The main syllables of the Russian language for children print. What is a syllable

A syllable consists of one, two, or more sounds uttered simultaneously on an exhalation. Each syllable necessarily includes a vowel sound. Any word contains at least one syllable. In order to accurately distinguish it, it is necessary to know the basic rules of syllables in the Russian language.

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Instruction

You should know that in any word there are as many syllables as there are vowel sounds in it, each of which corresponds to one of the lettering symbols: "a", "o", "y", "e", "and", "e", "s", "e", "u", "i". In contrast, consonant sounds are not syllabic. Therefore, a syllable may consist of one vowel sound. However, if a syllable contains two or more sounds, then it necessarily begins with a consonant. A vowel sound can not only be preceded, but also terminated or limited on both sides by consonants. Therefore, a syllable is open (ends in a vowel sound) or closed (ends in a consonant sound). Please note that open syllables in Russian are much more common than closed syllables, which are usually located at the end of a word. If a word consists of two syllables, between which there are two consonant sounds, then, as a rule, the first syllable remains open, and the next consonant sound adjoins the next syllable (for example: vektor, pa-rash, lo-cheka). A separate rule is subject to words, in the middle of which closed syllables are formed by sonorous (unpaired) consonant sounds with the letter designation “p”, “l”, “m”, “n”, and “d”. In such cases, the consonant sound is adjacent to the previous syllable (for example: boy, spore, pro-ma). If there are double consonants in the word, then when they are duplicated, they both go to the next syllable (for example: so-called, pa-sol, com-sy-i), since we only make one sound. The fact is that in this case the phonetic, and not the graphic composition of the word is taken into account. So in reflexive verbs, the ending -t / is pronounced as the sound [n]. In accordance with this, syllable formation also occurs (for example: see, laugh, laugh, de-laugh). How simple

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A syllable is a minimal phonetic unit. It combines sounds of various sonic degrees. The most resounding perform syllabic function. The unit must include a vowel sound. Without vowels there can be no syllable. In oral speech, sounds are grouped into syllables according to the following rules.

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Syllable

Syllable  - the minimum unit of pronunciation of speech sounds, which can be divided into speech by pauses. The word in speech is divided not into sounds, but into syllables. In speech, it is the syllables that are realized and pronounced. Therefore, during the development of writing, all peoples in the alphabets first had syllable signs, and only then letters reflecting individual sounds.

The basis of the division into syllables - the difference in sound sounds. More sonorous than neighboring sounds, the sound is called syllable and forms a syllable.

A syllable usually has a top (core) and periphery. As a core, i.e. syllable sound, as a rule, is a vowel, and the periphery consists of a non-syllable (non-syllabic) sound or several such sounds, which are usually represented by consonants. But a syllable can consist of only one vowel without a periphery, for example. diphthong in English pronouns I  "I" or two or more vowels (ital. vuoi). Peripheral vowels non-syllable.

But syllables may not have a vowel, for example, in patronymic Ivanovna or in interjections "ks-ks", "tsss". Consonants can be syllabic if they are sonants or are between two consonants. Such syllables are very often found in Czech language: prst  "Finger" (cf. old Rus. finger), trh  "Market" (cf. rus. bargain), vlk  "wolf", srdce, srbsky, trnka(famous Czech linguist). In a sentence Vlk prchl skrz tvrz  (the wolf ran through the fortress) there is not a single vowel. But in the examples from the Czech language it is clear that the syllabic consonant is always sonorous.

The division into syllables is explained by different theories that complement each other.

Sonoric theory: in the syllable the most resonant sound - syllable. Therefore, in order to reduce sonority, syllable sounds most often are vowels, sonorous voiced consonants, noisy voiced consonants and sometimes deaf consonants (tss).

Dynamic theory: syllabic sound - the most powerful, intense.

Expiratory theory: a syllable is created by one moment of exhalation, a push of exhaled air. How many syllables in a word, so many times the flame of a candle will tremble as you say a word. But quite often the flame behaves contrary to the laws of this theory (for example, with a two-syllable "ay" it will falter once).

Types of syllables

Open syllable  is a syllable ending in a vowel sound, for example, yes, ay.

Closed syllable  is a syllable ending in a consonant sound, for example, hell, mind, cat.

Covered syllable  begins with a consonant sound, for example, glad pop.

Uncovered syllable  begins with a vowel: oh he oh.

In Russian, mostly syllables are open, but in Japanese almost all are open (Fu-ji-i-ma, i-ke-ba-na, sa-mu-rai, ha-ra-ki-ri).

There are also cases of extremely closed and covered syllables, for example, surge, ang. and fr. strict(strict) him. sprichst  (speak) Georgian - msxverpl  (victim).

There are languages ​​where the roots and syllables are the same. Such languages ​​are called monosyllabic, for example. whale. lang - typical monosyllabic.

Often in speech it is very difficult to determine the boundary of a syllable.

Rus  Under the arm led - friends took away. Viper beat - Vip killed. Palette - half a liter.

Angl. an ocean - a notion; an aim - a name.

Super Segment Language Units

Sound units of the language can be segmented (linear) and supersegmental.

Segment units  - these are sounds (phonemes), syllables, words, etc. Longer language units are divided into shorter segments.

Super segment unitsor else prosodic  (from the Greek prosodia - chorus, stress) layered on a chain of segments - syllables, words, phrases, sentences. Typical supersegment units are stress and intonation.

Tact  - a group of words united by one stress and separated from each other by a pause.

Proclitic  - unstressed syllable before the shock, for example, i   dat is small.

Enclitic  - unstressed syllable after the shock, for example, signbut yui .

The uncluttered words - articles, prepositions, and particles - often act as enclitics. Sometimes they pull the stress on themselves: “p aboutd arm.

Thus, the boundaries of the word and tact may not coincide.

Emphasis

Accent (accent) - is the selection of sound, syllable, word, group of words.

The three main types of stress are force, quantity, and music.

Power (dynamic)  The stress is related to the amplitude of the sound wave oscillations, the greater the amplitude, the stronger the sound is pronounced.

Quantitative (quantitative)  the stress is due to the duration, longitude of the sound, the stressed syllable has a longer duration than the unstressed syllables.

Musical (polythonic)  stress is associated with a relative pitch, with a change in this pitch.

Usually in languages ​​that have stress, all three stresses are intertwined, but one of them prevails and the main type of stress in a particular language is determined by it.

In Russian, force stress, being the main one, is accompanied by the longitude of the stressed syllable.

In Swedish, musical accent is accompanied by forcefulness.

There are languages ​​in which there is no stress at all, for example, in Paleo-Asiatic languages ​​(Chukchi, etc.).

Languages ​​with power stress as the main ones include Russian, English, French, German, Bash., Tat. and many others.

Quantitative stress as the main one is not used and is only used as a component in combination with other types of stress. In some languages, for example, Latin, versification is based on the alternation of long and short syllables (which corresponds to stressed and unstressed syllables in Russian versification). Therefore, at the hearing of an Italian accustomed to verses based on dynamic stress, Latin verses are non-rhythmic.

Languages ​​in which musical stress is used extensively or plays the role of a primary stress primarily include such Oriental languages ​​as Chinese (4 tones in literary, 6 tones in Hong Kong dialect), Thai (5 tones), Vietnamese (6 tones), etc. In these languages, each syllable has its own tone, and since in these languages, as a rule, the syllable coincides with a word, each simple word has its own constant tone, which changes only occasionally when it is composed.

In whale. lang ma  (1) with a smooth tone is “mother”, ma  (2) with an ascending tone means "hemp", ma  (3) with a descending-ascending tone - “horse” and “figure,” ma  (4) with a downward tone, it means “swearing.”

Another example from the whale. language: verb mai  with a descending tone means "sell", a mai  with a descending-ascending tone - “buy”.

An even more surprising example of the distribution of tones in syllables can be found in the south of China in the Canton (Hong Kong) dialect, where there are 6 tones (tones are indicated by numbers): Fu  55 (upper case) - man, husband; Fu  35 (ascending upper case) - to suffer, to suffer; Fu33 (outgoing upper case) - wealth, rich; Fu  21 (even lower case) - support, rely; Fu  13 (ascending lower case) - female; Fu  22 (outgoing lower case) - father, elder relative.

In Japanese, there are three types of musical stress, but they fall only on stressed syllables, similar to the dynamic stress in Russian.

hana (0) pronounced in a low tone on the first syllable and medium on the second means “nose, snot”; hana (1) pronounced in a high tone on the first syllable and low on the second means “beginning, end”; hana (2) pronounced low tone on the first syllable and high on the second means "flower".

In ancient Greek, there were also three kinds of musical emphasis. The stressed syllable was pronounced not stronger than unstressed, but with a higher tone.

Sharp (lat. acutus) stress with a higher note, for example, πατηρ [ pate r] - father; heavy stress (lat. gravis) with a lower note, for example. αρχη [ arche ] - Start; lightweight stress (lat. circumflex) with a combination of acute and severe stress, eg., σωμα [ so ma] - the body.

From the modern European languages ​​musical stress (2-3 types) is found in Serbian, Croatian, Latvian, Swedish, but always in combination with the main force stress.

Musical emphasis can be on a syllable or a word.

Slobbering: whale .., Tibetan, Burmese, Siamese (Thai), Vietnamese, Latvian, Serbian.

Word impact: Japanese, Ainu, Tagalog, Malay, Swedish, Norwegian.

Word stress happens the main  (or secondary  (\\), for example, wantede goiterabout n.

Stress in languages ​​can be constant (fixed)i.e. stressed syllables have a permanent place in the word, or freei.e. unrelated to a particular place in the word (tv abouthorn, creator aboutd).

One of the calculations showed that in 444 languages ​​studied, 25% of languages ​​have stress on the initial syllable, 18% on the penultimate, 20% on the final syllable, and 33% of the languages ​​have free accent.

Constant stress on the first syllable is typical of Czech, Hungarian, Latvian languages. Wed ches so bota  “Subb aboutthat " vo jak  "Soldier butt "; Hung a lma « iblokok ", ba lta  "ax".

Constant stress on the penultimate syllable (second syllable from the end) is inherent in Polish, for example. matematy ka, ko ziol  "goat".

Most Spanish words also have a stress on the penultimate syllable, especially with a vowel at the end ( si esta).

Constant stress on the last syllable is characteristic of fr. lang., Turkic languages ​​(bash., tat. and others.), Persian language (Farsi): Fr. revolutio n, bash., tat. Alma (apple), Balta (ax), Tehran.

The most typical language with free stress is Russian.

Sometimes the stress helps to distinguish the meaning of homographs - words with the same spelling, for example, atzhki - circle and, P aboutlk - regiment and.

In addition to the traditional emphasis in speech, logical emphasis can be placed in order to emphasize the significance of one or another part of the sentence or express an additional meaning to the basic meaning of the phrase. For example, in A. M. Arto’s The Word Sounds, the following example of logical stress is given:

“Take the standard phrase. Give me a glass of tea and decompose it into compound meanings. If we focus onfirst word , we open the following: “Pretty idle chatter! I came tired, thirsty, give me a glass of tea, and then I will tell you all the news. ” Emphasis onsecond word : “They gave the neighbor on the right, they gave the neighbor on the left, they poured everything to everyone, they asked everyone, they forgot about me - why is that? Give it to me if you give it to everyone ... ” Onthird word : “You know perfectly well that I do not drink from a cup, give me a glass. You can at least reckon with my habits! "And, finally, onthe fourth : “Tea! You see - no wine, no coffee! Nothing quenches thirst like good, fragrant tea! ”

Intonation

Intonation refers to all prosodic phenomena in syntactic units - phrases and words.

Intonation consists of the following 5 elements, the first two of which are the main components of intonation:

stress;

1. speech tempo;

   A syllable is a vowel sound or a combination of a vowel with one or more consonant sounds, pronounced by a push of exhaled air. A syllable is a minimal pronunciation unit - with a slow, extended utterance (chanting) the speech stream is divided into syllables.

   There are usually as many syllables in a word as there are vowel sounds: in Russian there can not be several vowels in one syllable. It is the vowel that is the top of a syllable or syllable (syllable) sound, all other sounds in a syllable are non-syllable. However, sometimes the top of a syllable may be a sonorous consonant - as a rule, if there is no vowel next to it (when there are several consonants in the middle or at the end of a word). For example, Cre-ml or life-knowledge:

   Kisses before I considered my happy life

   (M. Yu. Lermontov).

   The rhythm of the verse shows that the word life is pronounced with a syllabic sonorous consonant (see Consonant sonor).

   The syllables are stressed and unstressed (see. Emphasis).

   Syllables are open and closed. The first ones end in a vowel sound, and the second ones end in a consonant. Thus, in the word carriage, the syllable va is open, and the syllable gon is closed. If a syllable begins with a vowel sound, it is called undisguised, and if with a consonant, it is covered up. In the word car, both syllables are covered, and in the word watermelon, the first syllable is naked. The division of a word into syllables is made taking into account the peculiarities of the structure of a syllable in a given language. The phonetic syllable does not always coincide with the syllable for transfer in the letter. For example, you cannot transfer or leave one vowel letter on a line, although sometimes this vowel letter represents a phonetic syllable: I-ma Tsa-ma] or e-ra.

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   • what is syllable

   Linguists distinguish such a thing as syllables. Language learners need to be able to correctly define their boundaries in words and distinguish them by type. Consider the most basic types of syllables, as well as the rules of division.

   Syllables - what is it?

   There are different approaches to the definition of this concept. From the point of view of phonetics, a syllable is one sound or a group of sounds, accompanied by an exhalation push. There are always exactly as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it. We can say that a syllable is a minimal pronunciation unit.

   A syllable (or syllable) is a vowel. Consonant, accordingly, is considered non-syllable.

   Types of syllables

   Syllables are also classified as open and closed. Closed syllables end in a consonant, and open syllables end in a vowel. The Russian language has a tendency to openness of the syllable.

   Also, if a syllable begins with a vowel sound, it is undisguised, and if with a consonant, it is covered up.

   Allocate more syllables on the acoustic structure:

   • ascending, where from the less sonorous (deaf consonant) is and / or sonorous consonant, and / or vowel (pa-pa).
   • descending, where, in contrast to the ascending, the syllable starts from the vowel, and then the sonorous consonants and / or the deaf (the mind) go.
   • ascending-descending, where the similarity of a “slide” is obtained, in which first go consonants according to the degree of sonority, then the top is a vowel sound, and then “descent” down, starting with the most sonorous consonants (ping-pong).
   • even syllables are one vowel, that is, uncovered and open syllables are even and consist of only one vowel (a).

   
   
   

   Shock and unstressed syllables

   A stressed syllable is a syllable whose stress falls on a vowel, that is, the vowel is in a strong position. Stress does not fall on unstressed syllables.

   And unstressed syllables, in turn, are divided into two types with respect to the stressed syllable: shock and pre-stressed. It is not difficult to guess that the pre-impact stand before the stressed syllable, the impact one, respectively, afterwards. They are also divided into pre-stressed / impact syllables of different order with respect to the stressed one. The first pre-impact or impact is closest to the one struck, the second in order is behind the first impact and pre-impact, and so on.

   Take for example the word che-re-to-va-ni-e, where all the syllables, it is worth noting, are open. The fourth syllable -va-, the first pre-stressed - syllable-do-, the second - -re-, the third - four will be striking. But the first one will be a blown-ni-, the second - e.

   
   
   

   How to divide a word by syllables?

   All words can be divided into syllables. In different languages ​​division can occur in different ways. But how is the division in the Russian language? What are the nuances of the rules?

   In general, the division takes place according to the general principles:

   • How many vowels, so many syllables. If there is one vowel sound in a word, then it is one syllable, since vowels are syllabic. For example, these are the words: cat, whale, current, which consist of one syllable.
   • A syllable can only be a vowel sound. For example, the syllable word "this" is divided as e-one.
   • Open syllables end in vowels, closed syllables - consonants. Examples of openness: molo-loo-ko, de-le-ni-e, ko-ro-va. Closed syllables are found, as a rule, at the end of a word or at the junction of consonants (com-sweat, mole, give). In Russian, as already mentioned, there is a tendency to openness of the syllable.
   • If the word has the letter "d", then it goes to the preceding syllable. For example, my-ka.
   • At the junction of two vowels there is a division in the middle, because there are no two vowels in one syllable. In this case, it turns out that the first syllable is open, and the second is naked (ha-os).
   • All sonorous (m, n, l, p) at the junction of consonants before the deaf usually "stick" to the sounds preceding them, forming a syllable.

   
   

   Theory of yearning

   Nevertheless, there is no clear framework for what exactly is a syllable and where its borders lie. The main thing - the presence of a vowel, but the definition of boundaries can occur in different ways. There are several basic theories of slaughter.

   • Sonar theory, which is based on the principle of the syllable wave of syllables. It was developed by Otto Espersen, a scientist from Denmark, and R. I. Avanesov continued the idea for the Russian language. He singled out four degrees of sonority, starting with more sonorous and ending with non-sonorous. At the top are the vowels, then the second degree is sonorous, the third degree is sonorous, noisy, and in fourth place are completely deaf consonants. That is, a syllable is a combination of a vowel with less or less non-normative.
   • Expiratory theory (exhalation) implies that the syllable is one exhalation push. How many pushes, so many syllables. However, the minus of this theory is the uncertainty of the syllable boundary at the junction of consonants. In this theory, you can use a candle to understand how many syllables (air jolts) are in a word.
   • The theory of "muscular tension" carries the idea that the syllable combines the levels of maximum and minimum muscular tension (that is, the tension of the organs of speech). The border of the syllable will be the sounds of minimal muscular tension.

   Now that you know the rules for dividing words into syllables, you will not have problems with the transfer of words.