Who are the Masons? Freemasons - detailed review True that Freemasons rule the world

Freemasonry is not a religion, not a super-secret society, not a forum, not an army, not an assembly. This is an order like a knight's; a brotherhood of people united by common ideas, secrets and plans.

Their intentions, meanwhile, are not so insidious, as they like to report about it in revealing articles and mystical documentaries. So who are the Masons?

Freemasons are not a relic of the past, they openly exist to this day and do not hide their affiliation and views.

In total, there are about five million representatives of the brotherhood in the modern world.. Geographically, most of them are located in America and England (about 50%), the rest are distributed throughout the world.

Being a Freemason does not mean being a secret spy. If your neighbor is a member of an order, he can calmly declare this while mowing the lawn or sitting at friendly gatherings. However, he is unlikely to spread about the secrets of the brotherhood, no matter how you try.

Who are freemasons and what does the Masons have to do with it?

The official formation of Freemasonry began exactly 300 years ago, in 1717. It was then that the first Grand Lodge appeared in London, dominating the rest of the communities.

However, secret professional guilds appeared as early as the 13th-14th century, and at first they were filled with completely simple and uneducated people, real freemasons - the builders of medieval cathedrals.

The very first temple, according to legend, was built by order of King Solomon. He was so pleased with the work of the architects that he gave them a special privilege - complete freedom from taxes.

The fame of the greatest builders quickly spread around the world, and they began to be invited to different cities and villages to erect cathedrals (with the same pleasant, “free” conditions).

Masons wandered around the countries without hindrance - there were no borders and visa regime for the builders of temples. The entire reward was divided strictly equally, and secret symbols and rituals were invented to protect themselves from impostors.

The ordinary working class, consisting of illiterate masons and architects, was the only one of all who could freely move around Europe: thanks to their special skills in building temples from raw stone, they were welcome everywhere.

They possessed valuable knowledge in geometry and astronomy and had an idea of ​​the laws of the divine - this distinguished freemasons from the general mass.

During the construction of cathedrals, masters and students preached the ideals of brotherhood, friendship and equality, which formed the basis of Masonic covenants.

They united in guilds and held meetings in special lodges. It all started with the construction of the temples of God, but then their ideas flowed into the symbolic construction of a new life based on morality and virtue.

It is believed that it was on the basis of the guild of stonemasons that an order was formed, into the ranks of which they began to accept great men, very far from architecture. In any case, the Freemasons themselves consider themselves followers and successors of the "Freemasons".

Until now, their main symbols are square and compasses (the main attributes of medieval architecture), combined into a fancy rhombus.

Why Freemasons are Considered Great Conspirators

By the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, the circle of Freemasons included many of the greatest bright minds. They were scientists, writers, creators, political leaders.

At various times, Benjamin Franklin, Voltaire, Henry Ford, Winston Churchill, George Washington and Mozart were present in the lodges.

It was both a religion (with its own legend of Hiram Abiff, the builder of the very first temple, unjustly murdered by three envious junior workers) and a secret, powerful political party (which is credited with hundreds of plots to change the world).

Power-hungry persons and bureaucrats dreamed of destroying the Masons. Partly because the main priority for those was and remains free will. Their teachings and principles, close to the ideals of the revolutionaries, interfered with both the church and the elected government.

However, in the hands of the Masonic lodge concentrated enormous power- it included the most influential people of the era, who could implement the ideas of brotherhood on the ground.

In the 18th century, Freemasons began to be persecuted, over the years attributing to them many intrigues and hard facts, from devil worship to the destruction of the Vatican, from conspiracies with Jews to the murder of Princess Diana.

They could not destroy them, but at the end of the 19th century they were obliged to publish complete lists of members of the order.

Symbolism and ideas of Freemasonry

All Masons are men. These are exclusively religious people, among them there are no atheists. Freemasonry since ancient times relies on monotheistic beliefs (in a single higher power), without singling out any particular religion.

In addition, the regulations and principles of those same “freemasons” formed the basis of modern Freemasonry.

Freemasons identify themselves with special symbols so that members of the fraternity can easily recognize each other. Often they wear rings with special engravings, decorate their clothes with strange inscriptions and stripes, and shake hands in a “special way”.

They undergo a mystical rite of passage (in which they have to “die” and “resurrect” three times), take an oath and fight for their brothers to the last (even refuse to testify against them in court proceedings).

Freemasons of individual cities unite in self-governing local lodges, which are subtly controlled by the Grand Lodge, which exists in each country.

The Mason is considered the free and voluntary builder of a new, virtue-based life. A man with a clear mind and noble thoughts, resisting the attacks of fanatics, despots and ignoramuses.

“And soon, soon the strife among the slave people will cease, you will take a hammer in your hand and cry out: freedom!” - wrote A.S. Pushkin, referring to one of the most famous Masons in Russia - General Pushchin. Who are they - Masons? This society seems too encrypted, but it always seems curious to lift the veil of secrecy. Successful old men in long robes with large hoods, who build their conspiracy theories while drinking whiskey - this is exactly the image of the Freemasons.develops in people, thanks to mass culture. What exactly do Masons do? Few people can answer this question with certainty. Let's try to understand the system of Masonic lodges and symbols, answer the main questions about their history and activities and make this "secret society" not so secret.

Who are the Masons?

Masons are such an organization of a religious and ethical orientation, which is spread all over the world. People belonging to this organization strive for self-improvement and knowledge of the world in accordance with certain principles. In total, there are about five million members of this society in the world. The philosophy of Freemasonry includes elements of different beliefs, but is not an independent religion. Initially, Masons gathered to solve some issues of ethics and morality. However, over time, they began to be occupied with the problems of the world order and world governance. This is how the famous Masonic conspiracy theories appeared.

Masons are a secret society?

Not really. Freemasons themselves do not call themselves a secret society, but a "society with secrets." They can calmly talk about their belonging to the Masonic clan. The only thing they must always remain silent about is the secrets of their order.

By the way, Masons have their own hierarchy: apprentice, apprentice and master. The degree of a Mason correlates with the level of his personal development.

So, at the stage of the student, the Mason is engaged in self-knowledge and self-improvement. In the second degree, a person carefully studies the world around him, the philosophy of his perception, the human mind. The master's degree implies the study of the subject of death. There is no higher degree than master, but some lodges may award additional degrees.

What is a Masonic lodge?

A Masonic lodge is a place where members of the society hold meetings (meetings are called "works" in Masonic parlance).

Lodges, like their members, have their own hierarchy.

The main ones - the great lodges - manage the smaller ones - the Masonic ones. As a rule, lodges are formed according to the principle of proximity to the place of residence. In some cases, they can be formed according to interests, professions. Master Masons may also form special research lodges in which members study Freemasonry itself. Masonic lodges are also divided into Ioannovsky, St. Andrew's and Red, depending on the adopted charter and faith. Moreover, depending on the rituals, for example, a separate feasting box or a bed of sorrow are singled out.

Who controls the Masons?

Freemasons do not have a single leader. None of the members of the Masonic lodges can speak on behalf of the entire brotherhood. Only the Grand Lodge has such a right. Even in landmarks (the so-called precepts of Freemasonry) the principle of equality of members of the brotherhood in front of each other is spelled out.

Where did they even come from - Masons?

Freemasonry has its origins in the late 16th - early 17th centuries.

It is believed that the first Freemasons were masons, which is quite logical, since the literal translation of the word "mason" from French is "freemason". The date of the beginning of the movement of the society of Masons around the world is considered to be the day of the founding of the Grand Lodge of London - June 24, 1717. It was on this day that four craft lodges: "Apple", "Crown", "Grape Bunch", "Goose and Tray", named after the taverns where they met, united into one "Grand Lodge of London".

In the XVIII century, Freemasonry is gaining popularity in Europe. Lodges of a secret society appear in Italy, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland. Moreover, they expanded at a tremendous pace: in Paris alone, in seven years (from 1735 to 1742), the number of Masonic organizations increased from 5 to 22.

I heard that Freemasonry was “brought” to Russia by Peter the Great. This is true?

Yes. According to historians, it was Peter the Great with his associates Franz Lefort and Patrick Gordon who founded the Russian Lodge.

According to legend, Peter the Great was a member of one of the lodges in Amsterdam. These are just guesses.

It is only known for certain that the first Masonic lodge in Russia arose in 1731. Masons have always been disliked in our country. Catherine II, for example, believed that Western European rulers would pursue their policy through secret societies. Masonic lodges were either opened or banned. And if in the Russian Empire Masons had the right to exist, for example, under Alexander I, then in the USSR this became impossible. Only on June 24, 1995, the Grand Lodge of Russia was re-established. Its members meet once a month. At their meetings after the official part, during dinner, they always raise toasts to Russia, to the president of our state and to the box. By the way, women are not allowed to join the ranks of Russian "freemasons".

They say Pushkin, Suvorov, Kutuzov were Freemasons

Of course, singing the ideals of freedom, self-improvement, Freemasonry attracted the intellectual elite of Russia. The official website of Russian Freemasons says that Kutuzov, Suvorov, and Pushkin were Freemasons. Pushkin wrote in his diary: "On May 4, I was admitted to the Masons." However, according to literary critics, he was a freemason only on paper and soon left the lodge. But it is known for certain that Chaadaev, Trubetskoy, Zhukovsky, Bazhenov were involved in the "society with secrets". By the way, literary circles were actively created around Masonic lodges. And in the works of L.N. Tolstoy, Pisemsky, Gumilyov, Masonic themes are traced.

How to recognize Masons?

There are no special signs, symbols, algorithms that would help to calculate the Masons. The lists of all members of the Masons are kept secret. To distinguish "ours", certain signs and gestures are used. For example, the symbol of the pyramid (rhombus or triangle), the triple six (666 or the "ok" sign), the devil's horn, the sign of the hidden eye. Freemasons also have a special handshake style (the thumb is placed in the space between the second and third fingers of the hand of another Freemason).

In Freemasonry, as in any closed society, there is a certain symbolism. Among the main symbols are those associated with construction: the level is a symbol of equality of estates, the plumb line is the pursuit of excellence, the hammer is a symbol of the fact that one should not give up life outside of brotherhood, the compass is a symbol of moderation and prudence, the protractor is justice.

One of the main symbols is the acacia, which stands for purity and holiness. It is also common to use the "Radiant Delta" - a triangle with an open eye inside. This image itself is borrowed from Christianity: the triangle denotes the trinity, and the eye is the “All-Seeing Eye”. In Freemasonry, the "Radiant Delta" is a symbol of the Creator's all-penetration, and in liberal Freemasonry (yes, there is such a thing) it is a sign of enlightenment.

However, it is not necessary to immediately rank all the images of the “All-Seeing Eye” on architectural monuments as Masonic symbols. According to urbanists, everything that passes for Masonic symbols, in fact, is either the symbols of the guild of architects, or the symbols are originally Christian.

Freemasons and conspiracy theorists see their symbols in everything: on the American dollar, on the Ukrainian banknote of 500 hryvnias, and even on the coat of arms of the USSR (the intersection of the sickle and hammer can be interpreted as establishing and maintaining the power of the Masons with the help of harsh repressions. Ears of wheat at the same time mean a symbol of wealth, money and prosperity).

What is Liberal Freemasonry? Is it like the liberal party?

What the liberal party has in common is the principle of freedom. In the case of liberal Freemasonry, this is the principle of absolute freedom of conscience. This trend was born in the homeland of everything liberal - in France.

It was the liberal Masons who allowed women to join their ranks.

There are two main currents of Freemasonry: regular, which is subordinate to the "United Grand Lodge of England" and liberal - under the leadership of the "Grand Orient de France".

And all American presidents were Freemasons.

Oddly enough, but many US presidents were indeed members of Masonic lodges. Among them: George Washington, Warren Harding, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Gerald Ford. The creator of the Statue of Liberty, Frederick Bartholdi, among other things, was also a Freemason.

How to become a Mason?

You don't need to possess any supernatural wealth, contrary to the popular stereotype. All requirements for candidates follow from the basic Masonic principles. According to them, a person must have the means to pay membership dues. However, in some countries Masons abolish this property qualification (for example, in Italy).

The main thing is that a person must prove his faith in God, reach adulthood (in most grand lodges - 21 years old), be "free and good morals", that is, make an independent decision to join the brotherhood, have a good reputation and not have problems with the law .

After the decision is made, one should go to the local lodge and get a few recommendations from its current members. Admission to Freemasonry is decided by secret ballot. In some lodges, if only one person voted against, then the candidacy is already rejected.

I'm an atheist. Will I not be accepted into the lodge?

Maybe. Freemasonry is always based on religious beliefs: Christianity, Judaism and others. To become a Freemason, you must believe in any higher power. In Liberal Freemasonry, however, it is assumed that a potential member of the society adheres to the philosophy of deism or believes in God as an abstract principle. The Grand Lodge of Russia, for example, sometimes even allows atheists to be members.

P.S. We hope that after reading the article, you will not look everywhere for secret symbols and conspiracy theories. By the way, Masons are very fond of Mozart. In their opinion, in his "Magic Flute" he revealed Masonic secrets, for which he was later poisoned. When it is played at the Vienna Opera, Masons are sure to get up. Well, it already is, another interesting fact.

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dTECHOYEK DPLHNEOFBMSHOP RPDFCHETSDEOOOSCHK UMHYUBK HYBUFYS CH NBUPOULYY FTHDBI OE-UFTPIYFEMS PFOPUYFUS L LYYOVHTZULPK MPCE YPFMBODYY: 3 YAOS 1600 ZPDB ABOUT UPVTBOYY RTYU HFUFCCHBM ULT dTsPO vPUHMM, MPTD pyuyomelulyk. at FEI RPT RTYUHFUFCHYE YPFMBODULPK OBFY CH MPTSBI UFBOCHYFUS ЪBHTSDOSCHN. rTBCHDB, CH LPOGE XVII CHELB CHUFTEYUBMYUSH MPTSY, UPUFPSCHYE URMPYSH YЪ LBNEOEILPC (OBRTINET, MPTSB CH ZMBZP), OP PDOCHTENEOOP U OYNY VSCHMY MPTSY OBRPDPVYE bVETDYOULPK, ​​ZDE CH 167 0 ZPDKh Yb 49 YumeOPCH FPMSHLP 12 VSHMY RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOSHCHNY LBNEOEILBNY, PUFBMSHOSH VSCHMY RBUFPTBNY, LPNNETUBOFBNY, RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY YOFEMMYZEOFOSCHI RTPZHEUUIK - HYUEOSCHNY, RYUBFEMSNY YMY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY DCHPTSOULPZP UPUMPCHYS.
nPCOP FPMSHLP DPZBDSCCHBFSHUS P RTYUJOBI, FPMLBCHYI FFYI MADEK L CHUFHRMEOYA CH NBUPOULIE VTBFUFCHB. dms EMSHOSHCHNY DMS BTYUFPLTBFPCH Y DESFEMEK GETLCHY, LPFPTCHE VSHMY UBNSCHN RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHN UPUMPCHYEN BOZMYY Y DTHZYI UFTBO ECHTPRSCH. rtEDRPMPTSYFEMSHOP, LFP NPZMP VSHFSH UFTENMEOYE L UVBTYOE Y FTBDYGYSN, L DTECHOIN MEZEODBN P RTPYUIPTSDEOYY NBUPOULYI VTBFUFCH, CHUEEMSHCHN FTBDYGYPOOSCHN RYTHYLBN YMY CHPNPTSOPUFY RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPCHBFSH UMBVSHCHN.
oELPFPTSHCHE YUUMEDPCHBFEMY NBUPOULPK YUFPTYY RTEDPMBZBAF, YuFP RPSCHMEOYE CH MPTSBI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK CHCHUYI UMPECh PVEEUFCHB VSCHMP CHCHCHBOP YI UFTENMEOYEN LPOFTPMYTPCHBFSH DEFEMSHOPUF Sh MPTs, YVP UHEEUFCHPCHBMP PRBUEOYE, UFP TBVPFSCH, RTPCHPDYCHYYEUS CH OII, NPZMY VSHFSH PRBUOSCH DMS RTBCSEEZP LMBUUB. oEF UNSHUMB PFTYGBFSH LFP RPMOPUFSHA, OP, CHYDYNP, OEF UNSHUMB PFTYGBFSH Y FP, UFP BTYUFPLTBFYS CEMBMB ChPZMBCHYFSH NBUPOUFCHP Ch RPMYFYUEULYI GEMSI, DMS FPZP, YuF PVShch YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH EZP CHPЪNPTSOPUFY CH UCHPYI YOFETEUBI.

vTBFUFCHP Y EZP RPLTCHYFEMY OP LBL VSH FP OY VSCHMP, NBUPOULPE VTBFUFCHP, RTPDPMTSBS PUFBCHBFSHUS CH UCHPEK NBUUE RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOSHCHN PVYAEDOOEOYEN UFTPIFEMEK, RPMKHYUYMP CHSHCHUPLYI RPLTPCHYFEMEK, VMBZPDBTS LPFPTSCH N, CHYDYNP, Y UPITBOYMPUSH FPZDB, LPZDB TENEUMEOOSCHE GEI UFBMY RPUFEREOOP RTYIPDYFSH H HRBDPL Y YUYUEEBFSH.
h FP CHTENS CH MPTSY CHUFHRBAF RTEDUFBCHYFEMY HUEOPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY, ZHYMPUPZHSHCH Y MADY TEZHPTNBFPTULPZP ULMBDB HNB, LPFPTSCHE YЪ-ЪB OBUFKHRICHYEK CHUMED ЪB TEZHPTNBG YEK TEBLGYEK HCE OE NPZMY UCHPVPDOP CHSHCHULBSCCHBFSH UCHPY CHZMSDSCH. h NBUPOUFCHP RTPOILBAF HFPRYUEULYE YDEY, HFCHETSDBCHYYE, UFP NPTSOP RPUFTPAYFSH URTBCHEDMYCHPE PVEEUFCHP ABOUT PUOPCHBI DPUFYTSOYK OBHLY Y TBHNB. TBCHYFYA FFYI IDEK LBL OEMSHЪS VPMSHYE URPUPVUFCHPCHBM Y UPUFBCH UFTPAYFEMSHOSHCHI LPTRPTBGYK, CH LPFPTSCHE, OBTSDH U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY FSTSEMPZP THYUOPZP FTHDB, CHIPDYMY MADY FCH PTYUEULIE - IHDPTSOYLY, ULKHMSHRFPTSCH, BTIYFELFPTSCH. nBUPOULYK GEI UBN RP UEVE VSCHM UYNCHPMPN FPZP, UFP MAVPE LTHROPE DEMP FTEVHEF UZMBUOSCHI KHUYMYK CHUEI TBVPYYI, LBL VSC OY OYLLY YMY CHSHCHUPLY VSCHMY YI RPBOBOIS Y HNEOY E. uFB DTECHOSS LFYLB UFTPYFEMEK UFBMB VMBZPDBFOPC RPYUCHPK DMS TBCHYFYS IDEK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, TBCHEOUFCHB Y OEOBUIMSHUFCHEOOPZP RETEDEMMB PVEEUFCHB ABOUT OPCHPK, VPMEE TBHNOPC PU OPCE.
IDEY LFY VSCHMP OEVEEPRBUOP RTCHP'ZMBYBFSH PFLTSCHFP; PFUADB VETEF UCHPE OBYUBMP UYNCHPMYUEULYK SJSCHL NBUPOUFCHB. uftpyfemshoshche YOUFTTHNEOFSHCH UFBOPCHSFUS ЪBLBNY, UYNCHPMYYTKHAEINY OTBCHUFCHEOOOSCHE LBYEUFCHB, CHPRMPEPAF FYYUEULYE BLPOSC URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, UBN RTPGEUU UFTPYFEMSH UFChB UFBOCHYFUS UYNCHPMPN RPUFTPEOYS OPCHPZP UCHETIEOOOPZP PVEEUFCHB. nBUPOUFCHP, FBLYN PVTBBPN, RPUFEREOOP RTECHTBEBEFUUS YЪ LPTRPTBFICHOPK YDEPMPZYY TENEUMEOOPZP VTBFUFCHB CH FYUEULPE HYUEOYE, CHPUYFSHCHCHBAEEE CH UCHPYI BDERFBI MKHYYYE YUEM PCHEYUEULIE LBYUEUFCHB.
CHPF LBL RYUBM P NBUPOULYI TBVPFBI CHSHCHDBAEYKUS THUULYK RYUBFEMSH NYIBYM PUPTZYO: "h RETURELFYCHE MYRPCHPK BMMEY RPSCHMSAFUS PUETFBOYS UFPSEEZPUS TBNB, LPFPTSCHK OILPZDB OE VX DEF DPUFTPEO. UADB UFELBAFUS YЪP CHUEI UFTBO MADY, PFNEYUEOOOSCHE PUPVSHCHNY FBMBOFBNY, OE RTPZHBOULYNY ЪBUMHZBNY, OE VPZBFUFCHPN, OE TPPDCHYFPUFSHHA, OE RPKNBOOPK ЪB ICHPUF UMBCHPK, B FBKOPC REYUBFSHHA RPPUCHSEEOOPUFY. UCHSBMB YI CHPEDYOP Y PFDEMYMB PF UMPVUFCHHAEEZP, VPMSHOPZP, OERTPUCHEEEEOOPZP NYTB, LPFPTSCHK DPMTSOP RETEUPDBFSH.h FP CHTHENS LBL DTHZYE UFTPIFEMY, RTBLFILY Y ZHBOFBETSCH VMBZPDEFEMSHUFCHHAF YuEMPCHEYUUFCHP ZPFPCHSHCHNY RTPZTBNNBNY, RPFYUKHAF EZP UPGIBMSHOSHCHNY PRSHCHFBNY, CHSHTSCHCHBAF DTHZ X DTHZB CHPTTSY DTEVE ЪTSBEYI LPMEUOYG Y LBFSFUS LHVBTEN RPD OPZY CHUVEUYCHYIUS MPYBDEK, - FY FBKOSHCHE ЪBZPCHPTEYLY, CHOE RPMYFYUEULYI UFTBUFEK Y RTEDTBUUUHDLPC - RP FH UFPTPOH DPZNSCH Y PVSB FEMSHOSHI CHETPCHBOYK, CHPPTHTSYCHYUSH NPMPFPN Y TEEGPN YULBOYK, NEDMEOOP PVFEUSCHCHBAF LBTsDSHK UCHPK UPVUFCHEOOOSCHK ZTHVSHCHK LBNEOSH, UFBTSUSH RTYDBFSH ENH RTBCHYMSHOHA, HDPVOHA DMS RTYZPOLY L DTHZYN ZhPTNKH. rTPYEDYYE RETCHSHCHK YULKHU LMBDHF Ъ LFYI LBNOEK ZHHODBNEOF Y CHPЪCHPDSF UFEOSCH OPCHPZP YDEBMSHOPZP iTBNB; YURSHCHFBOOSCHE H TBVPFE OBOPUSF RTELTBUOSCHK TYUKHOPL ABOUT YETFETSOKHA DPULCH Y THLPCHPDSF UFTPCLPK. CHEMYUBCHSHCHK iTBN TBUFEF Y CHYTSH Y CHCHSHCHUSH, - OP NBUYFBVSCH EZP FBLPCHSCH, UFP FPMSHLP CHUE YuEMPCHEUEFCHP NPZMP VSH PVEINY DTHTSOSCHNY KHUIMISNY DPCHETYFSH EZP RPUFTPKLH EDOOSCHN LH RPMPN. DPTSYFSH DP LFPZP OE NEYUFBEF OY PYO LBNEOEIL; PO DPCHPMSHUFCHHEFUS UCHPYN NBMSCHN CHLMBDPN, - Y PO HNITBEF, UBCHEEBS UCHPE DEMP NBUFETH OPCHPNKH, LPFPTSCHK, NPTSEF VSHFSH, RETEDEMBEF SBOPCHP CHUA EZP TBVPFKh, RPFPNKh YuFP MHYu YEE CHTBZ IPTPYEZP, YUFYOB OILPNKH OE Y'CHEUFOB...".

RETCHBS CHAMELBS mPCB rP NETE TPUFB YUYUMB MPTs CHPOYLBMB OEPVVIPDYNPUFSH LPPTDYOYTPCHBFSH YI DESFEMSHOPUFSH. rPFPPNKh MPODPOE Ch 1717 ZPDKh YuEFSCHTE MPTSY PVYAEDOYOMYUSH Y UPDBMY UCHPEPVTBOBOSCHK PTZBO OBDPTB, CHEMYLKHA MPCH, ETSEPDOSHCHE UPVTBOYS LPFPTPK RTYCHMELBMY RPCHSHCHIEOOPE CHOYNBOYE PVEEUFCHB Y RTCHTBEBMY PTDEO CH DYOBNYUOP TBUFHEEE DCHYTSEOYE. lBL VSH FP OH VSHMP, CH BOZMYY NETSDH 1737 Y 1907 ZPDBNY CH VTBFUFCHE UPUFPSMY YEUFOBDGBFSH RTYOGECH Y YUEFCHETP YOYI UFBMY CHRPUMEDUFCHY LPTPMSNY.
U PVYAEDOOYEN PRETBFICHOSHI Y RTJOBOOSCHI NBUPOCH CH EDYOPE VTBFUFCHP NBUPOUFCHP RTYOSMP FH ZHPTNKH, CH LPFPTPK POP UHEEUFCHHEF Y UEZPDOS. pF PRETBFICHOPZP NBUPOUFCHB POP RETEOSMP UFTPIFEMSHOSHOSCHE YOUFTTHNEOFSHCH, UFEROOY, PFTTBTSBAEYE HTPCHEOSH RPCHSEEOOPUFY YUMEOOPCH MPTs CH NBUPOULIE FBKOSHCH, UELTEFOSHCHE UMPCHB Y OBLY, RTY RPNPE L PFPTSCHI NBUPOSH HOBAF DTHZ DTHZB, PVSBOOPUFSH FTHDYFSHUS Y NOPZPE DTHZPE. rtyobooshche NBUPOSHCH, LPFPTSHCHE CH NBUUE UCHPEK VSHCHMY MADSHNY YOFEMMELFHBMShOPZP FTHDB, ABOUT LFPN ZHHODBNEOFE RPUFTPIMY UFTPKOPE UDBOYE NBUPOULPK UINCHPMYLY, LPFPTBS PFTBTSBM B YI RPOYNBOYE NYTB, CHETH CH CHP-NPTSOPUFSH UPDBOYS URTBCHEDMYCHPZP PVEEUFCHB YUETE UUPCHETOUFCHCHBOYE LBTsDPZP YEZP YumeOPCH Y PFOPIOEOYK NETsDH ONY. CHPOYLMY NBUPOULYE MEZEODSCH, OBYUBMYUSH RPYULY YUFYOSCH CH DTECHOYI CHETCHBOYSI Y HUEOYSI.
UYUYFBEFUS, UFP RPUMEDOIN CHEMYLYN nBUFETPN PRETBFICHOPZP NBUPOUFCHB VSCM BOZMYKULYK BTIYFELFPT LTYUFPJET TEO, RPUFTPYCHYK UPVPT uChSFPZP rBChMB Ch mpodpoe. h FEYUEOYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF, RPLB YMP UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP ITBNB, PO RPUEEBM TBURPMPTSEOOKHA OERPDBMELKh MPTSH uCHSFPZP rBCHMB.
p EZP NBUFETUFCHE ЪPDYUEZP DBEF RTEDUFBCHMEOYE FBLBS YUFPTYS. lPZDB UVPPT HCE VSHCHM RPYuFY RPUFTPEO, ZPTPDULYE CHMBUFY PVTBFYMY CHOYNBOYE OB FP, UFP CH GEOPTBMSHOPN RTPUFTBOUFCHE ITBNB OEF LPMPOO, LPFPTSHCHE RPDDETSYCHBMY VSH PZTPNOSCHI TB ЪNETCH RPFPMPL. LTYUFPZHET THEO HVETSDBM, YUFP LPMPOOSCHOE OHTSOSCH Y RPFPMPLOE PVCHBMYFUS, Y RTYCHPDYM CH LBYUEUFCHE DPLBBFEMSHUFCHB UCHPY TBUYEFSHCH. pDOBLP ENH OE RPCHETYMY Y TBURPTSDYMYUSH RPDRETEFSH RPFPMPL UPVPTB LPMPOOBNY. THEO CHSHCHRPMOYM LFP FTEVPCHBOYE, OP... CHPCHEDEOOSHCHE YN LPMPOOSCHOE DPUFBAF DP RPFPMLB, NETSDH LBRYFEMSNY Y UBNYN RPFPMLPN EUFSH RTPUFTBOUFCHP. LFY LPMPOOSCH, OE RPDRYTBAEIE RPFPMPL, UFPSF Y UEZPDOS, SCHMSSUSH UINCHPMPN CHSHCHUPYUBKYEZP NBUFETUFCHB ЪPDYUEZP Y PVSCHUOPZP OEDPCHETYS CHMBUFEK L DPUFYTSEOISN OBHL.
at ZPDBNY NBUPOUFCHP UCHCHETYEOUFCHCHBMP UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA. h 1723 ZPDKH CH BOZMYY VSCHMB PRHVMYLPCHBOB "LOYZB HUFBCHPCH", OBRYUBOOBS YPFMBODULYN UCHSEOOOYLPN dTSEKNUPN bodetutopn. FFPF DPLKHNEOF RTCHPYZMBYBM, UFP RTEDUFBCHYFEMY TBMYUOSCHI TEMYZYPHOSCHI FEYUEOYK DPMTSOSCH UHNEFSH PVYAEDOIFSHUS H DTHTSEUFCHEOOOPK BFNPUZHETE MPTSY DMS URPLPKOPZP PVUKhTSDEOY WITH OPCHSCHI IDEK. "IPFS H DTECHOYE CHTENEOB NBUPOSCH RTYOYNBMY CHETPYURPCEDBOYE FPC UFTBOSHCH, CH LPFPTPK POY OBIPDYMYUSH, FERETSH TS RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS GEMEUPPVTBOSCHN RTYOHDYFSH YI RETEKFI CH FH TEMYZYA, ZDE CHU E MADY RTYDHF L CHBYNOPNKH UZMBOYA, PUFBCHYCH RTY UEVE UCHPE YUBUFOPE NOOYE; , MADSHNY VMBZPTPDOSHNY Y YUEUFOSHCHNY, LBL OY VSHMY VSHCH TBMYUOSCH YI OBCHBOYS Y HVETSDEOYS", - ZPCHPTYMPUSH CH "LOYSE HUFBCHPCH".
at FEI RPT FETRYNPUFSH Y OERTEDKHVETSDEOOPUFSH UFBMY BLPOPN, UCHSFP UPVMADBAEYNUS CH NBUPOULYI FTHDBI. FYRPZTBZHULYN URPUPVPN "HUFBCHSHCH" VSCHMY YODBOSHCH CH bNETYLE CH 1734 ZPDH CHEMYLYN nBUFETPN VEODTSBNYOPN zhTBOLMYOPN CH zhYMBDEMSHZHYY.
pYUEOSH VSHCHUFTP NBUPOULPE VTBFUFCHP RHUFYMP LPTOY RP CHUENH ECHTPREKULPNH LPOFYOEOFH. h LPOGE 30-I ZPDCH XVIII CHELB MPTSY UHEEUFCHPCHBMY CH VEMSHZYY, tPUUYY, YFBMYY, ZETNBOYY, yCHEKGBTYY. h 1735 ZPDH CH rBTYCE DEKUFCHPCHBMP 5 MPTs, L 1742 ZPDH YI YUYUMP CHP-TPUMP DP DCHBDGBFY DCHHI, B Yuete UPTPL RSFSH MEF, OBLBOHOE zhTBOGHULPK TECHPMAGYY, YUYUMP NBUPOCH DPUFYZB MP 100 FSHCHUSYU.

nBUPOSH Y GETLPCHSH lBFPMYYUEULBS GETLPCHSH U RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFSHHA Y PRBULPK OBVMADBMB OB VSHCHUFTSHCHN TBURTPUFTBOOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. nBUPOSCH VSHCHUFTP UPDBMY UCHPY UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE TYFHBMSCH, YUFPTYA, MEZEODSCH Y YETBTIYA, LPFPTSCHE SCHMSAFUS OEPFYAENMENPK RTYOBDMETSOPUFSHHA PZHYGIBMSHOPK TEMYZYY. xCE Ch 1738 ZPDKh RBRB lMYNEOF XII CHSHCHUFKHRIM U RETCHSHCHN Y PYUEOSH STPUFOSHCHN PVMYUEOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. h UCHPEK OGYLMYLE ON RPCHEMECHBM PFMHYUBFSH PF GETLCHY CHUEI LBFPMYLPCH, RTPIEDYYI PVTSD RPCHSEEOIS CH NBUPOULPE VTBFUFCHP. rBRB PVYASCHYM, UFP RTYOPUYNBS NBUPOBNY LMSFCHB ITBOYFSH UELTEFSH VTBFUFCHB SCHMSEFUS HZTPPK UCHSEEOOPUFY YURPCHEDY Y CHMBUFY GETLCHY, CHSHUFHRBM RTPFICH UPFTKHDOYUUEUFCHB U M ADSHNY, YURPCHEDPCHBCHYI PFMYUOSCHE PF PZHYGBMSHOPK GETLCHY HVETSDEOYK. rP CHUEK ECHTPRE ZTBTSDBOULYE CHMBUFY OBYUBMY CHSHCHRPMOSFSH RTEDRYUBOYS, OBLMBDSCHCHBS ABOUT NBUPOCH YFTTBZHSHCH Y DBTS RPDCHETZBS YI RSHCHFLBN.
rTEUMEDPCHBOISNY UP UFPTPOSCH LBFPMYUEULPK GETLCHY OYUETRSCHCHBMYUSH ZPOEOIS ABOUT NBUPOCH. rPYUFY UTBYH RPUME PZHYGYBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFIS CHEMYLPK MPTSY CH mPODPOE CH 1717 ZPDH CH ZBEFBI UFBMY TEZHMSTOP RPSChMSFSHUS "TBBPVMBYUBAEYE" UPPVEEOIS P NBUPOUFCHE. nBUPOCH PVCHYOSMY H UPAIE U BOFIITYUFPN, HFCHETSDBMY, VHDFP ABOUT BLTSCHFSCHI UPVTBOYSI RTPIPDYF TBOKHDBOOSCHE PTZYY. rPMYFYUEULIE UPVSCHFIS, BNPTBMSHOSHCHE RPUFHRLY PFDEMSHOSHCHI UMEOPCH VTBFUFCHB CHTENS PF READING RPDPZTECHBMY BOFYNBUPOULIE OBUFTPEOYS. h 1735 ZPDH VSCHMY ЪBRTEEEOSCH UPVTBOYS ZPMMBODULYI MPTs YЪ VPSOY, UFP YUMEOSCH VTBFUFCHB RTYOYNBAF HYBUFYE CH RPMYFYYUEULYI YOFTYZBI. bOBMPZYUOSCHE BLTEFSCH RPUMEDPCHBMY CH HYCHEGYY CH 1738 ZPDKH Y CH 1745 ZPDKH CH yCHEKGBTYY.
OP OBYUBCHYEUS ZPOEOIS ABOUT NBUPOCH HTS OE NPZMY RTYCHEUFY L HOYUFPTSEOIA VTBFUFCHB, FBL UIMSHOSCH VSCHMY YI IDEY Y RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UFPTPOSCH CHMYSFEMSHOSCHI MADEK. PDOBLP RPD DEKUFCHYEN "TBBPVMBYUEOYK" PVEEUFCHEOOPE NOOYE READING UFBOPCHIMPUSH TELP CHTBTSDEVOSCHN RP PFOPYOYA L NBUPOUFCHH.

lBNEOEILY HIPDSF H OBHLH pFCHEFPN NBUPOCH UFBM HIPD CH YЪHYUEOYE YUFPTYY. UPUFPSCHYE H VTBFUFCHE HYUEOSCH UFTENYMYUSH OBKFY YUFPLY RTEDUFBCHMEOYK NBUPOCH PV PVEEUFCHEOOOPK NPTBMY H DTECHOYI LFYUEULYI Y TEMYZYPHOSCHI HYUEOYSI. sing PDOY Y RETCHSHI OBNEFIYMY TPDUFCHP DTECHOYI TEMYZYK Y YI FFYUEULYI UYUFEN NETsDH UPVPK, POY PFLTSCHMY RPTBYFEMSHOPE UIPDUFCHP LPUNPZPOYUEULYI RTEDUFBCHMEOYK P NYTE H TBMYUOSCHI OBTPDHR. fBL UFBMP RTYOYNBFSH UPCTENEOOHA ZHPTNKH RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P CHEMYLPN uFTPIFEME CHUEMEOOPK, CHPRMPFYCHYEN CH UEVE UEFTSHCH CHETIPCHOPZP VPTSEUFCHB TBMYUOSCHI OBTPDHR. yN HDBMPUSh ChPUUFBOCHYFSH UNSHUM BOFYUOSCHI NYUFETYK, RPUCHSFYFEMSHOSHCHI PVTSDPH TSTEGPCH DTECHOEZP eZYRFB, TBUYZHTPCHBFSH FBKOSHCH LBTF fBTP, RP-OPCHPNKh RTPUEUFSH RTEDBOYS BTYKU LYI OBTPPDCH GEOPTBMSHOPK BYY, HCHYDEFSH ZMHVYOOPE TPDUFCHP NETSDH FFYLPK YODHYYNB, VHDDYYNB, LPOZHHGYBOUFCHB, DBPUYYNB Y DTHZYI TEMYZYPOP-ZHYMPUPZHULYI UYU FEN chPUFPLB U LFYLPK CHEFIPZP bBCHEFB Y ityufiboufchb. rPUFEREOOP NBUPOUFCHP RTECHTBEBMPUSH CH UYOFEFYUEULPE, HOYCHETUBMSHOPE LFYLP-ZHYMPUPZHULPE HYUEOYE, UFP DBMP ENH CHPNPTSOPUFSH TBURTPUFTBOYFSHUS RP CHUENH NYTH, OE LPOZHMYLFHS RTY FFPN U TEMYZYPHOSHCHNY UYUFENBNY, PFMYUOSCHNY PF ITYUFYBOULPK TEMYZYY.
pDOBLP HYUEOYE FFP PUPVPZP UCHPKUFCHB: CHNEUFP ZHPTNKHMYTPCHPL, CHNEUFP UMPC DMS PVPOBBYUEOYS YUEMPCHEYUEULYI LBYUEUFCH, NPTBMSHOSHCHI, ZHYMPUPZHULP-LFYUEULYI RPOSFIK NBUPOSH YURPM SHJHAF UYNCHPMSHCH, CH LPFPTSHCHE RTECHTTBFIMYUSH CH RETCHHA PYUETESH UFTPIFEMSHOSHCHE YOUFTHNEOFSHCH. pDOBLP UNSCHUM RPOSFYK, LPFPTSHCHE PMYGEFCHPTSAF LFY YOUFTHNEOFSHCH, PFLTSCHCHBAFUS FPMSHLP FEN, LFP RTPYEM RPCHSEOYE Y CHSM ABOUT UEVS PVSBFEMSHUFCHP ITBOYFSH FBKOH. fBKOPC SCHMSAFUS FBLTS PUPVSHCHE UMPCHB Y OBLY, RP LPFPTSCHN NBUPOSH HOBAF DTHZ DTHZB. RETEIPDS Y UFEROOY H UFEREOSH NBUPO HOBEF OPCHSHCHE LBYUEUFCHB YOUFTHNEOPCHB Y UFPSEYE OB ONY OTBCHUFCHEOOOSCHE OPTNSCH, OPCHSHCHE UMPCHB Y OBLY, LPFPTSCHNY PO NPTCEF UPPVEYFSH HCE OE FPM SHLP UCHPEK RTYOBDMETSOPUFY L NBUPOULPNKh VTBFUFCHKH, OP Y P UFEROOY UCHPEZP RPCHSEEOIS.
UEZPDOS, LPZDB P NBUPOUFCHE YIDDBOP NOPZP LOIZ, LFY FBKOSH FBKOPC HCE OE SCHMSAFUS, Y FENOE NEOEE CHPMSHOSHE LBNEOEILY RTPDPMTSBAF YI ITBOIFSH. fBLPC RBTDPLU PVYASUOSEFUS DPCHPMSHOP RTPUFP: HNEOYE ITBOIFSH FBKOH - PDOP YUEMPCHEYUEULYI DPUFPYOUFCH, Y CHPURYFBOYE LFPZP LBYUEUFCHB CH UEVE - PDOB Yb PVSBOOPUFEK NBUPOB. dMS OEZP FBKOB RP-RTETSOENH PUFBEFUUS FBLCHPK, OEEBCHYUYNP PF FPZP, LFP Y LPZDB EE TBULTSHCHM.
pVSBOOPUFSH ITBOIFSH FBKOH RTPYUFELBEF Y Y DTHZYI UPPVTBTSEOIK. nBUPOUFCHP - DCHYTSEOYE ZHYMBOFTPRYUEULPE, F.E. PDOPC YI EZP GEMEK SCHMSEFUS UPFCHPTEOYE DPVTB VMYTSOIN. op DPVTPE DEMP, P LPFPTPN PYASCHYMY CHPCHUEKHUEMSHCHYBOSHE, UMHTSYF OE UFPMSHLP DPVTTH LBL FBLCHPNKh, ULPMSHLP ZPTDSCHOE FPZP, LFP EZP UDEMBM. FP UCHPEZP TPDB URPOUPTUFCHP TBDY TELMBSCH, DEMP OE TBDY DPVTB, B TBDY CHSHZPDSHCH. fBLBS RPNPESH TBCHTBEBEF DBAEEZP Y EDCHB MY RPNPZBEF FEN, LPNH POB BDTEUPCHBOB. rPDMYOOBS VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOPUFSH CHPNPTSOB FPMSHLP CH FBKOE, POB DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH BOPOINOPK, FPMSHLP FPZDB RPNPESH VHDEF RPRBDBFSH L FEN, LFP VPMSHIE CHUEZP CH OEK OHTSDBEFUS. rPFPNKh NBUPOSH CHUEZDB ITBOSF NPMYUBOYE P UCHPEK VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOPK TBVPFE.
l UPTSBMEOYA, LFY FBKOSHCH, RPDYUBU, OE DBAF RPLPS RPDPTYFEMSHOSHCHN MADSN, BUFBCHMSS YI CHYDEFSH CH LFPN UELTEFOSHCHE LPOY CHTBZPCH YMY CHUENYTOSHCHK SBZPCHPT MBDEECH, IPFS NBUPOUFCH P UHEEUFCHHEF HCE VPMEE 250 MEF RPYUFY PE CHUEI UFTBOBI NYTB Y DP UYI RPT OILFP OE UNPZ OBNEFYFSH UMEDPCH YMY TEEKHMSHFBFPC "YMPDEKULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY NBUPOCH".
dBCE OBPVPTPF. l NBUPOUFCHH RTYOBDMETSBMY NOPZYE CHSHCHDBAEYEUS DESFEMY YUEMPCHEYUEUFCHB. nBUPOBNY VSCHMB OBRYUBOB BNETYLBOULBS LPOUFYFHGYS, LPFPTBS CHRECHSHCHE H YUFPTYY UDEMBMB RTBCCHB YuEMPCHELB CHSHUYN ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHN BLPOPN. l NBUPOULPNH VTBFUFCHH RTYOBDMETSBMY LPNRPYFPTSCH chPMSHZHZBOZ bNBDEK nPGBTF, JETEOG MYUF, kPJEZH zBKDO, MADCHYZ CHBO VEFIPCHEO, OYLLPMP rBZBOYOY, SLPC UYVEMYKHU, RYU BFEMY yPZBOO chPMSHZHZBOZ ZEFE, tBVYODTBOBF fBZPT, chBMShFET ULPFF, PULBT hBKMShD, nBTL FCHEO, RPFShch bMELUBODT rPR, tPVETF VETOU, tedshstd LIERMIOSIS. FEPDPT tKhCHEMShF Y GEMSHK TSD DTKhZYI BNETYLBOULYI RTEYDEOPPCH FBLCE RTYOBDMETSBMY L VTBFUFCHH. nBUPOPN VSHCHM hYOUFPO yuETYuYMMSH, BOZMYKULYK LPTPMSh dDHBTD VII DP CHUFHRMEOYS ABOUT RTEUFPM UPUFPSM Ch VTBFUFCHE. nBUPOBNY VSCHMY FBLIE Y’CHEUFOSHCHE MADY, LBL dTsPO dtseklpv BUFPT Y ZEOTY ZhPTD, BCHYBFPT yubtmsh mYODEOVETZ, UCHETYCHYK RETCHSHCHK PYOPYUOSCHK RETEMEF YUETE bFMBOFILH, RPMS TOSHCHE YUUMEDPCHBFEMY tPVETF RYTY, NYFSHA iEOUPO, BDNYTBM TYUBTD VETD. bNETYLBOULYK BUFTPOBCHF dDCHYO PMDTIO, UFKHRYCHYK ABOUT RPCHETIOPUFSH MHOSHCH 21 YAMS 1969 ZPDB, OEU H LBTNBOE OBNS U NBUPOULYNY LNVMEMBNY.
OE NEOEE YJCHEUFOSCHNY Y CHSHCHDBAEYNYUS MADSHNY VSHMY Y THUULIE NBUPOSHCH: bMELUBODT UETZEECHYU rhylyo, bMELUBODT chBUIMSHECHYU uHCHPTCH, NYIBYM yMMYBTYPOCHYU ZPMEOEYECH-LHFH ЪPC - HCE LFYI FTEI YNEO DPUFBFPYUOP, YUFPVSCH PFVTPUYFSH CHUSLHA NSHCHUMSH P "NBUPOULPN ЪBZPCHPTE RTPFYCH tPUUYY". OP URYUPL NPTsOP RTPDPMTSYFSH: uKHNBTPLCH, OPCHILPC, vBTSEOPCH chPTPOYIYO, MECHYGLYK, vPTCHYLPCHULYK, tsHLPCHULYK, zTYVPEDCH, b.zTYZPTSHECH, chPMPYO, zHNYMECH, bMDBOPC, PUPTZ YO, bDBNPCHYU, zBDBOPCH. zhYMPUPZHULP-LFYUEULYE CHZMSDSHCH MSHCHB fPMUFPZP VSCHMY PYUEOSH VMYLLY NBUPOUFCHH, YuFP ON UBN RTYOBCHBM. PDOP RTPUFPE RETEYUYUMEOYE FFYI CHEMYLYI YNEO ZPCHPTYF P FPN, YuFP NBUPOULIE MPTSY tPUUY PVYAEDDYOSMY MHYUYI MADEK UFTBOSHCH, UFP CH OYI LPOGEOFTYTPCHBMBUSH BFNPUZHETB OBRTSEOOSCHI DH ICHOSHI YULBOYK.
NYIBYM PUPTZYO, CHSHCHDBAEYKUS THUULYK RYUBFEMSH, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM CH 1922 ZPDKH CHSHCHUMBO VPMSHYECHYLBNY YЪ tPUUYY, FBL PRTEDEMYM NBUPOUFCHP CH PDOPK YU UCHPYI TEYUEK: "nBUPOUFCH P CHPCHUE OE UYUFENB OTBCHUFCHEOOOSHI RPMPTSEOIK, YOE NEFPD RPBOBOIS, YOE OBHLB P TSYOYOY, Y DBTSE, UPVUFCHEOOP, OE HYUEOYE. YDEBMSHOPE LBNEOEYYUEFCHP EUFSH DHYECHOPE UPUFPSOYE YUEMPCELB, DESFEMSHOP UFTENSEEZPUS L YUFYOE Y OBAEEP, YuFP YUFYOB OEDPUFYTSYNB ... vTBFUFCHP CHPMSHOSCHI LBNEOEY LPCH EUFSH PTZBOYBGYS MADEK, YULTEOOOE CHETKHAEYI CH RTYIPD VPMEE UCHETIEOOOPZP YuEMPCHEUUFCHB. RTY RPNPE VTBFULPZP PVEEOIS U YЪVTBOOSCHNY Y UCHSBOOSCHNY PVEEBOYEN FBLPK CE OBD UPVPK TBVPFShch. MSHIKHKUS EZP RPNPESHA, HNOPTsBK TSSDCH UFPTPOOILPK FFK CHSHCHUPLPK GEMY.

nBUPOSHCH H tPUUYY RP RTEDBOYA, RETCHSHCHN TPUUIKULYN NBUPOPN VSCHM GBTSh REFT CHEMYLYK, LPFPTSCHK CH 1699 ZPDKH, ChTENS RTEVSCHCHBOYS CH BOZMYY U CHEMYLYN rPUPMSHUFCHPN, RTYOSM RPUCSEEOYE PF UBNPZP LTY UFPZHETB TEOB, BCH PDOPC U OIN MPCE UPUFPSM JTBOG INTERPTF. OP OILBLYI DPLKHNEOPCH, RPDFCHETSDBAEII LFP, OE OBKDEOP. pDOBLP DPUFPCHETOP RPDFCHETSDEOP, UFP NBUPOULYE MPTSY UHEEUFCHPCHBMY CH tPUUYY CH 30-I ZPDBI XVIII UFPMEFIS, OP YI FTHDOP OBCHBFSh TPUUYKULYNY, RPULPMSHLKH CH OYI UPUFPSMY RPYuFY Y ULMAYUYFEMSHOP YOPUFTBOGSCH, B RETCHSHCHN "CHEMILYN NBUFETPN DMS CHUEK TPUUY" VSCHM OBOBBYUEO CH 1731 ZPDKH BOZMYKULYK LBRYFBO DTsPO zhYMYRU .
h 1740 ZPDKh VSHCHM OBOBBYUEO OPCHSHCHK ZTPUUNEKUFET ZOEETBM dTSEKNU (SLPC) LEKF, UPUFPSCHYK ABOUT THUULPK UMHTSVE. uYUYFBEFUS, UFP U FFPZP READING CH MPTSY OBYUOBAF CHUFHRBFSH THUULBS OBFSH. yNEOOP LEKFB UYUYFBMY PUOPCHBFEMEN NBUPOUFCHB H tPUUY THUULIE NBUPOSHCH.
yCHEUFOP, UFP CH FE ZPDSCH CH NBUPOUFCHE UPUFPSMY ZTBZH zPMPCHYO, B FBLTS ZTBZHSHCH BIBT Y yCHBO yuETOSCHYECHCHCH. rPDOEE CH OEZP CHUFKHRIMY TPNBO ChPTPOGCH (PFEG LOSZYOY dBYLPCHPK), ZPMYGSHCHOSCH, fTHVEGLPK, B FBLTS b.r.uHNBTPLCH, VHDHEYE YUFPTYLY LOSSH eETVBFCH Y vPMFYO Y DT.
pDOBLP CH FP CHTENS MPTSY OE NPZMY RTYCHMEYUSH U UCHPY TSDSCH ULPMSH-MYVP VPMSHYPZP YUYUMB THUULYI MADEK, YVP PVEEUFCHP VSHMP RPYUFY MYYEOP YDEKOSHCHI YOFETEUPCH Y CHYDEMP CH NBUPOUFCHE MY YSH NPDOHA ЪBZTBOYUOKHA ЪBVBCHKh. uchydefemshufchpn ffpnh schmsefus chmsefus chmsefus chfmsefu FCHB Y FEEUMBCHYS.
PE CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOE XVIII RPMPTSEOYE NEOSEPHUS. lTBFLPCHTENEOOOPE GBTUFCHPCHBOYE REFTTB III, VMBZPZPCHCHEZP RETED JTYDTYIPN Y CH RPDTBTSEOIE ENH PLBSCHCHBCHYK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP NBUPOBN, B BLFEN CHEL ELBFETYOSCH U EZP VPMEOOOSCHN PU NSHUMEOOYEN ZHTBOGKHULYI ZHIMPUPZHPCH-YOGYLMPREDYUFCH Y U UFPMSH TSE VPMEOEOOOSCHN TBBYUBTPCHBOYEN CH OYI, RPSCHMEOYEN RETCHPK THUULPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY U HER OBRTTSEOOSCHNY DHIPCHOSHCHNY RPYULB NY UPDBM VMBZPRTYSFOHA BFNPUZHETH DMS CHPURTYSFYS NBUPOULYI YIDEK.
lTHTSLY THUULPK YOFEMMYZEOGY Y NBUPOULYE MPTSY FPZP READ CHPOYLMY ABOUT PDOK Y FPK TSE PUOPCHE - PUPBOBOY PVEEUFCHEOOOPK PRBUOPUFY Y TBCHTBBEEEZP CHMYSOIS CHPMSHFETSHSO UFCHB ABOUT THUULYE KHNSCH. CHUE NBUPOSHCH FPZP CHTENEOY RTPYMY YUETEI HCHMEYUEOYE "CHPMSHFETSHSOULYN PFTYGBOYEN" Y, ZMHVPLP CH OEN TBBYUBTPCHBMYUSH, RETETSYMY DHYECHOSHCHK TBMBD Y OBYMY PUOPCHH DMS UCHPYI DHIPCHOSCHI YULBOYK CH "RTCHPCHEDY NBUPOULPK OTBCHUFCHEOOPUFY". yNEOOP U UFFPZP NPNEOFB NBUPOUFCHP H tPUUYY RETEUFBEF VSCHFSH YOPENOPK DYLPCHYOPK, PVPZBEBEFUS DKHIPN RTPUSCHRBAEEZPUS OBGYPOBMSHOPZP UBNPUPOYOBOYS Y RPFPNKh NPCEF VSHCHFSH U X CHETEOOPUFSHHA OBCHBOP RETCHSHCHN YDEBMYUFYUEULYN FEYUEOOYEN THUULPK PVEEUFCHEOOOPK NSHCHUMY.
RP PGEOLE o.VETDSECHB CH TBVPFE "THUULBS IDES", DHIPCHOPE CHMYSOYE NBUPOUFCHB ABOUT PVEEUFCHP VSHMP PZTPNOP. PO HLBSCHCHBEF, UFP "MHYUYE THUULIE MADY VSCHMY NBUPOBNY. RETCHPOBYUBMSHOBS THUULBS MYFETBFHTB YNEMB UCHSHSH U NBUPOUFCHPN. GYEK PVEEUFCHB CH tPUUYY, FPMSHLP POP YOE VSHMP OBCHSBOP ACCORDING TO CHMBUFSH". RP EZP HVETSDEOYA, YNEOOP "CH NBUPOUFCHE RTPYYPYMB ZHPTNBGYS THUULPK LHMSHFHTOPK DHY, POP CHSHTBVBFSHCHBMP OTBCHUFCHEOOOSCHK YDEBM MYUOPUFY. rTBCHPUMBCHYE VSHMP, LPOEYUOP, VPMEE ZMH VPLYN CHMYSOOYEN ABOUT DHY THUULYI MADEK, OP CH NBUPOUFCHE PVTBBPCHBMYUSH LHMSHFHTOSHCHE DHY REFTCHULPK LRPIY Y RTPFYCHPRPUFBCHMSMYUSH DEURPFIYNKH CHMBUFY Y PVULHTBOFYNHKH ... h NBUPOULPK BFNPUZHETE RTPYUIPDYMP DHIPCHOPE RTPVHCDEOYE...".
h 70th ZPDSCH CH tPUUY CHPOYLBAF RPYUFY PDOCHTENEOOP DCHE NPEOSCHE NBUPOULIE UYUFENSCH - EMBZYOULBS Y GIOOEODPTZHULBS. pVE TBVPFBMY CH RETCHSHCHI FTEI UFEREOSI F.O. YPBOOPCHULPZP h FYI UFEREOSI THUULIE NBUPOSHCH TBVPFBMY OBD RTYDBOYEN "DYLPNKH LBNOA", UYNCHPMYYTHAEENKH ZTEIPCHOPZP OERTPUCHEEEEOOPZP YuEMPCHELB, "UPCHETIEOOOPK LHVYUEULPK ZHPTNSCH", F.E. PUYEEOYEN EZP PF RTPPLCH. sing RTYPVTEFBMY VPME YTPLYE RP UTBCHOEOYA U RTETSOYNY TEMYZYPЪP-LFYUEULIE RPOSFYS, BDKHNSCHCHBMYUSH OBD CHPRTPUBNY CHETSHCH Y OTBCHUFCHEOOPUFY, HRPTO CHPURYFSHCHCHBMY CH UEVE UPCHEUFMYCHSHI Y YUEUFOSHCHI MADEK.
y.r.eMBZYO, CHUFKHRICHYYK CH NBUPOUFCHP EEE CH 1750 ZPDKh, L FPNKh READING HUREM "RETEVPMEFSH" CHPMSHFETSHSOUFCHPN Y UFBM TECHOPUFOSHCHN "CHPMSHOSCHN LBNEOEILPN". according to RPMHYUYM PF CHEMYLPK mPODPOULPK MPTSY RBFEOF ABOUT HUTETSDEOYE OPCSHCHI MPTS, Y CH OBYUBME 1772 ZPDB UFBM rTPCHYOGYBMSHOSHCHN CHEMYLYN nBUFETPN. PUOPCHBOOBS YN UYUFENB MPTs VSCHMB OBYVPMEE CHMYSFEMSHOPK, YCH LPOGE LPOGPCH DBCE THLPCHPDYFEMY GOOEODPTZHULPK UYUFENSCH DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY YURTBYCHBFSH X OEZP RBFEOF DMS PFLTSCHFIS OPCHSHCH AND NBUFETULY. y EUMY MPTSY GIOOEODPTZHULPK UYUFENSCH UPDBCHBMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP CH UBOLF-REFETVKhTZE, FP EMBZYOULYE UHEEUFCHPCHBMY FBLTSE CH nPULCHE, CH nPMDBCHY, CH RPMSHYE.

from TBCHUFCHEOOOSCHE YULBOYS tPUUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP 70-I ZPDCH YUFPTYLY OBSCCHCHBAF OTBCHPHYUYFEMSHOSHCHN. U FYN FTHDOP OE UZMBUIFSHUS. pVEEUFCHEOOBS RPMENYLB CH MYFETBFHTE, UBFYTYUEULYI TSKHTOBMBI FPZP READING CHTBBEFUUS CHPLTHZ RTPVMEN MYUOPK YuEUFY, UPCHEUFY, RPTSDPYUOPUFY, RTBCHDYCHPUFY, CHPCHUE OE UBFTZ YCHBS VPMEE YITPLYE CHPRTPUSCH.
OP CH OBYUBME 80-I ZPDCH TPUUYKULYI "CHPMSHOSCHI LBNEOEILPCH" HCE RETEUFBAF HDPCHMEFCHPTSFSH "OTBCHUFCHEOOOSCHE RTERPDBSOYS" FTEIUFEREOOPZP NBUPOUFCHB. ChPURYFBOOSCHE ABOUT ZHTBOGKHULYI ZHYMPUPZHBI HNSCH FTEVPCHBMY OPCHPK RYEY, bNEYBOOPK OE ABOUT CHPMSHFETSHSOULPN ULERFYGYYNE, B OERTENEOOOP ABOUT TEMYZYP'OP-YDEBMYUFYUEULYI YDESI. OP BRBDOPECHTPREKULBS ZHYMPUPZHYS PRYTBMBUSH ABOUT TBCHYFHA OBHLKH, Y VPTSHVB RTPFICH OEE FTEVPCHTBMB "PTHTSYS", RTECHPUIPDSEEZP RP UYME OTBCHPHYUYFEMSHOSHCHE RTPRPCHEDY. eUMMY HUEUFSH UMBVPUFSH TBCHYFYS TPUUYKULPK LTYFYUEULPK NSHCHUMY, FP OEHDYCHYFEMSHOP, UFP LFY RPYULY RTYCHEMY L RPCHBMSHOPNH HCHMEYUEOYA NYUFILPK Y OBFHTZHYMPUPZHYEK.
h FY ZPDSH RPSCHMSEFUS VPMSHYBS TBOYGB NETSDH FEN, YUEN BOINBAFUS NBUPOSHCH DCHHI TPUUYKULYI UFPMYG. h UBOLF-REFETVKhTZULYI CH MPTSBI CHUE RPZMPEEOSCH NYUFYLPK Y PLLHMSHFYJNPN; UFPMYGH RPUEEBEF ZTBZH lBMYPUFTP, LPFPTPZP FPTCEUFCHEOOP RTYOYNBEF CH UCHPEN DPNE yCHBO emBZYO. ZhTBYOBS RHVMYLB CHBMPN CHBMYF ABOUT EZP "PRSHCHFSCH", ZDE ON CHSHCHCHCHBEF DHIPCH, FEOY HNETYI, PVCYUBEF BMIYNY Y Y "MBFPDEMBOYA". According to RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS "RPMLPCHOILPN YURBOULPK UMHTSVSHCH", OP CHULPTE CH REFETVKhTZULYI ZBEFBI RPSCHMSEFUS ЪBSCHMEOYE YURBOULPZP RPUMB P FPN, UFP OILBLPZP FBLPZP "RPMLPCHOILB" "ABOUT UMHTSVE EZP ZPUHDBTS ABOUT OBJUIFUS. bFEN RPSCHMSAFUS RTEDUFBCHYFEMY LTEDIFPTPCH, LPFPTSHCHE TBSHCHULYCHBAF lBMYPUFTP RP CHUEK ECHTPRE. tBTBTSBEFUS ZTPNLYK ULBODBM, ZTBZH VETSYF YJ REFETVKhTZB, Y ZBEEFSH DPMZP EEE EDLP RYYHF P NBUPOBI, CHPUFPTTSEOOP RTYOYNBCHYYI RTPIPDYNGB.
h nPULCHE CH FP CHTENS NBUPOSHCH BOINBAFUS RTPUCHEFYFEMSHUFCHPN. geoftbmshopk zhyzkhtpk ЪDEUSH UFBOCHYFUS ojlpmbk opchylpch - CHydoekyk Tpuuykulyk rhvmygyuf, loyzpyjdbfemsh y rtpuchefyfemsh. TBOEE ON TSYM CH UBOLF-REFETVKhTZE, ZDE UMHTSYM CH BTNYY, CHSCHYEM CH PFUFBCHLH RTBRPTEYLPN yЪNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB, RPFPN YЪDBCHBM YЪCHEUFOSHCHE Y RPRHMSTOSHCHE UBFYTYUEULY E TsHTOBMSCH "fTHFEOSH", "TSYCHPRYUEG", "LPYEMEL". RETEVTBCHYUSH H nPULCHH, BY VETEF H BTEODH FYRPZTBZHYA nPULPCHULPZP HOYCHEUYFEFB. OH CH LPFPTPFLPK UFBFSHE, OY CH FPMUFPK LOYSE OEF CHPNPTSOPUFY RETEYUYUMYFSH CHUE, UFP CHSHYMP Yb UFEO EZP FYRPZTBZHYY. FP HYUEVOYLY, MYFETBFHTOSHCHE RTPYCHEDEOYS, OBHYUOSCHE Y ZHYMPUPZHULYE FTHDSCH, TBVPFSCH THUULYI Y OBTHVETSOSCHI FEPMPZCHCH. VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH LFYI LOYZ OILPZDB H tPUUY OE YJDBCHBMBUSH, NOPZYE YJ OYI VSHMY CHETCHECHEDEOSCH U MBFYOULPZP Y OENEGLPZP SJSCHLCH, RTYUEN RETCHPDYUYLBNY VSCHMY UV HDEOFSH HOYCHETUYFEFB. bUCHPA TsYoSH PO YdDBM VPMSHIE LOIS (OE RP FYTBTSKH, B RP OBCHBOISN!), Yuen Vshchmp Yddbop dp OEZP bb CHUA YUFPTYA ZPUHDBTUFCHB tPUUYKULPZP.

aboutBYUBMP ZPOEOIK hCHMEYUEOYE PLLHMSHFYINPN Y NYUFILPK, B FBLTS RPUFPSOOSCHE NEFBOIS TPUUYKULYI CHPMSHOSHI LBNEOEILPC, PVTBEBCHYIUS FP L PDOPC, FP L DTHZPK NBUPOULYN UYUFENBN, UPUMKhTSYMY YN D HTOHA UMHTsVH. bB ULBODBMPN ChPLTKhZ ZTBZhB lBMYPUFTP RPUMEDPCHBM RBNZHMEF ELBFETYOSCH II "fBKOB RTPFYCHPOEMERPZP PVEEUFCHB", Ch LPFPTPN NPTSOP VSCHMP TBZMSDEFSH RETCHSHCHE RTYOBLY RTYVMYTSBAE JEUS ZPOEOIK. at RPDPTEOYEN PLTHTSEOYE YNRETBFTYGSCH CHPURTYOYNBMP Y UCHSKY TPUUYKULYI NBUPOCH U NBUPOBNY ZETNBOYY, yCHEGYY, BOZMYY. rPUME RKHZBYECHULPZP ChPUUUFBOYS YNRETBFTYGB OBYOBEF U OEDPCHETYEN, B RPTPK Y U CHTBTSDPK PFOPUYFSHUS L YDESN UCHPVPDSH MYUOPUFY Y OBTPDOPZP RTPUCHEEEEOIS, TECHPMAGYS PE JTBOGYY MYYSH HVE TsDBEF EE, UFP FBLPZP TPDB IDEY NPZHF RTEDUFBCHMSFSH DMS NPOBTIIY PRBUOPUFSH.
l FPNKh TSE CH 80-I ZPDBI CH ZETNBOY OBYUBMPUSH HUIMEOOPE RTEUMEDPCHBOYE FBKOSHCH PVEEUFCH, YNECHYI PFOPYOYE L NBUPOUFCHH Y YMMANYOBFUFCHH. yI PVCHYOSAF CH HTSBUOSHI RTEUFHRMEOYSI, CH UFTENMEOYY OYCHETZBFSH FTPOSCH, BMFBTY, CH PFTBCHMEOYSI Y HVYKUFCHBI. IPFS LFY PVCHYOEOYS VSCHMY ZPMPUMPCHOSCHNY Y OILPZDB DPLBBOSHCHOE VSCHMY, POI BUFBCHYMY ELBFETYOKH RP-DTHZPNH CHZMSOHFSH ABOUT TPUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP.
zPOEOIS OBJOYOBAFUS U RPCHSHCHIEOOOPZP CHOYNBOYS L YDDBFEMSHULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY CH nPULCHE o.OPCHYLPCHB. pDOCHTENEOOP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UFBMP RTEUMEDPCBFSH Y VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH OPCHYLPCHULPZP LTHTSLB, RPD RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPN LPFPTPZP UFTOYMYUSH YLPMSCH, VPMSHOYGSCH. h SOCHBTE 1786 ZPDB RPSCHMSEFUS HLB P RETEDBYUE CHUEI YUBUFOSHCHI YLPM Y VPMSHOYG rTYLBH PVEEUFCHEOOPZP RTJTEOYS, LPFPTPPNH FBLTS RPCCHEMECHBMPUSH OBVMADBFSH b Chueny Hyutets DEOYSNNY OPCHILPCHULPZP LTHTSLB. tbdbyub opchylpchshchn IMEVB RTPUFPNKh OBTPDH H ZPMPDOPN 1687 ZPDH RPUMHTSYMB FPMYULPN L VPMEE LOOETZYUOSCHN NETTBN: RPUMEDPCHBMP ЪBRTEEEOYE REYUBFBFSH H UCHEFULYI FYRPZTBJYSI LOY ZY, PFOPUSEYEUS L GETLPCHOPNKH YMY UCHSEEOOPNKH RYUBOYA, BRTEEEOB YI RTPDBTsB CH YUBUFOSHCHI MBCHLBI, OBLPOEG, RPUMEDPCHBMP BRTEEEOYE PFDBCHBFSH OPCHILPCHH HOYCHETUYFEFULHA FIRPZTB JJA, UFP ZTPYMP RTELTBEEOYEN YODBFEMSHULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY.
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The word "mason" brings up many associations - the heroes of "War and Peace", secret brotherhoods and rituals, the interests of cynical world elites. However, this is not just a veil of the XIX century - Masonic lodges are as real today as they were then. Moreover, they still influence politics. About whether there are still Masons left and what goals they pursue, the writer, founder of the magazine "Russian House" Yuri Vorobyevsky spoke in the program "Radio Kuzichev".

Freemasonry - anti-religion?

Anatoly Kuzichev: Let's talk about this surprisingly popular and completely incomprehensible and underestimated concept. What is Freemasonry, who are Freemasons?

Yuri Vorobyevsky: You are absolutely right. This is really the antithesis of Orthodoxy. The fact is that we have such a strange system. You say this in the presence of some well-educated, nice, normal priest or someone from the Orthodox audience about this - and immediately your interlocutor has a sore throat that tries to turn into a sarcastic smile, a nervous tic arises, people climb right under the table. And, for example, on Athos, where I often visit, and in Greece - a completely different attitude.
Quite recently, a book by Archimandrite Epiphanius was published in Greece, which we have already translated into Russian, called Freemasonry in the Light of Truth. She speaks of Freemasonry as an anti-religion. Cult, object of worship, a kind of supreme being.

A.K.:Anti-religion or an independent, new religion? Or another religion?

Yu.V.: We can say that yes, it is a different religion. This is precisely a religion with all the signs, as this learned archimandrite points out.

A.K.: So Freemasonry is a religion? New, with other creeds, with a different meaning, apparently. From a different perspective.

Yu.V.: Freemasonry is a religion with a huge number of stolen symbols, including Orthodox ones. For example, the 33rd degree in Freemasonry has a double-headed eagle as its symbol. The 30th degree is the rider who conquers the serpent.

A.K.: What's the degree?

Yu.V.: Hierarchy system.

A.K.: And, the hierarchical system - it is measured in degrees ...

Yu.V.: Moreover, you know, there are places where the entrance is a ruble, and the exit is ten. At the first stages, a person is told that you are entering the sweetest community of brothers. Male order. What's bad? Well, there are a lot of them. And then they start calling...

What masons lure people?

A.K.: Tell me, Yuri Yuryevich, this is very important. Let's say someone comes up to me. The famous freemason Bogdanov, who even ran for the presidency of the Russian Federation. And he will say: "Anatoly Alexandrovich, there is a proposal." I tell him: "Interesting." "Join our ranks." I say: "Whose one of ours?" He says: "Listen, the most ancient order, male."

And I ask: “Well, what’s the point? I understand what my faith, my religion, my Orthodoxy gives me. I understand what my job, full-time, on a TV channel gives me. I'll ask him. What will he answer me, I wonder?

Yu.V.: There is a certain material qualification. If you are rich enough, they will come to you. If they haven't come yet, they will. If you are influential, promising, of course, it can be.

When I became interested in this topic in the early 1990s, I also had a good broadcast, prime time on Channel One. I had copyright programs. And so, using my journalistic opportunities, I ended up in a Moscow apartment. A lovely couple, husband and wife, and in the future, in the near future, he will become the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia. She will receive initiation in Paris, in the women's box.

A.K.: Are names allowed or not? Or awkward?

Yu.V.: I think you can already say, because already the former. Georgy Borisovich Dergachev. And his wife, Olga Sergeevna Gornostaeva, who just recently reposed as an Orthodox person, you can pray for her. Thanks to the fact that she understood where she ended up, she handed me her documents, her diaries, which later turned into a book. There is also a movie on the subject. The book is called The Fifth Angel Sounded. Without false modesty, this is probably the only book about modern Freemasonry in Russia and in the world that is documentary.

A.K.: Yuri Yuryevich, but what does freemasonry offer?

Yu.V.: Freemasonry offers international solidarity links. Every person is offered success.

A.K.: Ah. This is the religion of success. If you say that it is a religion, it is a religion of success.

Yu.V.: Pride is encouraged. If a businessman, they will tell you, and this is actually the case. You come to any major city, take a Masonic directory, dial the phone and say the right words there: "I am brother such and such." And you will be helped. If you, say, a retired lieutenant colonel, did not finish your service, did not become a general. You join a knightly order, a military, one might say, knightly order. And after a certain number of years, you are no longer just a general, you are a Kadosh Knight or someone else. These are such magnificent names in Freemasonry, in fact, they are sometimes funny. Here is the Knight Kadosh - in Hebrew "kadosh" means "holy." Imagine, a person says: "Very nice, I'm a saint." They shake hands with him and say: "And I am the prince of the East, it is very pleasant."

A.K.:Beautiful.

Yu.V.: Nice, but a little funny.

A.K.: Modernism is simple. Now, Yuri Yuryevich, about some famous Russian Freemasons.

About Freemasonry in Russia

Reference:

Alexander Pushkin. Joined the Freemasons in 1821. But it is unlikely that his attitude to the secret organization can be called serious - among the poet's papers, the account books of the Masonic lodge were found, which he filled with his poems.

Commander Alexander Suvorov was one of the very first Freemasons in St. Petersburg. In the capital's lodge "Three Stars" he reached the degree of Master. And Suvorov brought his passion for the organization of freemasons from Koenigsberg.

"Eternally green laurel" - such a Masonic name was M Ikhail Kutuzov. He had the highest degrees of initiation and participated in the meetings of lodges in St. Petersburg, Frankfurt and Berlin.
The historian and writer Nikolai Karamzin was a member of the Masonic lodge for only four years. However, he stood up for the former brothers during the arrest of members of the order in Moscow.

Philosopher and Decembrist Petr Chaadaev wore the eighth degree of initiation into the order out of nine possible. He was a member of the St. Petersburg lodge, but left it, disappointed in meaningless rituals and empty talk.

Alexander Griboyedov took participation in the order seriously. The goal of the lodge, the writer and diplomat saw the enlightenment of Russia.

Participant in the collapse of the Russian Empire Alexander Kerensky was a member of the leadership of the paramasonic organization "Great East of the peoples of Russia".

A.K.: Indeed, some amazing names. Okay, Kerensky, okay, even Karamzin - but Suvorov, Pushkin, Kutuzov, Griboyedov ...

Yu.V.: Yes, this is the same clip that is prepared, that shoots ... And people of spiritual, ideal motivations. Of course, not all of us are businessmen, and not all of us are pragmatists. There are humanities students, candidates of sciences and aspiring writers. Of course, when a person is told that you are in the same company with Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Karamzin ... Good company, right?

A.K.: Also with Suvorov, Kutuzov, Griboyedov.

Yu.V.: By the way, the Bogdanov you mentioned, as I remember, simply said in his election slogan: "I represent an organization whose members are..." - and their enumeration begins.
As for Suvorov, I had a special investigation - it's all wrong. He was in Koenigsberg when his dad was the governor-general of the new Russian region, let's say. He was simply sent by his father to the box, to probe. And in the Masonic books it remains that he was present at the meeting of the lodge. And off we go.

A.K.: Didn't he become a Master?

Yu.V.: No, as far as I know.

Yu.V.: This, of course, is the desire of the Masons - to rake up everything that is possible for themselves. Although, in fact, there are already a lot of people. Indeed, the 18th-19th centuries are such a craze.

A.K.: What about the craze? Enlightenment, mystery and terrible conspiracies? This is terribly interesting...

Yu.V.: And all at the same time. Everything we are talking about now reminds me of a plot from the life of Macarius the Great. He is walking in the desert and he meets the devil. The devil is all hung with some kind of bubbles. The saint asks the devil: "Where are you going?" - "I'm going to the brethren." - "And what are you carrying?" - "For every taste".

For every taste. Indeed, the order has a very long experience, centuries-old. Therefore, for every taste. A retired officer, a promising businessman.

And it does influence. Once I came to Athos, to my good old friend, hieroschemamonk, who was our intelligence agent in Afghanistan, then he was a big businessman, he had factories abroad. Now he, in a shabby cassock, in sandals on his bare feet, says: "Listen, bring me your book about Masons." I answer him: "Father, why do you need this "Fifth Angel" here on Athos?" - “Yes, you know,” he says, “I still have businessmen friends in Bulgaria. When they became rich, they came to them and said: “Guys, do you understand what we are? We are international solidarity, business." "Well, yes, we'll think about it," they answered. They thought somehow sluggishly. Six months pass, they come again, they say: "Guys, you probably didn't understand our conversation. Bulgaria is a very small country. And cut off your oxygen, using international…” And the guys start to get nervous, they say: “How is it, we are still Orthodox people…” - “Ah, that. Yes you! We will introduce you to both priests and bishops.” Bluff? I won’t comment on this moment now.

A.K.: No, you comment, this is fundamentally important, in fact. Your version: bluff?

Yu.V.: You know, Comrade Brzezinski called Russian Orthodoxy the main enemy of America. Remember this quote?

A.K.: Yes, we remember.

Yu.V.: Speaking in terms of war, "the main enemy." Agents are sent into the camp of the enemy.

A.K.: Always.

Yu.V.: So I was at first shocked by his words. Bluff, no bluff? Then I thought: well ... It's unpleasant to go into this topic, to be honest. But I brought him this book. Because these guys are confused, all the cards are knocked out of their hands.

This archimandrite, he wrote: "Look what happens in these rituals. At a certain stage of the initiation there some master of ceremonies says when they knock on the box: "Who are you, what do you want?" - We are the children of Darkness, we want to enter and receive Light". Imagine if these are Orthodox baptized people!

Does the secret come out?

A.K.: In general, Masonic lodges are secret organizations?

Yu.V.: You know, as the Freemasons themselves say, this is not a secret organization, it is an organization that has secrets.

A.K.: Is there a reference book of Russian Freemasons? View by name...

Yu.V.: Yes, you know, there is Serkov's handbook.

A.K.: G where to find it?

Yu.V.: Well, I think the circulation has passed.

A.K.: And on the Internet, you think?

Yu.V.: Probably you can.

A.K.:Directory of Russian Freemasons. But modern ones are mostly not indicated.

Yu.V.: But we know many, they have already given interviews.

A.K.: For example? Except Bogdanov.

Yu.V.: Dergachev, for example. Earlier, when Dergachev was the Grand Master, he said: "Only, please, in no case should my name be mentioned anywhere, this is not accepted with us." Now, apparently, things are getting easier. They ask another question. Names of famous politicians. They say to me: "Listen, you are there with the 33rd sign ..."

A.K.: I’ve been carefully and for a very long time summing up to this ...

Yu.V.: When they begin to call names, I say: "My friends, if I cannot show the document, what can I say." But I do know one thing. That back in the early 1990s, in the system of the Scottish rite (a powerful world Masonic rite), the Aurora lodge was created in Moscow for English-speaking foreigners working here. Then, as far as I know, some Russian VIPs, recognizable people, began to enter this box.

A.K.: AND from the Russian media elite, you hint...

Yu.V.: No, from the most diverse Russian elite, including the political one.
But there is another point. The fact is that in the Russian tradition it is still not customary for a serious famous person to talk about this, in contrast to the American tradition. Everyone knows that Washington, the founder of the United States, was a Freemason. Great doer.

A.K.: We even know what architectural design Washington was built on. Don't know this story? Fantastically interesting story.

Yu.V.: Yes Yes. Masonic architecture.

Here in Russia they hide information about the Aurora Lodge...

A.K.: Why?

Yu.V.: Yes, painfully unpleasant historical things. See. "The golden age" of Catherine, the "golden age" of freemasonry. Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov and his company were arrested at the very moment when Catherine realized that the craze was intensifying, and a huge number of nobles close to her, the military and not only, it turns out, swear allegiance not only to her, the Empress, but also to that Grand Master, which is located in Prussia. In Prussia, with which terrible relations, it almost came to war. In modern terms, it smacks of high treason. The first wave of anti-Masonic state acts.
The second peak moment is the gentlemen of the Decembrists. Everyone had connections with some Masonic, para-Masonic organizations, almost everyone.

A.K.: Pyotr Chaadaev was remembered, for example ...

Yu.V.: And most importantly, where all the threads led. The threads led, in particular, to Italy. Such was the initiatory name of Nubia, a very famous Mason. Everything went from there. From the Grand Lodge of England, of course.

Well, the February Revolution. The remarkable Orthodox publicist, Archbishop Nikon Rozhdestvensky, wrote a lot about the dangers of freemasonry before the revolution. And one day he wrote: “One well-known bishop came up to me and said: “Vladyka, well, why are you writing all about these Masons? Who saw them at all, where are they? And do they exist at all?" These questions are also often asked to me.

And now, several years have passed after this conversation - and suddenly the Provisional Government, where 99 percent are mythical, non-existent Freemasons, gets power in a vast country.

A.K.: D but, led by a very specific Freemason Alexander Kerensky.

Yu.A.: And Nikon Rozhdestvensky was not just killed - he was cut off his head. And this is a ritual Masonic moment.

Masonic symbols

Reference: Symbols around. Columns. A gate for the initiate and an exit to the light for the seeker.

Columns of the Jerusalem Temple. The symbolic columns are reminiscent of obelisks inscribed with hieroglyphs that towered in front of Egyptian temples.

Steps. Steps can be depicted between the columns of the temple, which symbolize trials and purification by the elements upon receiving Masonic initiation.

Mosaic floor. The columns are followed by a mosaic floor with alternating white and black cells in a checkerboard pattern. The symbolism of alternation suggests that in the realm of our feelings everything is balanced with strict precision.

Cutter and hammer. To implement his work, the student is given tools - a chisel representing the established thought, a decision made, and a hammer - the will that puts them into action.

Stone. A rough stone is placed next to one column, and a cubic stone on the other. Symbolically, the Masonic work is to improve the creations of nature by hewing a rough stone.

Hammer of the Venerable Master. The hammer is used by the venerable Master of the lodge, the first guardian of the lodge and the second guardian of the lodge when performing ritual work.

Plumb. Used by masons to check the verticality of walls. For the Mason, the plumb line is a symbol of truth. Truth not as an abstract logical concept, but truth as the rightness of words and deeds before God and society. The level is used by masons to check the horizontalness of surfaces. Used by freemasons as a symbol of equality between people.

Compass and square. In this emblem, the compass depicts the vault of heaven, and the square - the earth. The compass, combined with a square, is perhaps the most common of all Masonic emblems, symbols and signs.

Book of the Sacred Law. One of the three main lights of free masons. This is the main book of the religion professed by the brothers present in the meeting of the lodge. The radiant delta is the most important symbol of the Masonic temple.

All-seeing eye. A triangle with an eye placed inside it, a sign of enlightenment or the principle of consciousness.

A.K.: From the enumeration of symbols, many more questions immediately arise than understanding.

Yu.V.: The topic is interesting.

A.K.: We immediately recall the coat of arms of the GDR.

Yu.V.: Yes, hammer.

A.K.: Hammer. With this one, what is it called...

A.K.: And then we remember the dollar with this shining eye in the triangle. And then ... Whatever we remember. And we think: "Oh my God."

Yu.V.: And you know, each of these symbols, offhand, has the most important meaning for our today's conversation. Look, these two pillars, Jachin and Boaz, are at the entrance to the temple.
In addition, it is an ancient Gnostic sign of the equivalence of good and evil. If good and evil are equal, then there is no Truth, Truth with a capital letter. If this is so, then there are no, in fact, criteria of morality, ethics. And there is a purely Masonic theme in this regard called "ethics in time." What was unethical yesterday is ethical today.
We now already know about euthanasia for a child in Belgium. The so-called Overton windows.

A.K.: What was unacceptable suddenly becomes acceptable at first, and then mainstream.

Yu.V.: Purely Masonic, by the way, the topic.

A.K.: Yes? How interesting, listen. But still: all these signs and symbols, either on the coat of arms of the GDR, or on the dollar sign - is it all an accident?

Yu.V.: Well, sorry, Freemasonry just created the United States of America.

A.K.: And then? Disappeared from the base?

Yu.V.: And now, of course, the most influential. Although sometimes they say: "Well, Freemasonry was popular in the 19th century, now it's already a museum ..."

How many Masons and where are they?

A.K.: So, Masons are among us, there are many of them. Another thing is that they mostly do not appear ...

Yu.V.: A little.

A.K.: A little? How do you rate their numbers?

Yu.V.: Well, I think that in Russia there are several hundred Freemasons of the regular rite, that is, correct Masons.

A.K.: But on the other hand, these are all people, if I understand their logic correctly, of the highest echelon.

Yu.V.: Not all, of course, not all. If we talk about America, then this is a Masonic state.

Why, indeed, wherever America appears, war, revolution, chaos begin everywhere.

There is a purely Masonic formula - it is, in fact, at the head of all documents, as we wrote earlier: "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" And it says: "Order out of chaos." That is, it is necessary first to create chaos so that the tormented peoples they said to the world: yes, how much is possible, wars, revolutions and everything else, immorality.

A.K.: And here I am - all in white ...

Yu.V.: Yes, and then someone comes out - all in white. In the language of Orthodox eschatology, we know who it is.

A.K.: Yes, listen, how interesting.

Yu.V.: And the project is Masonic. Devilish, of course.

A.K.: On the one hand, the conclusion is very simple, just shockingly simple. Yes, indeed, there is such a structure, like many others. Really powerful - many people join it, following the lead of their own pride, the religion of success. Moreover, they deliver what they promise. Like any deal with this power, it is successful at a certain stage. But for you and me, it's terrible. This is Satanism and devilry - that's all.

Yu.V.: Quite right. We talked about change. About betraying your state. About betraying God. About the betrayal of human nature itself. I appeal to our Orthodox patriotic audience. I would like to say: my friends, with God's help, we will remain faithful.

A.K.:It's better not to say. I will thank, of course, Yuri Yuryevich, the author of the book "The Fifth Angel Has Trumped"? And a postscript about the dollar...

Help:

let's look at the dollar.

Let's start with its front side: we immediately pay attention to the coat of arms of the US Department of the Treasury.

Then we move to the number 1 at the top right. From behind the inner upper left corner of the shield, an owl peeks out behind the number - a symbol of the satanic Bohemian club, registered in the Bohemian grove.

Next, we see a pyramid, on top of which is the all-seeing eye, at the base of the pyramid are the same Roman numerals. We add them up - and we get the number 666. Under the pyramid is the slogan: "Novus Ordo Seclorum". Literally means "New Order of the Ages". But it is more correct, especially today, - the "New World Order", about which the elites of the world so often speak.

Let's draw the pyramid to the Jewish star. The angles point to the letters, forming the word "mason". Above the pyramid we see "Annuit Coeptis" - "He contributed to our undertakings", or "Start Time". "He" is the architect (eye). According to other sources, it translates as "God blesses our deeds."

13 leaves on an olive branch in an eagle's paw. 13 olives per branch. 13 lines and stripes. 13 arrows in the paw of an eagle. 13 five-pointed stars above the eagle's head. 13 letters in "E Pluribrus Unum". 13 stones in a pyramid. 13 letters in "Annuit Coeptis". In the center of the bill is a large letter N - the 13th in a row in the ancient Greek alphabet. 13 is the mystical number of Satan.

Fold the dollar in half. Here is the great double-sided seal of the United States. Priests on one side, Freemasons on the other.

Here is such an interesting gang, and the goal of this gang is simple - to make us a worldwide cosmopolitan herd without clan and tribe. The goal of the Freemasons is written on a ribbon in the eagle's beak on the right. Of course, this Latin is translated in such a way that the people are not afraid: "Unity in diversity." But in fact - "One people out of many." And the width of the dollar, by the way, is 66.6 millimeters.

Freemasons, Masons, Masons... Today this word is often used, especially in newspapers that call themselves "patriotic". Masons are blamed for everything - for the collapse of the USSR, for the collapse of the economy, for the impoverishment of people, although it is worth seriously starting to understand everything, then no one can even find signs of "Masonic intrigues" anywhere.

So who are these Masons? Where did they come from, what do they do and what do they strive for? Why does their existence cause so many rumors? Why, despite the most fantastic accusations against them, many worthy and outstanding people belonged to them, not only in other countries, but also in Russia?

In fact, in today's world it is difficult to find a country where there would not be people who call themselves "freemasons". Whether in Europe, America, Asia or Africa - everywhere you can find buildings with a compass and a square on the pediment. These are Masonic temples, where for almost 300 years invisible Masonic work has been going on by candlelight. People who gather in these houses can be black or white, have Asian slanted eyes, profess Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, any other religion, and yet feel united. What brings them under the shadow of the Masonic temples, how could they not only maintain their brotherhood for centuries, but also spread its ideas throughout the world?

Today we are rediscovering our own history and see that what has been passed off as history for 70 years has little to do with reality. Some historical characters, which were previously mentioned only in passing, grow into outstanding figures of the Fatherland, while others, on the contrary, become smaller. New, or rather, old facts make the past voluminous, fill it with living people.

Origin of the Order of Freemasons

Freemasons (Masons)- members of the oldest and most numerous fraternal secular societies existing in the modern world, which has its roots deep in the past.

The range of opinions about the origin of the Order of Freemasons is extremely wide. Many researchers believe that the history of the old Masonic organizations is closely connected with the general history of craft guilds and brotherhoods in England, and that modern Freemasonry was formed directly from the organizations of builders - masons and architects, which had many branches throughout Europe of the Middle Ages. Others trace a direct connection between the Order of Freemasons and the "Order of the Poor Brothers - Warriors of Christ and the Temple of Solomon", which went down in history under the name "Order of the Knights Templar". Some Freemasons sincerely believe that the history of the Order began with the advent of a new era, and the first Freemason was Jesus Christ. Others go even further, attributing the beginning of the movement to Pythagoras, Moses, Abraham, and even to the mythical Enoch.

One way or another, Freemasonry is certainly related to the initiatory Brotherhoods of the distant past. Such communities, of course, always bore the stamp of their time. They were born and died, changed their organizational structure, tactics. The original goals were forgotten, formulated and understood in different ways, new ones. But the carriers of the original Idea survived and the unions were revived. So it was with those who now call themselves Freemasons, for whom the desire for Self-improvement, for the highest Truth, the highest Justice has always remained unchanged. That is why Freemasonry is of ancient origin. In essence, as a way of thinking and behavior, as a "state of mind" Freemasonry, in one form or another, has always existed.

The modern Order of Freemasons took organizational shape at the beginning of the 18th century. On the day of Christmas, St. John the Baptist June 24, 1717 in the London tavern "Goose and Spit" was established the world's first "Grand Lodge", which united the four "Small Lodges" that had previously gathered in other city taverns. Thus, the Masonic organization of the new time was created, which laid the foundation for the institution of modern Freemasonry, which spread a couple of decades later throughout the European continent. In 1723 the "Book of Constitutions" by James Anderson (1680-1739) was published under the title "Constitutions of Freemasons, containing the history, duties and rules of this ancient and highly respected brotherhood", which was approved and adopted as the basic law by the Freemasons. The "Constitutions", among other things, contained the mythical history of Freemasonry from the Garden of Eden to 1717. The goal of the Freemasons Union was designated as the desire for moral self-improvement, knowledge of the Truth and oneself, as well as love for one's neighbor.

And in our days, the Brotherhood sets as its main task to promote the moral and spiritual improvement of a person, the development in him, in an atmosphere of fellowship and mutual assistance, of high spiritual qualities - the basis of both his personal happiness and his greatest usefulness to his neighbors. The Brotherhood is actively engaged in education, charity, promotes a high level of education and social responsibility, while setting the highest standards of moral principles.

Skin color, nationality, political or religious beliefs cannot become an obstacle to membership in the Order, since in the lodges of the Brotherhood it is forbidden to discuss what can divide people. One of the most amazing aspects of Freemasonry has always been that so many different people from completely different walks of life can communicate peacefully among themselves, never discussing politics or getting into religious debate, in mutual harmony and friendship and address each other as "Brother" . Regardless of their position in society, Freemasons treat each other as "equal among equals."

In their work in the Lodges, the Brethren learn to focus on what unites them. They step by step deepen their understanding of morality and find that the circle of values ​​that unites them has expanded. This makes the brethren more open and able to learn from each other what each one needs to advance on their own path. “We are interesting to each other because we are different”, “Always do to others as you would like to be done to you” and “Never do to another what you would not like to be done to you” - axioms for true Freemasons .

The Order of Freemasons (Masons, Freemasons, from the French Franc-Maçon - freemason) is a traditional universal initiatory Order based on the Brotherhood.

It is a union of people of free and good morals, of all races, of all nationalities and of all creeds. It unites those for whom the preservation and development of the spiritual values ​​of mankind is a task of paramount importance.

"Masonry" is traditionally defined as "a moral and ethical system hidden in allegories and illustrated by symbols." But it is, at the same time, the school of Morality, and the Code of Ethics, and the method of Cognition. It's authentic "Royal Art".

The purpose of the Order of Freemasons, i.e. the main spiritual task that the Brothers set themselves and solve is formulated as "self-improvement and enlightenment of people for their improvement."

To do this, Freemasons work diligently in the Lodges, improving themselves spiritually, setting examples of morality, promoting education, and conducting extensive charitable activities.

Personal spiritual self-improvement of each and fraternal unity are the core ideas of Freemasonry. This is the path to a single universal morality built on the idea Of good. To human relations based on the principles of brotherhood, love, cooperation and harmony. to a single higher Wisdom, leading all the disparate phenomena of the world to the highest Harmonies.

The duty of spiritual self-improvement commands the Freemason to be wise, virtuous and fair both in his personal life and in the world around him. He unwittingly becomes a worthy and attractive role model.

Freemasonry is based on a sense of the unity of Life and the Highest Moral Law. The rules: “Do to others as you would like to be treated to you” and “Do not do to another what you would not like to be done to you” - the law for a Freemason. The brethren must strictly follow him both in the Lodge and in the world of the profane.

Freemasons recognize themselves as Brothers and must provide each other with help and support, even in case of danger to their lives. They are also obliged to provide assistance to any person in danger.

In a relentless search Truths And Supreme Justice Freemasons do not recognize any obstacles and restrictions.

They are absolutely committed to respecting the personality and freedom of another person, recognizing the right of everyone to their own opinion and its free presentation.

They always strive to reconcile opposites and unite people on the basis of universal morality and respect for the individual.

They consider work their duty and right.

Freemasons are required to respect the laws and legitimate authority of the country in which they live and assemble freely. These are enlightened and disciplined citizens, otherwise guided by the imperatives of their conscience.

By practicing the "Royal Art", they respect the traditional rules, manners and customs of the Order.

Freemasons recognize each other by the words, signs and light touches with which they traditionally communicate in the Lodge during initiation ceremonies.

These words, signs and light touches, as well as rites and symbols, are the subject of an indestructible secret and cannot be communicated to anyone who does not have the appropriate status to know them.

Each Freemason is free to reveal or not to reveal his status, but he cannot reveal the status of a Brother.

Freemasons unite among themselves to form - according to the Masonic tradition - autonomous groups called Lodges.

Any Lodge is governed by the decisions made by a majority of Master Freemasons, properly attired, but cannot deviate from the general principles of Freemasonry and from the laws of the Obedience to which it belongs.

Lodges are grouped into Grand Lodges - independent national structures, keepers of tradition, exercising exclusive and undivided jurisdiction within the framework of "symbolic Freemasonry", i.e. above the three symbolic degrees: Apprentice, Journeyman and Master.

The Grand Lodges are governed by tradition, the Ancient Obligations, and their own Constitutions and Laws.

They respect the sovereignty and independence of other Masonic structures and avoid any interference in their internal affairs.

They maintain among themselves the necessary relations for the unification of the universal Order.

They, at their discretion, conclude treaties and fraternal alliances among themselves, but do not recognize any higher national or international Masonic authority.

They independently regulate their legislation and administration, justice and internal discipline.

Thus, through respect for the personality of each Masonic national entity, the autonomy of each Lodge and the individual freedom of each Brother, the universality of the Order of Freemasons is preserved, so that among all Masons reigned Love, Harmony and Accord.

The fundamental principles of Freemasonry in the historical literature were formulated as follows:

Masons have identification marks and words.

Symbolic Freemasonry is divided into three degrees.

The legend of Hiram in the third degree.

The brotherhood is managed by the Grand Master, who is elected from among the brothers.

The Grand Master has the right to preside over any meeting of the Brotherhood, wherever and whenever it takes place.

The Grand Master has the power to bestow the right to open a Lodge and carry out work in it.

The Grand Master has the right to give permission for the initiation of any brother in any degree without observing the deadlines stipulated by tradition.

The Grand Master has the right to conduct an initiation into the Brotherhood without following the normal procedure.

Freemasons must meet in lodges.

When brethren meet in a Lodge, they should be led by the Venerable Master and two Overseers.

During the meeting of any Lodge, it must be adequately guarded.

Every Mason has the right to be represented in any general meetings of the Brotherhood, and to instruct his representatives accordingly.

Every Mason has the right to appeal the decision of his brethren to the Grand Lodge or the General Assembly.

Every Mason has the right to attend and attend the meetings of any Regular Lodge.

No visitor who is not known to the brethren present, or to any one of them, is allowed to enter the Lodge until he has been questioned or examined in accordance with the ancient traditions.

No Lodge has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of another Lodge or to assign degrees to fellow members of other Lodges.

Every Mason is obliged to obey the Masonic laws of his jurisdiction (where he lives), regardless of whether he is a member of any Lodge or not.

Candidates for initiation into the Brotherhood must meet certain requirements.

Belief in the existence of God, called the "Great Architect (Builder) of the Universe."

Belief in the Resurrection for the Life to Come.

The Book of the Sacred Law is an invariable, indispensable and integral part of the decoration of any Lodge.

The equality of Masons is recognized.

The secret of the organization is respected.

The basis of speculative (speculative) science on operational (effective) principles.

The symbolic use and explanation of the terms of a given craft for the sake of teaching religious and moral principles.

Freemasonry in Russia

Like any significant social and cultural phenomenon, the Brotherhood of Freemasons of Russia absorbed its spirit, its centuries-old history, religion and culture. Being unconditionally and inextricably linked with the history and traditions of the world Masonic community, it was permeated with purely Russian high spirituality and sacrifice, the desire to comprehend God and merge with him in the process of spiritual search and service to humanity.

The Russian Freemasons determined as their goal the religious and moral education of a person and worked on cleansing from the vices of sin. They have always sought to actively participate in shaping people's ideas about the Highest Values, about Man and his place in this world, by no means claiming a "monopoly" in the formation and definition of views. The moral lights of Freemasonry - Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Faith and Honor - were for them guiding stars in the ocean of life, and they offered these guidelines to the society of that time, when choosing the path of their development.

Freemasonry for a long time remained the first and, in fact, the only secular ideology in Russia, which gave the country and the world many of the brightest names - writers, artists, composers, military men, public figures, lawyers, scientists ...

The great Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev stated: “Masonry was our only spiritual and social movement in the 18th century, its significance was enormous ... The best Russian people were Freemasons ... Freemasonry was the first free self-organization of society in Russia, but it was not imposed from above by the authorities.

The Order of Freemasons came to Russia, apparently, during or immediately after the reign of Peter the Great. There is a legend, not confirmed, however, by any documents, that it was Tsar Peter Alekseevich who was the first Russian Freemason who was initiated in 1699, during his stay in England with the Great Embassy from Christopher Wren himself, an outstanding English architect and one of the fathers of New England Freemasonry. According to the legend, the box, in which Peter I allegedly took part, was called "Neptune". It is hardly possible to confirm or refute these legends, however, it is known and documented for certain that the great reformer enjoyed great respect among Russian freemasons and Russian Masons preferred to trace their genealogy precisely from Peter the Great, to whom many Masonic hymns are dedicated, in particular the famous “Song of Peter the Great" Derzhavin. So, the ideological and spiritual connection of Russian Freemasons with Peter's reforms is beyond doubt.

The earliest historically reliable information about Freemasonry in Russia dates back to 1731, to the era of Empress Anna Ioannovna, when, as the official English source says, Lord Lovell, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of London, appointed Captain John Philips as a provincial Grand Master "for all of Russia." Ten years later he was replaced by General James Keith, a Scot who was in the Russian service. Thus, the original freemasonry came to Russia, as elsewhere on the continent, from England. Probably, in the early years, the teachings of the order spread only in a close circle of fellow tribesmen of John Philips, who moved to Russia. Russian Freemasonry began to develop in the forties, during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, and among the Russian Freemasons there appeared the names of the most prominent Russian nobles themselves, representatives of old noble and even princely families (Count Nikolai Golovin, Counts Zakhar and Ivan Chernyshev, Kirill Razumovsky, favorite of the Empress Ivan Shuvalov and etc.). The future Emperor Peter III was also a Freemason.

The real dawn of Freemasonry in Russia falls on the first decades of the reign of Catherine II the Great, when lodges of two Masonic systems - Elagin and Zinnendorf (Swedish-Berlin) - were simultaneously launched in Russia, which were very popular. The favorite of the Empress Grigory Orlov, and the head of the foreign collegium, mentor of the future Russian emperor Count Nikita Panin, generals I.N. Boltin, N.M. Borozdin, counts A.A. Bryus, A.K. Razumovsky, A.S .Stroganov, princes Yu.V.Dolgoruky, G.P.Gagarin, A.B.Kurakin, M.M.Shcherbatov and others.

An outstanding role in this period in the history of Russian Freemasonry belongs to Ivan Perfilievich Elagin - a writer, senator, manager of the imperial theaters, one of the most active promoters of Freemasonry in our country, the founder of a number of Masonic lodges in St. Petersburg. It is impossible not to recall Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov - the great Russian educator, thinker, writer, journalist, publisher, public figure and philanthropist. He became a Freemason in 1775, having been initiated into the Astrea lodge in St. Petersburg.

Even in the last years of the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, one of the first Russian Freemasons was the great Russian commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. He was initiated and raised to the third degree of a master in St. Petersburg in the Three Stars Lodge. Being later, during the Seven Years' War in Prussia and visiting his father in Koenigsberg, on January 27, 1761, he was promoted to the Scottish masters in the box "To the Three Crowns". From that day until his departure from Konigsberg at the beginning of 1762, Suvorov was listed as a member of the lodge. In the list of its members, presented on March 16, 1761 to the Lodge of Three Globes, Alexander Suvorov is listed as number 6.

Another great Russian commander, Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (Smolensky), joined the sacraments of the Order in 1779 in Regensburg, in the lodge “To the Three Keys”. Subsequently, he reached the highest levels and was one of the most influential members of the Russian brotherhood of freemasons.

The names of Masons are inscribed in gold letters in the history of Russia: Mikhail Matveevich Kheraskov, Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev, Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky, Fyodor Petrovich Gaaz, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Alexander Sergeyevich Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, Vasily Lvovich Pushkin, Pavel Ivanovich Pestel, Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin, Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, Maximilian Alexandrovich Voloshin, Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) and many, many others. Many more well-known and famous names can be named.

The history of the Order of Freemasons in Russia is full of drama. The brothers experienced periods of prosperity and stagnation, the rise and fall of the Order, which occurred both as a result of their own mistakes and external circumstances. Masonic lodges in Russia were repeatedly persecuted and banned three times by special imperial decrees.

Catherine II, who treated Freemasonry with favor, if not with sympathy, in 1792 accused the Freemasons of all mortal sins, including the fact that they “used various methods ... to trap a person known from their papers into their sect ( that is, the heir to the throne, Pavel Petrovich). Many of the Brothers, and among them Nikolai Novikov, were arrested, interrogated "with prejudice" and convicted. Others, like I.V. Lopukhin, N.N. Trubetskoy and I.P. Turgenev, “after the true repentance of those interrogated” were forgiven by the mercy of the empress, who commanded: “out of the same philanthropy, freeing them from the cruel punishment they deserved, ... go to distant places from the capitals of their villages and there to have a sojourn.” The Russian Lodges were dispersed by decree of 1794.

Pavel I Petrovich, who was solemnly admitted to the Freemasons while still a Tsarevich - in 1784 and even later accepted the title of Grand Master of the Order of Malta, a year after accession to the throne in 1797 (according to other sources in 1799), issued a decree ordering to apply law 1794 (prohibiting Masonic lodges) "with all possible severity."

Alexander I, who actively collaborated with the Freemasons, openly allowed the activities of Masonic lodges, and, perhaps, himself was initiated in 1803, on August 13, 1822, he issued a rescript banning all secret associations, including Masonic lodges.

However, despite the prohibitions of the authorities, Masonic lodges in Russia continued to operate until 1918, when they were already banned by the Soviet government.

Unfortunately, totalitarian regimes, with the rarest exceptions, like modern Cuba, cannot afford to tolerate the existence of a society of free people in their countries, even if it is purely spiritual. Freemasonry was persecuted both during the dominance of the Catholic Church in Europe, and much later, under communist and fascist regimes. After the revolution of 1917, the Russian brothers transferred their work abroad, primarily to France, where the work of Russian lodges was not interrupted for a single day for the entire time that had passed since then until the early 1990s, when the first citizens of the USSR and, after a break of more than seventy years, freemasonry in Russia was revived.

The first Masonic Lodge "Northern Star" was opened on April 28, 1991 by the Grand Orient of France, representing the so-called liberal Freemasonry. In April 1992, under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of France, the Free Russia Lodge was founded, on July 11, 1993, the Nine Muses and Northern Brothers lodges were opened, and on June 12, 1994, in Arkhangelsk, the Polar Star Lodge. In August 1991, a delegation of the Grand Lodge of France arrived in Moscow and the opening ceremony of the Nikolai Novikov Lodge took place. In 1992, the Sphinx Lodge in St. Petersburg and the Geometry Lodge in Kharkov were opened by the Grand Lodge of France, and in 1993 the Lutetia Lodge in Moscow. The Grand National Lodge of France in Moscow on January 15, 1992 founded the Harmony Lodge, and in October 1993 the Lotus Lodge.

The First Grand Lodge of Russia (VLR) was founded on June 24, 1995 by the Grand National Lodge of France. It included 5 legally established symbolic workshops. In 2000, a significant part of the Brethren, who did not agree with the internal policy of the leadership of the VLR, formed the Russian Regular Grand Lodge, which, having united in 2007 with the part of the Freemasons who again left the VLR, became part of the United Grand Lodge of Russia.

On October 11, 2008, at its Representative Assembly in St. Petersburg, the United Grand Lodge of Russia was finally formed and acquired its new Constitution and General Regulations.

Gallery "Famous Freemasons"

ARENDT Nikolai Fedorovich (1786-1859) - surgeon

As a military doctor, a participant in the wars of 1805-1807. and 1812-1814, the chief physician of the Russian occupation corps in France, the life physician of Emperor Nicholas I. On behalf of the emperor, he operated on the mortally wounded A.S. Pushkin. In 1847 he was appointed inspector of all institutions of the Office of Empress Maria Feodorovna. Founding member of the lodge "St. George the Victorious", 1818-1819, 3 gr.

ATATURK (Mustafa Kemal Pasha)

(1881 - 1938) Founding father of the modern Turkish state. Prominent public and political figure. Until his death, he was a member of the Italian lodge "Macedonia resorta et veritas" (Rebellious Macedonia and Truth).

BAZHENOV Vasily Ivanovich (1737-1799) - an outstanding Russian architect.

Bazhenov was a link between the Moscow Freemasons and N.I. Novikov (Moscow Rosicrucians) and the heir to the throne, Pavel. Through Bazhenov, Masonic books published in Moscow printing houses were transferred to the Tsarevich. Upon accession to the throne, Paul I promoted Bazhenov from collegiate councilors immediately to full state councilors, awarded him the Order of St. Anna of the 2nd degree and 1000 souls of peasants. By a decree of February 26, 1799, he was appointed the first vice-president of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Initiated in the lodge "Latona" or "Deucalion" not earlier than 1774. Rosicrucian.

BATENKOV, Gavriil Stepanovich (1793-1863)

Lieutenant Colonel of the Corps of Railway Engineers. Poet. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813. While serving in the city of Tomsk (1813-1817), he became close to M.M. Speransky and became his closest collaborator. Decembrist, member of the Northern Society. After the Decembrist uprising, he spent about twenty years in solitary confinement, demonstrating rare courage and self-control. Left "Masonic Memoirs". Participated in the development of a plan for the uprising on December 14, 1825, speaking in favor of decisive action and involving the masses in the uprising. He was scheduled as a candidate member of the Provisional Government. During the investigation, he presented a statement about belonging to a secret society and agreement with its plans, wrote that the speech on December 14 was “not a rebellion, as I shamefully called it several times, but the first experience of a political revolution in Russia, an experience venerable in everyday life and in the eyes of other enlightened peoples. Of the surviving Decembrists, he suffered the most severe punishment: he was sentenced to eternal hard labor, but was kept from 1827 to 1846 in the solitary confinement of the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In the fortress he was not allowed to communicate with anyone, from the books he was allowed to read only the Bible. Member of the lodge "Chosen Michael" in 2 gr. Founding member and Grand Secretary of the Lodge of the "Eastern Sun" in Tomsk, 1818-1819

BONAPARTE, Napoleon (1769 - 1821)

It is claimed that he was initiated into the Masonic Order around 1765. Four of his brothers (Joseph, Jerome, Louis and Lucien) were Freemasons. The Empress Josephine was initiated into the Adoptive degree at the Lodge of Free Knights (Les Francs Chevaliers) in Paris in 1804.

WASHINGTON, George (1732 - 1799)

An outstanding public and political figure of the American colonies, later the United States, the first President of the United States (1789 - 1797). Initiated into the Brotherhood in the "Lodge of Friedrichsburg" in Virginia, November 4, 1752. For the initiation he paid 2 pounds and 3 shillings. Became an apprentice on March 3, 1753, and elevated to the degree of Master on August 4, 1753. Washington was a founding member and first Worshipful Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22 of Virginia, a post he held for two terms, from April 28, 1788 to December 27, 1789 Served as Worshipful Master until his inauguration as President of the United States on April 30, 1789. Since 1805, after the death of Washington, this Lodge has been called "Alexandria-Washington" No. 22 to this day.

GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang von (1749 - 1832)

German poet, who significantly influenced the development of German literature in his time. Author of "Faust" and the Masonic novel "Wilhelm Meister", the best Masonic narrative of that time, as well as the poem "The Way of the Mason". Erected in the Amalia Lodge in Weimar in 1782

DE MOLAY, Jacques (circa 1243 - 1314)

Grandmaster of the medieval Knights of the Temple on the island of Malta. The King of France authorized him, along with other knights, to come to France to discuss a new Crusade, but upon arrival they were arrested and their property confiscated and divided by the King and the Pope. De Molay and others were burned in the square. The Order of De Molay for Boys was named after this venerated martyr.

ELAGIN Ivan Perfilievich (1725-1793)

Privy Councilor, senator, chief chamberlain, writer, playwright, translator. Prominent figure of Russian Freemasonry; in the early 1770s. headed the Russian Masonic lodges united and reorganized by him, creating the so-called. Yelagin Freemasonry. He played a significant role in Russian Freemasonry, to which he belonged from a young age; towards the end of his life, this changed Catherine's attitude towards him for the worse, once jokingly signing: "Mr. Elagin's chancellor." In the St. Petersburg provincial lodge of the English system, opened in 1770, Elagin was the first to receive the title of Grand Master. In 1777, Elagin took part in the introduction of the Swedish Masonic system of "strict obedience" among Russian Freemasonry. Being carried away at one time by the secret sciences, he was an ardent adept of Cagliostro. He left behind a curious (unfinished) note on Freemasonry, predominantly Russian (published in 1864). In 1766-79 director of the court theater. Author of satires, translations from French, historical work “Experience of Narrative about Russia”

Truth/falsehood about Freemasonry

Freemasonry - a collection of old people? Isn't Freemasonry already dead?

Freemasons include many people of all ages, starting at 21 (or 18 depending on jurisdiction). Masons are millions of people in the world and hundreds in Russia. The spiritual and moral light of Freemasonry has not gone out and attracts people who are looking for their place in the world, looking for the place of Man before God. As an addition, it can be added that almost half of the brothers initiated into Freemasons in Russia in 1999 are younger than 30 years old.

Freemasons racist or elitist?

Freemasonry declares the equality of people regardless of their skin color, religion, nation, social origin and social status. Freemasonry not only declares, but professes this principle. Among the brothers there are people of all races and nations. At no time can a person's access to a Lodge be restricted by national or racial criteria. In many ways, the principle of equality of people has spread throughout the world thanks to the Order of Freemasons.

Elitism is a rather difficult term to define. If you are referring to the question of whether Freemasonry imposes strict requirements on its members, then the answer is yes. These requirements are known to all and clearly declared by the order: faith in God and the fulfillment of his Testaments, high spiritual and moral development, constant concern for others, unwavering loyalty to the ideals of the family and the state. Do most people meet these requirements? If you think not, then Freemasonry is elitist.

Rumors that Freemasonry is open only to the "upper classes" for businessmen and politicians of high rank are not true. The source of these rumors is false ideas about the goals of Freemasonry, unfounded suspicions that the order is striving for world domination.

Is the lodge a place for businessmen to conduct common affairs?

No. Moreover, most Freemasons believe that preference in the conduct of business given to someone because he is a Mason is a non-Masonic act. A person who tries to become a Freemason because he hopes to gain economic or political benefit from it will never become a Freemason.

If you are interested in organizations or partnerships created for the joint conduct of business, we recommend joining the Rotary Club.

In Freemasonry, the titles "Venerable Master" and others are used. Is Freemasonry a sect or some kind of religious organization?

No. The titles used in Freemasonry are simply full of beauty, grandeur, ancient symbolism. And they are preserved due to these reasons, but they do not carry the meaning of worshiping their owners, or recognizing their secular power over other members of the Brotherhood. The fact that a brother is a Worshipful Master or someone else speaks only of his role in the rites of Freemasonry and may be in the administration of the Order. Achieving a degree by a person gives him authority, because Freemasonry is very scrupulous and strict in establishing the conformity of the merits of a brother and their official recognition.

Freemasonry contains many mechanisms to prevent degeneration into a sect. One of the important principles of Freemasonry is the constant rotation of leading officials. So, the head of the lodge, the Venerable Master, cannot hold this position for more than 3 years in a row.

Freemasonry - a secret organization? What is a Masonic secret, and what can be said publicly?

Freemasonry does not hide the fact of its existence. Separate lodges also do not hide the fact of their existence. For example, on the Russian Web you can find the names of almost all Russian lodges operating under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Russia. Over time, many of them will be presented separately on our website.

At the same time, the brothers consider it inappropriate to discuss deeply personal issues related to the sphere of spiritual development in public. This position is at least worthy of understanding. According to our traditions, each brother has the right to declare his belonging to the Order without any consent. However, he does not have the right to name the names of other members of the Order without obtaining their express consent.

So far, Masons in Russia cannot speak so widely and openly about their belonging to the organization, as in the USA or in Europe. This is a consequence of the negative attitude towards the Order of a small but extremely aggressive part of our fellow citizens. We also remember that we have a lot of experience of persecution by the authorities.

In addition to the lists of members of the order, the secret is Masonic rituals, secret words, identification marks.

Why are Masonic rituals secret?

The process of initiation has an esoteric side. The brother gets acquainted with the ritual of each degree only at the moment of initiation into this degree. Thus, the maximum effect is achieved from initiation. This provides material for deep reflection, creates inner spiritual tension.

Freemasonry - a religion?

No. Freemasonry requires its members to believe in God. But Freemasonry does not force a person to adhere to a certain faith, does not impose on him any of his own system of performing religious rites, and does not even require a certain confessional affiliation.

All the rituals of Freemasonry and its symbols are means of spiritual improvement of a person, but we avoid judgments about God. Such judgments for a brother are determined by confessional affiliation (if any) or an inner spiritual feeling. The Order only contributes to the disclosure of a person's inner religiosity, strengthens his faith, making it deeper and more sincere. But Freemasonry does not add any coloring to personal religious convictions.

But do you consider the Great Architect of the Universe to be your God?

Everything is just the opposite. We call God the Great Architect of the Universe, since He created everything that exists. You have probably heard how He was called the Creator. Agree, there is a difference: to consider God the Builder or the builder - God!

Freemasons control the world?

No. Authors who put forward such theses need the immediate help of a psychiatrist. We recommend you to read Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco. This book, in particular, shows how people reach such mental deviations. This thesis is completely frivolous. Therefore, it is not specifically considered here. Also, the theses of authors like S. A. Nilus, Leo Taxil, O. Platonov that Masons allegedly worship Satan, that he is present in the form of a goat at every lodge meeting and constantly beats the table with a hammer, etc., are not considered here. The reputation of such people is the best refutation of everything that they have written. The works of these people are full of deliberate falsifications. The "lists of Russian Freemasons" published in these works are an absolute lie. The Masonic rituals published there are nine-tenths of a lie.

Are Masonic rituals humiliating for a candidate?

No. Nothing is further from the truth. The purpose of the rituals is to teach a person the virtues of Freemasonry and this cannot be achieved by means of humiliation. Our rituals are very beautiful and full of symbolism. Their origin is overshadowed by the glory of the great mysteries of various religions of many peoples of the Earth throughout its history, with the only amendment that modern Masonic rites in no way threaten the life, physical and mental health, honor and dignity of the candidate and his relatives.

Have Masonic rituals been simplified lately?

The United Grand Lodge of Russia uses rituals that have basically not changed for the last hundred years. A number of jurisdictions, primarily in the US, use simplified rituals. To a greater extent this applies to the degrees of the Scottish Rite.

Freemasons call the buildings they own Temples. Are religious ceremonies performed there?

No. According to the definition of many dictionaries, the Temple is a building that serves for the special purposes of an organization. For example, for holding meetings of the Lodge. In addition, according to the ritual, the Lodge symbolically sits on the site of the construction of the Jerusalem Temple, that is, before its consecration, therefore, it is still, strictly speaking, not a religious building.

Masons control the tripartite commission or does it control them? Is Freemasonry related to the Bilderberg Conference?

Trilateral Commission. Created in 1973. Three leading industrial formations in the world - the European Union, North America (USA and Canada), Japan - form it. The members of the commission are 330 citizens of these countries who have distinguished themselves in business, science, politics (but not in government organizations), and in the media.

The entire commission meets once a year. During the meeting, issues of vital importance for the regions covered by the commission are considered.

Neither the organizers of the commission, nor its current administrative staff were and are not Freemasons.

The Bilderberg Conference was founded by Prince Bernard in 1954 in Oosterbeek, the Netherlands. An annual three-day conference attended by about 100 bankers, economists, politicians, and government officials. Members are elected by a commission committee in The Hague.

An idea of ​​the commission's work can be given by the following document: A public statement by the Bilderberg Conference. This commission also has nothing to do with Freemasonry.