Rules for reading Czech. Czech. Basic rules of the Czech language

For the first time, the Slavic alphabet (Cyrillic) appeared on the territory of Moravia, this is due to the activities of the Salun brothers, Cyril and Methodius. In the course of historical development, the West Slavic languages ​​switched to the Latin alphabet, while the Latin alphabet was adapted in a certain way for the Slavic languages. On the territory of the Czech Republic, such a reform was carried out by Jan Hus, who introduced diacritics into the Czech script to denote long vowels and hissing sounds.

The Czech alphabet contains 42 letters. Depending on the graphic nature, three types of letters are distinguished:

simple;
- fused, consisting of two elements (ch);
- Letters with diacritical marks.

Czech alphabet

3

Russian Latin based on the Czech alphabet
and the official project of the 20s

Transcription from Czech into Russian

The Czech language alphabet consists of 42 letters:
28 letters - latin
The 14 letters are dialectic signs that represent specific Czech sounds.

Today, the study of the Czech language is gradually becoming fashionable among our compatriots. And the reason for this is not least the fact that Czech belongs to the West Slavic language group, which means it has much in common with Russian. In just a few minutes of your stay in the Czech Republic, you will begin to understand the meaning of many signs, the meaning of individual words and expressions, and after a few days you will probably be able to exchange a couple of phrases with the locals.
Those who know some other Slavic language, such as Ukrainian, will be especially lucky: these travelers will be able to almost fluently understand most conversations on everyday topics.
And yet, before diving into the language environment, let's take a closer look at its features.

All Slavic languages ​​have one common source - the Old Church Slavonic language, which was spread by the well-known Cyril and Methodius. However, if the Russian alphabet inherited the so-called Cyrillic writing of letters, then in the Czech Republic, as a European country, they began to use the Latin alphabet, adapting it to the features of the local pre-existing language with the help of superscripts apostrophes and acute. Apostrophes were placed above consonants to indicate their hardness (for example, the word lekař (doctor) sounds like "healer") and above the vowel "e" to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. Acutes, which look like an accent mark, to indicate long vowels (á, é, í, ó, ý). To indicate a long "u", a small circle (ů) was placed above it. These rules exist in the Czech language to this day.
Unlike Russian, the Czech language has retained a large number of archaic forms. For example, in addition to the six main cases of nouns, it also has the so-called vocative case, the analogue of which in Russian is the appeal.

A few words about the peculiarities of pronunciation in the Czech language. First of all, it should be noted that, unlike Russian, the stress here always falls on the first syllable (an additional stress occurs in polysyllabic words). Now about what sounds correspond to individual letters:
the letter "c" corresponds to the sound [ts],
č is pronounced like [h],
the combination of letters ch denotes one sound [x],
the sound of the letter “h” resembles the Ukrainian [g], which in Russian is preserved in the exclamation “Wow!”,
"ř" means either the sound [rzh] or [rsh], depending on its position in the word,
"š" sounds like [w],
"ž" sounds like [zh],
"j" sounds like [th],
the letter "ň" corresponds to the sound [n].
In addition, there are a huge number of nuances associated with pronunciation, which it is simply not possible to talk about in one article.

It would be nice, of course, to know a few words and expressions that can be useful in different situations when communicating with the staff of a hotel, restaurant, shop and others.
Here is a small phrasebook, containing the most common of them:

Everyday
Good morning! Dobré rano! [Good early!]
Good afternoon Dobrý den! [Good dan!]
How are you/are you doing? Jak se mate/maš? [Yak se mate/mash?]
Thank you, good Děkuji, dobře
My name is… Jmenuji se… [Ymenuji se…]
Goodbye! Na shledanou! [To hello!]
Morning Ráno [Early]
After dinner Odpoledne [Odpoledne]
Evening Večer [Evening]
Night Noc [Noc]
Today Dnes [Dnes]
Yesterday Včera [Yesterday]
Tomorrow Zitra [Zitra]
Do you speak Russian (English, German)? Mluvíte ruština (anglicky, německy?)
I don’t understand Nerozumím [Ne razumim]
Please repeat again Řekněte to ještě jadnou, prosim
Thanks Děkuji [Dekui]
Please Prosim [Please]
Who / what Kdo / co [Gdo / tso]
What Jaký [Yaki]
Where / where Kde / kam [Where / kam]
How/how much Jak/kolik [Yak/kolik]
How long / when? Jak dlouho / kdy? [Yak dlougo / where]
Why? Proc? [Other?]
How is it in Czech? Jak ten to Czech? [Yak ten to chesky?]
Can you help me? Můžete mi pomoci? [Can you help me?]
Yes/no Ano/ne
Sorry Promiňte [Prominte]

Tourist
Do they provide information to tourists? Je tu turistická informace? [Is there any tourist information?]
I need a city plan / list of hotels Máte plan města / seznam hotelů? [mate plan mest / sesame wish]
When is the museum/church/exhibition open? Kdy je otevřeny museum/kostel/výstava? [Where are the museum/kostel/exhibitions located?]

In the shop
Where can I find… ? Kde dostanu… ? [Where can I get... ?]
What is the price? Kolik to stoji? [Will you stop?]
It's too expensive To je moc drahé [To je moc drahé]
Dislike/like Ne/libi [Ne/libi]
Do you have this item in a different color/size? Máte to ještě v jiné barvě/velikosti? [Mate to yestie in ine barvie/greatness?]
I take it Vezmu si to [Vezmu si to]
Give me 100 g of cheese / 1 kg of oranges Dejte mi deset deka sýra / jadno kilo pomerančů
Do you have newspapers? Mate new? [Mate news?]

At the restaurant
Menu please Jidelní listek, prosím
Bread Chléb [Bread]
Tea Čaj [Tea]
Coffee Káva [Kava]
With milk/sugar S mlékem/cukrem [With milk/zukrem]
Orange juice Pomerančova št’áva
Wine white/red/rosé Vino bile/Červené/Růžové
Lemonade Limonada [Lemonade]
Beer Pivo [Beer]
Water Voda [Water]
Mineral water Mineralní voda
Soup Polevka [Polevka]
Fish Ryba [Fish]
Meat Maso [Maso]
Salad Salát [Salad]
Dessert Dezert
Fruit Ovoce
Ice cream Zmrzlina [Zmrzlina]
Breakfast Snidaně [Snidaně]
Lunch Oběd [Dinner]
Dinner Večere
Account, please Účet prosím [Account, please]

At the hotel
I booked a room with you Mám u vás reservaci [Mom you have reservaci]
Is there a double room? Máte volný dvoulůžkovy pokoj? [Mate are free two-luzhkovy peace?]
With a balcony S balkónem? [With balcony]
With shower and toilet Se sprchou a WC
What is the room rate per night? Kolik stoji pokoj na noc? [Kolik stand still on the night?]
With breakfast? Se snidani? [Let's take down?]
May I see the room? Mohu se podívat na pokoj? [Can I take a rest?]
Is there another room? Máte ještě jiný pokoj? [Mate is there any rest?]
Where can I park? Kde mohu parkovat? [Where can I park?]
Bring my luggage, please Můžete donest moje zavazadlo na pokoj prosím? [Muzhete mi donest my zavazadlo to rest, please?]

different situations
Where is the bank / exchange office? Kde je tady bank / vyméný punkt? [Where is ye tady bank / udder point?]
Where is the phone? Kdye mogu telefonovat? [Where can I phone?]
Where to buy a phone card? Kde mohu dostat telefonni kartu? [Where can I get a phone card?]
I need a doctor/dentist Potřebuji lékaře/zubaře
Call an ambulance/police Zavolejte prosím zachrannu službu/ policii
Where is the police station? Kde je policejní komisařství? [Where are the policemen of the commissioner?]
They stole from me ... Ukradli mně ... [Stolen mne ...]

Download and print out a phrase book (.doc format) that will come in handy on your trip.

A bit of history
Each national language is directly connected both with a single person who speaks it, and with the whole nation as a whole. And, like people, it tends to change over time develop or, conversely, fade, be influenced by other languages, transform its own rules in every possible way, and so on.
Before acquiring its current form, the Czech language underwent a variety of reforms and improvements. However, the most interesting fact from its history is, perhaps, that it became the official state language twice. First, in the 15th century, after the basic literary norms and rules were formed, and then at the beginning of the 20th century. Why did this happen, you ask. The thing is that at the beginning of the 17th century, after the fatal battle at the White Mountain, the Czech Republic for three whole centuries was part of the powerful Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was ruled by representatives of the German House of Habsburgs. In order to strengthen their power in the occupied states, the Habsburgs tried to strengthen the influence of the German language in these territories. Despite the fact that members of the government were chosen from the circles of the German nobility, the main population of the Czech Republic still spoke their native language, moreover, it continued to develop: books and treatises were published in Czech, grammar rules were formed, and at the end of the 19th century the first Czech encyclopedia.
By the way, traces of the historical past are visible in the Czech Republic to this day: tourists who speak German are still better understood here than those who speak English. In 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, the independent Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, and two years later, the Czech language (to be more precise, Czechoslovak) again acquired official status.

Deceiver words
Despite the fact that Russian and Czech have a very strong similarity in vocabulary and the meaning of most words can be determined simply on a whim, there are many so-called deceiver words in Czech. Such words sound or are written almost the same as in Russian, but have a completely different meaning. So, for example, the word "stůl" means a table, "čerstvý" fresh, and "smetana" cream. Most often, the difference in meaning causes only slight bewilderment, but there are times when it causes great fun among our fellow citizens. It is not surprising, because when you find out that in order to buy a fashionable dress in a store, you need to ask for a robe (Czech "roba"), the phrase " pleasant smell"Does not exist in principle, because the word" zapach" means stink (with this perfume in Czech sounds like “stink”), and “pitomec” is not a pet at all, but a fool, it is simply not possible to hold back a smile.

Interesting statistics
Many linguists argue that language statistics is not such a useless exercise as it might seem at first glance. In particular, according to the frequency ratings of the use of certain parts of speech or even their percentage ratio, one can get some (albeit incomplete) idea of ​​the psychology of people who speak a particular language.
What is it, the national character of the Czech people, we will give you the right to judge. We have collected here the results of some statistical studies of the Czech language and seasoned them with some interesting linguistic facts.

The most frequently used words in the Czech language:
a (conjunctions “and”, “a” and “but”), být (to be), ten (that, this), v (prepositions “on”, “by”, “in”), on (pronoun “ he"), na (prepositions "to", "in", "for", "from"), že (prepositions "from", "from"), s (se) (preposition "from"), z (ze ) (preposition "from"), který (what, which).

The most common nouns in Czech are:
pan (pán) (master (before surname)), život (life), člověk (person), práce (work, business), ruka (hand), den (day, date), zem (země) (country), lidé (people), doba (period, century, time), hlava (head).

The most common verbs in Czech are:
být (to be), mít (to have, to possess), moci (to be able, to be able), muset (to be obliged to do something, to have to), vědět (to know, to be able), chtít (to want, to desire), jít (to go ), říci (to say), vidět (to see), dát se (to start, for example, dat se do pláče to start crying).

The most common adjectives in Czech are:
celý (whole, whole, full), velký (veliký) (large), nový (new), starý (old), český (Czech, in Czech), dobrý (good, kind), malý (small), možný ( possible, feasible, probable), živý (živ) (lively, cheerful, temperamental).

In terms of frequency of use
Most synonyms describe character hardness. álý, ustálený, fixní, stabilní, trvalý, zajištěný, jistý, bezpečný, nepoddajný . ý, hluboky.
The longest word without vowels: scvrnklý (shrunken, shriveled).
The longest word that can be read from right to left is nepochopen (misunderstanding).

As for the frequency of using different parts of speech in the Czech language, here the popularity rating was as follows: nouns took the first place (38.93%), verbs came second (27.05%), adjectives went third (20.98%) , fourth - to adverbs (9.04%), the remaining places with a small margin from each other divided pronouns, numerals, conjunctions and prepositions. And the Czechs use interjections least of all - they are only 0.36%. Here are some interesting statistics!

Czech is one of the Slavic languages. In some ways, it resembles Russian, but many words in the Czech language have a diametrically opposite meaning. Sometimes this leads to confusion, sometimes it becomes the basis for incidents, but more often it just causes a smile. That is why the Czech language is interesting for almost every Russian-speaking person.

1. Many Czech words have common roots with Russian ones. True, in the Czech version, as a rule, there is no central vowel. For example, a city is a city.

2. The closest relative of the Czech language is the Slovak language. Together they form a subgroup of the West Slavic languages. Well, Czechs and Slovaks easily and without problems understand each other.

3. If you take up the study of the Czech language, then be prepared for some difficulties. So, for example, in the Czech language there are sounds that are not in either in or in. In addition, often one sound in the Czech language is indicated by several letters.

4. Modern Czech is divided into literary (spisovná čeština), bookish (knižní čeština), colloquial (hovorová čeština) and common Czech (obecná čeština). The book language differs from the literary language by the presence of archaisms. Colloquial, unlike common Czech, includes vulgarisms and dialect words. It is Common Czech that is spoken by the majority of the country's population, and this language is also gradually penetrating into literature and the media.

5. In the Czech language, there are many words that are incredibly funny from the point of view of a Russian-speaking person. Here are some of them: shark - gobbler, theater - divadlo, sniff - sneeze, bachelor - baby, basement - crypt, of course - rumble, chair - saddle, plane - letadlo, heat - bucket, cucumber - cigarette butt, persimmon - whatever and not only.

6. Russian-speaking people often experience difficulties in learning Czech due to interlingual enantiosemy, when words that sound the same have opposite meanings. So, for example, čerstvý means fresh, woń - smell, ovoce - fruits, zapominać - forget, úžasný - delicious, uroda - beauty and more. However, native speakers of the Russian language also encounter the same feature when studying.

7. The word "tights" came to us in the 50s from the Czech language. As well as the product itself, which was delivered from Czechoslovakia in packages with the inscription "kalgots punchokhove". The word "tights" quickly came into use despite the fact that this word is translated as "women's panties." But the word "punchokhove", which directly means "tights", simply did not take root with us. Well, Russian-speaking tourists to this day get into incidental situations in Czech lingerie stores.

8. Czech is one of the few languages ​​where you can only find words with their consonants. Often there are five or six consonants in a row, and most of them are hissing. One of the longest such words is čtvrthrst, which translates as "a quarter of a handful." Sometimes whole sentences consist of such words. For example, Strč prst skrz krk - "put your finger down your throat." It should be noted that this phrase is one of the most famous in Czech, it is often included in various textbooks to illustrate the features of the language. But in fact, she is far from the only one. Linguists often amuse themselves by composing long phrases in Czech, consisting of only consonants. For example: “Chrt zdrhl z Brd. Vtrhl skrz strž v tvrz srn, v čtvrť Krč. Blb! Prskl, zvrhl smrk, strhl drn, mrskl drn v trs chrp. Zhltl čtvrthrst zrn skrz krk, pln zrn vsrkl hlt z vln. Chrt brkl, mrkl, zmlkl. Zvlhls?". It has no special meaning, it tells about the adventures of an escaped greyhound, which caused a rustle in one of the districts of Prague. It should be noted that such entertainments are used by linguists from all over the world. For example, connoisseurs of languages ​​are also willing to compose the longest words.

9. The @ symbol is called differently in different languages. But, perhaps, it was the Czechs who came up with one of the most original and even appetizing names. So, they call this sign zavináč, which means "herring roll". By the way, in the language the name of this symbol is no less original - “trunk”.

10. No matter how difficult the Czech pronunciation is, it is partially simplified by the stress, which traditionally falls on the first syllable.

11. The longest word in the Czech language is nejzdevětadevadesáteronásobitelnějšími of 38 letters. This is a nonsense that is difficult to translate, denoting numbers that can be easily multiplied by 99. The longest word used is nerestrukturalizovatelnému. It has 26 letters and it translates as "unrestructured".

Czech belongs to the group of West Slavic languages. Czechs use the Latin alphabet.

Superscripts are used to denote some sounds:

"- čárka [charka] - denotes a long vowel;

° - kroužek [krouzhek] - marks a long |u] in the middle and at the end of words;

ˇ - háček [gachek] - is written over hissing consonants and signals the softness of consonants [d], [t], [n]; above [e] (ě) denotes softness or iotation of previous consonants.

The combinations bě, pě, vě, fě are read as [bye], [pie], [vye], [fie]: běh [beh], pěna [piena], věk [vyek]. The combination mě is pronounced [to me]: město [place].

Basically, Czech spelling is based on the phonetic principle - "as it is heard, so it is written." But there are exceptions to this rule - at the end of words, as in Russian, often, according to tradition, voiced consonants are written, which are deafened when pronounced, and vice versa, where deaf people are traditionally written, voiced ones are pronounced: dub [dup], vůz [vus] , svatba [wedding].

Sometimes, when pronouncing, groups of consonants merge into one sound: dětsky [dets].

Voiced at the beginning and middle of words before deaf consonants are deafened: všecko [fshecko], tužka [carcass].

There are 25 consonants and 5 vowels in Czech. The stress in a word always falls on the first syllable or, if there is a word-forming preposition before the word, then on it: okno - na okně.

Most Czech consonants are hard. Many of them are close in pronunciation to Russian: [b], [p], [v], [f], [m], [r], [s], [z], [c] ([ц]), [ k], [g], ([x]).

The pronunciation of Czech [d], [t], [n] is somewhat different. When they are pronounced, the tongue is more pushed back. In addition, only these three consonants in Czech can be both hard and soft.

In writing, their softness is indicated by ˇ or ": , , . If they are followed by [ě] or [i] [d], [t], [n] they are read softly, but this is not additionally indicated in writing: děti (children ), tělo (body), něco (netso).

The consonant "j" is pronounced like Russian [й] if it is before a vowel or at the end of a word; at the beginning of a word before a consonant, it is not pronounced.
Czech č [h] is pronounced harder than Russian.
On the contrary, softer Russian equivalents are pronounced: š [w] and ž [zh].
As for the Czech l, its pronunciation is different from the Russian "l": it should be pronounced as Central European.

q - occurs only in foreign words, pronounced as [kv].
x - pronounced as [ks] or [gz] - before vowels and h.
w - occurs only in foreign words, pronounced like Russian [v].
h is pronounced as a Ukrainian fricative [r].
ř - a specific Czech sound is pronounced as [rzh] at the beginning of words and before vowels; as [rsh] at the end of words, after and before voiceless consonants.

Czech vowels can be long or short. A long vowel is pronounced almost twice as long as a short one. It is important to really pronounce long vowels, because longitude in Czech words can be meaningful: bý (to be) - byt (apartment), pas (passport) - pás (belt), jedna (one) - jedná (discuss). Unstressed vowels in Czech are pronounced just as clearly as stressed vowels.

A person arriving in Prague does not immediately understand how to read the street names correctly. Eminent linguists consider the Czech language a unique phenomenon, and therefore spare no effort and time to study it in detail.

This language belongs to the West Slavic group and, of course, is of greatest interest to the Slavs, including Russian speakers. Many people find Czech to be too whistling, hissing, and generally quite complex. Yes, there are really too many sounds, isn't this the imaginary complexity?

Czech alphabet with transcriptions.

Why so many letters?

The Czech alphabet can easily outdo the Russian alphabet in terms of the number of letters: there are as many as 42 of them! The thing is that the Czechs are very fond of letters of their own invention and the so-called "diacritical marks" - various dashes and strokes above or below the letters. Such signs serve to designate sounds for which there are no separate letters in the Latin alphabet.

They say that a detailed treatise on this topic was created in the 15th century by the famous historical figure Jan Hus. In fact, he originally wrote about spelling. But since he was a very active reformer, he decided at the same time to make adjustments to the phonetics of the language.

Initially, Czech was based on the classical Latin alphabet, but a fairly large number of additional sounds were formed. Because of this, Latin transcription has given rise to many of the longest Czech words. It became clear that new sounds needed their own designations. Of course, it was possible to come up with a couple of dozen new characters, but the problem was solved much easier: new letters were created by adding diacritics to the old ones. And here's what happened:

In the same image and likeness, the Slovak alphabet was built, in which, by the way, there are even more letters - 46.

If you want to feel closer the beauty and harmony of the Czech language, go to the theater when you are in Prague. There are no bad theaters here, so you can choose any. A great option - or the Minor Children's Theater.

If you are not going to go to the Czech Republic yet, find on the net and listen to Czech songs - a wonderful copy of Jožin z bažin -. By the way, even at the first drying you will understand something.

Function of diacritics

As you can see, there are additional sounds both among vowels and among consonants. We are used to the fact that in Russian paired vowels differ in softness, for example, e-e, yu-u, and give the corresponding softness or hardness to consonant sounds. In Czech, vowels differ from each other only in duration, and consonant sounds do not receive softness from them, but from all the same diacritics.

There is even a double letter in the Czech alphabet - Ch, the only digraph that has survived after the reforms.

Curious nuance

There are two absolutely amazing consonants in the Czech alphabet: l and r. They are called syllable-formers, since they can form a syllable next to another consonant without the participation of vowels. At the same time, the syllable-forming sound is slightly stretched in duration and pronounced with the participation of the voice. Thus, a short vowel appears next to the consonant r or l. In Russian words, these syllabic consonants correspond to the syllables -er-, -or-, -el-, -ol-, and in Czech, writing vowels turns out to be redundant. For example: prst - finger; krk - throat; vlk - wolf. Moreover, if such a syllable is at the beginning of a word, then the stress falls on the syllable-forming consonant (pronunciation rules almost always prescribe stress on the first syllable). For a Russian, both the spelling of these words and the fact that the word is stressed on a consonant are quite unusual. Perhaps that is why many Czech words seem funny to us.

Pozor - Attention!

The famous writer Karel Capek said that every Czech word has a thousand-year history. It is worth agreeing with him, because it is best reflected in the alphabet. A thousand-year history of optimization that spawned so many letters, but made writing so much easier.