writing and reading in the Russian language is not a separate letter, but a syllable. The syllabic principle of Russian graphics is used to designate paired hard and soft consonants that have one row of consonant letters, as opposed to paired voiced and deaf consonants, which have two rows of consonant letters: b-p, v-f, etc.

The softness of the consonants in the letter is denoted by the letters b (stump), i, e, e, u, and (row, chalk, chalk, hatch, vit), the hardness of the consonants in the letter is transmitted by the letters o, u bow, son, sleep).

The sound character of our writing determines the greatest optimality of the sound method of teaching literacy. The sound method is fuller than others, taking into account the sound laws of the Russian language. First of all, this is expressed in the order of studying sounds and letters, in the sequence of introduction syllable structures, in the choice for the initial reading and writing of those syllables, the sounds of which are mostly in a strong position and therefore have the simplest relationship with the letters.

Thus, the phoneme in the Russian language can be represented by one or several sounds, which are its allophones. In the first grade, the child should get a clear idea of ​​the sound structure of the Russian language and the system for encoding the sounds on the letter.

1.3 Pedagogical conditions for effective learning of first-graders in reading and writing

The didactic principle is defined in pedagogy and methodology as the basic starting point of the learning process. This provision is formulated on the basis of objectively existing laws that are constantly manifested in the teaching of children to any school subject. As a generalization of the revealed patterns, the principles become a guide to action. The more objectively observable are both general educational and methodological regularities, the more effective the influence of principles on the learning process.

The technique is usually considered as a branch of didactics: the latter studies general patterns training method private. Hence, such concepts as linguodidactics, language didactics are a fundamental part of the methodology. Many didactic concepts consider the methodology through the prism of their subject: the principles of didactics, methods, lesson, etc. For example, the principle of scientific knowledge and accessibility in didactics is formulated in general terms, and the methodologists find such forms of presenting grammatical material to children so that it does not lose scientific knowledge, but it turns out easy to understand junior high school students. In a similar way, the principles of visualization, developmental learning are interpreted in the methodology; The technique finds the optimal correlations of theory and practice, in its own way uses the methods proposed by didactics: conversation, exercise, teacher's story, observation, analysis and synthesis (for example, analysis - grammatical analysis, synthesis - text construction).

The lesson is a didactic concept, but there are no lessons outside the school subject: the whole great variety of lessons of literary reading, grammar and spelling, writing, penmanship is provided again by the methodology.

Didactics together with educational psychology  put forward the concept of learning, ensuring the progress of education. Thus, the study of the history of the prevailing methods shows a tendency for a gradual increase in the cognitive activity and independence of students. Didacts M.N. Skatkin and I.Ya. Lerner developed the following typology of teaching methods, taking as its basis the degree of cognitive activity of schoolchildren in the educational process:

1. Dogmatic methods: material is learned without compulsory understanding.

2. Reproductive: the material is not only memorized, but reproduced.

3. Explanatory and illustrative: the material is explained, illustrated by examples, demonstrated and should be understood by students.

4. Productive methods: the material must be not only understood, but also applied in practical actions.

5. Heuristic, partially-search methods: the student himself extracts certain elements of the knowledge through targeted observations, by solving cognitive tasks, conducting an experiment, etc.

6. Problem methods: the ability to realize the problem, and in some cases - and put it, to contribute to its resolution.

7. Research methods: the highest level of knowledge, approaching the activities of a scientist, but in the conventional key subjectively-creative tasks (new scientific knowledge is subjectively new only for the student playing the role of a researcher).

Higher levels in this typology (5-7th methods) bring a creative element into the student's activity through the accumulation of material, his understanding, generalization: a new knowledge is derived independently. The application of methods of higher ranks over a number of years of study ensures mental development. According to M.N. Skatkin (1971), the twentieth century is the century of mastering the search methods, although explanatory and illustrative prevail numerically.

It is easy to see that psycho-didactic approaches are aimed at developing learning. Despite the difference in psychological concepts, they all come from the teachings of LS Vygotsky, who asserted that learning goes ahead of development; in the methodology, this idea has been fixed since KD Ushinsky; the latter wrote: "The formal development of the mind is a non-existent ghost. The mind develops only in real real knowledge." Those. through the academic subject, through its concepts, connections, laws, rules, systems.

Thus, the lessons of literacy training should take place in a clear system and comply with the basic general didactic principles: visualization, scientific character, accessibility, consistency and developmental orientation of training.

Sound and letter: sound - unit sounding speechand the letter is a graphic sign to indicate the sound of speech in writing.

Sounds are pronounced and heard, and letters are written and read. Sounding speech is a natural way of existence of a language, its material expression, and writing is an artificial, man-made means of fixing, recording sounding speech using graphic signs. There are sounds in any language, regardless of whether there is a written language in this language, since sounding speech is primary in relation to the letter.

So, the sounding speech is fixed on the letter with the help of letters. It is assumed that each sound should have its own graphic designation - a letter. So, for example, the word house consists of three sounds - [d], [o], [m] - and in letter, respectively, is a sequence of three letters - d, o, m. If each sound produced is recorded in a separate letter then the phonetic principle - “I write, as I hear” - lies at the basis of writing. However, it is obvious that Russian letters are arranged differently (see Principles of Russian spelling).

In Russian sounding speech it is difficult to find two completely identical sounds: sounds can vary considerably depending on the position (for example, vowels under the stress and in an unstressed position, consonants in the end-of-word position) can also change under the influence of neighboring sounds (voicing before voiced, stunning voiced consonants before deaf). However, in writing these different sounds are often denoted by a single letter. For example, in the word cat we hear the sound [o] and write the letter o, and in the word cat we pronounce and hear the sound [a] in the root, but we write the same letter o. Or, at the end of the word pond, we write the letter d, although we do not pronounce the sound [d], as in the word pond, but the sound [t].

Sometimes, on the contrary, we denote identical sounds by different letters. For example, in the first pre-syllable of the word forest, the fox, we knit and pronounce the same sound, but we use different letters in the letter: e, and, me.

In addition, sometimes a letter means two sounds: I, u, etc., and sometimes one sound is transmitted by a letter combination: eh [l ’]. There are letters that do not reflect any sound at all: the hard sign ъ and the soft sign ь.   Material from the site

So it is clear that the relationship between sounds and letters can sometimes be very complex. It is clear that not every sound of speech should be marked with a special letter on the letter, because in that case there would be a lot of letters. However, in any language there are certain sounds that are extremely important for the language, and these sounds must necessarily be reflected in the letter. Such sounds perform a sense-distinguishing function and are called phonemes (see Phoneme). Russian writing is almost entirely built on the phonemic principle, that is, the letter-book reflects not phone sounds, but phonemes (see Principles of Russian spelling).

Ideally, if the alphabet reflects the phoneme composition of the language, that is, there is a special letter for each phoneme. The absence of special letters for phonemes creates great difficulties, therefore the alphabet of one language has to be specially adapted to the system of another language (see. Graphics).

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Sounds and letters.

The designation of sounds letters on the letter

f ♦ How do sounds and letters differ?

Oral words consist of sounds. B written words consist of letters. Sounds we pronounce and hear, and the letters We write and see, call. On the letter sounds are indicated by letters. Each letter has its own name. In a word housesounds [d], [o], [m], and letters d(de), o (o), m(Em).

♦ What is the alphabet or alphabet? Why so called?

The words alphabetand aBCdenote the same thing. Word alphabetcomposed of two Greek letters; alpha and vita. ABC- from the names of two Slavic letters: az, beeches.

The alphabet is the letters arranged in order. In the alphabet, each letter has its place and its name.

The Russian alphabet has 33 letters.

ABVGDEJOZHI

and be ve ge ge de e e je ze and u

KLMNOP RSTUFH

ka el em en o pe er er te te u eff ha

CCCHSHYS EYUYA

pe che sha scha hard y soft u ya

sign sign

♦ How does a vowel sound differ from a consonant!

Vowel

When pronouncing does not meet obstacles: [a], [o], [u], [s], [y], [e].

The vowel sound forms a syllable: lesson,vegetables.

Consonant

1.When pronounced, it encounters a barrier: lips, teeth, tongue,

The syllable forms only together with the vowel: country, muse.

♦ How many main (drum) vowel sounds in Russian!

AT stressed syllables  six vowel sounds: [o], [and], [s], [y], [e]. ;

♦ How many vowels in the Russian alphabet!)

The Russian alphabet has ten vowel letters:

[a, € j   yooh oh y, uhs, w, i.

Not all vowels of Russian can be denoted by letters. but,oh and s,uh Letters her,u, i serve to denote the softness of consonants and to denote vowel sounds: ball- [m "a] h, luke- [l "y] k" and in some words - two sounds at once: anchor- [ya] Kor, south- [yu] zhn, hedgehog- [yo] zhik. Therefore, the Russian alphabet has 10 vowels.

♦ What is a syllable!

Syllables are parts of a word into which it is divided into pronunciation: ve-terrain, edge

♦ How to find out how many syllables in a word!

There are as many syllables in a word as there are in it. voiceofsounds: house,

u-cheb-nick, but-ing.

♦ How to transfer words!

Word wrap rules

The word is carried in syllables: peaceful.Word , consisting of one syllable is not tolerated: day I sew, weaves.

One letter can not be left on the line or transferred to another: go, stand,Julia, the language.

Letters ь, ndwhen transferring a word, it is impossible to separate from the letter in front: pis-mobuild a staircase.

When transferring words with double consonants, one consonant remains on the line, and the other one is transferred: cass-sa, lecture.

♦ When vowels e, yo, yu, i mean two sounds?

Letters e, e, y, iin stressed syllables, they denote two sounds — a consonant sound [st] and vowel sounds [e], [o], [y], [a]: e =[ye] yo= [yo] yu- [yu]; i= [ya] in the following three cases:

at the beginning of the word: spruce- [& e] or\u003e tree -[yo] lka, young- [yu] iy, berry- [& £ \\ year;

after vowels: sing- by [yu] t stand- one hundred [ya] t we sing- by [yo] m;

after dividing soft and hard signs: friends- druz [ya], blizzard -in [yau] ha, porch - pod [ye] zd, boompod [yo] m

♦ When the letters e, yo, yu, i denote the softness of a consonant sound and a vowel sound! f

Letters e, e, y, iafter consonant sound; denote the softness of this consonant sound and the vowel sound: ball- [m "a] h, light- \\ wow [p * o \\ k, bouquet- bu [k "er] t people- [l "y] di,guys- re [b "a] ta.

[♦ How does the letter indicate the hardness and softness of consonants in the middle of a word?

The hardness of consonants is indicated in letter by vowels. a, o, u, s, e:   music, school, mayor.

The softness of consonants is denoted by vowels.

e, e, u, y, iand a soft sign (b): earth, eagle, people, fingers.

In the middle of the word is a soft consonant sound [l " ] is always indicated by a soft sign: rails, soap dish

The softness of other consonants may not be indicated by a soft sign: a life- a life,there is - e [with "] t, if - e [with"] whether, Nastya- \\Us" ], song- ne [with "] nya, guest- go [with "] t,worm - what [p "] v.Writing such words should be checked in the dictionary.

♦ howdenotes the softness of the consonant sound on the endthe words?

Onthe end of the word soft consonant sound is indicated by l: notebook, day, briefcase,here, pigeon, september.

The softness of hissing consonants h, uat the end of words, a soft sign is not indicated: doctor, comrade

The soft sign at the end of the words is speech, thingand the like does not mean the softness of hissing consonants h, uHe is an indicator of the feminine gender of these nouns.

The soft sign on the end of the verbs of the 2nd person singular does not mean the softness of the consonant, the sound, but it is always written: what are you doing? what will you do? you run,will write

♦ What hissing consonant sounds are always hard, and which are always soft!

[W], [W], [W] - always hard hissing consonant sounds;

[h *], [yi "] - always soft hissing consonant sounds.

♦ What vowels are not written after sizzling w, w,h, u?

After letters well, gi,h, uthe letters s, w, i are not written. Combinations zhi, shi, cha, schA, choo, shu

written with letters and, and, at:

live, happiness wonderful

sew, food, pike.

Exceptions: jury, parachute, broshyura

In combinations zhi shiin stressed syllables, the letter and is always written: mistake resident

AT unstressed syllables vowels need to be checked: six- sixth, wool- woolnoah,but wide- wide.

♦ What is special about writing combinations chk, chn, th

In combinations chk, chn, thua soft sign is not written: pen, girl, point, fabulous,sand, milk, mail, that.

♦ When is a separator soft sign (s) written?

Dividing swritten after consonants before vowels e,yo and, u, i, if in words you hear a sound [th]: jam, shelter, sparrowyy,in the autumnwings.

softness indicator dividing

consonants

letter happiness

salt beats

ice floes nightingales

beast blizzard

radish monkey

♦ What is the difference between voiced and deaf consonants?

Voiced consonant sounds are pronounced with voice and noise.

Deaf consonants are composedjust out of the noise.

♦ What consonants soundsarepaired for voicing, and which - unpaired?

In Russian there are paired unpaired consonant sounds.

Paired consonants

hard soft

voiced: [б] [в] [г] [д] [g] [s] [b *] [c "][g *] [d "] [z" Z

deaf: [p] [f] [k] [t] [w] [s] [n "] [f"][k *] [t\u003e] [c "]

Unpaired consonants

ringing deaf

[l] [m] [n] [p] [l "]. [m"] [n "] [p"] [th] [x] [x "] [p] [h\u003e] [p]]

♦ Why do words with a pair of voiced consonant sound at the end need to be checked?

At the end of the word, the double voiced consonant is replaced by the double deaf. Therefore, words with a double consonant sound at the end need to be checked: bread, train, nail, circle, hook.

♦ Which words are valid?

Words in which after the pair consonant is pronounced the vowel are the check: cities- city ​​flags- flag.

♦ How to check the pair consonant at the end of the word "

To check the paired consonants at the end of the word, you need to change the word so that after the consonant there is a vowel: siskin- chizhi ruff- ruffle

♦ Which vowel sounds are called drums, and which are unstressed!

Vowels in stressed syllables are called stressed, and vowels in unstressed syllables are called unstressed.

Vowel sounds in stressed syllables are otherwise called vowels in a strong position. Vowel sounds in unstressed syllables are otherwise called vowels in a weak position.

To systematize and summarize the knowledge of students, obtained when studying the section "Phonetics" in previous classes; improve learning and language skills; to bring up the need for practical use of the language in various fields of activity. textbook, educational texts. generalization and systematization of knowledge.

Operate the basic concepts of the section "Phonetics"; use appropriate terms; own the basic orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language; observe basic norms and norms of stress in their speech.

DURING THE CLASSES

Organizational stage

Updating reference knowledge

Express survey

♦ What do phonetics and graphics learn?

♦ What is a phoneme?

♦ What is the difference between sound and letter?

♦ Which two groups are all divided into?

♦ How many consonant sounds are in Russian? Characterize them.

♦ Make pairs of consonant sounds based on voicing and deafness.

♦ Which voiced sounds are unpaired?

♦ What is the difference between hard and soft consonant sounds?

♦ What sounds do letters represent? E, y, y, i?

♦ When the letters E, y, y, iMean two sounds? Give examples.

III.   Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.

Motivation for learning activities

Teacher. What is the place of phonetics in the linguistic disciplines? This question received in linguistics various

Decision. Some considered phonetics as part of grammar, others as an independent discipline. Phonetics is the only discipline, the subject of which is the study of the sound matter of language. All other disciplines are not interested in the material side of units of their plan: they focus on the specifics of the structural-semantic side of morphemes, words, phrases, sentences.

The study of phonetics is of great theoretical and practical importance. The theoretical meaning is that the phonet-cos-phonological tier is the basic tier of the language, a kind of foundation on which the entire language building rests: both morphemes, and words, and sentences are embodied in sounds. Consequently, without studying phonetics, it is impossible to study either the lexical or grammatical structure of a language. Phonetics teaches us to understand that language is a single, slim, intelligent, internally consistent integrity. The practical significance of phonetics is indisputable. Its achievements are used in various fields: in the creation of written language for unwritten peoples and in the improvement of the writing and spelling of old written languages; in the teaching of reading and writing; in teaching pronunciation and spelling of a non-native language; in solving a number of technical tasks:

A) in telephony and radio engineering in the transmission of speech through the paths

B) in cybernetics - to develop problems of automating the management of production processes using speech

Commands, etc.

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson

1. teacher's explanation

(Students make theses.)

Our speech is made up of countless different sounds that are the result of a complex articulation of human activity. In each language, these sounds are grouped and combined into a huge number of sound types - phonemes. A phoneme is the shortest sound unit that can distinguish between sound shells of different words. There are 6 vowels and 35 consonant phonemes in Russian. The study of speech sounds engaged in phonetics (from the Greek. - Sound). Phonetics- This is a section of linguistics, studying the sound side of the language. It includes all the sound means of a language, that is, not only sounds and their combinations, but also stress and intonation. The sound is the smallest

Language unit Sounds we pronounce and hear. To record oral speech, close to its sound, a special type of letter is used - phonetic transcription. This is a set of special characters with which the pronunciation is transmitted, for example: sowing - [pas’eff] (’- the comma on the right above the letter indicates the softness of the consonant sound).

Sounds on the letter are designated by certain icons - letters. Letters we write and see written. Thus, the letters are characters used to represent the sound of a speech in a letter. Letters, their styles, and the relationship between sounds and letters studies graphics. A set of letters arranged in a certain order is called an alphabet or alphabet.

The sounds of speech are divided into vowels and consonants (vowel sounds - 6, and consonants - 37). Vowel sounds consist only of voice, because when vowel sounds are formed, a stream of exhaled air passes through the oral cavity without encountering any obstructions, therefore no noise occurs. Percussive vowel sounds of the Russian language - [a], [o], [y], [e], [u], [s].

Consonant sounds consist of noise, some - from noise and voice, because when they are formed, a stream of air necessarily encounters an obstruction in the oral cavity, overcomes it, as a result of which noise occurs. For example: [б], [п], [м], [в], [ф], [н], [к], [г], [д], [з], [т], [с] and etc. Depending on the degree of participation of the vocal cords in the formation of consonants, they are divided into voiced and deaf.

2. familiarization with the theoretical material of the lesson textbook

V. generalization, systematization and control of students' knowledge and skills

1. Comparative practical work

Š Match the number of letters and sounds in the following pairs of words. Name the letters and sounds correctly. How to explain the discrepancies in the quantitative composition of letters and sounds in words?

A mole is a mole, a corner is coal, hell is poison, a knife is a lie, an ear is a colossus, sit down - congress, sew - sew, dine - eat, Nice - curl, vile - sad.

Š Recall the rules of pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, and some grammatical forms. Speak the following words correctly. Compare, where possible, with pronunciation in the Ukrainian language.

Water, grass, gate, walk, spent,; cheerful, rooster, garlic, overnight, village, week, river; the butcher, took, stain, watch, sorrel, fascinated.

City, goose, bend, could, row, arc, guest, leg, menacing, put out, voice; rich, grace, give thanks.

Tread, pigeon, hole, at random, seven, eight, winter, ground, shoes, swell, scum, prepare (those), put (those), add (those), save (those), introduce (those).

Quarter, solid, branch, prayer, two, door, bear, lyudmila, Dmitri, star, beast, serpent, light, holy, ripe.

Happy, conscientious, compassionate, sympathetic, idle, starry, rider, participant, private, conscientious, feeling, joyful, core, hello, tourist, racist.

Blind, rich, blue, sick, this, the one who, what, his, all, knowing, the remaining, today, today.

Pin-up, maid, mustard plaster, buckwheat, Losers, boring, Kuzminichna, of course, on purpose, scrambled eggs, apple, milk, Fominichna, nesting box, half-owl, pagan; what, no way, so, something.

2. Practical work with language material

Š Read aphorisms and write them down. Write down the words with soft consonants, then with hard ones. Perform a phonetic analysis of the highlighted words. Underline the voiced and deaf consonants.

Š Which of the following qualities of a person do you consider to be the most important? Give examples of the manifestation of this quality today, is it modern?

Love for people - these are the wings on which a person rises above everything ( M. Gorky).

In a person’s inner world, kindness is the sun ( V. Hugo).

Heartiness is the same as beauty and mind ( V. Kachalov).

The ideal doctor is a person with deep knowledge of life and the human soul, who intuitively recognizes any suffering and pain of any kind and restores the world by his presence alone. If a doctor brings love and mercy to a sick person, if he is righteous and kind, educated and learned, then nothing can be better than such a doctor. Therefore, love should be the measure and the law of medicine ( D. Savonarola).

3.   "Secrets of phonetics"

♦ Remember what you know about letters E, y, y, i? These letters are "actors." In one words, they suggest the softness of consonants

And they denote the vowel sounds [e], [o], [y], [a], which follow

After soft consonants. In others, they are “yoto carriers”. Be

Lycian Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov believed that these letters

  "Hide" two sounds: yot and the subsequent vowel. He called them

  "Hidden". From the following text, write the words with the letter

Mi E, e, i, yAnd define their "acting roles" at the same time

Finding out the number of letters and sounds.

In the bright nights, when the sky gushes in a continuous star-fall, I love to be alone, in the forest, I watch the stars flare up, cover, light up the sky and fly away somewhere. It is said that many of them have long been extinguished, extinguished long before we were born, but their light still goes to us, still shines to us.

(V. Astafev)

4.   "Entertaining phonetics"

♦ Write down the answers to the “crossword” questions in two columns:

In the right - with a hard pronunciation of a consonant ([te], [de]),

In the left - with a soft ([t’e], [d’e]). Columns add your own