The tribal elders of the Mongols were called. The peoples who are the descendants of the "Mongol-Tatars. How the Mongols turned into Tatars

CHAPTER 9

§ 1. The birth of the Mongolian state

At the beginning of the XIII century. Vague rumors began to reach Rus' about the emergence somewhere in the East of a new powerful state of steppe nomads. This information was conveyed by merchants from India and Central Asia, travelers. And soon a new formidable danger arose already at the Russian borders. They were Mongols-Tatars.

Special mention should be made of the origin and development of the Mongolian state, because for many years its history was tragically intertwined with the fate of the Russian lands, becoming an inseparable part of Russian history.

In the second half of the XII - beginning of the XIII century. Numerous Mongol tribes lived on vast expanses from the Great Wall of China to Lake Baikal. The Mongols themselves were one of these tribes. It is this tribe that I later give a generalized name to the entire Mongolian state. The Tatars were another local tribe that roamed around Lake Buir-Nur. They were at enmity with the Mongols, but later united under their command. But it so happened that in the outside world, and especially in Russia, it was precisely this name - “Tatars” that was assigned to the peoples of the new state.

In the second half of the XII century. among the Mongolian tribes, taking into account nomadic specifics, approximately the same social processes took place as in Western Europe in the 5th-7th centuries, among the Eastern Slavs - in the 8th-9th centuries. There was a decomposition of primitive communal relations, private property appeared; The economic basis of Mongolian society was no longer a clan, but a separate family. This changed the whole way of life of the Mongols. There was only one big difference in the life of the Mongolian society and the peoples of Western and Eastern Europe, who followed the same path several centuries earlier. The main part of the Mongolian tribes, primarily those who lived in the south, in the steppe regions, were nomadic pastoralists. The basis of their economy was countless herds of horses, herds of cattle, sheep. The northern tribes, who lived in the forest-steppe and forest zone, were mainly engaged in hunting, hunting, and fishing. In the vast expanses of Mongolian lands, there was no uniform development of individual tribes. The southern tribes were the most economically developed, the richest. Nomadic pastoralism and excellent pastures made it possible for individual families to excel economically. First of all, tribal leaders-khans, tribal elders-noyons received such an opportunity. Families appeared, in whose hands thousands of heads of cattle were concentrated, which, either by violence or by purchase, mortgage, seized the best, most convenient pastures for themselves. This is how the tribal nobility, the tribal elite headed by the khan, was formed. The main part of the arat pastoralists increasingly became dependent on the wealthy elite of Mongolian society.

Previously, the Mongols roamed in communities - “kurens”, or “rings”, which numbered up to a thousand wagons. In the center of such a nomad camp was the leader's wagon. Now nomadic families-ails began to appear, although during the period of military confrontations the old kuren system of organizing troops was still preserved. Khans, noyons got the opportunity to hire nuker combatants at the expense of accumulated wealth. The khan-leaders had their own guard of nukers, who helped to exercise control over their own tribe, were the strike force of the tribe during wars. And in this sense, Mongolian society resembled Europeans.

From the very beginning, the development of statehood among the Mongols, that is, the emergence of the power of the khans, the nobility, the Nuker guard, was of a paramilitary nature. This did not depend on the psychology of the people, but was explained by the laws of the economy, the development of Mongolian society.

From early childhood, the whole life of the Mongols was connected with the horse. One of the travelers who visited them wrote: “Tatars are born and grow up in a saddle and on a horse; they learn to fight by themselves, because their whole life is spent on hunting all year round. The horse was not only a means of transportation for pastoralists, but also a true friend in hunting and war, it provided meat and milk. The Mongols grew up strong, dexterous, courageous. The beginning of the social stratification of society, the emergence of all-powerful and wealthy khans, noyons, the formation of nuker squads made full use of the everyday features of the life of the Mongols - their military dexterity, unpretentiousness, the ability to move quickly and swiftly in the saddle, their wagon transport, capable of covering vast distances.

In the second half of the XII century. between the Mongolian tribes, as in the early times among the Germanic tribes, the Eastern Slavs, an intertribal struggle for primacy began. Unions of tribes, tribal confederations were created. The leaders here were the steppe, more developed, better equipped and armed tribes. Those who were victorious subjugated their opponents, some of them were enslaved, others were forced to serve their military interests. The spirit of retinue entrepreneurship at this time of transition from the primitive communal system to the state captured the Mongolian society. In the same way as the birth of the state of Rus was accompanied by bloody wars between tribes and alliances of tribes, the rise of leaders, their desperate fights among themselves - the same processes took place in the Mongolian environment in the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries.

In the late 50s - early 60s. 12th century one of the Mongol leaders, the bogatur (hero) Yesugei from the Taijiut tribe, managed to unite most of the Mongol tribes under his part. At that time, the eldest son Temuchen (Temujin, Temuchin), the future Genghis Khan, was born in his family in 1155. However, Yesugei was not upstairs for long. The Tatars, who were at enmity with him, managed to poison him. After that, Yesugei's ulus fell apart. His children were minors, there was no strong hand to support his fragile power. Yesugei's nukers went to other leaders.

For a long time, the widow of Yesugei with her children was in poverty, wandering around the Mongolian steppes, but then the grown-up Temuchen managed to assemble a new squad and begin to recreate his father's conquests. By 1190, when he was not even 30 years old, Temuchen, in a desperate struggle with other khans, managed to subjugate the main part of the Mongol tribes to his influence and take the throne of the khan - "Khamag Mongol ulus", i.e., the khan of all Mongols. During these years, he showed himself to be an exceptionally brave warrior, bold to the point of recklessness. Contemporaries tell how, while still a very young man, he escaped from captivity with a heavy wooden block around his neck, and then, hiding from enemies, sat under water for a long time, managing to breathe through his mouth, which protruded slightly above the surface of the water.

Already at that time, Temuchen was distinguished by ruthlessness and cunning in the fight against enemies, the ability to pit them against each other, maneuver, retreat when circumstances required it. It is known that he participated in the murder of one of his brothers, suspecting him of political intrigue against himself.

Having subjugated most of the Mongols, Temuchen carried out a series of reforms: he introduced a decimal system for organizing society and the army - the entire adult population was divided into "darkness" (10 thousand), thousands, hundreds and tens. Moreover, a dozen, as a rule, coincided with an ayla, that is, a family. At the head of these detachments, which operated both in peacetime and in wartime, were commanders who strictly obeyed each other through the ranks. Temuchen created a personal guard, which he divided into “night” and “day”, surrounded himself with strong guards, introduced the management of his personal property, gave great privileges to his noyons and nukers, freeing them from any pressures. At the same time, he continued to subjugate the Mongol tribes that were not included in his state. One of the last was the tribe of Tatars who killed his father.

At the kurultai (general congress of the Mongol leaders) in 1204-1205. Temuchen was proclaimed a great kagan and received the title of Genghis Khan - "great khan". Thus, he managed to unite the Mongols into a single centralized state. Thus, at that time, when Rus' was torn apart by political strife, a new mighty centralized empire was being forged thousands of kilometers away from it, with a strong mobile army, with a talented, decisive, merciless ruler.

Dayankhan. After the victory of the Oirots over Yolja-Timur, Khubilai's house was almost destroyed by bloody civil strife. Mandagol, the 27th successor of Genghis Khan, died in battle against his nephew and heir. When the latter was killed three years later, the only surviving member of the once large family was his seven-year-old son, Batu Myongke of the Chahar tribe. Abandoned even by his mother, he was taken under the protection of the young widow of Mandagol, Mandugai, who achieved his proclamation as Khan of Eastern Mongolia. Throughout his younger years, she acted as regent and married him at 18.

During the long reign of Dayankhan (14701543), under this name he went down in history, the Oirots were pushed to the west, and the eastern Mongols united into a single state. Following the traditions of Genghis Khan, Dayan divided the tribes into the "left wing", i.e. the eastern, directly subordinate to the khan, and the "right wing", i.e. Western, subordinate to one of the Khan's relatives. Most of these tribes have survived to the present day. Of the tribes of the eastern wing, the Khalkhas make up the majority of the population of Mongolia, and the Chahars live in China, in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. From the western wing, the ordos occupy the region of the large Yellow River bend in China, which bears their name, the Tumuts inhabit the area north of the bend in Inner Mongolia, and the Kharchins live north of Beijing.

Conversion to Lamaism. This new Mongol empire did not long outlive its founder. Its collapse was possibly associated with the gradual conversion of the Eastern Mongols to the pacifist Lamaist Buddhism of the Tibetan Yellow Hat sect.

The first converts were the Ordos, a right wing tribe. One of their leaders converted his powerful cousin Altankhan, the ruler of the Tumets, to Lamaism. The great lama of the Yellow Hat was invited in 1576 to a meeting of the Mongol rulers, established the Mongol church and received the title of Dalai Lama from Altankhan (Dalai is the Mongolian translation of the Tibetan words meaning "wide as the ocean", which should be understood as "comprehensive"). Since then, the successors of the Great Lama have held this title. The next to be converted was the Great Khan of the Chahars himself, and the Khalkhas also began to accept the new faith from 1588. In 1602, the Living Buddha was declared in Mongolia, presumably believed to be the reincarnation of the Buddha himself. The last Living Buddha died in 1924.

The conversion of the Mongols to Buddhism is explained by their rapid subjugation to a new wave of conquerors, the Manchus. Before the attack on China, the Manchus already dominated the area later called Inner Mongolia. Chakhar Khan Lingdan (r. 1604-1634), who bore the title of Great Khan, the last independent successor of Genghis Khan, tried to consolidate his power over the tumets and hordes. These tribes became vassals of the Manchus, Lingdan fled to Tibet, and the Chahars submitted to the Manchus. The Khalkhas held out longer, but in 1691 the Manchu Emperor Kang-Qi, an opponent of the Dzungarian conqueror Galdan, called the Khalkha clans to a meeting, where they recognized themselves as his vassals.

Chinese rule and independence. Until the late 1800s, the Manchus resisted Chinese colonization of Mongolia. The fear of Russian expansion forced them to change their policy, which caused discontent among the Mongols. When the Manchu Empire collapsed in 1911, Outer Mongolia broke away from China and declared its independence.

Find "MONGOLS" on

"Feudal fragmentation." "Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'"

Option 1

A1. What was the reason for the victory of the Mongol army in the battle on the Kalka River?

1) in the inconsistency of the actions of the Russian troops 2) in the presence of firearms among the Mongols

3) in a decrease in the water level in the river due to a dry summer 4) in the refusal of the Russian princes to come to the aid of the Polovtsy

Batu came to Kyiv with great force, with many, many warriors. Batu was near the city, and his soldiers surrounded the city. And it was impossible to hear voices from the creaking of his carts, from the roar of many of his camels, the neighing of herds of his horses, and the whole Russian land was filled with warriors.

A3. Which city was not taken during the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'?

1) Kozelsk 2) Veliky Novgorod 3) Ryazan 4) Vladimir

A4. What happened as a result of Batu's campaign against Rus'?

1) the Russian lands were again united under the rule of the Kyiv princes 2) the borders of the Mongolian state reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea 3) the Russian lands were devastated 4) a period of feudal fragmentation began in Rus'

A.5 The military-administrative organization of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples: a) tumen c) tamga b) horde d) tarkhan

A.6 When did Genghis Khan capture Central Asia?

A) 1212 - 1213 c) 1219 - 1220 b) 1216 - 1217 d) 1222 - 1223

A.7. The Galician prince's name was: a) Mstislav Udaloy b) Mstislav Romanovich c) Daniil Romanovich d) Mstislav Svyatoslavich

A.8. The battle on the Kalka River took place in:

a) 1220g c) 1222g

B) 1221g d) 1223g

A.9 Tribal elders among the Mongols were called: a) arats b) khans c) nukers d) noyons

A.10 Rostov-Suzdal Principality:

1) feudal republic;

2) early feudal monarchy;

3) absolute monarchy;

4) estate-representative monarchy.

A.11. The name falls out of the logical series ...

1) Mstislav the Great;

2) Yuri Dolgoruky;

3) Andrei Bogolyubsky;

4) Vsevolod the Big Nest

A.12. To the consequences of the Tatar-Mongolian

invasion cannot be attributed ...

1) the death of a significant part of the population

countries;

2) a slowdown in the development of handicrafts and

trade;

3) final movement

political center of the Russian lands

Kyiv to Vladimir;

4) the cessation of princely strife.

13. Contemporaries were ...

1) Alexander Nevsky and Genghis Khan;

2) Yuri Dolgoruky and Daniil Galitsky;

3) Daniil Galitsky and Alexander Nevsky

4) Vsevolod the Big Nest and Batu

IN 1. Founder of the Mongolian state _______________________________

AT 2 What foreign policy event of the 13th century is described in the following passage from the Ipatiev Chronicle? (indicate the date) “Their first invasion was on the Ryazan land, and they took the city of Ryazan by storm, lured out Prince Yuri by deceit and brought him to Pronsk, because his princess was at that time in Pronsk. They deceived the princess, and killed Prince Yuri and his princess, and killed all the inhabitants of his land, did not spare children, even infants.

B.3 Indicate which dates apply to:

1. The period of the struggle of the Russian principalities against the aggression of the German and Swedish knights.
2. The period of the Mongol-Tatar conquest.

g) 1202 h) 1240

at 4. Define terms

Baskak, ulus, senior squad, thousand, posadnik "Horde exit"

Option 2

A1. Where did the first meeting of Russian squads with the Mongol-Tatars take place?

1) on the Kalka River 2) on the Volga River 3) on the City River 4) on the banks of Lake Ilmen

A2. When did the events described in the chronicle take place?

The godless Tsar Batu came to the Russian land with many Tatar soldiers and stood on the river in Voronezh near the land of Ryazan. And he sent unlucky ambassadors to Ryazan to the Grand Duke Yuri Igorevich Ryazansky, demanding from him a tenth of everything: in princes, and in all sorts of people, and in the rest. And the Grand Duke Yuri Igorevich of Ryazan heard about the invasion of the godless Tsar Batu, and immediately sent to the city of Vladimir to the noble Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir, asking him for help against the godless Tsar Batu or to go to him himself.

1) in 1223 2) in 1237 3) in 1240 4) in 1242

A3. What caused the defeat of the Russian troops in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars? 1) bad weather conditions 2) lack of cavalry among the Russian princes 3) feudal fragmentation in Rus' 4) military assistance that the Polovtsians provided to the Mongols

A4. Why were the Mongol-Tatars unable to conquer the countries of Central Europe?

1) they did not know how to overcome water barriers 2) they had a small army 3) the Russian people put up fierce resistance to the invaders 4) the Normans helped the inhabitants of Central Europe

A.5. Kurultai is:

A) territory c) city

b) congress of leaders d) military unit

A.6. In 1211, Genghis Khan attacked:

A) Northern Iran c) Northern China b) Azerbaijan d) Northern Caucasus

A.7 Temuchen was proclaimed Genghis Khan in:

A) 1204 - 1205 c) 1206 - 1207 b) 1205 - 1206 d) 1207 - 1208

A.8. Mong. the khans decided to march "to the last sea" in:

A) 1221g c) 1231g b) 1227g d) 1235g

A.9. In 1227, at the head of the Western ulus of the Mongol Empire stood: a) Jochi c) Jebe b) Batu d) Subede

A.10. The reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Rus' do not include:

1) the emergence of patrimonial land ownership; 2) the growth of cities;

3) the natural nature of the economy; 4) Polovtsian raids.

A.11 Under him, the Galician principality reached

at its peak:

1) Yuri Dolgoruky

2) Roman Mstislavich;

3) Daniil Romanovich;

4) Yaroslav Osmomysl

A12. Alexander Nevsky had the title ...

1) Novgorod mayor;

2) the Grand Duke of Vladimir;

3) king;

4) khan.

IN 1. The city that Batu called "evil" -

AT 2. . What event is the chronicler talking about?

“And “Prince Alexander” went with his brother Andrei and with the Novgorodians and Suzdalians to the German land with great strength so that the Germans would not boast, saying “we will humiliate the Slovenian language.” The great prince set up an army on Lake Peipus on Uzmen, at the Raven stone, and,

prepared for battle, went against them. The troops converged on Lake Peipsi; there were plenty of those and others. It was then the Sabbath day, and at sunrise they converged

both troops. And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and Chud, and the crack of breaking spears and the sound of blows from swords was heard, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke, and not

ice was visible, because it was covered with blood ... And the Germans turned to flight, and the Russians drove them with a fight as if through the air ... they beat them 7 miles across the ice to the Subolitsky coast, and

500 Germans fell, and countless Chuds, and captured 50 of the best German governors and brought them to Novgorod, and other Germans drowned in the lake, because it was spring ... "

B.3 Indicate what reasons caused:

Conquest campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus' and Western Europe.

The rapid conquest of Russian lands by the Mongol-Tatars.

a) Strict discipline of the Mongol-Tatars;

b) The desire to expand their possessions at the expense of neighbors;

c) Lack of unity of the Russian principalities;

d) The need to expand pastures;

e) The possibility of enrichment as a result of military campaigns;

e) Princely strife.

B.4 Define concepts

patrimony, fresco, senior squad, ulus, cross-domed structure, label,

Sections: History and social studies

Lesson type: learning new material.

Teaching method: problem presentation.

Forms of organization of cognitive activity: frontal, pair, group, individual work.

Program: A.N. Sakharov, V.I. Buganov. Russian history. M. "Enlightenment" 2006

Textbook: A.N. Sakharov, V.I. Buganov. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. M. "Enlightenment" 2007.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational:
  • to promote the assimilation by students of knowledge about the time of the creation of the Golden Horde through a warm-up scheme and tests;
  • organize an action to form an idea of ​​Batu's campaigns against Rus' and substantiate the consequences of establishing a yoke regime for Rus' on its territory through an independent solution of historical problems;
  • to contribute to the disclosure of the reasons for the conquest of Rus' by the Mongols through research work with historical sources.
• Educational:
  • to promote the development of logical thinking, the ability to carry out the reflection of activities through individual and group forms of work.
• Educational:
  • contribute to the education of students of patriotism and respect for the historical past of our people, a sense of compassion for the grief of our ancestors who survived the horror of the “Batu ruin”;
  • using the research method, to help master the elements of scientific knowledge for the formation of value orientations and beliefs.

During the lesson, the complexity and interconnection of the above tasks was ensured.

Means of education: visual (historical map, multimedia presentation); printed and verbal (textbook, document, cards, rating lists).

Lesson equipment:

• Sakharov A.N. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. – M.: Enlightenment, 2007.
• Wall map “Struggle against foreign invaders in the 13th century.”
• Notebook.
• Chalk notes on the blackboard.
• Multimedia projector, computer, screen.

Lesson structure:

1. Organizational moment
2. Repetition of the studied material consists of two stages: a) a warm-up is carried out "Unravel the scheme"; b) test.
3. Actualization of students' knowledge. The organization of goal-setting on the topic of the lesson, the rationale for the personal interest of students.
4. Planning the activities of students.
5. Studying new material: a) organizing group work to solve historical problems; b) independent work with a textbook on options in order to identify the political and economic dependence of Rus' on the Golden Horde; c) organization of group work with historical sources.
6. Primary consolidation of the studied material: a) in the form of a frontal conversation and independent work of students about the consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke; b) independent work: written reasoning with the substantiation of one's own point of view on the problem of the role of the yoke in Russian history.
7. Summing up the lesson.
8. Homework.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment

- Good afternoon guys. Have a seat. Getting ready for the lesson. Officers, please let us know who is missing. Thank you. Say the name of the topic we studied in the previous lesson.

Students voice the name of the topic: "The beginning of the Mongol-Tatar invasion."

2. Repetition of the studied material

We continue to study the topic of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. At the beginning of our lesson, I propose to conduct a kind of warm-up in the form of a diagram ( Annex 1 , slide 1), in which you need to find three interconnected cells horizontally, vertically or diagonally. And then, try to explain what this relationship is. There are two correct answers in this chart.

Answers:

1. Diagonally from the upper left corner down is the Mongol leader Yesugei, his eldest son Temuchen (the future Genghis Khan), the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi.
2. The middle vertical column - 1190 - Temuchen took the throne of "Khamag Mongol Ulus", i.e., all the Mongols; Temuchen is the name of Genghis Khan; 1204 - 1205 Proclamation of Temuchen as Genghis Khan.

Our warm-up was successful and you coped with the task. So that the work in the lesson does not cause difficulties, I propose to repeat and consolidate the material of the last lesson by answering the test questions. Card number 1 with tests in front of you.

1 option

1. The military-administrative organization of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples:

a) cloudy
b) horde
c) tamga
d) tarkhan

2. When did Genghis Khan capture Central Asia?

a) 1212 - 1213
b) 1216 - 1217
c) 1219 - 1220
d) 1222 - 1223

3. Galician prince was called:

a) Mstislav Udaloy
b) Mstislav Romanovich
c) Daniel Romanovich
d) Mstislav Svyatoslavich

4. The battle on the Kalka River took place in:

a) 1220
b) 1221
c) 1222
d) 1223

5. Tribal elders among the Mongols were called:

a) arats
b) khans
c) nukers
d) noyons

Option 2

1. Kurultai is:

a) territory
b) congress of leaders
in town
d) military unit

2. In 1211, Genghis Khan attacked:

a) Northern Iran
b) Azerbaijan
c) Northern China
d) North Caucasus

3. Temuchen was proclaimed Genghis Khan in:

a) 1204 - 1205
b) 1205 - 1206
c) 1206 - 1207
d) 1207 - 1208

4. Mong. the khans decided to march "to the last sea" in:

a) 1221
b) 1227
c) 1231
d) 1235

5. In 1227, the head of the Western ulus of the Mongol Empire stood:

a) Jochi
b) Batu
c) Jabe
d) Subede

Getting to the test (2nd slide)

3. Actualization of students' knowledge

We continue to work. Pay attention to the screen Annex 1 , slide 3). The same texts on cards number 2 lie in front of you on the tables. In historical science, there are three points of view on the role of the yoke in Russian history. Let's get to know them. Find in each statement key words that characterize the attitude of the above scientists to these events.
We have got three opposite points of view, which can be depicted in the form of a diagram ( Annex 1 , slide 4)
Today in the lesson I put a problem in front of you, and I suggest you think: what role did the yoke play in the history of the Russian state? Which point of view do you agree with and why?? At the end of the lesson, you will have five minutes to write your answer. Think about what you need to know to solve this problem?
What state is being referred to in these statements? Let's formulate the topic of our lesson: “The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'.” Based on the information you previously knew on this topic, we will try to formulate the objectives of the lesson: (Students independently formulate the objectives of the lesson).

There are many turning points in Russian history. One of the important milestones is the Mongol-Tatar invasion. It divided Rus' into pre-Mongolian and post-Mongolian. The Mongol-Tatar invasion and the Horde yoke forced our ancestors to endure terrible stress. Subsequently, Rus' took revenge on the Horde on the Kulikovo field, and then completely threw off the yoke, but it did not pass without a trace. Destroyed human destinies, destroyed cities and centuries of fear and humiliation made the Russian man think, and, finally, understand that in unity and cohesion.
Based on the above, I propose the following lesson plan:

4. Planning student activities

1. The invasion of Batu in Rus'.
2. The struggle of Russian cities against the invaders.
3. Horde dominion in Rus'.
4. Work with historical sources.

5. Learning new material

Assignment to students: Getting acquainted with new material on the topic "Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'" we will work in groups. What is your assignment for this lesson? (Student response sounds: “1 and 3 § 2”). Thank you, this will help you complete the next task. Working with the textbook, solve historical problems according to the cards offered to you. They are given to each group. Tasks are designed taking into account the capabilities of each group. Group leaders evaluate the response of each member of their group. After listening to everyone, the ratings are put on the rating lists and the final conclusions are announced. Let's get to work.

Task 3 groups:“Explain why the conquerors supported the Russian Church. What role did the church play in that cruel time?”

Task 2B group:“Show by examples of the relationship between the Russian princes and the Mongol-Tatars that civil strife also affected this terrible hour for the country.”

Task 2A group:“The Mongol-Tatar yoke delayed the development of Rus', but could not stop it at all. Why?"

Task 1 group:“How can one explain the victories and the high level of the military art of the Mongol-Tatars, provided that, by the nature of the social system, they were lower than many of the countries they conquered.”

We end the discussion. Please describe the tasks that each group worked on. We listen to your findings. (The leaders of all 4 groups are heard). Thank you. I believe that all groups coped with the solution of problems. What's your opinion guys? (Students express their opinion on the work of their comrades).
Let us turn once more to the material of the paragraph. We found out that Rus' became dependent on the Mongol-Tatars. What two types of dependence can we trace? Based on the material of the paragraph, tell me, what was the political dependence of Rus', and what was the economic one? I propose to the first option to prove political dependence, and to the second - economic. Arrange your conclusions in the form of such a diagram: ( Annex 1 , slide 5).
(Students work with the material of the paragraph). And now let's compare your opinion with what we have on the next slide ( Annex 1 , slide 6). 1st and 2nd options conduct a mutual check. Report the ratings to the leaders of the groups for putting them on the rating lists. Raise your hand those students who got "4" or "5". Well done boys.
The next step in our lesson will be working with historical sources. On the table at each group are cards number 4 with historical sources. You need to conduct a little historical research on the chronicle passages offered to you. The task for each work is on the cards.
Each member of the group makes a contribution to the work on this document. Upon completion of the work, the leaders put each rating on the rating list.

1 group works with a historical source from the textbook on p. 161 "Batu's invasion of Rus'" and answers the questions at the end of the document using a map when answering ( Annex 1 , slide 7).

6. Primary consolidation of the studied material

- What do you think, what are the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke?

(Front talk about the consequences of the Tatar-Mongol yoke).

Guys, write down the answers you expressed in your notebooks in the form of short theses.

Students have 3 minutes to write down their answers..

Now compare your theses with those that you see on the screen ( Annex 1 , slide 8) and make a self-assessment of your activities.
1. Destroyed a lot of Russian people.
2. Many villages and towns were devastated.
3. The craft has fallen into decay. Many crafts are forgotten.
4. The country regularly paid the "Horde output".
5. The disunity of the Russian lands increased.
6. Destroyed cultural values.

Evaluation criteria: 5-6 coincidences of opinions - score "5"; 4 coincidences of opinions - score "4"; 3 coincidence of opinions - score "3"; less than 3 matches - the work is not evaluated.

Based on the new knowledge gained in the lesson, try to solve the problem posed to you at the beginning of the lesson: what role did the yoke play in the history of the Russian state? In Russian historiography, there are three points of view on the role of the yoke in Russian history. Write which point of view you agree with and why (return to slide 3).

7. Summing up the lesson

Giving marks for class work. The guys are the leaders of the groups, please rate the work of your comrades. Head of the 3rd group, we are listening to you. The leader, without naming names, says how many members of the group received a mark of "5", how many people worked for "4". Then the answers of other leaders are heard. I agree with the assessments of the leaders, because the class worked with interest, actively. Everyone made a contribution to the solution of the tasks assigned to the class.

8. Information about homework(Annex 1 , slide 9)

Task 3 group: read §20 p.1, 3 and prepare to answer questions 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 at the end of the paragraph.
Task 2 group: read §20 p.1, 3 and make tests based on the material read (at least seven questions).
Task 1 group: read §20 p.1, 3 and do a little research work.
Find in the libraries of the village the materials of the Lavrentiev and Ipatiev Chronicles on the events of the period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and, using the examples of the captures of the cities of Ryazan, Vladimir, Suzdal, Kozelsk, Kiev, conduct your own study of the situation of Russian people under the Horde yoke.

- The lesson is over. Thanks to all.

Fatal 1223 At the very end of the spring of 1223, 500 km from the southern borders of Rus', Russian-Polovtsian and Mongol troops met in a deadly battle. The tragic events for Rus' had their own prehistory, and therefore it is worth dwelling on the "acts of the Mongols", to understand the historical inevitability of the path that led the regiments of Genghis Khan, Russians and Polovtsy to Kalka that very spring.

How is it known about the Tatar-Mongols and their conquests. About themselves, the history of their people in the XIII century. the Mongols told a little in the epic work "The Secret Legend", which included historical songs, "genealogical tales", "oral messages", sayings, proverbs. In addition, Genghis Khan adopted the "Great Yasa", a code of laws that allows you to understand the principles of the structure of the state, the troops, contains moral and judicial prescriptions. Those whom they conquered also wrote about the Mongols: Chinese and Muslim chroniclers, later Russians and Europeans. At the end of the XIII century. in China, conquered by the Mongols, the Italian Marco Polo lived for almost 20 years, then he painted in detail in his "Book" about what he saw and heard. But, as usual for the history of the Middle Ages, information from the XIII century. contradictory, insufficient, sometimes obscure or unreliable.

Mongols: what is hidden behind the name. At the end of the XII century. Mongol-speaking and Turkic tribes lived on the territory of northeastern Mongolia and Transbaikalia. The name "Mongols" has received a double interpretation in the historical literature. According to one version, the ancient Meng-gu tribe lived in the upper reaches of the Amur, but one of the Tatar clans in Eastern Transbaikalia had the same name (Genghis Khan also belonged to this clan). According to another hypothesis, Meng-gu is a very ancient tribe, rarely mentioned in the sources, but the ancients never confused them with the Dada (Tatars) tribe.

The Tatars were stubbornly at enmity with the Mongols. The name of the successful and warlike Tatars gradually became collective for a whole group of tribes that lived in southern Siberia. The long and fierce confrontation between the Tatars and the Mongols ended by the middle of the 12th century. the victory of the latter. The Tatars were included among the peoples conquered by the Mongols, and for Europeans the names "Mongols" and "Tatars" became synonymous.

Mongols: heavily armed
12th century horseman, horse archer
XII-XIII centuries. and commoner

Traditional occupations of the Mongols and their "kurens". The main occupations of the Mongols were hunting and cattle breeding. The tribes of the Mongols-herdsmen, who later played such a significant role in world history, lived south of Lake Baikal and up to the Altai Mountains. The main value of the steppe nomads was herds of thousands of horses.

The very way of life and habitat brought up in the Mongols endurance, stamina, the ability to easily endure long hikes. Mongols were taught to ride and use weapons in early childhood. Already teenagers were excellent riders and hunters. It is not surprising that, having matured, they also became magnificent warriors. Harsh natural conditions and frequent attacks by unfriendly neighbors or enemies formed the characteristic features of "living in felt wagons": courage, contempt for death, the ability to organize for defense or attack.

In the period before the unification and conquests, the Mongols were at the last stage of the tribal system. They wandered as "kurens", i.e. clan or tribal associations, numbering from several hundred to several thousand people. With the gradual disintegration of the tribal system, separate families, "ails", stood out from the "kurens".

stone statue
in the Mongolian steppes

Rise of the military nobility and squad. The main role in the social organization of the Mongolian tribes was played by people's assemblies and the council of tribal elders (kurultai), but gradually power was concentrated in the hands of the noyons (military leaders) and their combatants (nukers). Lucky and prolific noyons (over time turned into khans) with their faithful nukers towered over the bulk of the Mongols - ordinary cattle breeders (Oirats).

Genghis Khan and his "people-army". The unification of disparate and warring tribes was difficult, and Temuchin had to finally overcome the resistance of the obstinate khans with "iron and blood". A descendant of a noble, according to Mongolian concepts, family, Temujin experienced a lot in his youth: the loss of his father, poisoned by the Tatars, humiliation and persecution, captivity with a wooden block around his neck, but he endured everything and stood at the head of a great empire.

In 1206, the kurultai proclaimed Temuchin Genghis Khan. The conquests of the Mongols that amazed the world were based on the principles of iron discipline and military orders, introduced by him. The Mongol tribes were soldered by their leader into a horde, a single "people-army". The entire social organization of the steppes was built on the basis of the "Great Yasa" introduced by Genghis Khan - the code of laws mentioned above. The squad of nukers was transformed into a personal guard (kishkiten) of the khan, numbering 10 thousand people; the rest of the army was divided into tens of thousands ("darkness" or "tumens"), thousands, hundreds and tens of fighters. At the head of each division was an experienced and skillful military leader. Unlike many European medieval armies, Genghis Khan's army professed the principle of appointing military leaders in accordance with personal merits. For the flight from the battlefield of one warrior out of a dozen, the entire ten were executed, for the flight of a dozen, a hundred were executed, and since dozens consisted, as a rule, of close relatives, it is clear that a moment of cowardice could turn into the death of a father, brother and happened extremely rarely. The slightest failure to comply with the orders of military leaders was also punishable by death. The laws established by Genghis Khan also applied to civil life.

The principle of "war feeds itself." When recruiting for an army, every ten wagons were obliged to put up from one to three soldiers and provide them with food. None of the soldiers of Genghis Khan received a salary, but each of them had the right to part of the booty in the conquered lands and cities.

Naturally, the cavalry was the main arm of the nomadic steppe people. There were no convoys with her. Warriors took with them two leather skins with milk for drinking and an earthenware pot for boiling meat. This made it possible to travel very long distances in a short time. All needs were provided at the expense of the conquered territories.

The weaponry of the Mongols was simple but effective: a powerful, lacquered bow and several quivers of arrows, a spear, a curved saber, and leather armor with metal lining.

The battle formations of the Mongols consisted of three main parts: the right wing, the left wing and the center. During the battle, the army of Genghis Khan easily and very skillfully maneuvered, used ambushes, distracting maneuvers, false retreats with sudden counterattacks. It is characteristic that the Mongol military leaders almost never led troops, but directed the course of the battle, either from a commanding height or through their messengers. This is how command personnel were preserved. During the conquest of Rus' by the hordes of Batu, the Mongol-Tatars lost only one Chingizid - Khan Kulkan, while the Russians lost every third of the Ruriks.

Before the start of the battle, scrupulous reconnaissance was carried out. Long before the start of the campaign, the Mongols' envoys, disguised as ordinary merchants, found out the number and location of the enemy garrison, food supplies, and possible ways to approach or retreat from the fortress. All routes of military campaigns were calculated by the Mongol commanders in advance and very carefully. For the convenience of communication, special roads were built with stations (pits), where there were always replaceable horses. All urgent orders and instructions were transmitted by such a "horse relay race" at a speed of up to 600 km per day. Two days before any campaign forward, backward, on both sides of the proposed path, detachments of 200 people were sent out.

Each new battle brought a new military experience. Especially the conquest of China gave a lot.

Read also other topics part IX "Rus' between East and West: battles of the XIII and XV centuries." section "Rus and Slavic countries in the Middle Ages":

• 39. "Who are the Essence and the Departure": the Tatar-Mongols at the beginning of the 13th century.
• 41. Genghis Khan and the "Muslim front": campaigns, sieges, conquests
• 42. Rus' and Polovtsians on the eve of Kalka
  • Polovtsy. Military-political organization and social structure of the Polovtsian hordes
  • Prince Mstislav Udaloy. Princely Congress in Kyiv - decision to help the Polovtsy
• 44. Crusaders in the Eastern Baltic