Which of the poets was Akhmatova's husband. Biography of Anna Akhmatova

Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (real name - Gorenko) was born in the family of a marine engineer, retired captain of the 2nd rank, at the Bolshoi Fontan station near Odessa.

Mother, Irina Erazmovna, devoted herself entirely to her children, of whom there were six.

A year after Anya's birth, the family moved to Tsarskoye Selo.

“My first impressions are those of Tsarskoye Selo,” she later wrote. - The green, damp splendor of the parks, the pasture where my nanny took me, the hippodrome, where small colorful horses galloped, the old railway station and something else that later became part of the Tsarskoye Selo Ode. There were almost no books in the house, but my mother knew many poems and recited them by heart. Communicating with older children, Anna began to speak French quite early.

WITH Nikolai Gumilyov, who became her husband, Anna met when she was only 14. 17-year-old Nikolai was struck by her mysterious, bewitching beauty: radiant gray eyes, thick long black hair, an antique profile made this girl unlike anyone else.

For ten whole years, Anna became a source of inspiration for the young poet. He showered her with flowers and poems. One day, on her birthday, he gave Anna flowers, plucked under the windows of the imperial palace. In despair from unrequited love on Easter 1905, Gumilyov tried to commit suicide, which only frightened and disappointed the girl completely. She stopped seeing him.

Soon Anna's parents divorced, and she moved with her mother to Evpatoria. At this time, she was already writing poetry, but did not attach much importance to this. Gumilyov, having heard something written by her, said: “Maybe you will dance better? You are flexible ... ”Nevertheless, he published one poem in a small literary almanac“ Sirius ”. Anna chose the surname of her great-grandmother, whose family descended from the Tatar Khan Akhmat.

Gumilyov continued to propose to her again and again and attempted his own life three times. In November 1909, Akhmatova unexpectedly agreed to marriage, accepting the chosen one not as love, but as fate.

“Gumilyov is my destiny, and I dutifully surrender to her. Don't judge me if you can. I swear to you everything that is holy to me, that this unfortunate person will be happy with me, ”she writes to student Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who she liked much more than Nikolai.

None of the bride's relatives came to the wedding, considering the marriage obviously doomed. Nevertheless, the wedding took place at the end of June 1910. Soon after the wedding, having achieved what he had been striving for for so long, Gumilyov lost interest in his young wife. He began to travel a lot and was rarely at home.

In the spring of 1912, Akhmatova's first collection of 300 copies was published. In the same year, Anna and Nikolai have a son, Leo. But the husband was completely unprepared to limit his own freedom: “He loved three things in the world: for evening singing, white peacocks and erased maps of America. He didn't like it when children cried. He did not like tea with raspberries and female hysteria ... And I was his wife. The mother-in-law took the son.

Anna continued to write and from an eccentric girl turned into a majestically regal woman. They began to imitate her, they painted her, admired her, she was surrounded by crowds of admirers. Gumilyov half-seriously, half-jokingly hinted: “Anya, more than five is indecent!”

When the First World War began, Gumilyov went to the front. In the spring of 1915, he was wounded, and Akhmatova constantly visited him in the hospital. For valor, Nikolai Gumilyov was awarded the St. George Cross. At the same time, he continued to engage in literature, lived in London, Paris, and returned to Russia in April 1918.

Akhmatova, feeling like a widow with her husband alive, asked him for a divorce, saying that she was marryingVladimir Shileiko. She later called the second marriage "interim".

Vladimir Shileiko was a famous scientist and poet.

Ugly, insanely jealous, unadapted to life, he, of course, could not give her happiness. She was attracted by the opportunity to be useful to a great man. She believed that rivalry between them was excluded, which prevented marriage with Gumilyov. She spent hours writing translations of his texts from dictation, cooking and even chopping firewood. And he did not allow her to leave the house, burning all the letters unopened, did not allow her to write poetry.

Anna was rescued by a friend, composer Arthur Lurie. Shileiko was taken to the hospital for treatment of sciatica. And Akhmatova during this time got a job in the library of the Agronomic Institute. There she was given a state-owned apartment and firewood. After the hospital, Shileiko was forced to move in with her. But in the apartment where Anna herself was the hostess, the domestic despot subsided. However, in the summer of 1921 they parted completely.

In August 1921, Anna's friend, the poet Alexander Blok, died. At his funeral, Akhmatova learned that Nikolai Gumilyov had been arrested. He was accused of not informing, knowing about the alleged plot being prepared.

In Greece, almost at the same time, Anna Andreevna's brother, Andrei Gorenko, committed suicide. Two weeks later, Gumilyov was shot, and Akhmatova was not honored by the new government: both noble roots and poetry outside of politics. Even the fact that People's Commissar Alexandra Kollontai once noted the attractiveness of Akhmatova's poems for young workers ("the author truthfully portrays how badly a man treats a woman") did not help to avoid the persecution of critics. She was left alone and for a long 15 years she was not published.

At this time, she was engaged in the study of Pushkin's work, and her poverty began to border on poverty. She wore an old felt hat and a light coat in any weather. One of the contemporaries was somehow amazed at her magnificent, luxurious outfit, which, upon closer examination, turned out to be a worn dressing gown. Money, things, even gifts from friends did not stay with her. Without her own home, she did not part with only two books: a volume of Shakespeare and the Bible. But even in poverty, according to the reviews of all who knew her, Akhmatova remained royally majestic and beautiful.

With historian and criticNikolai PuninAnna Akhmatova was in a civil marriage.

To the uninitiated, they looked like a happy couple. But in fact, their relationship has developed into a painful triangle.

Akhmatova's civil husband continued to live in the same house with his daughter Irina and his first wife Anna Arens, who also suffered from this, remaining in the house as a close friend.

Akhmatova helped Punin a lot in his literary studies, translating for him from Italian, French, and English. Her son Leo moved to her, who by that time was 16 years old. Later, Akhmatova said that Punin could suddenly announce sharply at the table: “Only Irochka needs butter.” But her son Lyovushka was sitting next to him ...

In this house, she only had a sofa and a small table at her disposal. If she wrote, it was only in bed, surrounded by notebooks. He was jealous of her poetry, fearing that he looked insufficiently significant against her background. Once, into the room where she was reading her new poems to friends, Punin flew in with a cry: “Anna Andreevna! Do not forget! You are a poet of local Tsarskoye Selo significance.

When a new wave of repressions began, on the denunciation of one of the fellow students, the son of Leo was arrested, and then Punin. Akhmatova rushed to Moscow, wrote a letter to Stalin. They were released, but only temporarily. In March 1938, the son was again arrested. Anna again "was lying at the feet of the executioner." The death sentence was replaced with exile.

During the Great Patriotic War, during the heaviest bombings, Akhmatova spoke on the radio with an appeal to the women of Leningrad. She was on duty on the roofs, digging trenches. She was evacuated to Tashkent, and after the war she was awarded the medal "For the Defense of Leningrad". In 1945, the son returned - from exile he managed to get to the front.

But after a short respite, a black streak begins again - at first she was expelled from the Writers' Union, deprived of ration cards, and the book that was in print was destroyed. Then they again arrested Nikolai Punin and Lev Gumilyov, whose only fault was that he was the son of his parents. The first died, the second spent seven years in camps.

The disgrace was removed from Akhmatova only in 1962. But until the last days, she retained her royal grandeur. She wrote about love and jokingly warned the young poets Yevgeny Rein, Anatoly Neiman, Joseph Brodsky, with whom she was friends: “Just don’t fall in love with me! I don't need it anymore!"

And here is information about other men of the great poetess:

Boris Anrep -Russian muralist, writer of the Silver Age, lived most of his life in Great Britain.

They met in 1915. Akhmatova was introduced to Boris Anrep by his closest friend, the poet and theorist of verse N.V. Undobrovo. Here is how Akhmatova herself recalls her first meeting with Anrep: “1915. Palm Sat. A friend (Nedobrovo in Ts.S.) has officer B.V.A. Improvisation of poetry, evening, then two more days, on the third he left. Escorted me to the station."

Later, he came from the front on business trips and on vacation, met, acquaintance grew into a strong feeling on her part and a keen interest on his part. How ordinary and prosaic I "saw off to the station" and how many poems about love were born after that!

Muse Akhmatova, after meeting with Antrep, spoke immediately. About forty poems are dedicated to him, including the happiest and brightest poems about love by Akhmatova from The White Pack. They met on the eve of B. Anrep's departure to the army. At the time of their meeting, he was 31 years old, she was 25.

Anrep recalls: "When I met her, I was fascinated: an exciting personality, subtle sharp remarks, and most importantly - beautiful, painfully touching poems ... We rode in a sleigh; dined in restaurants; and all this time I asked her to read poetry to me; she smiled and sang in a low voice".

According to B. Anrep, Anna Andreevna always wore a black ring (gold, wide, covered with black enamel, with a tiny diamond) and attributed to him a mysterious power. The cherished "black ring" was presented to Anrep in 1916. "I closed my eyes. He rested his hand on the sofa seat. Suddenly something fell into my hand: it was a black ring. "Take it," she whispered, "to you." I wanted to say something. The heart was beating. I looked inquiringly at her face. She silently looked into the distance".

Like an angel disturbing the water

You looked into my face then

Returned both strength and freedom,

And in memory of a miracle, he took a ring.

The last time they saw each other was in 1917 on the eve of B. Anrep's final departure to London.

Arthur Lurie -Russian-American composer and music writer, theorist, critic, one of the greatest figures in musical futurism and Russian musical avant-garde of the 20th century.

Arthur was a charming man, a dandy, in whom women unmistakably identified an attractive and strong sexuality. The acquaintance of Arthur and Anna happened during one of the many disputes in 1913, where they sat at the same table. She was 25, he was 21, and he was married.

The rest is known from the words of Irina Graham, a close acquaintance of Akhmatova at that time and later a friend of Lurie in America. “After the meeting, everyone went to Stray Dog. Lurie again found himself at the same table with Akhmatova. They started talking and the conversation went on all night; Gumilyov came up several times and reminded: “Anna, it's time to go home,” but Akhmatova did not pay attention to this and continued the conversation. Gumilyov left alone.

In the morning, Akhmatova and Lurie left the Stray Dog for the islands. It was like Blok: "And the crunch of sand, and the snoring of a horse." The stormy romance lasted one year. In the poems of this period, the image of King David, the Hebrew king-musician, is associated with Lurie.

Relations resumed in 1919. Her husband Shileiko kept Akhmatova locked up, the entrance to the house through the gateway was locked. Anna, as Graham writes, being the thinnest woman in St. Petersburg, lay down on the ground and crawled out of the gateway, and on the street, Arthur and her beautiful friend, actress Olga Glebova-Sudeikina, were waiting for her, laughing.

Amadeo Modigliani - Italian artist and sculptor, one of the most famous artists of the late XIX - early XX century, a representative of expressionism.

Amadeo Modigliani moved to Paris in 1906 in order to establish himself as a young, talented artist. Modigliani at that time was unknown to anyone and very poor, but his face radiated such amazing carelessness and calmness that he seemed to the young Akhmatova a man from a strange, unknown world. The girl recalled that at their first meeting, Modigliani was dressed very brightly and gaudily, in yellow corduroy trousers and a bright jacket of the same color. He looked rather absurd, but the artist was able to teach himself so gracefully that he seemed to her an elegant handsome man, dressed in the latest Parisian fashion.

That year, too, the then young Modigliani was barely twenty-six. Twenty-year-old Anna, a month before this meeting, became engaged to the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, and the lovers went on their honeymoon to Paris. The poetess at that young time was so beautiful that everyone on the streets of Paris looked at her, and strangers admired her feminine charm aloud.

The aspiring artist timidly asked Akhmatova for permission to paint her portrait, and she agreed. Thus began the story of a very passionate, but such a short love. Anna and her husband returned to St. Petersburg, where she continued to write poetry and enrolled in historical and literary courses, while her husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, left for Africa for more than six months. The young wife, who was now increasingly called the "straw widow", was very lonely in the big city. And at this time, as if reading her thoughts, the handsome Parisian artist sends Anna a very passionate letter in which he confesses to her that he could not forget the girl and dreams of meeting her again.

Modigliani continued to write letters to Akhmatova one after another, and in each of them he passionately confessed his love to her. From friends who visited Paris at that time, Anna knew that Amadeo had become addicted to ... wine and drugs during this time. The artist could not bear poverty and hopelessness, besides, the Russian girl he adored still remained far away in a foreign, incomprehensible country to him.

Six months later, Gumilyov returned from Africa and immediately the couple had a major quarrel. Because of this quarrel, the offended Akhmatova, remembering the tearful pleas of her Parisian admirer to come to Paris, suddenly left for France. This time she saw her lover completely different - thin, pale, haggard from drunkenness and sleepless nights. It seemed that Amadeo had aged many years at once. However, the passionate Italian, still in love with Akhmatova, seemed to be the most beautiful man in the world, burning her, as before, with a mysterious and piercing look.

They spent an unforgettable three months together. Many years later, she told those closest to her that the young man was so poor that he could not invite her anywhere and simply took her for a walk around the city. In the artist's tiny room, Akhmatova posed for him. That season, Amadeo painted more than ten portraits of her, which after, allegedly, burned down during a fire. However, until now, many art historians claim that Akhmatova simply hid them, not wanting to show the world, since the portraits could tell the whole truth about their passionate relationship ... Only many years later, among the drawings of an Italian artist, two portraits of a naked woman were found, in which the similarity of the model with the famous Russian poetess was clearly guessed.

Isaiah Berlin-English philosopher, historian and diplomat.

The first meeting between Isaiah Berlin and Akhmatova took place in the Fountain House on November 16, 1945. The second meeting the next day lasted until dawn and was full of stories about mutual emigrant friends, about life in general, about literary life. Akhmatova read "Requiem" and excerpts from "Poem without a Hero" to Isaiah Berlin.

He also visited Akhmatova on January 4 and 5, 1946, to say goodbye. Then she gave him her poetry collection. Andronnikova notes the special talent of Berlin as a "charm" of women. In him, Akhmatova found not just a listener, but a person who occupied her soul.

During the second visit to Berlin in 1956, they did not meet with Akhmatova. From a telephone conversation, Isaiah Berlin concluded that Akhmatova was banned.

Another meeting was in 1965 in Oxford. The topic of the conversation was the company raised against her by the authorities and personally by Stalin, but also the state of modern Russian literature, Akhmatova's predilections in it.

If their first meeting took place when Akhmatova was 56 years old, and he was 36, then the last meeting took place when Berlin was already 56 years old, and Akhmatova was 76. She died a year later.

Berlin survived Akhmatova by 31 years.

Isaiah Berlin, this is the mysterious person to whom Anna Akhmatova dedicated a cycle of poems - the famous "Cinque" (Five). In the poetic perception of Akhmatova, there are five meetings with Isaiah Berlin. Five is not only five poems in the Cingue cycle, but perhaps this is the number of meetings with the hero. This is a cycle of love poems.

Many are surprised at such a sudden, and judging by the poems, tragic love for Berlin. “Guest from the Future” Akhmatov called Berlin in “A Poem without a Hero” and perhaps poems from the cycle “Rosehip Blooms” (from a burnt notebook) and “Midnight Poems” (seven poems) are dedicated to him. Isaiah Berlin translated Russian literature into English. Thanks to the efforts of Berlin, Akhmatova received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

Anna Akhmatova is an outstanding Russian poet, whose work belongs to the so-called Silver Age of Russian literature, as well as a translator and literary critic. In the sixties, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her poems have been translated into many languages ​​of the world.

Three beloved people of the famous poetess were subjected to repression: her first and second husbands, as well as her son, died or received long sentences. These tragic moments left an indelible imprint both on the personality of the great woman and on her work.

The life and work of Anna Akhmatova is undoubtedly of interest to the Russian public.

Biography

Akhmatova Anna Andreevna, real name - Gorenko, was born in the resort town of Bolshoy Fontan (Odessa region). In addition to Anna, the family had six more children. When the great poetess was little, her family traveled a lot. This was due to the work of the father of the family.

Like an early biography, the girl's personal life was quite eventful. In April 1910, Anna married the outstanding Russian poet Nikolai Gumilyov. Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov were married in a legal church marriage, and in the early years their union was incredibly happy.

The young spouses breathed the same air - the air of poetry. Nikolay suggested to the girlfriend of his life to think about a literary career. She obeyed, and as a result, the young woman began to publish in 1911.

In 1918, Akhmatova divorced Gumilyov (but they maintained a correspondence until his arrest and subsequent execution) and married a scientist, a specialist in Assyrian civilization. His name was Vladimir Shilenko. He was not only a scientist, but also a poet. She separated from him in 1921. Already in 1922, Anna began to live with art historian Nikolai Punin.

Anna was able to officially change her last name to "Akhmatova" only in the thirties. Prior to that, according to documents, she bore the names of her husbands, and used her well-known and sensational pseudonym only on the pages of literary magazines and in salons at poetry evenings.

A difficult period in the life of the poetess also began in the twenties and thirties, with the coming of the Bolsheviks to power. In this tragic period for the Russian intelligentsia, its close people were arrested one after another, not embarrassed by the fact that they are relatives or friends of a great man.

Also in those years, the poems of this talented woman were practically not published or reprinted at all.

It would seem that they forgot about her - but not about her loved ones. Arrests of relatives and just acquaintances of Akhmatova followed one after another:

• In 1921, Nikolai Gumilyov was captured by the Cheka and shot a few weeks later.
• In 1935 - Nikolai Punin was arrested.
• In 1935, Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov, the child of the love of two great poets, was arrested and some time later sentenced to long-term imprisonment in one of the Soviet labor camps.

Anna Akhmatova cannot be called a bad wife and mother and accused of inattention to the fate of her arrested relatives. The famous poetess did everything possible to alleviate the fate of loved ones who fell into the millstones of the Stalinist punitive and repressive mechanism.

All her poems and all the work of that period, those truly terrible years, are imbued with sympathy for the plight of the people and political prisoners, as well as the fear of a simple Russian woman before the seemingly omnipotent and soulless Soviet leaders who doom the citizens of their own country to death. It is impossible to read without tears this sincere cry of a strong woman - a wife and mother who lost her closest people ...

Anna Akhmatova owns an extremely interesting for historians and literary critics cycle of poems of great historical significance. This cycle was called "Glory to the World!", and in fact it praises the Soviet power in all its creative manifestations.

According to some historians and biographers, Anna, an inconsolable mother, wrote this cycle with the sole purpose of showing her love for the Stalinist regime and loyalty to it, in order to achieve the indulgence of his torturers for her son. Akhmatova and Gumilyov (junior) were once a really happy family ... Alas, only until the moment when ruthless fate trampled on their fragile family idyll.

During the Great Patriotic War, the famous poetess was evacuated from Leningrad to Tashkent along with other famous people of art. In honor of the Great Victory, she wrote her most wonderful poems (years of writing - approximately 1945-1946).

Anna Akhmatova died in 1966 in the Moscow region. She was buried near Leningrad, the funeral was modest. The son of the poetess Leo, who had already been released from the camp by that time, together with his friends built a monument on her grave. Subsequently, caring people made a bas-relief for the monument depicting the face of this most interesting and talented woman.

To this day, the grave of the poetess is a place of constant pilgrimage for young writers and poets, as well as countless admirers of the talent of this amazing woman. Admirers of her poetic gift come from different cities of Russia, as well as the CIS countries, near and far abroad.

Contribution to culture

Undoubtedly, the contribution of Anna Akhmatova to Russian literature and, in particular, to poetry, cannot be overestimated. For many people, the name of this poetess, no less, is associated with the Silver Age of Russian literature (along with the Golden Age, the most famous, bright names of which are, without a doubt, Pushkin and Lermontov).

Peru Anna Akhmatova owns well-known collections of poems, among which we can distinguish the most, probably, popular, published during the life of the great Russian poetess. These collections are united by content, as well as by time of writing. Here are some of these collections (briefly):

• "Favorites".
• "Requiem".
• "The Run of Time".
• "Glory to the World!"
• "White Flock".

All the poems of this wonderful creative person, including those not included in the above collections, have great artistic value.

Anna Akhmatova also created poems that are exceptional in their poeticism and height of the syllable - such, for example, is the poem "Alkonost". Alkonost in ancient Russian mythology is a mythical creature, an amazing magical bird that sings of light sadness. It is easy to draw parallels between this wonderful creature and the poetess herself, all of whose poems from early youth were imbued with the beautiful, bright and pure sadness of being ...

Many of the poems of this great personality in the history of Russian culture during her lifetime were nominated for a wide variety of prestigious literary awards, including the most famous Nobel Prize among writers and scientists of all stripes (in this case, in literature).

In the sad and, in general, tragic fate of the great poetess, there are many funny, interesting moments in their own way. We invite the reader to learn about at least some of them:

• Anna took a pseudonym because her father, a nobleman and scientist, having learned about the literary experiments of his young daughter, asked her not to dishonor his surname.
• The surname "Akhmatova" was worn by a distant relative of the poetess, but Anna created a whole poetic legend around this surname. The girl wrote that she was descended from the Khan of the Golden Horde - Akhmat. A mysterious, interesting origin seemed to her an indispensable attribute of a great man and guaranteed success with the public.
• As a child, the poetess preferred playing with boys to ordinary girlish activities, which made her parents blush.
• Her mentors at the gymnasium were future outstanding scientists and philosophers.
• Anna was among the first young girls to enroll in the Higher Women's Courses at a time when this was not welcomed, since society saw women only as mothers and homemakers.
• In 1956, the poetess was awarded the Honorary Diploma of Armenia.
• Anna is buried under an unusual headstone. The tombstone for her mother - a reduced copy of the prison wall, near which Anna spent many hours and cried many tears, and also repeatedly described it in poems and poems - Lev Gumilev designed himself and built with the help of his students (he taught at the university).

Unfortunately, some funny and interesting facts from the life of the great poetess, as well as her brief biography, are undeservedly forgotten by descendants.

Anna Akhmatova was a person of art, the owner of an amazing talent, amazing willpower. But that's not all. The poetess was a woman of amazing spiritual power, a beloved wife, a sincerely loving mother. She showed great courage in trying to get the people close to her heart out of prison...

The name of Anna Akhmatova deservedly stands on a par with the outstanding classics of Russian poetry - Derzhavin, Lermontov, Pushkin ...

It remains to be hoped that this woman with a difficult fate will be remembered for centuries, and even our descendants will be able to enjoy her truly extraordinary, melodic and sweet-sounding verses. Author: Irina Shumilova

Akhmatova Anna Andreevna (1889-1966) - Russian and Soviet poetess, literary critic and translator, occupies one of the most significant places in Russian literature of the twentieth century. In 1965, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Early childhood

Anna was born on June 23, 1889 near the city of Odessa, at that time the family lived in the Bolshoi Fountain area. Her real name is Gorenko. In total, six children were born in the family, Anya was the third. Father - Andrei Gorenko - a nobleman by birth, served in the Navy, mechanical engineer, captain of the 2nd rank. When Anya was born, he was already retired. The girl's mother, Stogova Inna Erazmovna, was a distant relative of the first Russian poetess Anna Bunina. Maternal roots went deep to the legendary Horde Khan Akhmat, hence Anna took her creative pseudonym.

The year after Anya was born, the Gorenko family left for Tsarskoye Selo. Here, in a small corner of the Pushkin era, she spent her childhood. Knowing the world around her, from an early age, the girl saw everything that the great Pushkin described in his poems - waterfalls, magnificent green parks, a pasture and a hippodrome with small motley horses, the old railway station and the wonderful nature of Tsarskoye Selo.

For the summer, every year she was taken away to Sevastopol, where she spent all her days with the sea, she adored this Black Sea freedom. She could swim during a storm, jump from a boat into the open sea, wander along the shore barefoot and without a hat, sunbathe until her skin began to peel off, which shocked the local young ladies incredibly. For this, she was nicknamed the "wild girl."

Studies

Anya learned to read according to the alphabet of Leo Tolstoy. At the age of five, listening to how the teacher deals with the older children in French, she learned to speak it.

Anna Akhmatova began her studies in Tsarskoe Selo at the Mariinsky Gymnasium in 1900. In the elementary grades, she studied poorly, then she improved her academic performance, but she was always reluctant to study. She studied here for 5 years. In 1905, Anna's parents divorced, the children were ill with tuberculosis, and their mother took them to Evpatoria. Anya remembered this city as alien, dirty and rude. For a year she studied at a local educational institution, after which she continued her studies in Kyiv, where she left with her mother. In 1907 she completed her studies at the gymnasium.

In 1908, Anna began to study further at the Kyiv Higher Women's Courses, she chose the legal department. But the lawyer from Akhmatova did not work out. The positive side of these courses affected Akhmatova in that she learned Latin, thanks to this she subsequently mastered the Italian language and could read Dante in the original.

The beginning of a poetic path

Literature was everything to her. Anna composed her first poem at the age of 11. While studying at Tsarskoe Selo, she met the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, who had a considerable influence on her choice of her future. Despite the fact that Anna's father was skeptical about her passion for poetry, the girl did not stop writing poetry. In 1907, Nikolai helped in the publication of the first poem "There are many brilliant rings on his hand ..." The verse was published in the Sirius magazine published in Paris.

In 1910, Akhmatova became Gumilev's wife. They got married in a church near Dnepropetrovsk and went on their honeymoon to Paris. From there they returned to Petersburg. At first, the newlyweds lived with Gumilyov's mother. Only a couple of years later, in 1912, they moved to a small one-room apartment in Tuchkov Lane. A small cozy family nest Gumilyov and Akhmatova affectionately called the "cloud".

Nikolai helped Anna in the publication of her poetic works. She did not sign her poems with either her maiden name Gorenko or her husband's surname Gumilyov, she took the pseudonym Akhmatova, under which the greatest Russian poetess of the Silver Age became known to the whole world.

In 1911, Anna's poems began to appear in newspapers and literary magazines. And in 1912, her first collection of poems, entitled "Evening", was published. Of the 46 poems included in the collection, half is devoted to parting and death. Before that, Anna's two sisters had died of tuberculosis, and for some reason she was firmly convinced that she would soon suffer the same fate. Every morning she woke up with a feeling of imminent death. And only many years later, when she was over sixty, she would say:

“Who knew that I was conceived for so long.”

The birth of Leo's son in the same year, 1912, relegated thoughts of death to the background.

Recognition and glory

Two years later, in 1914, after the release of a new collection of poems called Rosary, recognition and fame came to Akhmatova, critics warmly accepted her work. Now it has become fashionable to read her collections. Her poems were admired not only by “high school students in love”, but also by Tsvetaeva and Pasternak, who entered the world of literature.

Akhmatova's talent was publicly recognized, and Gumilyov's help no longer had such a significant meaning for her, they increasingly disagreed about poetry, there were many disputes. Contradictions in creativity could not but affect family happiness, discord began, as a result, Anna and Nikolai divorced in 1918.

After the divorce, Anna quickly linked herself with a second marriage to the scientist and poet Vladimir Shileiko.

The pain of the tragedy of the First World War passed like a thin thread through the poems of Akhmatova's next collection, The White Flock, which was released in 1917.

After the revolution, Anna remained in her homeland, "in her sinful and deaf land", she did not go abroad. She continued to write poetry and released new collections "Plantain" and "Anno Domini MCMXXI".

In 1921, she broke up with her second husband, and in August of the same year, her first husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, was arrested, then shot.

Years of repression and war

The third husband of Anna in 1922 was the art critic Nikolai Punin. She stopped printing altogether. Akhmatova was very fussy about the release of her two-volume collection, but its publication did not take place. She took up a detailed study of the life and creative path of A. S. Pushkin, and she was also madly interested in the architecture of the old city of St. Petersburg.

In the tragic years of 1930-1940 for the whole country, Anna, like many of her compatriots, survived the arrest of her husband and son. She spent a lot of time under the "Crosses", and one woman recognized in her the famous poetess. The heartbroken wife and mother asked Akhmatova if she could describe all this horror and tragedy. To which Anna gave a positive answer and began work on the poem "Requiem".

Then there was a war that found Anna in Leningrad. Doctors insisted on her evacuation for health reasons. Through Moscow, Chistopol and Kazan, she nevertheless reached Tashkent, where she stayed until the spring of 1944 and released a new collection of poems.

Postwar years

In 1946, the poetry of Anna Akhmatova was sharply criticized by the Soviet government and she was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers.

In 1949, her son Lev Gumilyov was again arrested, he was sentenced to 10 years in a forced labor camp. The mother tried to help her son by any means, knocked on the thresholds of political figures, sent petitions to the Politburo, but everything was to no avail. When Leo was released, he believed that his mother had not done enough to help him, and their relationship would remain strained. Only before her death, Akhmatova will be able to establish contact with her son.

In 1951, at the request of Alexander Fadeev, Anna Akhmatova was reinstated in the Writers' Union, she was even given a small country house from the literary fund. The dacha was located in the writer's village of Komarovo. In the Soviet Union and abroad, her poems began to be published again.

Summary of life and leaving it

In Rome in 1964, Anna Akhmatova was awarded the Etna-Taormina Prize for creativity and contribution to world poetry. The following year, 1965, at Oxford University, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature, and at the same time the last collection of her poems, The Passage of Time, was published.

In November 1965, Anna suffered a fourth heart attack. She went to a cardiological sanatorium in Domodedovo. On March 5, 1966, doctors and nurses came to her room to do an examination and a cardiogram, but in their presence the poetess died.

There is a Komarovskoye cemetery near Leningrad, an outstanding poetess is buried there. Her son Leo, a doctor of the Leningrad University, together with his students collected stones throughout the city and laid out a wall on his mother's grave. He made this monument himself, as a symbol of the “Crosses” wall, under which his mother stood for days in lines with a parcel.

Anna Akhmatova kept a diary all her life and, just before her death, made an entry:

"I regret not having a bible around."

Anna Akhmatova is known to all educated people. This is an outstanding Russian poetess of the first half of the twentieth century. However, few people know about how much this truly great woman had to endure.

We bring to your attention short biography of Anna Akhmatova. We will try not only to dwell on the most important stages in the life of the poetess, but also to tell interesting facts from her.

Biography of Akhmatova

Anna Andreevna Akhmatova is a famous world-class poetess, writer, translator, literary critic and critic. Born in 1889, Anna Gorenko (this is her real name), spent her childhood in her native city of Odessa.

The future classicist studied in Tsarskoe Selo, and then in Kyiv, at the Fundukleevskaya gymnasium. When she published her first poem in 1911, her father forbade her to use her real surname, in connection with which Anna took the surname of her great-grandmother, Akhmatova. It was with this name that she entered Russian and world history.

One interesting fact is connected with this episode, which we will present at the end of the article.

By the way, above you can see a photo of young Akhmatova, which differs sharply from her subsequent portraits.

Akhmatova's personal life

In total, Anna had three husbands. Was she happy in at least one marriage? Hard to tell. In her works we find a lot of love poetry.

But this is rather some kind of idealistic image of unattainable love, which has passed through the prism of Akhmatova's gift. But whether she had ordinary family happiness is hardly.

Gumilyov

The first husband in her biography was a famous poet, from whom her only son was born - Lev Gumilyov (the author of the theory of ethnogenesis).

After living for 8 years, they divorced, and already in 1921 Nikolai was shot.

Anna Akhmatova with her husband Gumilyov and son Leo

It is important to emphasize here that the first husband passionately loved her. She did not reciprocate his feelings, and he knew about it even before the wedding. In a word, their life together was extremely painful and painful from the constant jealousy and internal suffering of both.

Akhmatova was very sorry for Nikolai, but she did not feel feelings for him. Two poets from God could not live under one roof and dispersed. Even their son could not stop their disintegrating marriage.

Shileiko

In this difficult period for the country, the great writer lived very badly.

Having an extremely meager income, she earned money by selling herring, which was given out as a ration, and with the proceeds she bought tea and smoke, without which her husband could not do.

In her notes there is a phrase referring to this time: "I will soon get on all fours myself."

Shileiko was terribly jealous of his brilliant wife literally for everything: for men, guests, poems and hobbies.

Punin

Akhmatova's biography developed rapidly. In 1922 she marries again. This time for Nikolai Punin, an art critic, with whom she lived the longest - 16 years. They parted in 1938, when Anna's son Lev Gumilyov was arrested. By the way, Lev spent 10 years in the camps.

Hard years of biography

When he was first imprisoned, Akhmatova spent 17 most difficult months in prison queues, bringing parcels to her son. This period of life forever crashed into her memory.

One day a woman recognized her and asked if she, as a poet, could describe all the horror experienced by the mothers of the innocently convicted. Anna answered in the affirmative and at the same time began work on her most famous poem, Requiem. Here is a small extract from there:

I've been screaming for seventeen months
I'm calling you home.
I threw myself at the feet of the executioner -
You are my son and my horror.

Everything is messed up,
And I can't make out
Now who is the beast, who is the man,
And how long to wait for the execution.

During the First World War, Akhmatova completely limited her public life. However, this was incomparable with what happened later in her difficult biography. After all, she was still waiting ahead - the bloodiest in the history of mankind.

In the 1920s, a growing movement of emigration began. All this had a very hard effect on Akhmatova because almost all of her friends went abroad.

One conversation that took place between Anna and G.V. is noteworthy. Ivanov in 1922. Ivanov himself describes it this way:

I'm going abroad the day after tomorrow. I'm going to Akhmatova - to say goodbye.

Akhmatova holds out her hand to me.

- Are you leaving? Bow from me to Paris.

- And you, Anna Andreevna, are not going to leave?

- No. I will not leave Russia.

But it's getting harder and harder to live!

Yes, it's getting harder.

- Can become quite unbearable.

- What to do.

- You won't leave?

- I'm not leaving.

In the same year, she wrote a famous poem that drew a line between Akhmatova and the creative intelligentsia who emigrated:

I am not with those who left the earth
At the mercy of enemies.
I will not heed their rude flattery,
I won't give them my songs.

But the exile is eternally pitiful to me,
Like a prisoner, like a patient
Dark is your road, wanderer,
Wormwood smells of someone else's bread.

Since 1925, the NKVD has issued an unspoken ban that no publishing house should publish any of Akhmatova's works because of their "anti-nationality".

In a brief biography, it is impossible to convey the burden of moral and social oppression that Akhmatova experienced during these years.

Having learned what fame and recognition are, she was forced to drag out a miserable, half-starved existence, in complete oblivion. At the same time, realizing that her friends abroad are regularly published and deny themselves little.

The voluntary decision not to leave, but to suffer with her people - this is the truly amazing fate of Anna Akhmatova. During these years, she was interrupted by random translations of foreign poets and writers and, in general, lived extremely poorly.

Creativity Akhmatova

But let's go back to 1912, when the first collection of poems by the future great poetess was published. It was called "Evening". This was the beginning of the creative biography of the future star in the sky of Russian poetry.

Three years later, a new collection of "Rosary" appears, which was printed in the amount of 1000 pieces.

Actually, from this moment, the nationwide recognition of Akhmatova's great talent begins.

In 1917, the world saw a new book with poems "The White Flock". It was published twice as large in circulation, through the previous collection.

Among the most significant works of Akhmatova, one can mention the "Requiem", written in 1935-1940. Why is this poem considered one of the greatest?

The fact is that it displays all the pain and horror of a woman who lost her loved ones due to human cruelty and repression. And this image was very similar to the fate of Russia itself.

In 1941, Akhmatova wandered hungry around Leningrad. According to some eyewitnesses, she looked so bad that a woman, stopping near her, handed her alms with the words: "Take Christ for the sake of it." One can only imagine what Anna Andreyevna felt at that time.

However, before the start of the blockade, she was evacuated to where she met with Marina Tsvetaeva. This was their only meeting.

A short biography of Akhmatova does not allow to show in all details the essence of her amazing poems. They seem to be talking to us alive, conveying and revealing many aspects of the human soul.

It is important to emphasize that she wrote not only about the individual as such, but considered the life of the country and its fate as a biography of a single person, as a kind of living organism with its own virtues and morbid inclinations.

A subtle psychologist and a brilliant connoisseur of the human soul, Akhmatova managed to depict in her poems many facets of fate, its happy and tragic vicissitudes.

Death and memory

On March 5, 1966, Anna Andreevna Akhmatova died in a sanatorium near Moscow. On the fourth day, the coffin with her body was delivered to Leningrad, where a funeral took place at the Komarovsky cemetery.

In honor of the outstanding Russian poetess, many streets in the former republics of the Soviet Union are named. In Italy, in Sicily, a monument was erected to Akhmatova.

In 1982, a minor planet was discovered, which received its name in her honor - Akhmatova.

In the Netherlands, on the wall of one of the houses in the city of Leiden, the poem "Muse" is written in large letters.

Muse

When I wait for her arrival at night,
Life seems to hang by a thread.
What honors, what youth, what freedom
In front of a nice guest with a pipe in her hand.

And so she entered. Throwing back the cover
She looked at me carefully.
I tell her: “Did you dictate to Dante
Pages of Hell? Answers: "Me!".

Interesting facts from the biography of Akhmatova

Being a recognized classic, back in the 20s, Akhmatova was subject to colossal censorship and silence.

She was not printed at all for decades, which left her without a livelihood.

However, despite this, abroad she was considered one of the greatest poets of our time and was published in different countries even without her knowledge.

When Akhmatova's father found out that his seventeen-year-old daughter began to write poetry, he asked "not to shame his name."

Her first husband Gumilev says that they often quarreled over their son. When Levushka was about 4 years old, he taught him the phrase: "My dad is a poet, and my mom is a hysteric."

When a poetic company had gathered in Tsarskoye Selo, Levushka entered the living room and shouted a memorized phrase in a loud voice.

Nikolai Gumilev was very angry, and Akhmatova was delighted and began to kiss her son, saying: “Clever, Leva, you are right, your mother is hysterical!” At that time, Anna Andreevna did not yet know what kind of life lay ahead of her, and what century was coming to replace the Silver Age.

The poetess kept a diary all her life, which became known only after her death. It is thanks to this that we know many facts from her biography.

Anna Akhmatova in the early 1960s

Akhmatova was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965, but it was ultimately awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov. Not so long ago it became known that initially the committee considered the option of dividing the prize between them. But then they still stopped at Sholokhov.

Two of Akhmatova's sisters died of tuberculosis, and Anna was sure that the same fate awaited her. However, she was able to overcome weak genetics and lived for 76 years.

Lying down in a sanatorium, Akhmatova felt the approach of death. In her notes, she left a short phrase: "It is a pity that there is no Bible."

We hope that this biography of Akhmatova answered all the questions you had about her life. We strongly recommend that you use the search on the Internet and read at least selected poems by the poetic genius Anna Akhmatova.

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The fate of Anna Akhmatova was not easy. She survived two World Wars and repressions against her family and friends. A short biography of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova is a life in verse, which kept aristocratic restraint and simplicity of forms. It was in this that the magical power of her creations was manifested."Komsomolskaya Pravda" has collected the most interesting facts from the life of the greatest poetess.

Anna Akhmatova and Olga Berggolts. Leningrad, 1947 Manor house of the Gumilyovs in Slepnev

Gorenko family. I. E. Gorenko, A.A. Gorenko, Rika (in her arms), Inna, Anna, Andrey. Around 1894

The great Russian poetess Anna Andreevna Akhmatova was born in Odessa, in the family of a marine engineer. Her biography began on June 11, 1889. The poetess took the pseudonym Akhmatova much later, choosing the surname of her great-grandmother, since her father forbade signing with the Gorenko family name. Many years later, after a divorce from her second husband, the poet Shileiko, the pseudonym of the poetess became her official surname.Bright and talented, Anna Akhmatova began to write poetry early. However, she owes her debut publication to her first husband, N.S. Gumilyov.The biography of Anna Akhmatova is a lot of travels that influenced not only her life, but also left an imprint on her work. INIn 1911, she spent the spring in Paris, and already in 1912 Anna went on a trip to Northern Italy.

Anna Gorenko is a high school student. 1904 Tsarskoye Selo.

After the revolution, Akhmatova got a job in the library, where she studied the work of Pushkin. Akhmatova's biography was tragic. She seemed to be pursued by evil fate: her husbands, her son were victims of Stalinist repressions. Poems of the poetess herself for a long time (since 1935 and almost twenty years) were not published. Akhmatova's third husband, art critic Punin, died in the camp. She tried with all her might to save her son, and even wrote the cycle “Glory to the World” to please the authorities, but all her attempts were unsuccessful. The son, Lev Gumilyov, was released in 1943, but was rehabilitated only in 1956, but he accused his mother of inaction. And because their relationship was more than strained. Akhmatova's creativity as the largest cultural phenomenon of the 20th century. received worldwide recognition.Akhmatova's poems have been translated into many languages. Although until the 60s. she was not allowed to travel abroad.In 1964 she became the laureate of the international Etna-Taormina Prize, in 1965 she received an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature from the University of Oxford. Akhmatova's biography ended on March 5, 1966 in a sanatorium in Domodedovo.

Fact 1

Anna composed her first poem at the age of 11. After re-reading it "with a fresh mind", the girl realized that she needed to improve her art of versification. Which is what she has become actively involved in.

However, Anna's father did not appreciate her efforts and considered it a waste of time. That is why he forbade the use of his real surname - Gorenok. Anna decided to choose her great-grandmother's maiden name, Akhmatova, as a pseudonym.

Fact 2

Anna met her future husband while still a student at the Tsarskoye Selo Women's Gymnasium. Their meeting took place on one of the evenings in the gymnasium. Seeing Anna, Gumilyov was fascinated and since then, a gentle and graceful girl with dark hair has become his constant muse in his work. They got married in 1910.

Anna Akhmatova with her husband N. Gumilyov and son Leo

Anna did not have reciprocal feelings for her future husband Nikolai Gumilyov, but the young man was then sure that the young girl would forever become his muse, for which he would write poetry.Disappointed with unrequited love, Gumilyov leaves for Paris, but then Anya realizes that she is madly in love with Nikolai. The girl sends a letter, after which Gumilyov returns on the wings of love and makes a marriage proposal. But Akhmatova agrees only after much persuasion and Gumilyov's stories about his suicide attempts.The groom's relatives did not come to the marriage ceremony of Akhmatova and Gumilyov, as they considered this marriage a fleeting hobby.Soon after the wedding, Gumilyov starts a love affair on the side. On this occasion, Akhmatova was very worried, so she decided to save the situation with the birth of a child.

But this did not save from novels on the side.However, the behavior of Akhmatova herself was also not impeccable, since after her husband left, she began an affair with the poet Anrep. But the point in their relationship was put after Anrep's emigration to England.After Gumilyov's return, Anna informs him of their divorce and explains this by the fact that she fell in love with another.But, despite all these facts, the great poetess remained devoted to Gumilyov. After his execution, she kept all the poems, took care of their publication and dedicated her new works to him.

Fact 3

Akhmatova's first collection, Evening, was published in 1912. In the same year, Anna gave birth to a son. The collection "Rosary" brings her real fame, it collects the best reviews from critics, and from that moment Anna began to be considered the youngest poetess. In 1914, the family of Akhmatova and Gumilyov breaks up, but they get divorced only after 4 years. After the poetess marries art historian Nikolai Punin

Fact 4

With the outbreak of World War I, Akhmatova severely limited her public life. At this time, she suffers from tuberculosis, a disease that did not let her go for a long time.

Fact 5

When Akhmatova's son, Lev Gumilyov, was arrested, she, along with other mothers, went to the Kresty prison. One of the women asked if she could describe IT. After that, Akhmatova began to write "Requiem".

By the way, Punin will be arrested almost at the same time as Akhmatova's son. But Punin will soon be released, but Lev remained in prison.

A. A. Akhmatova. 1925

your breath,

I am your reflection

faces.

Fact 6

Anna kept a diary throughout her life. However, it became known about him only 7 years after the death of the poetess.

Fact 7

According to historians, Stalin spoke positively about Akhmatova. However, this did not stop him from punishing the poetess after her meeting with the English philosopher and poet Berlin. Akhmatova was expelled from the Writers' Union, thereby actually dooming herself to living in poverty. The talented poetess was forced to translate for many years.

A.A. Akhmatova. 1922

Fact 8

Anna felt the approach of death. When she went to the sanatorium in 1966, where she died, she wrote: "It is a pity that there is no Bible."

Fact 9

The writer is remembered even after her death. In 1987, during Perestroika, her cycle "Requiem" was published, written in 1935-1943 (supplemented 1957-1961).

Streets in Kaliningrad, Odessa and Kyiv are named in part of the poetess. In addition, on June 25 of each year in the village of Komarovo, Akhmatov's evenings-meetings, evenings of memory dedicated to the birthday of Anna Andreevna are held.

Portrait of Akhmatova by O. Kardovskaya tyts

There is a cherished trait in the proximity of people

There is a cherished trait in the proximity of people,
She can not go over love and passion, -
Let the lips merge in a terrible silence,
And the heart is torn from love to pieces.

And friendship is powerless here, and years
High and fiery happiness,
When the soul is free and alien
Slow languor of voluptuousness.

Those who seek her are mad, and her
Those who have achieved are stricken with anguish...
Now you understand why my
The heart does not beat under your hand.

Anna Akhmatova in the drawing by Modigliani (1911; the most beloved portrait of Akhmatova, who was always in her room)tyts

Everything is messed up,

And I can't make out

Now, who is the beast, who is the man,

And how long to wait for the execution.

In general, Akhmatova's poetry is characterized by a classical style, characterized by clarity and simplicity. The lyrics of Anna Akhmatova are real life, from which the poetess drew the motives of true earthly love.Her poetry is distinguished by contrast, which manifests itself in the alternation of melancholic, tragic and light notes. Akhmatova's lyrics were nourished by earthly, everyday feelings, they did not go beyond the limits of "worldly fuss." Akhmatova's poetry was close to life going along. No nebulae, ethereal heights, elusive visions, sleepy haze.

Anna Akhmatova and Olga Berggolts. Leningrad, 1947

Akhmatova searched for - and found - new poetic values ​​in life itself, surrounding us from all sides with various events, motley heaps of everyday life, a multitude of everyday circumstances. Perhaps it was precisely this reality that shocked A. Akhmatova to her reader, who was not deceived by sublime, unearthly, inaccessible poetry. He was captivated by the wonderful description of the earthly world, where the reader found himself, recognized his feelings. After all, as in the era of A. Akhmatova, people loved, adored, parted, returned, the same is happening now.Love in the poems of A. Akhmatova is a living and genuine feeling, deep and humane, although for personal reasons it is touched by the sadness of ennobling suffering. In Akhmatova's love lyrics there is no romantic cult of love with its ups and downs, languor, dreams of the unrealizable. It is rather love - pity, love - longing...

Autograph A. Akhmatovatyts

Aphorisms Akhmatova

To live - so at will,
To die is so at home.

... Exile bitter air -
Like poisoned wine.

You can't confuse real tenderness
Nothing, and she's quiet.

Strongest in the world
Rays of calm eyes.

And there are no more tearless people in the world,
Haughtier and simpler than us.

Serebryakova Zinaida Evgenievna.
Anna Akhmatova, 1922

Everyone you really loved
They will stay alive for you.

tyts

My soul is closed from everyone
And only poetry opens the door.
And there is no rest for the searching heart...
Not everyone gets to see her light.

My soul is closed from the winds
From thunder peals and discharges,
From frivolous judgments or views,
But he will not refuse gentle, warm words.

My soul is not a hostel for those
Who is used to entering the house without taking off his shoes,
Who reveling in their genius,
Tears my soul... for fun.

My soul will trust
Who touches with a cautious glance,
Sensitive grip, reliable,
With a bold chord... waking up the string...

P.S. In the archive of Anna Akhmatova, the autograph of the poem, which belongs to Nikolai Gumilyov, has been preserved.

Wait for me. I will not be back
it is beyond power.
If you couldn't before
It means he didn't love.
But tell me why then
what a year
I ask the Almighty
to keep you.
Are you waiting for me? I will not be back,
I can not. Sorry,
that there was only sadness
on my way.
May be
among the white rocks
and holy graves
I will find
who was looking for, who loved me?
Wait for me. I will not be back!

N. Gumilyov

Anna Akhmatova with her son Lev Gumilyov http://kstolica.ru/publ/zhzl/anna_akhmatova_severnaja_zvezda/20-1-0-287