Inside the mansions of modern aristocracy. English to know in the XVII century the established traditions of the British aristocratic society

British aristocrat, even if it looks somewhat sloppy and poorly, easy to learn in the crowd to express the face. First, no matter how strange it sounds, the aristocrats have a special structure of the jaw. (In general, as one English actress told me and teacher on speech technique, it is possible to distinguish the Britt from, for example, American, Canadian or French. The jaw of the true Briton is a little nominated forward and down, opens easily and falls in a conversation low. So born A truly open, beautiful English. And at the real innocent English aristocrat, brought up in the best traditions of British education, the jaw is even longer.)

Secondly (this is perhaps the most important sign), look. Even if the jaw is somewhat confused, and you are not sure how aristocratic is your new acquaintance, follow how he looks at you. Not arrogantly, not learning, pretending, whether you can somehow use you. Most likely, the British aristocrat looks at you as a glass. Unlike the Russian oligarch, he will never give you to understand who he is and what you are worse than you. It will not make you lick dust from his shoes, will not mention in conversation its yacht on the Mediterranean or the details of the weekend in the French Alps. Just he knows that you are not his circle, because they did not study with him in one private school, do not belong to the same college and are not a member of his closed club. Therefore, in fact, you are nothing.

Even if it enrades the family in poverty, the British aristocrat will send a child to an expensive private school. But not at all so that he gets the best education or perfectly mastered the game in polo. British aristocracy is not at all that you know, but rather, in the one you know. And let your jacket, who stitched to order at the most luxurious London designer in 1975, cracks on the seams - but in his pocket there is an invitation to a party to the Baroness N., affordable only for chosen.

Most of the British, liberal and free, to the aristocracy applies to amazing disdain and even irritation. These feelings apply to the most holy - the royal family. Actually, if to the economic collapse of the aristocracy, it did not interfere with anyone and "ordinary Britain" with the "Higher Society" existed in parallel universe, after the crisis, the appeals were increasingly distributed "to sell all these lands and castles to replenish the budget."

This is the whole world, hopping the breath, watched the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton. While fat American women from Texas Lily Tears of Denamement at the Bukin-GEAM Palace, Japanese tourists were photographed with the prince's wax figures, and China ordered "accurate copies of Kate Dresses", Londoners left the city somewhere in Brighton to, according to them, "Run from all this madness."

The most acute generation conflicts often end with the tender parent spanking, violent weddings, and even deforming. Periodically, the British shock and the so-called "killings of honor": mostly Muslim Parents are killed too blossomed daughters on the free British air. Little not eight years have lasted in the case of 17-year-old British Shaflia Ahmed, born in the town of Bradford, which is in West Yorkshire. She wanted to become a lawyer, and their parents sent her to Pakistan to marry a "familiar acquaintance." In Pakistan, Shaflia, in order to avoid a unwanted wedding, drank bleach and burned her throat.

She disappeared shortly after returning home to Bradford in September 2003. A week after the disappearance of Shaflia, her teachers finally reported to the police. The family argued that the girl could take his own decisions and, though they found her a groom, the final choice was behind her. In February 2004, Shaflia's body was found in the Kent River. Parents identified the body along the gold bracelet in the form of a zigzag and a ring with a blue topaz. The investigation for a while delayed the parents of the girl - the father of Yftikhara Ahmed, the taxi driver, and the mother of Far Rada Ahmed, a housewife, as well as five more members big family. During the investigation, the poems of Shaflia were also discovered, complete despair and told about misunderstanding and problems in the family. Friends confirmed that Shaflia ran several times out of the house, quarreling with their parents because of the upcoming wedding. In 2011, the parents of the girl were accused of murder, but the court took place only in May 2012.

The ability to social mimicry allowed the English nobility to survive all social conflicts and revolution of the XVII-XX centuries, and although at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, the English know stopped playing an equally influential role as I say, even at Queen Victoria, but she still supplies British establishment with its descendants, which are determined through the hidden mechanisms a political and economic course of modern Britain.

Read the previous publication:

Aristocracy yesterday, today, tomorrow: French aristocracy.

The French aristocracy is the most characteristic social group that can fully be considered a kind of "golden section" to determine the aristocracy, as a social and cultural phenomenon. And in all other countries of feudal Europe, in France nobility (chivalry) and its highest layer (aristocracy ) There are still at the breakdown of the Empire of Karl the Great. Almost all servants of this or that sovereign, his Lenan Danikov - they all formed the estate of the noble feudalists, among which the largest and influential - dukes, marquises and graphs began to stand out.

The English nobility unlike the nobility of French has never been something uniform and uniform. After 1066, when Normans Wilhelm's conquerors won the battle of Hastings of the Anglo-Saxon King Harold II, two aristocracy and elite groups were formed in England: Anglo-Saxon - "Old Know" and Normans, who came as conquerors along with their duke. The split of the English nobility lasted up to the crusades, and even to a century of war, when it was difficult to spend the line between the old and new nobility of England.

At the end of the XII century. Part of the nobles of England actively supported Richard a lion's heart and went away with the king to fight "for the Merrian Coffin" in III Crusade, the other part remained in England and became the support of Brother Richard I - Prince John, who later became the king John unnecessary. Actually the struggle of the king of John landless with Brother Richard I, and later with English barons led to the fact that they were put forward and forced him to sign the great Charter of Valibilities, which limited a number of English monarch rights. Actually, the long struggle of the English kings and the English nobility for the rights, privileges and power began with it. Among the special articles in the Great Charter of Valibilities were also an article about "review of loyalty", when a vassal-serenal agreement was broken on the initiative of one of the parties.

Crusades, then the epidemic of the plague and centenary war strongly undermined the moral spirit and the ability of the English nobility. But if the French nobility had 40 years of truce between centenary war and Italian wars, then the English nobility did not have this temporary lag. Immediately after signing a truce with France, England plunged into the "Rose War" - confrontation of Lancaster and Yorks.

Perhaps this war for the English crown twisted the English nobility even more than the plague of the XIV century and the centenary war. To replenish the roaming rows of English could only be known in two ways - co-optation to the nobility of merchants and burghers, and the inclusion of foreign unfortunates in the service of the English kings. The British have chosen both of these methods, especially since the corresponding opportunities soon turned up. In Tudorah, and especially in Elizabeth I, England tried to break out the oceanic space, where he entered into a long and exhaustive struggle with the largest sea powers: Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.

Having a much smaller fleet than its competitors, the Government of Elizabeth I Tududo, without thinking about the moral side of the question, it began to use pirate squadrons to fight Spain. The most distinguished in the fight against the Spanish fleet Captain Francis Drake, for which he was granted a noble patent. Strange, even the random victory of England over the Great Armada broke the power of Spain in the Atlantic, and in England there are only two competitor - the Netherlands on the sea and France on land. It was the struggle with them taken without a small 180 years from the board of Yakov I to George III Hannover.

Talking about the archetype of the English nobility, let's say right away that it was originally different from French what was always sought to autonomy from the monarch of power, while in France, the small and medium nobility always supported the king in the fight against major senites, which for England was not Characteristic. In addition, the British Islands were located at the intersection of trade routes, and London, along with the fact that was the capital of the English kingdom, was always a major shopping center, which cannot be said about Paris, which was not a port city, and was not at the intersection of trade routes. From here and the specificity of the English nobility, which, although he did not consider the trade in a worthy occupation for the aristocracy, but did not hurt trading through fake persons from merchants or burghers. In this, English lords are very similar to the Roman patricians who hired free Romans to the managers of their estates or led the commercial affairs of their ammunition in Rome. Unlike the French nobility, the English nobility had an income from housing and trade and trade, although this type of income received the greatest distribution only in the XVIII century

The relative poverty of the English kings, and the brief age of the English absolutism in Tyudorah, did the English courtyard not so attractive for English nobility, unlike the French court for the French aristocracy, and the English nobles preferred to receive or land ownership from the crown, or began to participate in the development of colonies after Opening a new light. That is, the English nobility, initially split into different groups since the time of Wilhelm of the Conqueror, synthesized in itself and a purely noble archetype of behavior: war, hunting and service crown - the aristocrat's car, but did not have enough profit in addition to land rental, in the form of land for rent Or the creation of mainfactory production on them, which was absolutely not characteristic of their colleagues on the noble class in France. Especially this kind of additional income was characteristic of the era of the emergence of the English industry in the XVI century, and the colonial seizures of England with their long-term marine travel, in the separation of the corona authorities. No wonder the most famous pirates were the British Morgan and Drake.

The principal difference between the English nobility from French was not only that many English aristocrats conducted their origin from different merchant surnames, a small nobility and judicial families, but also that England, one of the first European countries, began to move to the formation of the elite, based on scientific and Rational methods. Of course, among the English nobility, families who had no noble origin remained among the English nobility, for example, the Duke of Norfolki (Rod - Howard) or relatives of Tudorov - the Duke of Somersette (Rod - Seimurs), but it is rather an exception to the rules for the late English aristocracy.

It was in England that the aristocratic elite began to form not only on the signs of origin, the material wealth, as was characteristic of other noble classes and the aristocracies of Europe, but one of the most important characteristics and markers of accessories began to be considered an elite education and education that were inseparable to each other in English educational tradition. Oxford, Cambridge, Yaton, Westminster-Skull - Everyone knows about them, but it is the English to know that "merchants in the nobility" understood the importance of education and education in certain traditions of the whole English elite, for the receipt of a holistic, schistributed uniform caste Lords, Lords and peers of England. The Yatonic College was founded in the "Roses War" in 1440 in Russia, the Imperial Tsarskoye Lyceum and Page His Majesty were founded only in 1811 and 1803.

These tendencies of the adherence to the English nobility of pragmatism and rationalism in the accepted models of social behavior were supported by the powerful closed structures, both Masonish legs and closed elite clubs. The latter was generally typical and got caught only in England, in other countries of the clubs as structures affecting the policy did not fit, with the exception of the not good memory of the club from St. Jacques Street in the Monastery of St. Jacob in Paris. But it was already created by French extremists on the "image and similarity", those political clubs that dominated England from the time of Cromwell to Victorian England.

Another distinctive feature of the English aristocracy was its adaptability to new ideas, and the lack of principle in ideological and religious issues. As the standard of thinking of the English elite, the expression of Lord Palmerston, the head of the Britain's foreign policy at the Queen of Victoria at the beginning of its board: "In England there are no permanent friends, and there are no permanent enemies, England has only constant interests." This religious-ethical relativism of the English nobility in many ways contributed to the fact that England was one of the first countries of Europe, on a par with the Netherlands and Switzerland, who accepted Protestantism. It was these states that were three anti-catalytic centers in Europe, and it was in them that the power of the bourgeois plutocracy was established, who replaced the power of the noble aristocracy.

For the sake of justice, it should be noted that on the island we found the gugoennes and southern Germans from the Catholic repressions of the Huguenotes of France and South Germany, and the English nobility was replenished. The most famous such names like Schombergs or Montresses. Of course, the Scottish clans, which have become part of the British aristocracy, who has become part of the British aristocracy after the center of Stuarts became the most numerous group. As well as in France, a separate group of British nobility constitutes bastard labor originating from different monarchs of Britain. But if in France, they were given the definition of princes-bachers, in England, they had to be content with the duke titles and Pariation, without the right of social equality with legal princes of the British kingdom.

Salons. Secular communication takes place, first of all, in the cabin. Salon is a person most often a woman, and the address. Scale of the cabin varies depending on the day of the week and time of the day. A woman who immediately does not let anyone in his house, besides the closest friends, from four to six takes secular familiar dozens, and in the evening, perhaps it will suit the dances for hundreds of guests. Thus, the interior is a spatial space.

Viscount de Mellen, visiting the Duchess salon de Rosan, testifies that two completely different world coexisted in the cabin. Numerous evening guests were the public "very noisy and frivolous." On the contrary, he believes, from four to six Duchess took people "serious": there were few women among them, politicians and writers prevailed, such as Villem, Saint-Boe, Salvandi. Clara de Rosan inherited from Mother, Duchess de Duras, addiction to people of a sharp mind: "At this time of the day, Ms. De Rosan showed not only the kind hospitality, but also the ability to outlines a person or a book and give everyone from guests the opportunity to shine " Ladies, as a rule, were not allowed into these afternoon meetings and therefore - from jealousy - called Mr. de Rosan "Blue Stocktank".

Communication with close friends or secular acquaintances was assigned time after noon (called "in the morning") and the evening. Morning watches in his own sense of the word were devoted to sleep or household cases. Private space turned into a spare space only after breakfast. The breakfast of this - a meal, which occurred in the middle of the day and which other named "lunch" - in the described time, unlike the XVIII century, did not belong to public life. In the XVIII century, in the salon, Ms. Du Defffan lunch that took place in a half-evening dinner, and dinner, which begun at ten o'clock in the evening, were very important stages of secular communication: "Lunch - a meal, perhaps, a little more intimate - serves sometimes the prelude For reading or literary disputes, which is reserved in the afternoon.

The usual take guests on a certain day of the week from two to seven was given in the Lady Society only under the July monarchy. At first, the owner of the salon called this day chosen by it "my four hours". The writer of the book "Paris Society" celebrates in 1842 that at four o'clock in the afternoon, each lady returns home, in his living room, where she takes secular people, state husbands, artists.

Her husband is not at these receptions; He is more thanked to visit a similar meeting in the house of some other lady. Perhaps this is the residue of the aristocratic tradition? After all, the marital bonds were considered a matter of purely bourgeois on visibility of society.

Morning techniques were divided into "small" and "big" just as evening. Marquis D "Espar invites the Princess de Cadignan with Daniel Artes to" One of those "small" evening techniques, where only close friends are allowed and only if they received an oral invitation, and for all the other the door remains closed. "The opposite of" small "evenings - - Large techniques, balls and so on.

Based on the study, the salon hostel was not an exceptional accessory of higher light; It served as a sample for the entire middle class. In general, at that time, the family who has reached the level of small bourgeois, knew two ways to mark it: hire a maid and appoint their day for receptions.

The life of the salon at all levels of society was built equally. Evenings in the salons of small and medium bourgeoisie were, if you judge the descriptions, nothing but the caricature imitation of the evenings in the highest light. The storytellers painting these bourgeois evenings often emphasize their contrast in the evenings in luxury salons and especially ironically draw portraits of the owners. Ladies from small bourgeoisie are most often accused of vulgarity. Here is a typical example of such a ruthless comparison: Kuville-Flery, the Marther Omalsky mentor, talks about how he spent the evening on January 23, 1833. At first he goes to the director of the Lyceum Heinrich IV, where he accompanies his pupil daily. Mistress at home, Ms. Guyar - "Woman is beautiful, but it can be seen that her gloves she put on at least one and a half dozens of times." Then Kuville Flery falls into the living room of the aristocrats - "Belorukaya, in an elegant toilet, it is always well maintained, dresses with exquisite simplicity, combed, inflatable and voicedly visited."

The wives of many officials, employees, directors of lyceums, professors are confirmed by techniques.

Secular skills that were worn in people of poor and dormantly caricature shades, performed the role of one of the most important tools in the process of training by cultural, sophisticated manners. Laugh at the bourgeoisers who played the Great Ladies, easy. However, the imitation of the big light, the assimilation of his manner is a matter of much more useful and respectable than many mockery believed.

There were a big role in the salon life, conversations were played on these techniques. "Talk of the conversation," says Countess Dolphin de Girardden in 1844, depends on three things, - from the public situation of the interlocutors, from the consent of their minds and on the living room. " It especially stops at the meaning of the situation: the salon should be similar to the English garden: let at first glance it seems that the mess reigns in it, but this disorder "is not only not accidental, but, on the contrary, created by the master of the Master."

An entertaining conversation will never establish "in the living room, where the furniture is placed strictly symmetrically." The conversation in such a living room will be revived not less than an hour after three, when the mess will gradually reign in her walls. If this happens, for the care of guests of the hostess at home in no case should the servants should be ordered so that they put the chairs and chairs in places; On the contrary, you need to remember the location of furniture, favorable conversation, and keep it for the future.

This Master conversation should be able to move and gesticulate. For this reason, Dolphin de Girardden condemns the fashion on "Dunkrochochki" - shelves for baubles, - cluttering salons, but on the other hand, reminds of how important it is to provide at the disposal of a guest some minor items that he can automatically take In the hands of the conversation and with whom it is no longer distinguished: "The most busy politician will spend in your house for many hours in a row, talking, laughing, putting in the most charming reasoning, if you guess putting a penny knife or scissors on the table."

This means that an old tradition to arrange "mugs" came the end. For many years in a row, guests sat in the circle around the hostess at home. This created a lot of problems: how to find a place in this circle as a newcomer guest? How then get out of it? Ms. De Zezzlis in his "old courtieth ethics", written in order by Napoleon, defends the circle in the form in which he existed in the old order. However, she notices that modern young women behave immodestly: they wish to say hello to the hostess at home and the circle harmony is disturbed. With Louis XV and Louis XVI, guests tried to move as little as possible; The hostess of the house was published welcomed the newly arrived by the guests of the nod, and they were quite satisfied. In the era of the restoration of the ladies still sat in the circle. On January 26, 1825, Lady Grenvilvan wrote: "Every day I am at least less than two evenings. They begin and erected early, and all are alike one to another: about the shepherts wisp lead the conversation, sitting in the circle. "

Meanwhile, addiction to the "Circle", especially if the housewife had a domineering character, most often did not contribute to the ease and pleasant pleasantness. Mr. De Mcalm visited in 1829, the twenty-year-old young men, Salon Ms. de Monkalm visited: "She pointed out the hand to the living room, intended for him with a chair or chair in a number of other chairs and chairs located fan around a certain throne or rather, the royal chair in the parliament, which she serenely occupied himself; if the one who came up with the expression "to lead a circle," I wanted to say that the regulars of this or that salon will obey his hostess, then the expression is entirely suitable for And de Moncalm: She "led" his "hard hand". In the living room of Ms. de Moncalm, you not only could not choose a place for your wishes, you also did not have the right to freely chat with the neighbors: Zejei you talk with them , The hostess at home would immediately encourage you to order.

One of the first ladies that feel the need to get rid of the "genuine remnants generated by an old manner to seen guests in a circle," became in the age of restoration of Ms. De Katellan: she so wanted in her salon the guests feel at ease that she herself never held two days in a row of the same place; She first began to arrange furniture "as fell" and with her light hands It entered the fashion. Juliette Remémier paid great attention to the location of the chairs in its salon in Abbey-o-boo. They were placed in different ways depending on what the guests had to do - talk or listen to the reading of any new essay (or the declamination of the theater monologue). For conversation, the chairs were placed five or six circles; These were ladies; Men, as well as the hostess of the house, had the opportunity to walk throughout the living room. Such an order gave M-Same Reamen the opportunity to immediately summarize the people who close to them for interests. To read the chair and chairs, intended for the ladies, were compiled in one large circle (or several concentric circles); Reader was placed in the center, and men stood along the walls.

It was all this for the time that the guests feel at ease, for there, where there is no ease, it is impossible to lead a conversation: "Everyone said a phrase - a successful phrase, which he himself did not expect from himself. People exchanged thoughts; One recognized the anecdote, before he is not known, the other found out some kinda detail; The wit joked, the young woman showed adorable naivety, and the old scientist is the inflexibility of the Spirit; And in the end it turned out that it was not thinking about it at all, everyone was a conversation. "

How did you choose the topic for conversation? The interest of the regulars of secular salons to modernity is often satisfied with the chronicles of incident. Here in the first place was the most famous criminal case of that era - the process of Marie Lafarge, held in September 1840 in Tulle. Widow Lafarge was blamed that she poisoned her husband's arsenic. Newspapers published a full report on the court meetings, all France discussed the work of the Lafarge, and the highest light was exclusted.

The process of the Fafarge. Especially excited secular people that many of them did not meet so long ago with the defendant in Parisian salons: she was pretty good kind. In order to avoid clashes between the lafar regions and the anti-flagelists (the first argued that Lafarge Nevinna, the second - that she was guilty) the hostess of the house took special precautions: if you believe the Siecl newspaper, the invitation to a certain country estate ended with the words: "About the Lafarge process - not a word!".

Secular people were especially interested in legal proceedings, when people of their circle were acting in the role of the accused. So, in November 1837, all the attention was attracted to the case initiated by Dr. Berief against Lord Lincoln and his father-in-law of the Duke Hamilton. The doctor was treated for five months and eventually cured the wife of Lord Lincoln, the monitoring and suffering from Catalepsy. For his work, he demanded four hundred thousand francs; Lord Lincoln was ready to pay him only twenty-five thousand.

In May 1844, the regulars of the Saint-Germamest salons could not come to themselves from amazement. The eighty-day old old woman, whom everyone is accustomed to calling the "Jeanne Countess". And only after her death, it was found that this old lady, entitled to the most noble families, was no one else, as the Countess de Lamot, once for involvement in history with the Queen's necklace sentenced to bodily punishment and branding.

Boulevard, jockey club and secular circles. Journalist Ippolit de Villesman, famous for the fact that he guessed to silence the pages of the magazine "Silfida" spirits from Gerlene, writes in his "notes": "For about 1840, the English phrase of High Life has not yet been known. To find out how the person belongs to what class, they did not ask if he belongs to the Higher Society, asked only:

"Is he a secular man?" Everything that was not secular did not exist. And all that existed in Paris, every day, about five o'clock, used to finish to the crook; Two hours later, those who did not dinner in their club or at home were already sitting at the tables of the Parisian cafe; Finally, from midnight to half the second cut of the boulevard between the Gelderskaya street and the street Le Peleta was full of people, who sometimes rotated in different circles, but they certainly possessed the same beads, knew each other, spoke in the same language and had a common habit of meeting each other every evening " .

This definition of the concept of "all Paris" the days of the July monarchy is not at all like the one that Ms. De Hronto gave him in the Restoration Epoch: "All the Officers represented by the court". In 1840, giving a definition of good society, no one recalls the courtyard. Yes, and secular society at this time is no longer identified with a good society: From now on, it includes the boulevard, and the most noticeable center, becomes Cafe Tortoni.

What is boulevard? This word, as well as the words "Sen-Germmensky suburb" or "The suburb of the highway D" Anten, "has two meanings - geographical and symbolic. The boulevard was a lively artery that went from the Square of the Republic to the Church of Madeleine and included several boulevards : Bon Nouvele Poissonier, Montmartre, Italian Boulevard, Kapuchin Boulevard. All these streets existed already in the XVII century, but they entered only about 1750.

However, it was most often called the Boulevard only the Italian Boulevard, who deserved a reputation as the most elegant street of Paris in the era of the directory. Part of this boulevard received the name "Little Koblenz", because it became the place of meetings of emigrants returned to France. In the restoration era of the segment of the Italian boulevard from the intersection with the street of Tabu (at this crossroads against each other, Cafe Tortoni and the Parisian cafe were located) to the Church of Madeleine, the Gentsky Boulevard named the city, where Louis XVIII spent a hundred days. Therefore, fashionists were called "Gents". They walked only on the right side of the boulevard, towards the church Madeleine.

Boulevard symbolized a certain lifestyle, which men belonged to a secular society. First of all, this life proceeded in cafes and circles. If in the summer, these gentlemen used the Boulevard himself as a "Salon in Fresh Air", then in the winter they met in more protected places: at Tortoni, in the Paris Café, English cafes and circles, such as a union, jockey club, an agricultural circle.

Life on the boulevards proceeds not only in the cafe. Here is a lively trade. Around 1830, "Bazaars" appeared (universal shops): the industrial bazaar on the Boulevard Poissonier, Bazaar Buffle on the Italian Boulevard and the Palace of Bon Nouvele, where, in addition to all sorts of counters, there was a concert hall, an exhibition hall and diorama. In the days of the July monarchy, trade in luxury items, which at first was conducted around Pale-Royal, gradually moves to boulevards. Before the holidays, fashionists crowds at the winter, in the passage panorama, buying gifts: baubles, jewelry, porcelain, drawings and paintings. Mentioned by Rudolph Appony Zhire, whose shopping is located on the corner of the Kapuchinok Boulevard and the Street of the same name, also sells gifts: toys, artwork, bronze statuette, luxurious writing goods, leather haberdasheries, etc.

In addition, Boulevard offers Parisians all sorts of entertainment. In the house 27 in the Italian boulevard, at the intersection with Misheodier's street, are Chinese baths. Open shortly before the revolution, they from 1836 to 1853 were a luxurious vacation spot. The entrance to the bath is very expensive, from 20 to 30 francs, attend them first of all rich with the highway D "Anten. There are steaming, aromatic baths, massage, and of course, all this complements the exotic furnishings - architecture and decoration in Chinese style: Roof in the form of pagodas, grotesque oriental figures, hieroglyphs, bells and lanterns.

Another place for entertainment is the gambling house of Frascati at the intersection of Montmartre Boulevard with Street Richelieu. In 1796, this beautiful mansion built by armor was bought by Garca, a Napletarian ice cream, who wished to paint his walls in Pompeysky style - frescoes with the image of people and flowers. Garca turned the mansion in a kind of casino with a cafe, a dance hall and a gambling hall. In this gambling hall, in contrast to the gambling attacks of Pale-Royal, only elegant ladies and gentlemen were allowed. The game began at 16 o'clock and continued all night. At two o'clock in the morning, the players were served cold dinner. But Fraskati could have just dinner or drink a glass of wine at leaving the theater. From 1827 to December 31, 1836, the date of closing of gambling houses in Paris - there was also a gambling depository. In 1838, the building was destroyed.

Finally, on the boulevards, Parisians had a different kind of spectacle. The largest number of theaters were on Tampl Boulevard.

The elegant gentlemen traveled to Paris, along the Champs Elysees, in the Boulogne Forest, on the boulevard vertices. Horse riding, they studied in Manejah: in a manneva on Dufo Street or Maneza on the street of Highway-D "Anten, open after 1830 by the Count D" OUT, formerly the main Beretor of the Saury Cavalry School, because Manege in Versailles, the only place where you can It was learn to the French riding manner, after the July revolution closed.

The first jumps organized by the rules in the English manner were held in France in 1775 at the initiative of the Count D "Artoi and several years attracted the public to the plain of the Sablon. Then they stopped using success, and the interest in them was again awakened only when Count D "The arttically climbed the throne under the name of Karl X: now the jumps began to spend on a Mars field. But they acquired particularly popularity after in 1833 a society of converters for improving horse breeds in France was created, and in 1834 a jockey club.

Interest in equestrian sport intensified at the end of the restoration era. The defining role here was played by English influence: after many French nobles lived for some time in England on the rights of emigrants, all English entered the fashion.

In 1826, he lived in Paris, the Englishman named Thomas Brian, who, seeing that young French fashionists do not understand horses at all, decided to benefit from this. He organized the Society of Jacchable Lovers and in 1827 made a small textbook containing the British rules of their holding, which allowed the elegant gentlemen to talk about fashionable sport with knowledge of the case. On November 11, 1833, a society of converters for improving horse breeds in France was formed with the direct participation of Brian.

Members of the jockey club were secular people, and not writers and not the power of immanent. Therefore, political disputes were banned. Higher society has fundamentally raised himself above discrepancies in views: in the jockey club it was possible to meet legitimists, such as Marquis de Rhythodier, who in 1832 fought on a duel, defending the honor of the Duchess of Borrhi, Bonapartists, as, for example, Prince of Moscow, supporters of the Duke Orleans, such as the future Duke de Morney.

Alton-neck, listed the advantages of the circles, first of all calls the confidence that there can be found only people from a good society. There you can play, without fear of cheelers, including in other places, for example, in the Parisian cafe, they allowed everyone without parsing. Consequently, in the jockey club was allowed without remorse of conscience to ruin friends!

Other advantages were practical properties: Jockey club members had the opportunity for a rather modest price to enjoy luxury and comfort (among other things, the club had eight toilet rooms and two bathrooms), and fed here better than in a restaurant. For dinner, which for the Lords, who went to the theater or to the world, began to serve from six hours, it was necessary to sign up in the morning; Every evening the jockey club gathered fifty-sixty of his members. Life here was in the same rhythm as in the world. Up to noon, the salons were empty; People who cut the coupons came to three clocks. At 5 o'clock, when lovers of walking returned from the Boulogo forest, a whole crowd was going to the club.

Society of promotion and jockey club definitely contributed to the development of equestrian sports. The first chaz fell in 1829, the first jumps with obstacles - in March 1830. In 1830, the Esplanade of Marsov Field was expanded, but at the races in those days, the horse was fled at the same time, but in turn. Since 1833, the society of the competitions dreamed of turning the lawn in chanti in the racetrack. Since the castle belonged to the Duke of Omalsky, asked the permission to Louis Philip, and he treated this plan favorably. So, in 1834, the hippodrome was opened in Shanty. Jumps in May 1835 had a great success.

In the restoration era, there were many circles that united secular Lords. But the fate of the two first - a mug on Grammont Street (1819) and a French mug (1824) - it was not easy formed, because it was difficult to obtain official permission, and a circle on Grammont Street existed only thanks to the connivance of the authorities; In 1826, both mug were banned. Finally, in 1828, the Martinyak government came to help them and issued permission. At this time, the most famous circle was created - Soyuz. His founder was the fan of the English morals of Duke de Gish, who also led the two previous circles.

The "Union" became the second circle on Grammont Street. From 1828 to 1857, he held the Levi mansion at the corner of Grammont Street (House 30) and Italian Boulevard (house 15), and then moved to Madeleine Boulevard. Accepted in this circle with a big analysis. The entrance fee was 250 francs, an annual contribution - as much. The membership fee in the circle on Grammont Street was only 150 francs per year. Each candidate required recommendations of two members of the club (for a mug on Grammont Street there was one). Reception took place by "general voting", in which no less than twelve members were to participate. One black ball of twelve meant failure (on Grammont Street - three balls). The club was listed three hundred permanent members (in a circle on Grammont Street - five hundred), but foreigners who temporarily lived in Paris could become members for six months, paying a fee of 200 francs.

Soyuz was a more chic institution than a jockey club, and united aristocrats and members of the diplomatic corps. After 1830, he became the stronghold of legitimism: the retired officers of the Royal Guard, the dignitaries of the former yard and the nobles that were against new orders were entered into it. Business people from the quarter of the Highway-d "Anten in a circle were not allowed. If the Baron James Rothschild was accepted, then not as a banker, but as a diplomat." Union "can perhaps be called the most elite from Paris circles.

The agricultural circle, called the "potato" diet, was founded in 1833 by the agronomist Mr. De "La Schuoviner. At first, he was called the agricultural association, then rural attenna and finally a rural circle, until in 1835 he received the final name - Agricultural circle . He was located in the Nelsky mansion on the corner of the Voltaire's embankment and the street Bon. This circle united people who were interested in economics and social ideas. Among its members we meet representatives of famous aristocratic childbirth, people who became famous for the field of economics and agriculture, as well as people not significant , but "won your honesty and mind".

Agricultural circle has become a real club only in 1836; From now on there are going to play, read newspapers and talk. At the same time, the circle was lagitimistic, methodically rejecting those who were somehow connected with the new regime. The agricultural circle included many politicians of the restoration era, from Baron de Damas to Mr. De Labuyeri, including Mr. De Sustelux and Graph Beno.

The agricultural circle was different from other clubs with lectures, which, since 1833, arranged in his walls first, Mr. De La Shahukiner, and then Mr. Mennesh. At lectures, it was about "important scientific, economic and artistic problems": the production of sugar, railways, magnetism, breeding horses, prisons, rashie and tragedy, etc.

Under the July monarchy, evolution from the highest society to half a lounge and the boulevard is brighter than all in the jockey club. The jockey club had a reputation for the establishment of a new-fashioned, keeping up with the times. Perhaps because he was not legitimist. Rather, perhaps, he was because he was not a legitimist, which was more modern, focused on horseback, that is, on fashion. Neither kindness or diplomatic post, as in the "Union" nor the interest in agriculture, as in the agricultural circle, did not give the rights to join the jockey club, - for this they needed a "loud name, brilliant life, love for equestrian sports and Mottry ", characteristic of dandy. With a jockey club, the light is justified on the boulevard. The club, preaching the lifestyle, where horses and entertainment played the main role, served as a link between the highest light and the world of the theater.

This new style of hostel will also be brighter in less prestigious circles, whose members were indulging in the joys of the boulevard, not even hiding behind the interest in equestrian sport or something else. We mention the small circle, which was going to a Parisian cafe, - in him, in particular, Captain Gronou, a rich and born Englishman, who after the service under the command of Wellington settled in Paris. Members of a small mug were not only persons who were also in the "Union" and "Jockey Club", but also people from various circles of society and a variety of parties: "The roots were not always common, but the same habits, tastes, and most importantly , A small circle could offer its members a thing far from the most trivial and not the most boring - the atmosphere painted with liberalism. "

Theater, circus and opera. Theaters played a major role in the secular life of the aristocracy.

"It was considered a good tone to appear on Mondays in the French theater, and on Fridays in Opera, but to have fun in the theaters on the Boulevard." Although secular people preferred music, they did not neglect the theater. In particular, they certainly bought a subscription to the French theater.

The French theater went to recognized celebrities: Talma, Mademoiselle Mars, Mademoiselle Georges and the ascending star Rachel. Talma, born in 1763, died in 1826 in Oleole Glory, which he was obliged to the patronage of Napoleon.

The members of the Supreme Society were interested in the romantic drama and between 1830 and 1835 were readily watched by romantic dramas in the French theater and in the Port-Saint-Martin Theater, which at that time he headed Arles - friend Mademoiselle George, who had previously led by Odeon. Henry III and His Dvor, "Christina", "Anthony", "Nelskaya Tower", Alexander Duma, "Ernani", whose premiere of February 25, 1830, made so much noise, "Maron Delormrim" and "Angelo, Tyrant Paduan" Hugo, Chatterton Vinya. In the Port Saint-Martin Theater, Marie Dorval, Bokage and Frederick Lemeter were successfully performed. Frederick Lemeter in 1833 began to play "Foli-Dramatic" Robert Macker - the role in which he became famous for ten years earlier, when he played in the Funembül theater in the play "Strength courtyard in hell."

Often, the audience did not stay until the end of the theatrical evening - programs were so rich. In the French theater, it was often given in one evening a five -act tragedy and a comedy, also a five-act. The only name was in the billboard only in cases where the play either belonged to Peru the famous and fashionable author, or promised large fees.

Piece people visited the boulevard theaters, among which the "Zhynnaz-Drama", opened in 1820, enjoyed special success. In 1824, he honored his patronage of the Duchess Berry: on this occasion he was renamed the theater of His Highness. Until 1830, the Duchess regularly visited her theater and thus introduced it into fashion. The constant author of "Zhimnaz" was a scribb, and the leading actress - Virginia Dezhaz, who played seventy-three things in it. Thin, fast, she played focusing subsidies and travesting. From 1831 to 1842, Buffe brightened there.

In the boulevard theaters, the audience went to the comic plays to Etienne Arnal, who spent in coarse farce in the "Waterville", and on parodies. The success of the play was measured by the number of parodies written on it. In this genre, the Warpet Theater was specialized with actors of injection, Bern and Audrey.

Finally, there was another place where there were no only people from the people, but also the people are secular, the Olympic Circus. Perhaps the fashionists attracted technical innovations that abound every idea? Or beautiful horses? The Oyarchic Circus belonged to the Franconian family. Antonio Franconi was from Venice, in 1786 he united with astlere - the Englishman, who in fifteen years old was opened in Paris an equestrian attraction. In 1803, the union broke up, and the sole owner of the troupe was Franconi. In 1805, Antonio lost his place to the sons - the trainer of Horses Lauren and Mim Henri on the nicknamed cat. Both were married to riders. In the era of the Empire, they represented Napoleonic epic: "French in Egypt", "Bridge in Lodi" ... During the restation of the room was called "frantic Roland", "attack on the Diligence", and after the Spanish war, the Circus represented "Taking Trocadero". On this view, the entire army should be visited by the order of Louis XVIII. Duke Orleans willingly led to the Olympic circus of his children, especially since Laurent Franconi gave him sons riding lessons. In 1826, the circus on the outdoor street Tampl burned down. Franconi rebuilt him on the Tampl Boulevard, in two months, by the subscription of 150,000 francs.

The new hall was huge, five to six hundred people could act in the battle scenes, both hiking and equestrian. He was communicated with the raceway, designed for horse rides. In 1827, the Office passed into the hands of the Son of the cat - Adolf. He continued to show military episodes. After 1830, he created "Polyakov" (1831), the "siege of Constantine" (1837) and took advantage of the tide of love for Napoleon, which caused the return of the dust of the emperor to recreate the great moments of the imperial epic. Representations ended with apotheosis in the form of living paintings: a farewell to Fontaineblo or the death of Napoleon was depicted.

Secular people went to listen to music in Opera and to the Italian theater, which was also called Opera Buff. In the opera sang in French; The performances walked on Mondays, Fridays and Sundays, and the most fashionable day was Friday. In the Italian theater under an agreement concluded in 1817, they sang only in Italian and only on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The season in Opere Buff continued from October 1 to March 31, the season in the opera was somewhat longer. The opera in April was especially popular and in May, when in Paris almost did not give private balls, and the Italian Theater was closed.

Until 1820, the opera was located on the street of Richelieu, then, after the murder of the Duke of Berrysky, - on Le Peleta Street. Louis XVIII ordered to destroy the building on the threshold of which the crime occurred, and to build a new one. What to the Italian Theater, he moved many times: from 1815 to 1818, the submission was given in the favar hall, built in 1783, from 1819 to 1825 - in the hall of Luvua, after which the Italians returned to the Favara Hall, which in 1838 burned down . Then Opera Buguff took Hall Vantadur, then moved to Odeon, and then returned to the Vantadur hall again, located on the site of the current Renaissance theater. Favara's Hall, rebuilt after the fire, in 1840 was given to the comic opera.

Opera on Le Peleta Street accommodated 1054 spectators. The place in the bed was worth 9 francs, as in the French theater, the most expensive Paris theater was an Italian opera. - There was 10 francs space there. However, in the restoration era, the highest society believed that he should not pay for their places. The control of elegant arts of Sosost de Larochefuky complained to Korla Karla X on the abuse of royal suite, who broke out the treasury: "The whole yard wants to go to the opera for free." He tried to fight privileges: "I managed to even achieve from the Duke of Orleans, so that he caught a lie for a year, it would attract him and beneficial to us."

The July monarchy has limited the entrance to the countermen. Yes, and the king did not have the right to visit the theater for free: he was abonounced the three best lodges on Avan-scene and paid for it 18 300 francs I am a year. The highest example was served. Light people, as a rule, after Louis-Philipp hired a lie for a year.

Italian Theater was a more refined place than ope opera. Not at the expense of the elegance of the outfits: the ladies were there and here in ballroom dresses and in diamonds. But in the Italian theater, the audience felt in their circle, that is, among the true lovers of music from the highest society; Unlike the opera, silence and order reigned here. To be late for the beginning of the performance, coming to the second action, sit down in a noise chair, laugh and loudly talk - all these liberty taken in the opera were not in the go in the Italian theater. In addition, it was considered indecent to applaud in the lips, only a partner could slap in his hands: so the atmosphere remained cold for singers.

Of course, the opera-buff was a public place, but the press often described it as a private salon. Theophile guide writes directly: "Before talking about birds, let's say a few words about a rich rich cell cage, for the opera-buff is equally the theater and the salon." And it is accepted to paint the comfort of the Hall of Vantadur in 1841: the railing in the beds are convex, soft, armchairs elastic, carpets thick, in the lobby and corridors there are many sofas. By the way, part of the theatrical decoration was indeed in private ownership: it is adjacent to the legs of the salons hired by mutual consent of the owners of the theater and rich spectators, furnished and decorated to taste the employers. The number of lies of the first and second tier was increased by gallery and parquet.

Some of these salons were still a luxurious hall. In the cabin of Ms. Aguado, whose banker's husband invests money into the content of the theater, the eyes appeared "Beautiful ceiling and walls, upholstered with white and yellow semi-round, dark red silk curtains and a carpet of the same color, chairs and a red wood chair, velvet sofa , rosasband table, mirror and expensive baubles. "

At the end of the restoration era, there was a kind of bundle of the public: the aristocrats preferred the Italian theater, the bourgeois was beyond the opera. Moreover, Dr. Vera, who led the Opera from 1831 to 1835, set it a goal to open her doors for the bourgeoisie: he wanted to make the abonation of places with one of the criteria for belonging to an elegant society. In a short time, the number of tickets sold tripled, and to get a subscription, had to be recorded in the waiting list. In conclusion, I will say that a comic opera who puts the works of French authors (in 1836, a deafening success was "postman from Longle" Adana), did not even attracted the highest society, her secondary bourgeoisie, who considered the love of foreign music with snobbery.

Private concerts start playing a major role in the salon life of the 1930th century in Paris. It should not be thought that mediocre music sounded in the salons. The secular people were true connoisseurs: "The era eras became very picky," said "Siecl" January 19, 1843, speaking of the "thirst for melodies that mastered salons."

Usually in the salons were interested only in recognized celebrities. The presence in the salon of recognized celebrities plays the role of bait, so the owners of the house willingly reincarnate in the directors of theaters. In invitations, they indicate: "You will hear Mr. ..." - exactly as on the posters of performances. It happened in the opposite movement - the salons recognized the talents, which were then recognized on the professional scene.

Speech in the cabin provided certain advantages in the cabin: on the one hand, they received a generous remuneration, and on the other, they fell into higher society and, perhaps, experienced an illusion of accessories to it.

But the location of the highest society does not mean the artist at all that this artist became his member. Tenor Dupre was convinced of this on his own experience. In 1837, he had a huge success in Opera, where he performed by the Arnold Party in the Opera Rossini "Wilhelm Tel." Dupre decided to take advantage of the glory that fell on him to create a position in society. He opened his salon in 1841, on Thursday at the third week of the Great Post. He was waiting for aristocrats, bankers and artists, but "Saint-Germeneskoe suburb remains indifferent." Secular people could applaud the artist on stage and invite him to perform in their salons, but this did not mean that they would accept the invitation of this celebrity. After all, the rich, who pays for the famous artist at his house, manifests his love for art, but in some way continues - even if the situation is no longer the one that in the old manner, is the tradition of to confine actors and Musicians in one row with servants and suppliers.

Being accepted everywhere, famous actors and theatrical entrepreneurs could not accept higher society, in any case, ladies.

Thus, comparing the position of celebrities in the restoration era and under the July monarchy, it can be noted that significant changes have occurred. The desire of "Light" to separate the "grains from the Treven" reached apogee.

English aristocracy is a brand. Something like the bear caps of the guardsmen and parrots-bifuters. It is interesting to trace what was at the beginning, and how the aristocracy became an illusion.

Lawyer Thomas Smith (1513-1577) In 1562-1565, he wrote the treatise "De Republica Anglorum", in which we informed us the following: "We in England usually divide our people into four categories: gentlemen, citizens, yomenov, artisans or workers. Of the gentlemen are the first and most important king, prince, dukes, marquises, graphs, viscons, barons, and they are called to know, and they are all referred to as Lords and noble people: they are followed by knights, Esquins and simple gentlemen. " This classification was then literally repeated in the description of England William Harrison (1534-1593).

As I said at the previous time, the representative of the Royal Administration, Thomas Wilson (1560? -1629) in his treatise "the state of England in 1600" wrote: "Five is a roughly spent division of England: Know, citizens, yomen, artisans, rural workers" At the same time, Thomas Wilson highlighted the sophisticated and spiritual among the nobility. M of the other hand, he shared to know for the elder, to whom he attributed marquises, graphs, viscons, barons and bishops, and the youngest, which was, in his opinion, Knights, Esquins, gentlemen, priests and educated people (everyone who got some or a scientist). In another place of his treatise, Thomas Wilson called the "younger nobility" "Knights, Esquins, gentlemen, lawyers, professors and priests, archiviyacons, prebendarians and vicaris."

Historians right can easily say how different titles appeared.

The title of Duke (Duke, Duchess) was created in England at the eleventh year of the rule of Edward III (in 1337) and the first Duke became the eldest son of the King - Edward Black Prince.

The title of Marquis (Marquis, Marques, Marchioness) was introduced in the eighth year of Richard II Board (in 1385). The approximate King Robert De Ver, Count Oxford (Robert De Vere Earle of Oxford) was announced by the Marques of Dublin in Ireland (Marquesse of Dublin in Ireland).

The title of Count (Earl, Count, Countess) exists in England from 800 g. This title began to wear a representative of the king in the administrative-territorial district (SHIRE), which took the functions of Eldorman (Ealdorman).

The title of Viscount (Viscount, Viscountess) was created at the eighteenth year of the board of Heinrich VI (in 1440). John Beaumont became the first viscont. Initially, the Viscount was a county sheriff (SHIRE).

Baron's title exists in England from 1066. Initially, he denoted the land holder, obtained directly from the king.

In the era of the Board of Edward III, there was still a title of a baronet, which was given by the patent of the king in exchange for a certain amount of money. The term "baronet" is found in the text of one of the statutes of Richard II, as the designation of the representative of the nobility, deprived of the privilege of participation in the Parliament on the individual call on behalf of the king. In the next time, nobody wore title, and he was forgotten while he did not revive it. I. Twenty-second May 1611, he created the hereditary length of the baronets in the hope of hoping thus a little money for the arrangement of Ireland. His Majesty suggested the title of Baronet and land plots in Olster to the two gentlemen who had an income of at least 1,000 pounds of sterling (one pound of 1600 for purchasing power today is about £ 135 today). In order to become a baronets, they had to buy a special patent, paying 1,095 pounds to the royal treasury, while the applicants for the indicated title took the obligation to maintain 30 soldiers from the army placed in Ireland within three years. Naturally, although Yakov I even allowed to pay for Baronet patents with a delay for three years, the demand for them was not too great. Until 1615, a patent for the titular of the Baronet bought less than a hundred wealthy kars of the British (and from 1615 Yakov I came up with the erection in Parhood for money). In the social hierarchy, the barnet took place, which was higher than the position of the knights, but below the position of the barons.

At the time when Thomas Wilson wrote his treatise, that is, in 1600, there was not a single duke in England. The title of Marquis was 2 noble specimen, the title of Count - 18, the viscons were 2 people, the barons were 39, the knights are about 500 people, Esquins - 16,000 or more. The total population of England was at the end of the XVI early XVII centuries about four million people or a little more. That is, in general, the noble estate included approximately half of the population. For comparison, there were 10% in Spain to noble. In 1520, there were 25 of the Grande and 35 other representatives of the eldest nobility, not counting the other trifle, but at the Philip II, another 18 dukes, 38 marquises and 43 counts were created, with Philip III 20 marks and 25 counts, with Philip IV - 67 marquizians and 25 counts, and in Carlos II - 209 marquises, 78 counts and 5 viscons! At the same time, it must be said that an increase in the number of nobility in Spain and the absence of such a phenomenon in England is simply explained. In Spain, the feudal title was directly related to real power, because it was tied on the Earth. In England, never had this in connection with the historical character of their nobility. Next, we will see what he concluded.

The main attention was paid to the nature of the classes and the property position of the nobility. "Gentlemen are those whom their blood and ras make notable and famous," but at the same time, "no one is done in England Baron, if he cannot spend out of annual income, at least one thousand pounds or one thousand stamps " The annual revenues of viscons, graphs, marquises and dukes should have allowed them to spend even more money. If the representatives of these estate groups had income less established norms, they still retained their titles, but they were not allowed to the upper chamber in parliament on the grounds that their property situation fell so much that he did not allow them to "maintain honor". For the knight, annual income was to provide expenses established by the "old England" costs in the amount of forty sterling - for example, "to the coronation of the king, or his daughter's wedding, or a dedication to the Knights of the Prince." Marquises and graphs had every average of 5,000 pounds of sterling per year. The annual income of Baron and the Visconta was about 3,000 pounds. Three from the bishops - Kenteberi, Winchester and Isle-Iliski had an income in total from 2 to 3 thousand pounds of sterling a year, the annual income of the rest of the bishops ranged from one thousand to 500 pounds, but some of them received less than these Amount.

English "senior nobility" (duke, marquises, graphs, viscons, barons and bishops) at the beginning of the XVII century had difficulty. These titles were increasingly dispersed with the real power of people.

First, the aristocrats were too small (a little more than sixty families). This largely contributed to the Queen of Elizabeth I, which sought to prevent the erosion of the eldest to know the rejected people from the less noble layers. In the thirty years, her majesty elevated only one person to the aristocratic rank of only one person and two people allowed to inherit the aristocratic titles of their ancestors. In accordance with the order fixed by the custom and the right, the titles of Duke, Marquis, Count and Baron were inherited only by the eldest sons. The remaining sons of aristocrats became only Esquires. At the same time, all the sons of the dukes and marquises and the elder sons of the counts were greatly in Lords.

Secondly, the overwhelming majority of English aristocrats of the early XVII century could not boast of antiquity of a kind - no more than one to one and a half centuries. Aristocratic clans who had more ancient origin, with rare exceptions (for example, Duke Bakingham and Marquis Dorset) were entirely exterminated during the Civil War 1455-1485. Of the 50 lords, at the time of the beginning of the specified war, the Upper Chamber of the English Parliament, by 1485 remained alive 29. By 1540, their number was replenished. In 1621, 91 Svetsky Par began in the House of Lords, of which 42 people received Parhood during the board of Yakov I.

Thirdly, by the beginning of the XVII century, the economic positions of the aristocracy were noticeably weakened. Unlike the French, Spanish and Germanic nobility, based on extensive land ownership, the English aristocracy had the main foundation of his power of office at the royal court. Titles of English aristocrats, as a rule, were not associated with the lands who were in their possession, which in a large extent contributed to the conquering practice of distribution in the time of Wilhelma, the practice of land by the king of land with their vassals is not a single array, but several sites located in various locations ("ESSEX Count Essex For example, there was nothing to do with the Essex County Lands, and the Earth Count Oxford was delivered anywhere, but not in Oxfordshire). The inheritance of titles was not automatic. "Dukes, Marquises, Graphs, Viscounts and Barons are erected in the title of the monarch, or honor this honor, being the eldest sons, as the highest and closest heirs in relation to their parents," said Thomas Smith. At the same time, he noted that the construction of the title is named "First of all, the reservation and definition of honors (complained by the monarch for a good service ...), which with the title of this honor, usually (but not always) complains to him and his heirs, only male ..." .

By the beginning of the XVII century, no more than 3% of land land were in the possession of the English aristocracy. Since this was not enough to obtain the corresponding income title, the English aristocrats were looking for money at the royal court. This means that they came out of the skin so that any ways to achieve any material sufficiency, pensions or anger, and even better - to get positions that allowed to assign government funds and take bribes. At the same time, from the end of the XVI century, the aristocrats began to more actively enter into business activities, so at the beginning of the XVII century in this area, 78% of the Aristocratic families of England received various kinds of income. One of the most common and rapid enrichment methods was becoming time from the royal power of patents provided to aristocrats exclusive rights to produce something or trading in any product. The most favorable branches of foreign trade in England - for example, the export of wool and cloth, the import of wines, raisins and other products - thus turned out to be in the monopoly hold of individual aristocrats. As a rule, these were large dignitaries, so to speak, "having access to the royal person." It is enough to bring to the example of Robert Dudley, subsequently the Duke of Lester. He gave a huge fortune due to the Elizabeth's released exemption from taxes on the import of sweet wines, olive oil and velvet.

The English "eldest know", although it was not caustic, at all times he was the estate group that had a completely defined framework. The number of dukes, marquises, graphs, viscons and barons have always been well known. Yes, and the legal position of the data carriers of titles was sufficiently clear. "The Parity of the Dukes, Counts, Marquisians, Viscounts and Barons was distinguished by their hereditary titles, their favorable legal status and their privileged parliamentary status." Barons possessed, like named groups, hereditary title, but they did not have legal privileges and places in the House of Lords.

"Junior to know" was more open than the "senior." To enter a doubtful person in this category was not difficult - it is only necessary to achieve a certain standard of living. According to Thomas Smith, "the one who studied anyone's laws of the kingdom, who studied at universities who mastered free sciences and, in short, who can live idle, not indulging and will be able to have posture, duties and The appearance of the gentleman will be called the master, as this is the title that people give Esquires and other gentlemen. " The Geroldov College gave such a person for the fee of the new invented coat of arms and title. At the same time, the heraldic book was recorded that the coat of arms with the title was granted to him for merits and certain advantages. "Such people," Thomas Smith noticed, "sometimes disregardly called gentlemen in the first generation."

Only the king could be erected in the title of Knight. Elizabeth I was extremely sauard not only in terms of money, but also in the distribution of this title. However, during the reign of Yakov I and Charles I, almost any land supplier could acquire him, who had the opportunity to pay for him the required amount and not refused to fulfill the obligations corresponding to the knightly rank. However, the duties and the rights of persons relating to the "younger nobility" did not have a clearly definite nature. For these reasons, the number of knights, esquins, gentlemen, priests and belonged to the named group of educated people succumbed to only approximate accounting.

As they write in all history textbooks, in the first decades of the XVII century, the economic impact of the "younger nobility" increased. Many of this category became successful traders or established the production of any goods. Thomas Wilson described this in his treatise: "The gentlemen, who usually indulge in war, grow up in good owners and know as well as farmers or peasants, how to maximize their lands." It was "gentry" or "new nobility." The divergence between title and power was very noticeable when, for example, the "new nobleman" was legally considered a knight, an esquire or a gentleman, and was actually a powerful lendlord, who was severely operated the peasants and driving them from the station to launch these pasteers under the sheep preferring Peasants of tenants and hired workers. At the same time, he could grow cattle for sales in the London market, breed cows for making cheese and oils from their milk, which were attached to England and abroad, at the same time to produce ore or stone coal (often in the territory of their own estates - Sources sometimes indicate the presence of coal deposits in manuras, coal deposits or other minerals), etc.

Gentry's belonging to the category of nobility gave them the opportunity to participate in the local office, taking office of global judges, sheriffs, jury, etc. At the same time, Generri was a significant part of the House of Commons of the English Parliament. By 1628, the cumulative property status of the members of this Chamber has become more than three times to exceed the cumulative wealth of all members of the House of Lords, if not considered the king.

Following the "senior" and "younger," the end of the XVI century in the hierarchy of the English society - the beginning of the XVII century were citizens or bourgeois. Among them were not only merchants or owners of manuff, but also officials of the city administration, as well as members of the House of Commons of the English Parliament.
After citizens or bourgeois, Thomas Smith put such a category of the population as Yomen (Yeomen). In his description, these are people who, being personally free, loosely owned their own land, receiving income from it in the amount of 40 pounds of sterling a year. In the social hierarchy, they stood in rank below the gentlemen (nobles), but above workers and artisans. As a rule, Yomena was wealthy people, they lived in good quality homes, he conducted any business that brought income that allowed the servants and buy a noble title. Thomas Wilson celebrated in his treatise that he knew "many
yomenov in various provinces of England, which were able to annually spend three hundred or five hundred pounds, obtained through the operation of their or leased land, and some two and three times more than this. " The number of rich yomenov, "who are able to lend money to the Queen (that they usually make on her writing letters when she leads any war, defensive or offensive, or carry out any other event)", Thomas Wilson estimated at 10,000 people Only in rural areas, not counting cities.

The number of Yomenov called Freigolders held by six or ten cows, five to six horses, in addition to calves, foals, sheep, and had an annual income of 300-500 pounds of sterling, has numbered in England and Wales at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries in 80,000 people . Thomas Wilson brought this figure, as he himself pointed out, from personally reviewed by the sheriff books.

Thus, by the beginning of the XVII century, English Society has ceased to be feudal, gradually without revolution. Legically, this was expressed in loss of feudal prerogatives of the King: a land holding, around which this prerogative rotated, lost its former value. In the debates held in the community chamber on March 8, 1609/1610 on the subject of the prerogative care, it was directly stated that such officials as the governors and their deputies, world judges in counties, military leaders, etc. serve their monarch regardless of their homes , And "When you need to raise any troops for the service of the monarch, everyone considers themselves obliged to serve as a subject, and no person asks a question or about whose holder he is, or about how he holds his land. Therefore, it is obvious that this issue of keeps is not related to the government, he is neither spur of honor, nor a joint obedience. "

Linguistic center Lexxis Linguistic center Lexxis

I know our friends with excerpts from the "Kate Fox" books, published in 2011 called Watching The English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour ("Watching the British: Hidden Rules of Conduct").

This book made a furor at the author's homeland, immediately after entering the light, causing a flurry of enthusiastic responses of readers, critics and sociologists. Kate Fox, an offacarious anthropologist, managed to create a funny and strikingly accurate portrait of English society. It analyzes the fads, habits and weaknesses of the British, but writes not as an anthropologist, but as an Englishwoman - with humor and without a pump, witty, expressive and affordable language. So, chapter called:

What they say and what the English aristocrats do not say

Language codes show that the class in England has nothing to do with money and even less - with the image of the activity. Speech is an end in itself. A man with an aristocratic emphasis that uses the lexicon of higher circles will be defined as a leaving of the highest society, even if he or she lives on a scarce salary, he is engaged in paper work and lives in God knows what apartment. Or even if it or he is unemployed, beggar and homeless.

The same system of linguistic values \u200b\u200brefers to a person with the pronunciation of the working class, which calls the SUVTEE sofa, the SERVIETTE napkin, and the daily meal - Dinner, even if it is multimillionaire and the owner of the country estate. In addition to speech, the British exists there are other indicators of classes, such as: preferences in clothing, furniture, decorations, cars, pets, books, hobbies, food and drinks, but speech is the instantaneous and most obvious indicator.

Nancy Mitford came up with the term 'u and non-u', with reference to the words of representatives of the highest class and not the highest class - in the article published in Encounter in 1955. And although some words of its class indicators are already outdated, the principle remains unchanged. Some shibbolt * have changed, but so far there are enough of them in everyday speech for an errorless recognition of a class of English society.

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* Shibabolt (Hebrew - "Current") - biblical expression, in a figurative sense denoting characteristic speech featureAt which you can identify the group of people (in particular, the ethnic), a kind of "speech password", which unconsciously gives out a person for whom the language is awkward.

The simple binary method Mitford is not, however, is quite sufficient for the exact distribution of linguistic codes: some of the shibbolts help simply separate the aristocrats from all the others, but others are more specifically to separate the working class from the lowest medium or middle layer of the middle and top of the middle classes. In some cases, if neither paradoxically, the words-codes of the working class and the highest class are surprisingly similar, and significantly differ from the speech habits of classes running between them.

What words do not speak english aristocrats

There are, however, a few words that are perceived by the English aristocracy and the top of the middle classes as error-free shibbolt. Say one of these words in the presence of representatives of the highest classes of England and their on-board radar sensors will flash, reporting the need to immediately lower your status before the middle class, and in the worst case (which is more likely) - below, and in some cases - automatically - level of the working class.

This word especially hate the English aristocrats and the top of the middle class. Journalist Gilly Cooper remembers his son's conversation with a friend, unwittingly overheard her: "Mom says that the word pardon is worse than Fuck." The boy was absolutely right: it is clearly a common word worse than the faded expression. Some are even called suburbs in which the owners of this lexicon of Pardonia live.

Here is a good test for class affiliation: in a conversation with the Englishman, tell me something too quiet so that you do not hear. A man below average and middle classes ask "Pardon?", The top of the middle class will say "sorry?" Or "sorry - what?" Or "What - sorry?" And the upper class will say simply "What?" No matter how surprisingly the working class also say "WH '?" - With the only difference that drops 'T' at the end of the word. Some of the tops of the working class can say "pardon?", I mistakenly pretending that it sounds aristocratic.

Toilet is another word that makes you shudder the highest classes or share with understanding glances when some kind of mountain career pronounces it. The correct word for the designation of the restroom for light representatives is "Loo" or "Lavatory" (pronounced like Lavuhtry with an emphasis on the first syllable). "BOG" - sometimes acceptable, but only if it is said by ironic-joking tone, as if it was taken in quotes.

The working class says "toilet", like most of the immigrants from the lower and middle layers of the middle class, with the only difference that in the additives it misses the 'T' at the end. Simparishes can also say "bog", but clearly do not imply quotes.

Representatives of low medium and middle class with a claim for a more noble origin of the word will replace it with such euphemisms as: "Gents", "Ladies", "Bathroom", "Powder Room", "Facilities" and "Convenience"; Or joking euphemisms such as: "Latrines", "Heads" and "Privy". Women tend to use the first group of expressions, men - the second.

In the language of the inhabitants of Pardonia, SERVIETTE is a napkin. This is another example of gentlemus, in this case an incorrect attempt to increase its status with the help of a Fratsus word. It was suggested that the word "SERVIETTE" was picked up by squeezing representatives of the lower middle class layer, which found the word "napkin" (napkin) too similar to "Nappie" (diaper), and to sound more elegantly, replaced the word on the euphemism of French origin .

Whatever the origin of this word, "SERVIETTE" is currently hopelessly considered as a sign of a low-class speech. Mother of the Higher Cars Children are very upset when their children, following the best motivations of the nanny of the lower estates, learn to say "Serviette" - you have to talk to say "Napkin".

The word "Dinner" is not dangerous. Esequently only its inappropriate use of the working class with respect to the dining age, which should not be called anything like "Lunch."

Call the evening meal "Tea" - also the habit of the working class. In the Supreme Society, evening meals call "Dinner" or "Supper". Dinner is amusing than Supper. If you were invited to Supper, it is likely that it will be an unofficial marital meal, perhaps even in the kitchen. Sometimes this part can also report in the invitation: "Family Supper", "Kitchen Supper". The highest classes and tops of the average use the word Supper is much more frequent than the average and bottom of the middle layers of society.

"TEA" according to the usual light is taken in the area of \u200b\u200b16:00 and consists of tea and cakes or buns - Cakes & SCONES - (the second word they are pronounced with short O) and, perhaps, mini sandwiches (which they say as 'Sanwidges', And not 'Sand-Witches').

These features of the perception of temporary parameters creates additional problems for foreign guests: if you were invited to "Dinner" - at what time you have to honor the owners by your visit - at noon or in the evening, and come to "Tea" - this is by 16:00 or 19 : 00? In order not to get into an awkward position, it is better to ask how exactly you expect you. The answer inviting will also help you unmistakably determine his social status if you wish.

Or, being visiting, you can follow the owners call their furniture. If the subject of upholstered furniture intended for two or more people is called "Settee" or "Couch" - this means that the home owners belong not higher than with the middle class layer. If it is "sofa" - they represent the top of the middle class or higher.

However, there is a place of exceptions: this word is not such a bright operating class indicator as "pardon", as some young representatives of the middle class tops, picked up the impact of American films and television programs, can say "Couch", but they are unlikely to say "Settee" "Is that a joke or to run on their nerves to her class with storm parents."

Want to practice in classity forecasts? Pay attention to the furniture itself. If the subject of the discussion is a new-fashioned headset from the sofa and two chairs, the upholstery of which is chosen to the tone of the curtains, - the hosts, for sure, use the word "settee".

Also, curly, what do they call the room in which the "Sofa" or "SETTEE" is located? "SETTEE" will be in the room with the name "Lounge" or "Living Room", while "Sofa" - in the "Sitting Room" or "Drawing Room". Previously, the "Drawing Room" (reduction from the "withdrawing room") was the only permissible term for the living room. But many representatives of the tops were considered too pretentious and pompous to call a small living room in an ordinary house with a terrace - "Salon" ("Drawing Room"), so the "sitting room" became a completely acceptable expression.

You can randomly to hear from the immigrants from the middle layers of the middle and the tops of the middle classes "Living Room", although it is not approved, but only representatives below the middle class grayin will call it "lounge". This is a particularly useful word for middle-class representatives who seek to give themselves at the top of the average: they may have already managed to learn to avoid "Pardon" and "Toilet", but they often do not know that "Lounge" is also a deadly sin.

Like "Dinner" in itself the word "Sweet" is not a class indicator, but its inappropriate use is such. The top of the middle class and the aristocracy insist on the relationship of the dessert, which is supplied at the end of the meal, was used solely word "pudding", but never such words as: "Sweet", "Afters" or "DESSERT", each of which is declared and unacceptable term. "Sweet" can be freely used as an adjective, and if as a noun, then only about the fact that Americans call "Candy", that is, -Kamel candy and nothing else!

The dish, completing the meal, is always "pudding", whatever he imagined: a piece of cake, cream-brulet or lemon ice cream. Asking: "Does Anyone Want A Sweet?" At the end of the meal will lead you to the fact that you will be immediately classified as the middle class middle class. "Afters" - also turns on the class radar and your status will be reduced.

Some susceptible to the influence of American culture, Yunsi from the tops of the middle class begin to say "DESERT", and this is the most allowed word of all three and the least to be identified as a word from the working class dictionary. However, carefully with this term: in the highest circles "DESSERT" traditionally means a dish of fresh fruit, which is eaten with a knife and fork and that is served at the very end of the feast - after what is called "pudding".

If You Want to Talk Posh - To begin with, you will have to abandon the term "POSH". The correct word for the designation of superiority, aristocracy - "Smart". In the highest circles, the word "POSH" can only be pronounced with irony in a joking tone showing that you know that it is a word from the vocabulary of the lower layers.

Antony, the words "Smart" in the lips of those who are above the average - the word "Common" - Snobbish euphemism to indicate the working class. But be careful: Using this word too often, you yourself indicate that belonging to no more than the average level of the middle class: constantly calling things and people "Common" means your irrepressible protest and attempt to distance themselves from lower classes. Alas, only people dissatisfied with their status will brave snobbery in such a form.

People of aristocratic education, relaxed for their status, will prefer to use such polite euphemisms regarding people and phenomena of the working class as: "Low-Income Groups", "Less Privileged", "Ordinary People", "Less Educated", "The Man In The Street »," Tabloid Readers "," Blue Collar "," State School "," Council Estate "," Popular ".

"NAFF" - the term is more ambiguous and in this case more suitable. It can mean the same as "Common", but may simply be synonymous with "Tacky" and "Bad Taste". "Naff" became a generalized universal expression of disapproval, along with which adolescents often use such their favorite heavy insults as "Uncool" and Mainstream.

If these young people are "Common", they will call their parents Mum & Dad. "Smart" Children say "Mummy & Daddy". Some of them are accustomed to MA & PA, but those are too old-fashioned. Speaking of his parents in the third face, "Common" children will speak "My Mum" & "My Dad" or "ME MAM" and "ME DAD" while "Smart" children will call them "My Mother" and " My Father.

But these words are not infallible classiness indicators, as some children of higher laps now say "Mum & Dad", and some of the very small children of the working class can say "Mummy & daddy". But if a child over 10 years old, let's say, 12, then he will still be called Mummy & Daddy's parents, most likely, if grew in "Smart" circles. Adults are still calling their parents "Mummy & Daddy" - definitely immigrants from higher circles.

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** etc. - Reducing from the Latin Et Cetera, so this subtitle in Russian sounds like "and so on, and the like".

In the language of mothers, whom their children call "MUM", the lady's handbag - "Handbag", and perfume - "Perfume". In the language of mothers, whom their children call "Mummy" - the handbag is "BAG", and the spirits are "SCENT". Parents, who are called "Mum & Dad", will say "HORSE RACING" about the jumps; Parents from light - "Mummy & Daddy" - they say simply "Racing".

Representatives of "Common" of societies, wanting to report that they go to a party, use the expression go to a "do"; People from middle-class medium-sized layers instead of "do" use the word "function", and the "Smart" representatives will call the reception simply "Party".

"REFRESHMENTS" is served on the "Functions" of the middle class; Guests "Party" of the first echelon drink and eat "Food & Drink". The middle layers of the middle class and below them get their food in "Portions"; Suitations from the aristocracy and the tops of the middle class about portions are called "Helpings". The first dish of commoner will be called "Starter", and representatives are above the average - "First Course", although it is a less reliable status indicator.

The average medium-class layer and those below call their home "Home" or "Property", the patio in his home - "Patio". Suites from the upper layers of the middle class and above, speaking of their housing, they use the word "house", and the patio is "terrace".