Consonant sounds   - these are sounds of speech that are combined in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast to them, which do not form the apexes of a syllable.

The consonant sounds are the sounds, the necessary condition for the formation of which is the presence of an obstacle in the path of the air stream in the oral cavity or when it leaves the mouth. As a result of friction against the walls of an obstacle, noise arises that distinguishes a consonant from a vowel, which is formed only with the help of a tone. Some consonants form only noise (these consonants are called deaf), a tone is also involved in the formation of others (these are voiced consonants). In addition, in the formation of both deaf and ringing, a brief sound termination can be used - a bow of articulatory organs, blocking the flow of air, which by ear is perceived as a pause.

In Russian, as noted, 37 consonants.
1. Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consist of noise and voice, deaf - only from noise.

Many consonants form a pair of voiced and deaf consonant sounds:
  Voiced: [б] [б "] [в] [в"] [г] [г "] [д] [д"] [з] [з "] [ж]
  Deaf [n] [n "] [f] [f"] [k] [k "] [t] [t"] [s] [s "] [br]

The following voiced and deaf consonant sounds do not form pairs:
  Voiced [l] [l "] [m] [m"] [n] [n "] [p] [p"] [j]
  Deaf [x] [x "] [h"] [y ""]

Sounds [w], [w], [h ’], [u’] are called hissing.

Consonant sounds are also divided into hard and soft. They differ in the position of the language when pronounced. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
  Voiced and deaf consonants

Most consonants form a pair of hard and soft consonants:
  Hard [b] [c] [d] [d] [s] [k] [l] [m] [n] [n] [p] [s] [t] [f] [x]
  Soft [b "] [c"] [g "] [d"] [s "] [c"] [l "] [m"] [n "] [n"] [p "] [c"] [ t "] [f"] [x "]

The following hard and soft consonant sounds do not form pairs:
  Solid [Well] [W] [C]
  Soft [h "] [y"]

Consonant sounds of the Russian language differ from vowels in several ways:

1) for the production of consonant sounds, the presence of a narrowing in any part of the articulatory tract on the path of the air stream from the lungs to the outside is necessary - in such a narrowing a non-periodic (non-harmonic) sound is produced, which the human ear perceives as noise; when pronouncing vowel sounds, the stream of air freely passes through the oral cavity;

2) narrowing in the articulatory tract in the path of the air stream leads to the fact that consonants in their total energy are generally less intense than vowels;

3) for the production of consonant sounds, it is required to produce a rather complex set of language movements, while vowel sounds are pronounced with a more uniform form of the language; hence, there is a different distribution of tension in parts of the articulatory tract: tension is spilled throughout the articulation path of sound for vowel sounds, for consonant sounds tension is concentrated at the site of the formation of the obstacle.

1.   In the formation of each particular sound, the movement of the organs of speech is strictly individual.

For example, when making sounds [d], [t]   the tip and the front of the tongue is closed with the upper teeth; when making sounds [s], [s]   the tip and the front of the tongue approaches the upper teeth, but does not close in with them; when making a sound [y]   the tongue moves back and the back of it rises high to the palate, while the lips bulge forward and rounded.

2.   The nature of the sound also depends on whether the vocal cords are involved in its formation and whether noise is created when air passes through the speech apparatus.

For example, in the formation of sounds [a], [o], [y]   vocal cords take part: their oscillations create a voice, and noises are almost absent, as the air jet passing through the oral cavity does not meet sufficiently serious obstacles.

When making sounds [e], [i]   vocal cords also fluctuate (it means there is a voice), but there are also noises that arise as a result of air friction on the barrier (the barrier in this case is close (sound [d]) or contiguous (sound [з]) the tip of the tongue with the upper teeth).

When making sounds [t], [s]   speech apparatus works the same way as in the formation of sounds [e], [i]but the vocal cords do not hesitate. Consequently, there are noises (due to the formation of obstacles), but a voice is not formed.

For example: [б], [п], [м], [в], [ф], [н], [к], [г], [д], [з], [т], [с]and etc.

• Voiced   consonants (for example, [d], [3], [m], [v]) consist of voice and noise.
• Deaf   consonants (for example, [t], [s], [f], [n])consist only of noise.

Human speech consists of speech sounds. In the Russian alphabet 33 letters, 2 of which - b and b, have no sound. Vowels - 6   (a, and, o, u, e, s).

In modern Russian there is 33 letters. Vowels 10 and consonants 21, there are two more signs. And there will be only 6 vowel sounds. There are much more consonant sounds - 36 sounds. And just in language 42 sounds.

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PHONETICS. GRAPHICS. ORTHOEPY. ACCENTOLOGY
   Phonetics (Greek. Phone - sound) - a section of linguistics, in which the sound side of the language is studied: the sounds of human speech, the ways of their formation, the acoustic properties,

SOUNDS OF SPEECH
   The sounds of speech are the sounds that make up the words. Sounds of speech is the minimum sound unit that stands out during consistent sound division.

The following symbols are used to designate sounds.
   1. To distinguish sound from a letter, sounds are enclosed in square brackets -. [a], [o], [l]. Bracketed and entire transcribed

VOICE AND CONSENTING SOUNDS
   Depending on the method of education sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. The main issue consists of voice only. When arr

Consonant sounds
   In Russian, there are 36 consonants, among which there are 15 pairs of hardness-softness, 3 unpaired solid and 3 unpaired soft consonants

CALLING AND DEAF CONSISTENT SOUNDS
   Depending on the availability of voices, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Sounds consisting of noise and voice, are called s in n to m and: [b], [c], [g

HARD AND SOFT CONSISTENT SOUNDS
   The consonant sounds are divided into two types. The pronunciation of hard and soft sounds is distinguished by the position of the tongue. Compare, for example

SOUNDS OF SPEECH AND LETTERS. ALPHABET
   The sounding speech on the letter is transmitted with the help of special graphic signs - letters. We pronounce and hear sounds, and we see and write letters. The list of letters in a certain order is called

Sounds of speech and letters
1. According to which sounds are designated by letters, all letters are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowels 10:

Transcription
   Transcription is a special recording system that displays sound. The following characters are accepted in the transcription: - square brackets, which are the designation of transcription.

Vowels and consonants
   Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowels are sounds

Method of education consonants
   Consonants are sounds that, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. In Russian, two types of obstacles: the gap and the bow - these are the two main ways of education

Voiced and deaf consonants
   According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf.

Designation of soft consonants in writing
   Let's take a break from pure phonetics. Consider a practically important question: how is the softness of the consonants in the letter indicated? In Russian, 36 consonant sounds, among which 15 pairs of hardness-m

Place of formation of consonants
   Consonants differ not only in the features already known to you: · deafness-voicing, · hardness-softness, · method of formation: bow-slit. Last is important, h

Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional vowel changes. Reduction
   People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it. Speech is a sound stream, but a stream that is organized in a certain way. The conditions in which this or that is found are important.

Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional consonant changes
   For all consonants without exception, a strong position is a position before a vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, making a phonetic analysis, not

Positional changes consonants for deafness voiced
   In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced become deaf, i.e. stunned, and deaf - voiced, i.e. will ring back. Positional changes observed

Likening consonants
   The logic is as follows: the Russian language is characterized by the assimilation of sounds, if they are similar in something and at the same time turn out to be near. Learn the list: [c] and [w] → [w:] - sew

Simplify groups of consonants
   Learn the list: tsvst - [STV]: hello, feel hi - [Zn]: late zdts - [ST]: under the bridles of the LHC - [nts]: the sun

Letters and sounds
   Letters and sounds have a different purpose and a different nature. But these are comparable systems. Poe

IMPACT
Word stress is the allocation of greater power of voice and the duration of pronouncing one of the syllables in a word. In Russian, the stress is with the word about (in Russian)

Emphasis
   The stress is the selection of a group of words, a single word or a syllable in a word. In Russian, the impact element is pronounced with greater force, more distinctly and with more

Russian word stress (as compared to other languages) has a number of features.
   1. In many languages, stress is fixed, constant, that is, stress is assigned to a specific syllable in a word. In French, stress is always pa

PROCESS OF THE VOICES
   1. Vowels under stress are pronounced distinctly: bor - [bor], garden - [sat]. 2. In the unstressed position, vowel sounds

PRODUCTION OF CONSENT
   1. Consonants, paired for deafness-voicing, can change their quality depending on the position in the word. The voiced consonants at the end of the word and before the deaf are stunned, i.e. is pronounced

LISTING OF COMBINATIONS CONCERNED
   1. Combinations of szh, zh, ssh, ssh at the junction of the prefix and the root, root and suffix are pronounced as long firm consonants [w], [w]: squeeze - [w] at, carried - w [w] i, n

END OF TERMINATION OF HIS
   In the endings of the second, his genitive case of adjectives and male and neuter participles, in the place of the letter d a sound is pronounced [in]: good - good [in

BREAKING WORDS
   1. Before the letter e in many borrowed words the consonants [e], [t], [3], [s], [n], [p] are pronounced firmly: the antenna is an [te] nna, the model is mo [de]

SOME ACCENTOLOGY NORMS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
   1. For a number of feminine nouns 1 declination with emphasis on ending, the emphasis in the accusative case of the singular is transferred to the first syllable: the head

Russian is an ancient, complex, but extremely beautiful and melodic language. The fundamental point in it is the alphabet, rich in consonants and vowels and allowing to make any combination of sound forms.

The smallest and indivisible particles that can be easily pronounced and heard, are sounds in it. They exist in written and oral form and are intended to form differences in words and morphemes. Without these particles, any speech would not only be “poor”, but difficult to pronounce.

There are thirty six consonants and six vowels in Russian. Such a situation arises in view of the main feature of the word-mapping graphics, since the softness of consistent sounds cannot be denoted by a deaf letter, but only by ringing or

We can pronounce consonants only if there is an obstacle in the path of the air stream that forms the lower lip or tongue when they approach, or when they are closed with the upper lip, teeth or sky.

During the overcoming of a crack or a bow by the air flow, a noise is formed, which is the main component of the sounds: there is a combination of noise and tone in the voiced, and in the deaf it is their main component. Therefore, consonants and are divided on the basis of "voiced deafness."

Voiced consonant sounds consist only of noise and voice. These include: [b], [p], [c], [n], [g], [m], [d], [l], [3], their soft pairs, and [d '] and [g]. During their pronunciation, the flow of air that passes through the barrier affects and causes fluctuations

When pronouncing deaf consonants, they remain completely relaxed. They are pronounced without voice and consist only of noise. The following are considered deaf: [x], [k], [f], [n], [t], [s] and their corresponding soft sounds, as well as [u '] and [w], [u] and [h' ].

On the basis of "hardness-softness" consonants have one single main difference, which is in the location of the language. He moves a little forward with the pronunciation of soft sounds, and the middle part rises towards the sky. While the pronunciation of solids, most of it goes backwards.

By "hardness-softness" sounds form 15 pairs. Hard, unpaired - [i], [w], [w], and [d ’], [yi’] and [h ’] are soft consonant sounds. Others - [ш] and [щ ’] - do not have pairs, since they differ in such criteria as“ hardness-softness ”and“ shortness-longitude ”.

Consonant sounds, which are formed during the closing of the organs of speech and due to the explosion of air during their rapid opening, belong to the stop sounds. These are [n], [k], [b], [d], [g], [t].

The pinnose sounds [n], [m] and [l] are so called because the tip of the tongue is tightly closed with the upper jaw, but gaps are formed between its edge and the side teeth, due to which air escapes. When the pronunciation of sounds produces a narrow opening resembling a slit, such consonant sounds are called slit sounds. These include the following: [w], [c], [s], [x], [g], [f] and [s].

Proper understanding of sound forms and the ability to define them in words is the main component of the Russian language. Who "has the power" over it is easier to further the school curriculum.

Phonetics   - the science of speech sounds, which are elements of the sound system of a language (Greek. phone - sound).

The shortest, minimal, non-segmented sound unit, which stands out during the successive sound division of a word, is called sound of speech.
The traditional classification of speech sounds is to divide them into vowels and consonants.

There are 42 sounds in Russian: 6 vowels and 36 consonants.

Vowels   are called sounds, in the formation of which the air passes through the mouth cavity freely, without hindrance. Vowels consist of voice only.
In russian language 6 vowels. All of them are clearly distinguished under the stress: [a], [o], [y], [e], [u], [s]: [ a] - August, [o] - soda, [and] - willow, [s] - cheese, [y] - muddy, [e] - this one.
In the unstressed position, another sound is often pronounced: instead of [about]   pronounced [but]: tr [o] py - tr [a] kick, m [o] litas - m [a] lithuania . But in writing, such unstressed vowels are denoted by the same letter as the percussion: paths - path, praying - prayer.

Consonants   Sounds are called, when pronouncing which air encounters some obstacle in the mouth cavity. That is why noise is necessarily involved in the formation of consonants.
Most consonant sounds of the Russian language are generated by noise, and the voice may be present or absent. Such consonants are called noisy: [б], [д], [з], [г], [к], [ш]   and others. Noise and voice can take equal part in the formation of a consonant sound - in this case voiced consonants [b], [b '], [c], [c'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [3], [3 '], [ d '], [l], [l'], [m], [m '], [n], [n'], [p], [p '].   Voiced is also sound [OK],   occurring in the speech of individuals in words yeast, reins and some others.
Deaf consonants   pronounced without a voice, when the vocal cords remain relaxed, and consist only of noise. The following consonant sounds are deaf: [k], [k '], [n], [n'], [s], [c '], [t], [t'], [f], [f '], [x], [ x '] [q], [h'], [br], [u ').

In Russian, 36 consonant sounds form pairs for deafness - sonority and hardness - softness.

The voiced unpaired include [y '], [l], [l'], [m], [m '], [n], [n'], [p], [p '], to the deaf unpaired - sounds [x], [x '], [u], [h'], [yi '].

Noisy consonants are opposed to sonorous, in the formation of which the voice prevails over the noise: [m], [m "], [n], [n"], [l], [l "], [p], [p"].

Positional stunning / voicing
In Russian, in certain positions there are both deaf and sonorous consonant sounds. This position is before vowels ( tom [tom] - house [house] ) and before consonants [c], [c ’], [y’], [l], [l ’], [m], [m’], [n], [n ’], [p], [r’](your [your own ’] is ringing [jingle], swept away [see), grind [spreading], fuck [shit’] - cut [razoy ’] .
But the appearance of a deaf or sonorous sound can be predetermined by its position in the word. Such deafness / voicing turns out to be independent, “forced”, and the positions in which this occurs are considered weak in terms of deafness / voicing.
Voiced pair stunned   (or rather, change to deaf)
1) at the absolute end of the word: pond [rod] ;
2) before the deaf: booth [small] .
Deaf consonantsfacing voiced except [c], [c ’], [y’], [l], [l ’], [m], [m’], [n], [n ’], [p], [p’], will ring back   that is, change to ringing: threshing [malad’ba] .

Consonants form 15 pairs, opposed by hardness / softness: [b] - [b '], [c] - [c'], [g] - [g '], [d] - [d'], [c] - [з '], [к] - [к'], [л] - [л '], [м] - [м'], [н] - [н '], [п] - [п'] , [р] - [р '], [с] - [с'], [t] - [t '], [ф] - [ф'], [х] - [х '].

The consonants [q], [br], [g] are attributed to the solid non-paired ones, and the consonants [ch ’], [u’], [th ’] .

Designation of hardness and softness of consonants in writing
Unlike deafness / voicing, hardness / softness of paired consonants is indicated not by means of consonant letters, but by other means.
The softness of the consonants is indicated as follows.
For pair of hardness / softness consonants softness is indicated:
1) letters i, e, e, u, and: small - crumpled, supposedly - chalk, feather - feather, storm - bureau, soap - cute   (before e   in borrowing a consonant can be hard: mashed potatoes );
2) a soft sign - at the end of the word ( horse ), in the middle of the word [l ’]   before any consonant ( polka ), after a soft consonant standing before a hard ( rather, before ), and have a soft consonant, facing soft [g ’], [k’], [b ’], [m’],   resulting from a change in the corresponding solid ( earrings - cf. earring ) - see strong positions in hardness / softness.
In other cases, a soft sign in the middle of the word to indicate the softness of paired consonants is not written ( bridge, song, perhaps ), because positional softness, like other positional changes in sounds, is not reflected in the letter.
For unpaired consonants, there is no need for additional designation of softness, therefore graphical rules “ cha schA   write with but».
The hardness of paired consonants is indicated by the absence of a soft sign in strong positions (con, bank), writing after consonant letters oh oh y (small, they say, mule, washed, peer ); in some borrowings a hard consonant is pronounced before e (phonetics ).
The hardness of unpaired hard consonants, as well as unpaired soft consonants, does not require additional designation, therefore the existence of a graphical rule about writing zhi   and shispelling inoculated about writing and   and s   after c (circus and gypsy ), aboutand yo   after well   and sh(rustle and whisper ).

Words are divided into syllables.
Syllable- this is a sound segment of speech, in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowel sounds, as the most loud, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllable, but sonorous ( p, l, m, n), as the most sonorous consonants, can form a syllable.
The syllables are divided into open and closed   depending on the position of the syllable sound in them. A syllable ending with a syllable sound is called open: va-ta . Closed is a syllable ending in a non-syllable sound: barking there. Uncovered   is called a syllable that begins with a vowel: aorta . Covered up   called a syllable, starting at a consonant sound: baht .

Emphasis
Peculiar to the Russian language power   (dynamic) stressin which the stressed syllable is distinguished in comparison with the unstressed syrup of greater articulation intensity, especially the vowel sound. The stressed vowel is always longer than the corresponding unstressed sound. Russian stress different places: it can fall on any syllable ( quit quit quit ). The diversity of emphasis is used in Russian to distinguish between homographs and their grammatical forms ( body - body ) and separate forms of various words ( my - my ), and in some cases serves as a means of lexical differentiation of the word ( chaos - chaos ) or gives the word a stylistic coloring ( well done ). Words can be unstressed and weakly beaten. The official words and particles are usually deprived of stress, however, they sometimes take upon themselves the stress, so the preposition with the following independent word has one stress: [for the winter], [for the city], [for the evening] .
Two-syllable and three-syllable prepositions and conjunctions can be poorly impacted, simple numerals in combination with nouns, bundles to be and to become, some of the introductory words.

• Consonant sound consists of noise or of noise and voice.

• When pronouncing a consonant sound, a stream of air in the mouth meets an obstruction (lips, teeth, tongue).

• A consonant sound forms a syllable only with a vowel sound: country | sta | di | he.

Pay attention!   Sound [st "] is a consonant. Without a vowel, it does not make up a syllable.

Hard and soft consonants

How to mark the softness of consonants in a letter?

Remember! Solid consonant sounds are denoted as: [l], [к], [м], [з], and soft consonant sounds - like this: [l "], [к"], [m "], [з"].

The softness of consonant sounds is indicated on the letter by the letters e, e, u, i, and, as well as by the soft sign (s).

The hardness of consonant sounds is denoted by the letters a, o, y, y, e.

Solid consonant sounds Soft consonant sounds

and their designation on and their designation on

letters Letters Letters Letters

b   street [b] [b "] btree

at   oz [in] [in "] in   was

g   ora [g] [g "] g irya

d   om [d] [d "] d   day

s   ont [s] [s "] s   ima

to   from [to] [to "] to   um

l   axis    [l] [l "] lone

m   er   [m] [m "] myach

n   wasp    [n] [n "] nall

p   olka [P] [n "] n silt

r   is   [R] [p "] p   is

with   op   [with] [with "] with   silt

t   ort   [t] [t "] t   yubik

f   an eye [f] [f "] f   inish

x   alat [x] [x "] x   seeker

[g], [br], [c] [nd "], [h"], [y "]

Pay attention!   Some consonant sounds form pairs of hardness - softness: [b] - [b "], [d] - [d"] ...

On the letter, the softness of the consonant sound at the end of words and in front of other consonants may be indicated soft sign (s).

Deaf and sonorous consonants

Pay attention!   When pronouncing deaf consonant sounds, only noise is heard. Voiced consonant sounds are pronounced with the participation of voices, they are more resonant than deaf ones.

Some deaf and voiced consonant sounds are paired up. Why?

Make an experience: make a sound[OK] louder and louder. What is he: voiced or deaf? True sound [OK] -   voiced consonant sound.

Now say the sound   [OK] all is quieter and quieter, almost in a whisper. Do you feel that the voice has disappeared, there is noise? And you already utter a deaf consonant [w].

Such consonants are called paired deaf-voiced   sounds.

[b] [P] [b "] [P"]

[at] [f] [at "] [f "]

[g] [to] [g "] [to"]

[d] [t] [d "] [t "]

[OK] [br] --- ---

[з] [with] [s "] [with"]

Pay attention! The remaining consonants are called unmatched for deafness voiced.

Unpaired voiced   consonant sounds: [l], [l "], [m], [m "], [n], [n "], [R], [R"], [th "].

Unpaired deaf consonant sounds: [x], [x "] [c], [h "], [y "].