The oldest thing on earth. The oldest items discovered by archaeologists. Equipment - basic indicators

We present you with a list of examples of the oldest household items and note that these are only the oldest surviving examples - many of these items existed much earlier.

Designed to be worn with sandals, these Egyptian woolen socks were made between AD 300 and 499 and were discovered in the 19th century. (Photo: wikipedia.org)

“Recipe for Sumerian beer from 3000 BC. The beer is very strong and contains chunks of bread floating in it. (Photo: imgur.com)

The oldest glasses in the world were found on Baffin's Land in Canada. They were intended to protect against the glare of the sun's rays reflected from the snow. (Photo: canadacool.com)

The most likely age of the statue depicting a human figure is 40,000 years. This is Venus from the Hole-Fels cave, Germany, carved from a mammoth bone. (Photo: wikipedia.org)

This 5500-year-old right-hand cowhide moccasin was found in a cave in Armenia, preserved in herbs and dry sheep dung. (Photo: news.nationalgeographic.com)

This is a 40,000 year old bone flute from southern Germany. (Photo: nytimes.com)

The oldest pants in the world were found in Western China, 3300 years old. (Photo: M. Wagner / German Archaeological Institute)

The ancient city of Ephesus, Turkey, had flushing public toilets. Running water under the seats was carried away into a nearby river. (Photo: chroniclesoflindsay.blogspot.com)

This bra was worn between 1390 and 1485 in Austria. There are earlier historical descriptions of this item, but no other specimens have survived. (Photo: theatlantic.com)

This prosthesis helped someone in Egypt walk again 3,000 years ago. (Photo: bbc.com)

Dog teeth are all that remain of a decaying 4,500-year-old wallet found in Germany. They were probably part of the outer sash. (Photo: Klaus Bentele, LDA Halle)

This reusable sheepskin condom was used in 1640 in Sweden. It was supplied with instructions in Latin, in which the product was recommended to be cleaned with warm milk in order to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. (Photo: genreauthor.blogspot.com)

This chewing gum from Finland were chewed at least 5000 years ago. It consists of birch bark and was most likely used to heal the mouth from infections or used as glue. (Photo: metro.co.uk)

The oldest recorded melody was found in the ancient city-state of Ugarit, in the territory of modern southern Syria. The music was written for the lyre. (Photo: ancientlyre.com)

The oldest known coin was found within the ancient Hellenic city of Ephesos (Ephesus) in Turkey. One side of it is decorated with the image of a lion's head. (Photo.

According to the interpretation of some fundamentalists, Bible tells that God created Adam and Eve several thousand years ago. Science reports that this is just fiction, and that man is several million years old, and civilization is tens of thousands of years old. However, can it be that traditional science is mistaken as well as biblical stories ? There is ample archaeological evidence that history of life on earth may not be at all like the one that geological and anthropological texts tell us today.

Corrugated spheres

For the past few decades, miners in South Africa have dug up mysterious metal balls. The diameter of these balls of unknown origin is approximately an inch (2.54 cm), and some of them are engraved with three parallel lines running along the axis of the object. Two kinds of balls have been found: one is made of a hard bluish metal with white spots, while the other is empty on the inside and filled with a white spongy substance. Interestingly, the rock in which they were discovered dates back to the Precambrian period and dates back to 2.8 billion years! Who made these spheres and for what remains a mystery.

Archeology is an incredibly interesting science and allows researchers of the past to look through the depths of the centuries and try to understand how the life of ancient communities was arranged.

Numerous archaeological finds of scientists, exhibited in all major world museums, annually attract hundreds of thousands of visitors who want a little touch of ancient history.
But some of the finds are simply unique due to their ancient age. Many of them were discovered at archaeological sites, while others were found completely by accident.

Zircon is a mineral of the subgroup of island silicates, and this pebble in the photo is currently the oldest material found on the planet. Scientists date the crystal to about 4.4 billion years ago.
The mineral was found in 2001 in an arid region north of the city of Perth, Australia.

This translucent red crystal, when bombarded with electrons, changes color to blue, and its length is only 400 microns - in comparison, it is about the thickness of four human hairs folded together.
Scientists believe that the found crystal will help to better understand how our planet was formed, because the Earth is 4.5 billion years old, and the crystal was formed only 100 million years later.

A wooden toe found on the leg of a mummy, which is more than 3000 years old, is considered the oldest prosthesis on the planet. Scientists from the University of Manchester created a copy of the prosthesis and asked a volunteer with a missing finger to wear it for a while, shod in the sandals that people in Ancient Egypt wore.
It turned out that the object actually serves as a practical walking aid rather than just a cosmetic replacement for a finger.

Was the first Swiss knife invented 1,800 years ago? But this may well be true. At least this versatile tool is strikingly similar to its more modern counterpart, and served at least six useful functions.
But this knife is not Swiss, it was created by a blacksmith in the Roman Empire around 200 AD.

With a double-edged blade, ancient gourmets most likely opened shells with oysters, and with a hook-shaped thorn they uncorked bottles of sauces. The tool also includes a spoon, fork, knife, and toothpick. And all these devices are easily and compactly folded into a handle, like a modern Swiss knife. The tool was found by archaeologists in the Mediterranean in the early 90s, it predates the Swiss knife invented in 1897, by almost 1800 years.

The world's oldest cache of marijuana stash, weighing 900 grams, was discovered in an ancient tomb, which is more than 2,700 years old, in the Gobi Desert in 2008.
A number of tests conducted by researchers have proven that the drug has not yet lost its powerful psychotropic properties and questioned the theory that ancient people grew hemp only for the production of clothing, ropes and other household items.

The cache was discovered by archaeologists in a wooden dish, in a leather basket near the head of a man who died at the age of about 45, and was believed to be a shaman of the tribe. In the grave, the researchers did not find items intended for smoking, and the scientists concluded that the ancient lovers of "weed" injected the drug into the body orally, or fumigated it like a censer.

In the photo, the stone looks inconspicuous and looks like an ordinary piece of rock. But in fact, the shredded cobblestone is one of the most sensational archaeological finds. This is one of the oldest stone tools ever found, created 500,000 years before the emergence of the skilled man (Homo habilis), who, according to scientists, was the first to use tools.

Archaeologists have found an ancient instrument near Lake Turkana in Kenya. A huge number of historical artifacts have already been discovered in the area, helping to better understand the history of the origin and evolution of mankind.

The weapon is made by the passive upholstery method, when a stone blank is pounded on a harder surface and was most likely created by an early human ancestor - Australopithecus, who first appeared in Africa about 4 million years ago.

German archaeologists in 2005 in the "Hohle fels" cave near the ancient city of Ulm, discovered the world's oldest artificial 20-centimeter phallus, painstakingly made and polished from siltstone.

The stone member was made nearly 28,000 years ago and was found by a team of scientists from the University of Tübingen. Professor Nicholas Conard suggested that, judging by the fact that the instrument was polished almost to a shine, at one time it was very actively used.

About 150,000 years ago, an ancient Neanderthal man unsuccessfully fell into a cave and crashed, not far from modern city Altamura in southern Italy. In 1993, cavers discovered his remains and reported the find to archaeologists.
But it was not possible to extract the skull and bones, since for tens of thousands of years, under the influence of moisture, they literally grew into the rocks and were under a layer of calcite.

For more than 20 years, the remains lay intact, and only in 2015, researchers finally managed to extract a fragment of the bone of the right scapula. The material was sent to the laboratory and the result of the study confirmed that the remains belonged to "Homo neanderthalensis" - a Neanderthal man. Scientists hope that by studying successively the DNA strands, they will learn much more about the evolution of mankind.

8. Oldest song (3,400 years old)

Clay tablets containing cuneiform signs of the ancient Hurrian language were unearthed in the early 1950s near the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit (now called Ras Shamra). Scientists deciphered the cuneiform and realized that before them was the text of the hymn, which is currently the oldest known piece of music.

In 1972, after 15 years of studying the artifact, Assyriology professor Ann Kilmer at the University of California was able to create an audio track of an ancient piece of music.

Your attention is invited to an article about 30 ancient objects from Everyday life people that have survived to this day.

It is hard to imagine, but many objects from the daily life of a modern person have existed hundreds, or even thousands of years ago. We have prepared a review in which we presented only the most ancient examples of things we are used to that have survived to this day.

However, it is likely that some of the items listed could have appeared much earlier than these dates.

The oldest melody video

The Hurrian Hymn, recorded in cuneiform on a clay tablet, is the oldest recorded melody in human history. An artifact dating back to 1400 BC was discovered in the city of Ugarit (Northern Canaan) in what is now Syria. The melody was sung on the lyre in praise of the wife of the Moon God.

World's Oldest Animation (Age 5000)

The oldest animation in the world - video

V National Museum Iran has a 10-centimeter earthen drinking goblet, which depicts five consecutive scenes of the movement of a goat in a circle. First, the animal jumps in the direction of the tree, then eats the foliage from it. By rotating the goblet around the vertical axis, you can see the simplest animation. Scientists date this product to the third millennium BC.

World's Oldest Socks (1500 years old)

These fancy villager wool socks Ancient egypt were connected one and a half thousand years ago between the three hundredth and four hundred ninety-ninth years from the birth of Christ. Socks were worn specifically for sandals, hence their original appearance... Interestingly, even after one and a half thousand years, these socks look quite competitive against the background of even the most original socks of modern designers.

World's Oldest Shoes (Age 5500)

The oldest leather shoes in the world were discovered in one of the caves in Armenia. Several layers of sheep dung and grass, under which the find was made, served as a preservative. The shoes have been perfectly preserved, having lain in a dry and cool cave for about 5.5 thousand years. It's amazing how much the ancient moccasin resembles some of the modern shoes!

World's Oldest Pants (Age 3400)

At an ancient necropolis in western China, archaeologists have unearthed the world's oldest pants. They are woven of woolen fabric and decorated with intricate ornamentation. The pants probably belonged to some Asian nomad who lived about 3,400 years ago. According to scientists, this find confirms that it was the nomads who first invented pants for comfortable riding on horses.

World's Oldest Bra (Age 500)

This bra was worn in Austria between 1390 and 1485. Although this is the oldest surviving bra, there are earlier descriptions of "breast pouches" in the chronicles. For 500 years, the most original modern bras have gone far from their progenitor, but the first model may well pass for vintage retro classics.

World's Oldest Handbag (4500 years old)

On the territory of Germany, in a Bronze Age burial dating back to 2500-2200 BC, a small handbag was found. For thousands of years, the skin and fabric from which it was made have collapsed. Only dog ​​teeth have survived, which probably served as decoration and protection for the purse.

World's Oldest Sunglasses (Age 800)

The inventors of the world's first sunglasses can be considered the Eskimos. "Snow" glasses, as the Eskimos themselves called them, were made of bone, leather or wood. The thin slits in the glasses were designed to protect the eyes from "snow blindness" caused by bright sunlight. The first such glasses, according to scientists, appeared several thousand years ago. The oldest extant specimen was made from "only" walrus bone between 1200 and 1600 AD on Baffin Island in Canada. Of course, ancient glasses do not have the cool functions of modern high-tech sunglasses, but thanks to their simplicity and reliability, they will quietly survive for another 800 years.

World's Oldest Condom (Age 370)

The oldest surviving condom was found in Sweden, in the city of Lund. An ancient contraceptive dating back to 1640 was made from pig intestines and could be used multiple times. An instruction in Latin has reached our days, recommending washing a condom in warm milk after each use. 17th century condoms made from sheep and pork intestines did little to protect against sexually transmitted diseases, so scientists believe they were mainly used to prevent pregnancy. In general, the first mention of the condom dates back to 1564. The Italian physician and inventor Gabriele Fallopio came up with the idea of ​​putting a linen bag soaked in all kinds of chemicals on the male genital organ.

The World's Oldest Gum (Age 5000)

The oldest known gum is a piece of petrified birch resin from the Neolithic era, found in Finland. The gum, which has preserved traces of human teeth from the Stone Age, dates back to the end of the fourth millennium BC. Wood resin contains phenols which have antiseptic properties. Therefore, the ancient people chewed the resin and bark of trees to get rid of diseases of the oral cavity. In addition, tree resin was often used as glue, for example to glue broken pottery.

World's Oldest Cheese (Age 3600)

In the 20th century, perfectly preserved mummies were found in the Taklamakan Desert in northwestern China, with small lumps of cheese on their chest and neck. Scientists are sure that this cheese was made from sourdough. Similarly, in our time, some types of cheese and kefir are made. Research results have shown that the cheese found dates back to around 1615 BC, making it the oldest cheese on the planet.

World's Oldest Prosthesis (Age 3000)

When studying an ancient Egyptian mummy buried about three thousand years ago, archaeologists found that wooden ones were attached to its right foot instead of missing ones. To confirm their guess, the researchers created an exact copy of the found artifact and tested it with the help of a volunteer with a similar injury. Tests showed that wooden fingers were used specifically for walking and not for cosmetic purposes. Thanks to them, a person could not only move freely, but also wear sandals, which were the main footwear in Ancient Egypt. The scientists' guess turned out to be correct: they managed to find the oldest known prosthesis. Today, when there are even original prostheses for animals, hardly anyone can be surprised by the prosthetics of a part of the foot, however, the appearance of such a prosthesis for three thousand years can be safely called a fantastic scientific breakthrough of that time.

World's Oldest Public Flush Toilet (Age 2000)

In the ancient city of Ephesus, located in Turkey, the oldest public toilet with a flush was discovered. A pit with a drainage system was hidden under the slab with holes for "need". It is noteworthy that a tool resembling an oar was found there. Probably, on hot days, with the help of this paddle, the servants accelerated the cleaning of the toilet pit, pushing its contents towards the drain. It should be admitted that the toilet theme is close to humanity like no other, perhaps that is why it is constantly inventing more and more original public toilets.

World's Oldest Coin (Age 2,700)

The oldest known coin was discovered among the ruins of the same ancient Greek city of Ephesus, once a flourishing center of trade on the coast of Asia Minor. The coin was made over 2,700 years ago from an alloy of gold and silver. The metal workpiece was placed on a die with a lion's head cut out, after which the master struck with a hammer on the back of the workpiece. The result was a coin with a raised lion's head on the obverse and an indented impact mark on the reverse.

Oldest Map of the World (2800 years old)

A clay tablet from Mesopotamia, dating from the turn of the eighth and seventh centuries BC, is considered the oldest map in the world. It is noteworthy that the Babylon map contains not only real, but also fictional geographical objects.

Oldest Globe (Age 510)

In order for the first known globe, which has survived to this day, to have a spherical shape, it was assembled from the wide parts of two ostrich eggs. Then the engraver painstakingly transferred to the surface of the ball famous map Old and New World. Scientists believe that this globe was made in Florence, Italy, perhaps even in the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci himself. The first globe is so original that in our time it would not be lost among the most unusual modern globes.

Oldest Typographic Book in the World (Age 637)

The world's oldest printed book appeared in Korea in 1377, a whopping 78 years before the Gutenberg Bible, long considered the first printed edition, to appear. It was a Buddhist document called Chikchi, containing the life stories of the great Buddhist monks and selected passages from their sermons, helping to comprehend the essence of the great teachings of the Buddha. Today this book is in the Paris National Library.

World's Oldest Recorded Recipe (Over 5000 years old)

The ancient Sumerians, who lived in the Southern Mesopotamia, left behind the oldest beer recipe, dating back to 3000 BC. If you follow the recipe exactly, you get a strong beer drink, in which pieces of bread should float.

The World's Oldest Musical Instrument (Age 42,000)

Scientists claim that the bone flute found in a cave in southwestern Germany is at least 42,000 years old. The first musical instruments were made by ancient people from the bones of birds and mammoth tusks. It is believed that it was music that allowed Homo Sapiens to gain an advantage over the Neanderthals.

The world's oldest anthropomorphic figurine (Age 35,000 - 40,000 years)

The world's oldest anthropomorphic figurine has been discovered in a cave in southwestern Germany. Scientists believe that an unknown sculptor carved it from a mammoth tusk about 35-40 thousand years ago. It is believed that the expressive figurine of a woman with grotesquely exaggerated sexual characteristics was used by our ancestors as a symbol of fertility. Of course, this statuette has a huge historical and collectible value, if it were sold, it could well be among the 10 most expensive statues in the world.

Bonus: Oldest Mineral on Earth (4.4 billion years old)

In 2001, a tiny zirconium crystal was found in Australia, which became the oldest mineral on earth. Its age is 4.4 billion years! Currently, it can be seen in the Geological Museum of the University of Madison in the United States.

Sweater

The oldest sweater in the world belonged to a fashionist from Iron Age Europe. Most likely, such clothes were very expensive: the holes were repeatedly darned and the thing, despite its age, is in very good condition.

The dress

One of the oldest garments in the world was found in an Egyptian cemetery 30 kilometers from Cairo. The dress is made of linen, primitive textiles and cord. It is now on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

If you think that some of your things have already served their purpose and are dilapidated, then you should look at what scientists have been able to unearth from the depths of history. According to research done on lice, humans began wearing clothing about 170,000 years ago. The oldest fibers used by humans are approximately 34,000 years old. Given the fact that clothing is usually made from organic materials such as leather and cloth (which quickly deteriorate), there are very few ancient garments and accessories in the world.

10. The world's oldest jewelry (130,000 years old)

In 2015, scientists announced that they had found the world's oldest piece of jewelry - eight eagle claws were found at the site of a Neanderthal settlement in Croatia. The eagle's claws were from three different birds. Several holes were made in them for stringing. They also bore cuts and evidence of polishing, leading scientists to believe the claws were part of a necklace or bracelet.

This find confirms the claim that Neanderthals were not stupid cavemen, but part of a complex, intelligent society in which religion and art were present. The researchers say the claws were most likely chosen for ceremonial purposes, demonstrating the fact that the Neanderthals understood the concept of symbolism. Considering the fact that this piece of jewelry dates back to about 80,000 years before the advent of modern humans, the Neanderthals simply could not steal or copy this design.

Prior to this discovery, the oldest jewelry in history was shells found in Israel and Africa, which are approximately 100,000 years old. The shells were found far from the coast and bore evidence of their use as beads strung on some kind of string.

9. Oldest shoe (9,300 years old)

The oldest pair of shoes in the world was discovered in the Fort Rock Basin in Oregon in 1938 and both shoes were found together. Fort Roca sandals were made of twisted wormwood bark, they were without a sole and with a closed toe. Several specimens have been found, the oldest of which was between 9,300 and 10,000 years old. Scientists believe that the straps on the sandals were tied around the ankle and then tied in a knot.

Well, the oldest leather shoe was discovered in the Areni-1 cave in southeastern Armenia in 2010. The shoe, estimated to be about 5,500 years old, is a brown leather lace-up boot for a small right foot (about size 37 or 38). This suggests that this shoe is female. Researchers say the shoe was cut from a single piece of leather tanned with vegetable oil and fitted to fit the leg that was to wear it. In addition, the shoe was stuffed with grass, either as insulation or to keep it from losing shape while it was not being worn.

The crown was discovered along with the Nahal Mishar Hoard. This treasure contained more than 400 items. The treasure was found in the Judean Desert, near the Dead Sea in 1961. The crown, dating back to the Copper Age (4000-3300 BC), is made of blackened copper and measures approximately 18 centimeters in diameter (the New Yorker described it as a “little man's hat” in terms of circumference). The top edge of the crown is adorned with five figurines, including two long-necked birds (believed to be vultures), a pair of stylized doors or gates, and a "T" -shaped object that could possibly be the hilt of a sword. It was discovered along with a scepter decorated with images of horned animals, a brass wicker basket, and many earthen bowls and vessels.

However, scientists do not think that the crown was worn by the real ruler of this area. They suggest that the crown was used for public ceremonies and during funeral rites for important people... It is also completely incomprehensible how the crown and other treasures remained in the cave in the desert for so many centuries.

The Armenian cave has turned into an ancient clothing warehouse for archaeologists, providing them with not only the oldest surviving skirt in the world, but also the aforementioned leather shoe. The skirt was discovered in the Areni-1 cave in southeastern Armenia. Only fragments remain of it, but this is enough to determine that the fabric is made of woven reeds with a ribbon woven into reverse side along the hem. It is impossible to say exactly what the skirt looked like when it was finished and whether it was worn by a woman or a man. However, scholars believe that it represents the world's oldest example of a garment made from woven cane.

Scientists were delighted to find in Areni-1, in addition to a skirt and a shoe, a mummified goat, which belongs to the same period as the skirt. If the calculations of scientists are correct, then the mummy of the Armenian goat is about a thousand years older than most of the mummified animals found in Egypt.

6. Oldest dress (5000 years old)

The Tarkhan dress, often considered the oldest garment in the world, was discovered in an ancient Egyptian cemetery about 48 kilometers from Cairo. This dress, dating back to the First Dynasty or the Old Kingdom, is made of linen (and is the oldest garment made from textiles). The sleeves of the dress are ruffled, and a yoke is attached to the hem. Researchers say the garment was clearly worn as it clearly shows folds in the elbows and underarms. It has also been found turned inside out, although some believe it was deliberately placed in the grave for funerary significance.

The dress was originally found in 1913, but the significance of the find was not understood until 1977. The tunic was part of a pile of flax that was recovered from the grave, but had not been properly cleaned or examined for 60 years. Curators at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London attached the dress to a fine silk base so that it could be shown as it was worn in real life.

5. Oldest Pants (3000 years old)

The oldest pants in the world were discovered at the Yanghai necropolis in China in 2014. Despite their obvious use, they are still in very good condition. Researchers believe the pants were custom made by stitching three pieces of fabric - the legs and crotch area - that were sewn with matching threads. The pants also feature an intricate geometric pattern that has been woven directly into the fabric to create a comfortable pair of pants. Researchers believe that the pants most likely originated among horse-using tribes who lived in the region about 4,000 years ago. They were used for protection and comfort when riding horses.

The desert surrounding the Yanghai necropolis has helped preserve a huge amount of fine textiles and fabrics. Items such as colored sheepskin boots, hats with feathers, a fringed skirt, and a tiny loincloth were also found there.

This bag can be called the first bag with a dog tooth decoration. In 2012, archaeologists unearthed the world's oldest bag in a tomb near Leipzig, Germany. The bag was made of leather or cloth that has since decomposed and has been covered in over a hundred teeth from dozens of animals. Scientists say that what is left of the bag looks a lot like an ordinary modern bag with a hinged lid with all the teeth facing the same direction. Dog teeth were also found in hair jewelry and necklaces, leading scientists to speculate that they were "quite fashionable at the time."

A huge number of artifacts from the settlements of Kamenny and Bronze Age... Among them were stone chairs, bone buttons, and an amber necklace. Researchers also found a later burial of a woman (about 50 BC) with about 450 grams of gold jewelry.

3. Oldest sweater (1,700 years old)

The oldest sweater in the world was found on a Norwegian glacier in 2013. A greenish-brown boat-neck sweater made of lambswool with a diagonal pattern intertwined in the form of diamonds was tied to a man about 175 centimeters tall. This design may well have been fashionable in Iron Age Europe. The neckline and size of the sweater is very reminiscent of another piece of clothing discovered in a swamp over 150 years ago.

The sweater looks well preserved and has obviously been well looked after as it was sewn twice. It may also be one of the oldest examples of recycling - some scientists speculate that it was originally a sleeveless jacket, and the sleeves were added during a second repair. More than 50 fragments of textiles were found in the glacier, many of which are still being dated and analyzed. Researchers believe that global warming will lead to the discovery of more ancient clothing and accessories in the coming years.

2. The oldest socks in the world (1600 years old)

Less old than the rest of the items on this list, the world's oldest socks are still quite old and date back to between 250 and 420 BC. These socks, which are of Romano-Egyptian origin, were discovered in the necropolis of an ancient Greek colony in central Egypt in the late 1800s.

Some observers have called them "alien socks" or "lobster socks." These are knitted woolen socks of bright red color with a separate thumb, which, according to scientists, was made for comfortable wearing with sandals. They are considered a very rare example of knitting known as "Nålbindning" or single knitting - described as a very slow technique, more like embroidery than modern knitting. It starts with tying thumb and ends at the ankle.

1. Oldest bra and panties (600 years old)

They are practically new compared to the rest of the list. The oldest underwear in the world was discovered under a floorboard in an Austrian castle in 2008. Four linen lace bras were found in a pile of over 2,700 different textile fragments under the floor covering at Lengberg Castle. Researchers believe that the bras date back to the period between 1390 and 1485 (when they were charmingly called "breastbags"). All four had distinctive cups and straps, while two seemed more of a bra and short shirt combination, including a row of eyelets on the left side for lacing.

In the mountain of clothing, several pairs of surprisingly modern-looking underpants were also found that were worn by men, not women. If you are wondering how the oldest bra in the world would look on you, then you can sew your version by looking at its patterns on the Internet.