Formation and development of mycology as a science. Mycology - the science of fungi

Man has been using mushrooms in food for many centuries, there are a huge number of recipes based on mushrooms. The variety of mushrooms is very extensive, geography has no boundaries. Mushrooms grow in a natural environment, for example, a forest, a field, and there are artificially grown ones. In addition to edible and poisonous mushrooms, there are pests that cause discomfort and harm not only to trees, but also to humans.

What is mycology

There is a section in science that deals with the study of the nature of fungi of all kinds. This section is called mycology. Mycology - μύκης - with other Greek mushroom. One of the branches of biology that studies fungi. Previously, mycology was part of botanical science, because fungi were classified as part of the plant kingdom. Therefore, having become an independent science, mycology has preserved the scientific traditions of botany.

Mushrooms that can create discomfort and trouble for a person are mainly concentrated in water. Mycology is now a science that studies heterotrophic and eukaryotic organisms that have weakly differentiated tissues, cell walls in a certain life cycle, and spores. Such organisms include both fungi and mushroom-like organisms, united in the kingdom Fungi seu Mycota.

In addition, people are susceptible to infection and development of fungal diseases of the nails, skin of the feet and hands:

• With a weakened immune system of the body;
• Wearing uncomfortable tight shoes;
• Having vascular diseases;
• sweating often;
• Side effect from drugs.

Mycology, as a science, assists in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, fungal infections, immunodeficiency. Scientists involved in mycology conduct research for medicine, veterinary medicine, and sanitation. Conduct tests for fungus resistance of building materials, paints, fabrics, finishing materials.

The science of mycology: what does it study

Some types of mushrooms are used in cheese making, winemaking and brewing, the manufacture of drugs such as penicillin.

Mycological studies are also carried out in the field of harm caused by fungi:

• Negative effects on food;
• Reaction to fungal toxins;
• Destructive effect on trees, textiles, interior decoration;
• Fungi cause plant diseases;
• Provocation of diseases: mycoses and mycogenic diseases.

One of the sections of mycology is clinical. This section is responsible for research in the field of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis of mycoses, and also gives a classification of fungal diseases. The result of these studies is the answers to the questions of such diseases as candidiasis, allergic diseases, ringworm.

Who is a mycologist

A specialist who treats fungal diseases in humans is called a mycologist. A mycologist is a doctor related to dermatology, whose duties include the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of fungal diseases of nails, skin, mucous membranes and human hair.

The mycologist makes diagnostics to identify the pathogen, helps to get rid of the disease caused by fungal pathogens.

His responsibilities include consulting the patient about the source of the pathogen and precautions, the carrier of the fungus can be not only a person, but personal belongings, hygiene items, furniture, animals, plants. Based on this, the mycologist must also find the source of infection.

He specializes in diseases caused by mold fungi:

• Microsporia;
• Epidermophytosis;
• Trichophytosis.

Using diagnostic and examination methods, the doctor determines the pathogen, what type it belongs to. Based on the information received, the mycologist prescribes treatment with medications, monitors its course, and also takes preventive measures. The mycologist must know the difference between mycotic lesions and diseases similar in symptoms, with the manifestation of which a dermatologist can help. It is necessary to come to an appointment with a mycologist with changes in the skin of the hands, feet and body, hair and nail plates.

Mycologist: a doctor who treats the skin

The competence of the mycologist includes non-fungal lesions of the nails, which at first glance are very similar to fungal diseases.

The reasons for such changes can be malnutrition, smoking, disorders in the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs, as well as hereditary diseases of the nails. And these lesions must be strictly distinguished, the treatment of the fungus will not have a positive result.

Non-fungal changes requiring an appointment with a mycologist:

1. Grooves on the nail plate, the cause of which is anemia - the content of red blood cells and hemoglobin is below normal.
2. The pale yellow tint of the nails, which is characteristic of smokers, as well as people with poor circulation, can also be caused by fungal infections, medication, and improper manicure.
3. Splitting of the nails, which can be caused by an allergy to nail polishes or detergents, trauma, or heredity.

Our hands are susceptible to burrs, which can come from using cleansers without gloves, from improper cuticle treatment, or from injury. Calluses on the feet and palms also belong to non-fungal lesions.

Fungal infections include:

1. Skin itching.
2. Dermatosis.
3. Actinomycosis caused by radiant fungi - affects any organs, most often occurs on the neck and face, inpatient treatment, surgical treatment of the focus is required.
4. Onychomycosis - damage to the nails by a fungus called dermatophyte, or others, treatment for about 3 months, less often up to a year.
5. Aspergillosis is a disease of the lungs and bronchi, caused by fungi of the genus aspergillus.
6. Mucormycosis - mold fungi cause diseases of the respiratory tract, the brain, and cases of death are not uncommon.
7. Fungal pneumonia - provoke mold, yeast-like, dimorphic and endemic fungi.

There is paronychia - the nail folds and tissues surrounding the nail are affected. Candidiasis - yeast-like fungi affect organs and organ systems: the mucous membrane of the mouth, nails, intestines, female and male genital organs. Pityriasis versicolor is a skin disease caused by yeast-like fungi.

Dictionary of medical terms

mycology (myco- + Greek logos teaching, science; syn. mycetology)

the branch of botany that studies fungi.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

mycology

mycology, pl. no, w. (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and logos - teaching) (special). Mushroom science.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

mycology

and. The scientific discipline that studies mushrooms.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

mycology

MYCOLOGY (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and ... logic) is the science that studies mushrooms.

Dutch mycologist H. Person and The System of Mushrooms (1821≈3

══Lit.: Yachevsky A. A., Fundamentals of Mycology, M.≈L., 1933; Kursanov L. I., Mycology, 2nd ed., M., 1940; Komarnitsky N. A., Essay on the history of the study of lower plants in Russia and the USSR, “Uch. app. Moscow State University, 1948, c. 129; Naumov N. A., On some topical issues of mycology, in the book: Problems of botany, century. 1, M.≈L., 1950; Bondartsev A. S., Polypore fungi of the European part of the USSR and the Caucasus, M.≈L., 1953; Kuprevich V.F., Transhel V.G., Rust fungi, V.A. 1 ≈ sem. Melampsorovye, M.≈L., 1957 (Flora of spore plants of the USSR, vol. 4, Mushrooms 1); Nikolaeva T. L., Ezhovik fungi, M.≈L., 1961 (Flora of spore plants of the USSR, vol. 6, Mushrooms 2); Ulyanishchev V.I., Mycoflora of Azerbaijan, vol. 1≈4, Baku, 1952≈67; Flora of spore plants of Kazakhstan, vol. 1≈8, A.-A., 1956≈73; Gäumann E., Die Pilze, Basel, 1949; Pilat A., Naše houby, t. 1≈2, Prague, 1952≈59; AI exopoulos C. I., Einführung in die Mykologie, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1966; KreiseI H., Grundzüge eines natürlichen Systems der Pilze, Jena, 1969.

:* for recycling,

:* in the biotechnology of products, including drugs (for example, penicillin), immunomodulatory polysaccharides,

:* fungi as plant pest pathogens

:* as medicines

:* as objects in biological research

• mushroom damage:

:* food spoilage,

:* destruction of wooden, textile and other products,

: * pathogens of plant diseases,

:* mycotoxicoses (fungal toxins - mycotoxins),

:* mycetism,

:* mycogenic allergies,




Mycology is the science that studies fungi, itself a branch of biology. A mycologist is a doctor with a higher education, often whose primary specialty is a dermatologist who studies fungal diseases, as well as fungal infections of the skin, nails, and hair. Mycology itself is closely related to dermatology and venereology.

A mycologist is engaged in the identification, treatment and prevention of mycotic lesions of the human body. He has in his arsenal various diagnostic methods, knows how to identify the causative agent of a particular disease and how to get rid of it. Prevention of disease transmission is also within the competence of the mycologist. He must inform the patient that not only the infected person himself, but also hygiene items, personal items, and animals can be carriers and sources of fungi.

Therefore, the mycologist is obliged not only to identify the cause of the disease, but also to determine its source, which must be eliminated. Only in this case, the treatment will be complete and effective, and the person, after getting rid of the disease, will not be re-infected.

What does a mycologist do?

The mycologist identifies the type of pathogen, selects drugs for its irradiation, controls the course of therapy and is engaged in the prevention of the disease. A mycologist should be consulted if the scalp or nail plates have also been affected.

A mycologist should be able to distinguish a mycotic lesion from diseases similar in clinical manifestations. Many diseases of non-fungal origin, although they give the same symptoms, are not provoked by mycotic organisms at all, but, for example, by smoking, chronic ENT pathologies, malnutrition, allergies, etc.

What diseases does a mycologist treat?

The specialist deals with the therapy of mycoses, as well as non-fungal diseases of the nail plates.

The competence of the doctor is:

Onychomycosis, which consists in the defeat of the nail plate by a dermatophyte fungus (its various types) or other fungi. Requires long-term treatment (at least 3 months), sometimes therapy can reach a year.

Actinomycosis, which develops as a result of ingestion of radiant fungi into the human body. Any organs can be affected, but the face, jaw, and neck are most often affected. Treatment is carried out in a hospital, consists in the surgical treatment of the lesion and further conservative therapy.

Panniculitis, a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by damage to the subcutaneous fat and acute inflammation. The role of fungi in the development of the disease has not been elucidated, however, a mycologist can deal with this problem, as he has a specialty of a dermatologist.

Aspergillosis is caused by a fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus. These mycotic organisms most often affect the lungs and bronchi, although they can penetrate the internal organs through the hematogenous route, causing severe complications.

Mucormycosis, which is provoked by mold fungi, affects the nose and brain, often ends in death.

Fungal pneumonia is a deep mycotic lesion of the lung tissue. The disease can be caused by various fungi - mold, yeast-like, pneumocystis, endemic dimorphic.

Paronychia, which is characterized by damage to the nail folds and other tissues surrounding the nail. Most often caused by yeast-like fungi.

Candidiasis or damage to organs or organ systems by yeast-like fungi. Candidiasis occurs on the mucous membranes of the mouth, on the nails, in the intestines, in the female and male genital organs, etc.

Pityriasis versicolor, which is the result of skin lesions with yeast-like fungi.

Dermatoses and pruritus.

These are the most common diseases in the practice of a mycologist. In addition to them, any mycoses are within the competence of this specialist, so they must be correctly interpreted and cured.

When to Consult a Mycologist

A mycologist's consultation is an examination of the diagnostic plan for the detection of fungal infections of the nails, skin and hair. Most often, a dermatologist recommends contacting a mycologist, as a more highly specialized doctor.

Symptoms that should alert a person:

• Itching of the scalp and body;

  Ulcers on the skin, accompanied by itching;

  Cracking of the dermis, its peeling;

  Unusual color of nails, change in their structure;

  Exfoliation of the skin with its rupture in the future.

It is quite difficult not to pay attention to a fungal infection of the skin or nails. Starting with a slight itching and redness, microorganisms will gradually capture all new areas of the body and nails. An untreated infection causes the development of serious health complications, as well as a deterioration in the appearance of the patient and a decrease in his quality of life.

How is the appointment with the mycologist



The initial consultation with a specialist comes down to the fact that the doctor will listen and evaluate the patient's complaints. The next stage is the collection of anamnesis and examination of the affected areas of the skin and nails, as well as the examination of the integument using a Wood's lamp.

Wood's lamp is used in dermatology to detect fungal skin lesions, as well as to detect ringworm. Therefore, such a device must be in the mycologist's office.

In addition, the initial appointment includes the collection of scraping material for further research. In this regard, you should not apply any ointments, tinctures, powders or creams to the dermis. The skin must be clean before visiting the mycologist.

Diagnostic methods used by a mycologist

Taking swabs from the mucous membrane of the throat, ear, paranasal sinuses, pharynx. After the material is obtained, a microscopic examination of the discharge and inoculation on various nutrient media is performed, which makes it possible to isolate the culture of the fungus and determine its type. A similar diagnostic method is appropriate for detecting mycoses of the upper respiratory tract.

Crystallographic method for the determination of fungi of the genus Candida.

Taking a section of the affected skin with a disposable scalpel, removing the marginal part of the nail and hair with sterile scissors. Subsequent laboratory study of the obtained materials using KOH.

Electropuncture diagnostics according to R. Voll.

The use of the PCR method, which is of value in detecting deep candidiasis and disseminated infection. In addition, in some cases, only the PCR method allows genotyping and determining the species of the fungus.

Express diagnostics of mycoses using the immunobisensory method. To perform the analysis, the serum part of the patient's blood is required.

Chemiluminescent analysis in the immunodiagnosis of fungi of the genus Candida.

Most often, the result can be obtained 2-7 days after the material for the study was taken. However, there are also express diagnostic methods that, after a few hours, can provide information about the type of fungal infection in a person, which means they will allow you to make a diagnosis faster and start treatment.

At the consultation, the mycologist informs each patient about fairly simple methods for the prevention of fungal diseases that will minimize the risk of infection:

Maintaining cleanliness in the house, taking care of personal belongings. It is especially important to regularly carry out wet cleaning for people prone to developing allergies.

Compliance with hygiene rules. It is important to prevent the formation of diaper rash, prickly skin.

When the first symptoms of candidiasis are detected, you should not be treated on your own. It is necessary to consult a doctor to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe therapy.

Proper nutrition and intake of vitamins depending on the season.

Expert editor: | MD general practitioner

Education: Moscow Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov, specialty - "Medicine" in 1991, in 1993 "Occupational diseases", in 1996 "Therapy".





The Greek word "mykos" means mushroom. Mycologists are specialists who study fungi. But there are not very many such "narrow" specialists in our country.

Mycology - the science of fungi, including pathogenic ones, studies the biological diversity of the world of fungi, their phylogeny and ontogenesis, relationships with each other and with other organisms, role in biogeocenoses, methods for identifying harmful fungi and protecting plants, animals and humans, industrial products and works of art from them, the practical use of fungi as food and feed raw materials, producers of biologically active substances, etc.

Mycologist's Dictionary

Hyphae are the thinnest, like cobwebs, underground fungal threads.

Mycelium, or mycelium, is a moldy felt, consisting of a dense interweaving of hyphae, is the fungus itself.

The fruiting body is what we all incorrectly call a fungus. After all, people do not call an apple an apple tree, and an apple tree an apple. But mushrooms are called so, because we see only the fruiting bodies, and the mushroom itself (mycelium) is hidden.

Plates - folds on the lower surface of the hats (remember russula).

Pores - round holes - tubules or angular narrow tubules, also on the lower surface of the caps (remember the boletus).

Both plates and pores serve to grow, mature and disperse spores.

The inner cover is a cobweb, or membranous, border with an iodine hat (remember champignon).

The ring is the part of the veil that remains on the leg of the old mushroom (remember the fly agaric).

Volvo, or vagina, is a cover, a cup-rim, where a tuberous “root”, for example, fly agaric, is inserted.

A tubercle is a swelling on a hat (remember a toadstool or another fungal species).

Field of study:

Branch of science:

• biological sciences
• medical sciences
• agricultural sciences

Application of Science

Specialized diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic care for patients with fungal infections, allergic diseases and patients with immunodeficiencies.

Training and retraining of medical personnel of various specialties in clinical mycology, allergology and immunology.

Training of scientific personnel (candidates and doctors of science) in medical mycology for the Russian Federation and foreign countries.

Basic and applied research in medical mycology (clinical, veterinary, sanitary, etc.)

Study of various drugs for antifungal activity and testing of diagnostic tools.

Tests for fungus resistance of building materials, fabrics, paints, etc.

General mycology

The place of mycology in the system of biological sciences. Mycology as a scientific basis for medical and veterinary mycology. The main stages in the development of medical mycology as a science.

1.1. The position of fungi in the general system of living organisms and the basis of ideas about their evolution.

The idea of ​​mushrooms as a separate kingdom of the organic world. Complexes of signs that bring mushrooms closer to plants and animals. Hypotheses about the origin of fungi. The main directions of the evolution of fungi.

1.2. Morphology of mushrooms.

The structure of the cell of fungi. Cell wall and its composition in different groups of fungi. The nature of the fungal septa. Pigments of fungi, their biological and diagnostic significance. Fungal cell organelles. The nucleus of fungi and features of its division.

The structure of the thallus of fungi, its evolution. Unspecialized somatic structures. Morphological and physiological classification of fungal structures.

1.3. Mushroom reproduction.

Vegetative and asexual reproduction. Types of sexual process in different groups of fungi. Homoi heterothallism. Heterokaryosis and parasexual process.

Ecological functions of spores. Disputes are propagative and resting. Morphogenesis, functions and evolution of fruiting bodies in different groups of fungi.

1.4. Fundamentals of physiology of fungi.

Nutrition, metabolism. Sources of organic and mineral nutrition. The main metabolic pathways, biologically active metabolites (enzymes, antibiotics, toxins, etc.).

1.5. Ecology of mushrooms.

1.6. Fundamentals of taxonomy of fungi.

Principles of construction of modern mushroom systems. Basic taxonomic criteria. Basic principles of mycological nomenclature.

Slime department. Origin and position in the system. Main classes, their characteristics.

Department of Oomikota. Group volume.

Class Oomycetes. General characteristics. Basic orders and families. Ecology. Meaning. Evolution in connection with landfall.

Class Hyphochytridiomycetes. General characteristics. Origin, phylogenetic relationships, position in the system.

Eumicote department. Group volume.

Class Chytridiomycetes. Thallus types. Asexual and sexual reproduction. Orders and families. Ecology. Practical value.

Class Zygomycetes. General characteristics. direction of evolution. Orders and families. Ecology. Meaning.

Class Trichomycetes. Structure, biology. Origin and position in the system.

Class Ascomycetes. General characteristics. The scope of the class and the principles of its division into subclasses.

Subclass Hemiascomycetes. General characteristics. Orders. Yeast. Class Endomycetes.

Subclass Euascomycetes. General characteristics. Types of fruiting bodies and their development. Principles of classification. Order groups: plectomycetes (cleistomycetes), pyrenomycetes, discomycetes. Orders and families, their characteristics.

Fundamentals of systematics of lichens. Ecology. Meaning.

Ascomycetes. Phylogenesis.

Class Basidiomycetes. General characteristics. The scope of the class and the principles of its division into subclasses.

Subclass Homobasidiomycetes. General characteristics. Order groups: hymenomycetes, gostromycetes. Exobasidial order.

Hymenomycetes. The structure of fruiting bodies: morphogenesis, microscopic features; their taxonomic importance. Principles of modern classification. Orders and basic families. Ecology. Poisonous and edible mushrooms. Cultivation of edible mushrooms.

Gasteromycetes. Types of ontogeny of fruiting bodies, their structure. Principles of classification. Orders. Ecology.

Subclass Heterobasidiomycetes. The volume of the group and its position in the system. Phylogenetic relationships of the group. General characteristics.

Subclass Theliomycetes. General characteristics. Rusty order. Features of biology. Families. Origin.

The order of the smuts. Biology. Phylogenetic relationships and position in the system. Families.

Origin and evolution of basidiomycetes.

Deuteromycete class. position in the mushroom system. Biology. Ecology. Modern principles of classification.

Phylogenetic relationships between individual groups of fungi and their reflection in the general system of fungi.

Clinical Mycology

2.1. Classification, epidemiology of mycoses.

Classification of mycoses. Epidemiology of dermatomycosis (dermatophytosis). Epidemiology of candidiasis. Epidemiology of nosocomial mycoses. Epidemiology of endemic mycoses.

2.2. Mycosis pathogenesis.

Factors of pathogenicity of causative agents of mycoses. Highly contagious and opportunistic micromycetes. Immune and non-immune mechanisms of antimycotic defense of the organism. Ecological, professional, domestic risk factors for the development of mycoses. Modern drug therapy, invasive methods of treatment as risk factors for the development of mycoses.

2.3. Diagnosis of mycoses.

The main methods of diagnosis of mycoses. Microscopic and cultural diagnostics. Histological diagnosis. Serological diagnosis. Instrumental methods for diagnosing mycoses (radiography, computed tomography, ultrasound, etc.). Criteria for the diagnosis of mycoses. Diagnosis of mycogenic allergy.

2.4. antifungal drugs.

Classification, general characteristics of antifungal drugs. Characteristics (drugs, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, indications for use, adverse reactions, drug interactions, use in various patient groups) of polyenes. Characterization of azoles. Characterization of glucan synthesis inhibitors. characterization of allylamines. Determination of the sensitivity of micromycetes to antifungal drugs. Methods of application of antifungal drugs: treatment of established disease, empirical therapy, primary and secondary prevention.

2.5. Dermatomycosis.

Mycosis of the skin: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Mycotic hair lesions: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Onychomycosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Skin-lymphatic sporotrichosis: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.6. Candidiasis.

Causative agents of candidiasis, pathogenesis of superficial and invasive candidiasis. Skin candidiasis, candidal paronychia, onychomycosis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Genital candidiasis in women: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Urinary tract candidiasis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, primary and secondary prevention. Chronic disseminated candidiasis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, primary and secondary prevention.

2.7. Aspergillosis.

Causative agents of aspergillosis, pathogenesis of various variants of aspergillosis. Invasive aspergillosis: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, primary and secondary prevention. Aspergilloma: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: risk factors, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.8. Cryptococcosis.

Epidemiology, pathogenesis of cryptococcosis. Cryptococcosis of the lungs: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, prevention of relapse. Cryptococcal meningitis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment, relapse prevention.

2.9. Zygomycoses.

Pathogens, pathogenesis of various clinical variants of zygomycosis. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Zygomycosis of the lungs: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Zygomycosis of soft tissues: risk factors, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.10. Hyalogyphomycosis.

Pathogens, pathogenesis of various clinical variants of hyalologhomycosis. Fusarium: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Penicilliosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Pseudalesheriosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.11. Pheohyphomycosis.

Pathogens, pathogenesis of various clinical variants of pheogyphomycosis. Chromomycosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Mycetomas: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Mycotic keratitis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Invasive pheogyphomycosis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.12. endemic mycoses.

Histoplasmosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Blastomycosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Coccidioidosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Paracoccidioidomycosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

2.13. Mycoses in children.

The main risk factors for the development of mycoses in children. Mycosis in newborns. Dermatomycosis in children: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Candidiasis in children: etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Chronic candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes: pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Features of the use of antifungal drugs in children.

2.14. Mycotoxicosis.

Toxigenic micromycetes, their role and significance in mycopathology. Aflatoxicosis: clinic, treatment, prevention. Ochratoxicosis: clinic, treatment, prevention. Mycotoxicoses of the trichothecene group (alimentary toxic aleukia, stachybotryotoxicosis). Mycotoxicoses caused by gliotoxins.

mycology(from Greek mýkēs mushroom and lógos word, teaching), a science that studies the structure, development, physiological and biochemical properties and role of fungi in nature, as well as their effect on the human body, animals and plants. From modern M. separated agricultural and forestry M. Special Sections M. entered the food and microbiological industries (biosynthesis of antibiotics, vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, etc.). Developed technical M. two branches M. medical and veterinary were defined as independent large sections that study fungal diseases of humans and animals. in medical and veterinary M. two subsections were distinguished - the doctrine of mycoses and the doctrine of mycotoxicoses (1947). Medical and veterinary M. are closely related, since most fungi pathogenic for humans and animals are the causative agents of anthropozoonoses.

Development of scientific veterinary M. begins at the end of the first half of the 19th century, when fungi were discovered, mainly dermatophytes, pathogenic for humans and animals. In 1837, R. Remak discovered mycelial filaments in crusts with favus. In 1853, the French researcher L. Tulan discovered the causative agent of ergotism, thereby laying the foundation for the development of the theory of toxic fungi. In the development of veterinary M. 3 periods are marked. The first period, the beginning of which (1837) coincides with the study of dermatophytes, was characterized by the discoveries of the causative agents of animal mycoses and lasted about 100 years. Great contribution to the development of veterinary M. Russian and Soviet scientists A. A. Raevsky, N. M. Bogdanov, M. G. Tartakovsky, G. L. Radzivilovskii, A. A. Avrinsky, N. M. Berestnev, N. N. Mari, P. N. Kashkin. The second period is associated with the study of mycotoxicoses - stachybotriotoxicosis (1938), dendrodochiotoxicosis (1939), clavicepstoxicosis and fusariotoxicosis (194244). The third period (the second half of the 20th century) is characterized by the intensive development of veterinary M.(a thorough study of mycoses and mycotoxicoses) both in the USSR and abroad. The nature of many mycotoxins has been disclosed, methods for their indication and quantitative determination of mycotoxin impurities in various products have been developed. Data on pathogens of mycoses, especially visceral ones, have been obtained. The work performed in the USSR (195571) on the immunobiology of mycoses, the formation of immunity in dermatomycosis, led to the creation of the first vaccine against trichophytosis in cattle, for which a group of scientists from VIEV and practitioners were awarded the State Prize of the USSR (1973).

Teaching veterinary M. is carried out at veterinary institutes and at the veterinary faculties of agricultural institutes (at the departments of microbiology, epizootology and toxicology). Research work on M. in the USSR it is carried out in the laboratories of mycology and feed sanitation of the VNIIVS, mycology and antibiotics of the VIEV and in other scientific and educational veterinary institutions. Abroad research in the field of veterinary M. conducted in Great Britain, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, USA, France and other countries. Works on veterinary M. in the USSR they are published in the Proceedings and Bulletins of VIEV, VNIIVS and other veterinary institutes, in the journals Mycology and Phytopathology. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1967), "Veterinary".

Literature:
Kursanov L. I., Mycology, 2nd ed., M., 1940;
Sarkisov A. Kh., Mycotoxicoses, M., 1954;
Spesivtseva N. A., Mycoses and mycotoxicoses, 2nd ed., M., 1964;
Sarkisov A. Kh. [and others], Diagnosis of fungal diseases (mycosis and mycotoxicosis) of animals, M., 1971;
Bilay V. I., Fundamentals of general mycology, K., 1974;
Ainsworth G. C., Austwick P. K. C., Fungal diseases of animals, 2 ed., Slough, 1973.

• the science that studies mushrooms...

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