Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis- the process of synthesis of natural organic compounds by living organisms. The biosynthetic pathway of a compound is a sequence of reactions leading to the formation of this compound, usually enzymatic (genetically determined), but occasionally spontaneous reactions occur without enzymatic catalysis. For example, in the process of leucine biosynthesis, one of the reactions is spontaneous and proceeds without the participation of an enzyme. The biosynthesis of the same compounds can proceed in different ways from the same or from different starting compounds. Biosynthetic processes play an exceptional role in all living cells.

Biosynthesis- industrial production of something (antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, amino acids and other substances necessary for people) using microorganisms.

Other types of biosynthesis

• Protein biosynthesis is a complex multistage process of synthesis of a polypeptide chain from amino acid residues that occurs on the ribosomes of cells of living organisms with the participation of mRNA and tRNA molecules.
• Anabolism is a set of chemical processes that make up one of the sides of metabolism in the body, aimed at the formation of constituent parts of cells and tissues.
• Methanogenesis, biosynthesis of methane - the process of methane formation by anaerobic archaea, coupled with the receipt of energy by them.

see also

Notes (edit)

Links

• Biosynthesis- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Biosynthesis in KhiMiK.ru

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Synonyms:

See what "Biosynthesis" is in other dictionaries:

Biosynthesis ... Spelling dictionary-reference

Formation of substances necessary for the body in living cells with the participation of enzyme biocatalysts. Usually, as a result of biosynthesis from simple initial substances, more complex compounds are formed up to giant molecules of proteins, nucleic acids ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Synthesis, translation, transcription Dictionary of Russian synonyms. biosynthesis n., number of synonyms: 3 synthesis (18) ... Synonym dictionary

BIOSYNTHESIS, a process in living cells that creates more complex proteins (proteins) from simpler chemicals. One of the genes "gives the command" to create an RNA molecule that transfers genetic programs from DNA ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

- (from bio ... and Greek synthesis compound), the formation of organic. substances from simpler compounds occurring in living organisms under the action of enzyme biocatalysts. B. an important aspect of metabolism in living organisms, closely related to ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

ANABOLISM, ASSIMILATION - the formation of organic substances from simpler compounds, which occurs in living organisms in the course of metabolism. (Source: "Microbiology: glossary of terms", Firsov N.N., M: Bustard, 2006) ... Microbiology Dictionary

BIOSYNTHESIS- see Art. Biogenesis. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989 ... Ecological Dictionary

BIOSYNTHESIS- see Body-Oriented Psychotherapy. A large psychological dictionary. M .: Prime EUROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 ... Great psychological encyclopedia

biosynthesis- - Topics of biotechnology EN biosynthesis ... Technical translator's guide

Books

• Biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles in plants, N.G. Averina. The book covers a wide range of issues related to the biosynthesis and degradation of chlorophyll and heme, a description of the enzymes involved in these processes, their crystal structure, mechanisms ... eBook

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

Biosynthesis

biosynthesis in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of Medical Terms

biosynthesis (bio- + synthesis)

the process of the formation of organic substances from simpler compounds, which takes place in living organisms or outside them under the action of enzymes.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

biosynthesis

m. Formation of various organic substances in living organisms.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

biosynthesis

the formation of substances necessary for the body in living cells with the participation of biocatalysts - enzymes. Usually, as a result of biosynthesis from simple starting substances, more complex compounds are formed up to giant molecules of proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides. The industry uses microbiological synthesis - biosynthesis by microorganisms of antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, amino acids, etc.

Biosynthesis

(from bio ... and synthesis), the formation of organic substances from simpler compounds, occurring in living organisms or outside them under the action of biocatalysts - enzymes. Biology is a part of the metabolic process of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Energy-rich compounds serve as an immediate source of energy for bioenergy (see Bioenergetics), and ultimately (for all organisms, except for bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis), the energy of solar radiation accumulated by green plants (see Assimilation, Photosynthesis). Each unicellular organism, like each cell of a multicellular organism, synthesizes its constituent substances. The nature of biosynthesis in a cell is determined by hereditary information "encoded" in its genetic apparatus (see Proteins, Biosynthesis; Genetic Code). B., produced outside organisms, is widely used as a method (sometimes the only possible one) for the industrial production of biologically important substances — vitamins, certain hormones, antibiotics, amino acids, and also proteins and other compounds. See Microbiological Industry.

S. E. Severin.

Wikipedia

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis- the process of synthesis of natural organic compounds by living organisms. The biosynthetic pathway of a compound is a sequence of reactions leading to the formation of this compound, as a rule, enzymatic, but occasionally spontaneous reactions occur, which do without enzymatic catalysis. For example, in the process of leucine biosynthesis, one of the reactions is spontaneous and proceeds without the participation of an enzyme. The biosynthesis of the same compounds can proceed in different ways from the same or from different starting compounds. Biosynthetic processes play an exceptional role in all living cells.

Biosynthesis- industrial production of something using microorganisms.

Examples of the use of the word biosynthesis in the literature.

Endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes are a single mechanism biosynthesis, accumulation and transportation of proteins.

Madrid laboratory workers biosynthesis launched an infusoria with a germanium-based protein.

ARGENTINIANS Luis Lelloire - biochemist, established the mechanism of the enzymatic reaction biosynthesis polysaccharides.

He immediately began testing memory on key concepts related to the technology of growing biocrystals: the main - biosynthesis, auxiliary - protein resistor, protein matrix, porphyrin groups, etc.

Transferases are a class of enzymes through which various processes are carried out in living cells - biosynthesis proteins, nucleic acids, etc.

All synthesis reactions are endothermic, and therefore each link biosynthesis always associated with the consumption of ATP.

Photosynthesis serves as the basis for the great creative process constantly occurring in nature. biosynthesis, as a result of which an innumerable multitude of fng.

Activity biosynthesis This or that hormone is determined by the stage of development of the organism, its physiological state and needs.

Ribosomes - intracellular particles consisting of RNA and proteins are involved in biosynthesis squirrel.

Distinguish between mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as complex carbohydrates - glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and other carbohydrates - the primary products of photosynthesis and the main initial compounds for biosynthesis other substances in plants.

The starting material at biosynthesis histamine and biologically active muscle peptides - carnosine and anserine.

To study the processes occurring in the body, you need to know what is happening at the cellular level. And there protein compounds play the most important role. It is necessary to study not only their functions, but also the process of creation. Therefore, it is important to explain briefly and clearly. Grade 9 is best suited for this. It is at this stage that students have enough knowledge to understand this topic.

Proteins - what they are and what they are for

These high molecular weight compounds play a huge role in the life of any organism. Proteins are polymers, that is, they are composed of many similar "pieces". Their number can vary from several hundred to thousands.

In the cell, proteins have many functions. Their role is also great at higher levels of organization: tissues and organs largely depend on the correct functioning of various proteins.

For example, all hormones are of protein origin. But it is these substances that control all processes in the body.

Hemoglobin is also a protein, it consists of four chains, which are connected in the center by an iron atom. This structure allows red blood cells to carry oxygen.

Recall that all membranes contain proteins. They are necessary for the transfer of substances through the cell membrane.

There are many more functions of protein molecules, which they perform clearly and unquestioningly. These amazing compounds are very diverse not only in their roles in the cell, but also in structure.

Where does the synthesis take place

The ribosome is the organelle in which most of the process called "protein biosynthesis" takes place. Grade 9 in different schools differs in the curriculum for studying biology, but many teachers give material on organelles in advance, before studying the broadcast.

Therefore, it will not be difficult for students to remember the material they have covered and to consolidate it. You should be aware that only one polypeptide chain can be created on one organelle at a time. This is not enough to satisfy all the needs of the cell. Therefore, there are a lot of ribosomes, and most often they are combined with the endoplasmic reticulum.

This EPS is called rough. The benefits of such "cooperation" are obvious: the protein enters the transport channel immediately after synthesis and can be sent to its destination without delay.

But if we take into account the very beginning, namely, reading information from DNA, then we can say that protein biosynthesis in a living cell begins in the nucleus. It is there that is synthesized which contains the genetic code.

Required materials - amino acids, synthesis site - ribosome

It seems that it is difficult to explain how protein biosynthesis proceeds, briefly and clearly, a diagram of the process and numerous figures are simply necessary. They will help convey all the information, and students will also be able to remember it more easily.

First of all, the synthesis requires a "building material" - amino acids. Some of them are produced by the body. Others can only be obtained with food, they are called irreplaceable.

The total number of amino acids is twenty, but due to the huge number of options in which they can be located in a long chain, protein molecules are very diverse. These acids are similar in structure, but differ in radicals.

It is the properties of these parts of each amino acid that determine into which structure the resulting chain will "fold", whether it will form a quaternary structure with other chains, and what properties the resulting macromolecule will have.

The process of protein biosynthesis cannot simply take place in the cytoplasm; it requires a ribosome. consists of two subunits - large and small. At rest, they are disconnected, but as soon as synthesis begins, they immediately connect and begin to work.

Such different and important ribonucleic acids

In order to bring an amino acid to the ribosome, a special RNA called transport RNA is needed. For abbreviations, it is referred to as t-RNA. This single-stranded cloverleaf molecule is capable of attaching one amino acid to its free end and transporting it to the site of protein synthesis.

Another RNA involved in protein synthesis is called matrix (informational). It carries an equally important component of synthesis - a code in which it is clearly spelled out when which amino acid to attach to the resulting protein chain.

This molecule has a single-stranded structure and consists of nucleotides, just like DNA. There are some differences in the primary structure of these nucleic acids, which you can read about in our comparative article on RNA and DNA.

MRNA receives information about the composition of the protein from the main custodian of the genetic code - DNA. The process of reading and synthesizing mRNA is called transcription.

It occurs in the nucleus, from where the resulting mRNA is sent to the ribosome. The DNA itself does not leave the nucleus, its task is only to preserve the genetic code and transfer it to the daughter cell during division.

Summary table of the main participants in the broadcast

In order to describe protein biosynthesis briefly and clearly, the table is simply necessary. In it we will write down all the components and their role in this process, which is called broadcast.

The very process of creating a protein chain is divided into three stages. Let's take a closer look at each of them. After that, you can easily explain to everyone the protein biosynthesis in a concise and understandable way.

Initiation - the beginning of the process

This is the initial stage of translation, in which the small subunit of the ribosome binds to the very first t-RNA. This ribonucleic acid carries the amino acid methionine. Translation always begins with this amino acid, since the start codon is AUG, which encodes this first monomer in the protein chain.

In order for the ribosome to recognize the start codon and not start synthesis from the middle of the gene, where the AUG sequence may also appear, a special nucleotide sequence is located around the start codon. It is from them that the ribosome recognizes the place where its small subunit should sit.

After the formation of a complex with mRNA, the initiation stage ends. And the main stage of the broadcast begins.

Elongation - mid-synthesis

At this stage, a gradual build-up of the protein chain occurs. The duration of elongation depends on the amount of amino acids in the protein.

First of all, a large one is attached to the small subunit of the ribosome. And the initial t-RNA appears entirely in it. Only methionine remains outside. Further, the second t-RNA, which carries another amino acid, enters the large subunit.

If the second codon on mRNA matches the anticodon at the top of the cloverleaf, the second amino acid is attached to the first via a peptide bond.

After that, the ribosome moves along the m-RNA exactly three nucleotides (one codon), the first t-RNA detaches methionine from itself and is separated from the complex. In its place is the second t-RNA, at the end of which two amino acids are already hanging.

Then the third t-RNA enters the large subunit and the process repeats. It will continue until the ribosome hits a codon in mRNA that signals the end of translation.

Termination

This stage is the last one, it may seem very cruel to some. All the molecules and organelles that worked so harmoniously to create the polypeptide chain stop as soon as the ribosome hits the terminal codon.

It does not encode a single amino acid, so whatever t-RNA enters the large subunit, they will all be rejected due to mismatch. This is where termination factors come into play, which separate the finished protein from the ribosome.

The organelle itself can either split into two subunits, or continue its path through mRNA in search of a new start codon. Several ribosomes can be found on one mRNA. Each of them is at its own stage of translation. The newly created protein is supplied with markers with the help of which everyone will understand its destination. And by EPS it will be sent to where it is needed.

To understand the role of protein biosynthesis, it is necessary to study what functions it can perform. It depends on the sequence of amino acids in the chain. It is their properties that determine the secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary (if it exists) and its role in the cell. You can read more about the functions of protein molecules in the article on this topic.

How to find out more about the broadcast

This article describes protein biosynthesis in a living cell. Of course, if you study the subject deeper, it will take many pages to explain the process in all details. But the above material should be enough for a general idea. Video materials in which scientists have modeled all stages of the broadcast can be very useful for understanding. Some of them have been translated into Russian and can serve as an excellent manual for students or just an educational video.

In order to understand the topic better, you should read other articles on related topics. For example, about or about the function of proteins.

Biosynthesis- This is the direction of body-oriented (or somatic) psychotherapy, which since the beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century has been developed by D. Boadella and his followers in England, Germany, Greece and other European countries, North and South America, Japan and Australia.

Biosynthesis- process oriented psychotherapy. The client is not required to follow the therapist's model of health, replace his patterns with his. The therapist works softly with breathing, helps to relieve muscle tension in order to most accurately perceive and reveal the internal tendencies of movement and growth of the client, his capabilities and features of his pulsation. The therapist in biosynthesis becomes a "dance partner" who accompanies and leads the client to a new experience, a different feeling of grounding in his own body, and the restoration of healthy pulsation.

The approach is based on experience:

1) embryology- in this regard, they say about biosynthesis that, thanks to it, psychoanalysis received its organic basis;

2) Reichian therapy;

3) object relations theory.

For the first time the term "biosynthesis" was used by the English analyst Francis Mott. In his work, he based on in-depth studies of intrauterine life. After the death of F. Mott, David Boadella decided to use this term to describe his own therapeutic approach. He also wanted to emphasize the difference between his method and bioenergetics, developed by A. Lowen and J. Pierracos, and biodynamics - the school of G. Boysen and her followers, who were engaged in various forms of massage to release blocked energy. All three areas: bioenergy, biodynamics, and biosynthesis - have common roots (Rayhian analysis), but they have fundamental differences.

The very term "biosynthesis" means "integration of life". We are talking about the integration, first of all, of the three main life, or energy flows, which are differentiated in the first week of the embryo's life, the integrative existence of which is essential for somatic and mental health, which is disturbed in neurotics.

These energy flows are associated with three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

1) Endoderm

From the endoderm, the digestive and respiratory organs subsequently develop, which are responsible for the metabolism and energy. The energy flow associated with endoderm is the flow of emotions. Endoderm is an organic substrate "ONO" (as a vegetative source of energy).

2) mesoderm

Bones, muscles, and the circulatory system develop from the mesoderm. With this

the germ layer is associated with the motor energy flow, which is responsible for posture, movement, action. The mesoderm is an organic substrate of that part of the "I", which is the coordinator of movements.

3) Ectoderm

From the ectoderm, the skin, brain, nerves and sensory organs develop. The flow of perception of thoughts and images is associated with it. Ectoderm is an organic substrate of that part of the "I", which is an integrator of sensations. As for the "SUPER-I", it does not have an organic (biological) substrate and its development is solely due to the influence of society.

Initially, these three germ layers and their corresponding three streams of energy are integrated and freely correspond with each other. But as a result of intrauterine or birth stress, trauma from infancy or later, this initial integration is disrupted. As a result, either "action is cut off" from thinking and feelings, or emotions from movement and perception, or understanding from movement and feelings "(D. Boadella). In the human body, these disturbances in the interaction of thoughts, actions and feelings are most focused:

· Between the head and the spine (between ecto- and mesoderms), between thoughts and actions - in the back of the neck. This is the earliest block acquired by a person in intrauterine life, in childbirth and in the first days and weeks of life;

· Between the head and the body (between ecto- and endoderms), between thoughts and emotions - in the throat. This block forms when "oral problems constrict the throat";

· Between the spine and internal organs (between meso- and endoderms), between feelings and actions, between actions and breathing - in the diaphragm. This is a later block and corresponds to anal and genital suppression.

From W. Reich, biosynthesis inherited the point of view that personality can be understood on three levels:

On the surface, we see a mask: a carapace of characteristic relationships, formed to protect against threats to personal integrity in childhood.

or earlier. This is the so-called. the false self, which protects the true self, whose needs were frustrated in infancy (or before birth);

When defenses begin to weaken, a deeper level of painful feelings appears, including anger, longing, anxiety, despair, fear, resentment, a sense of loneliness;

Below the level of painful feelings is the main nuclear level, or the core of the personality, in which the feelings of basic trust, well-being, joy and love are concentrated.

Core frustration creates a level of suffering, suppression of suffering and protest creates a "mask".

It should be noted here that many therapists, using various theoretical concepts and various techniques, easily lead a person to experience pain, fear, and rage. However, if the work is limited only to this level, the client learns emotional release and ... acquires a new pattern, the response becomes a kind of drug.

In biosynthesis, the therapist tries in each session to direct the client to the primary nuclear level of sensations, because only in contact with feelings of joy, hope, well-being, pleasure to live does a person receive energy for real changes, for healing - physical, mental and spiritual. Emotional release is not an end in itself: the intervention ceases to be therapeutic if, after responding, the client does not find new sources of internal support. And the defense system itself is considered in biosynthesis as a strategy for survival, adaptation, and support. Therefore, any patterns of a person do not "break", but are examined with great respect. Biosynthetics say:

"Before you put the train on the rails, you need to build bridges" (D.Boadella). Before transforming (not destroying!) Patterns, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of the "life-protecting function".

Biosynthesis uses and develops the idea of ​​W. Reich about the "protective muscle shell", tracing its connection with embryology. Boadella and other researchers describe three shells, each of which is associated with one of the germ layers: muscular (mesodermal), visceral (endodermal) and cerebral (ectodermal) shell. The muscular carapace also includes the tissue one, since not only the musculoskeletal system, but also the vascular system, develops from the mesoderm. Accordingly, the following types of violations are described:

· Muscle tone can be impaired in two directions: hypotonia (weakness and lack of accumulation and expenditure of energy) and hypertonicity (tension, increased energy charge).

· Tissue carapace is associated with vascular efficiency and tissue fluid distribution. Sluggish work of blood vessels leads to a violation of fluid distribution, extreme manifestations of which are rheumatic pains, high or low blood pressure, the so-called. cardiac stress "(D. Boadella).

· The visceral carapace leads to impaired peristalsis and respiration. There will be a tendency for chronic hypo- or hyperventilation and increased intestinal irritability. In extreme cases, these disorders can be expressed, for example, in asthma and colitis.

Cerebral carapace leads to bioelectric disturbances

brain activity, various disorders of the interaction of the cortex, subcortex and autonomic nervous system, visual impairment, etc. The most severe expression of the cerebral carapace will be a tendency towards obsessive thinking or schizophrenic thinking disorders.

In each of the "shells" health disorders are manifested at all levels: somatic, mental and spiritual. In biosynthesis, three groups of qualities inherent in a healthy person are described.

Somatic aspects of health:

1. breathing regularly, rhythmically, accompanied by free movements

chest;

2.peristalsis is not spastic, but not sluggish, accompanied by

a sense of "inner well-being";

3. the muscles are ready to easily transition from tension to relaxation;

4. the blood pressure is normal, the throbbing in the limbs is good;

5. the skin is warm, with good blood supply;

contact ";

7. orgasmic functions are not impaired; orgasm is presented rhythmic

involuntary throbbing, accompanied by deep satisfaction and

love for a partner. A person can experience for the same person

both sexual and heart feelings.

Mental health aspects:

1.the ability to connect external expression with internal needs; willingness to act to meet basic life needs and the ability to distinguish them from "secondary addictions";

2. the ability to contact people without idealization and projections (or other psychological defenses that distort interaction;

3. the ability of one's own choice to contain, hold or express one's feelings when the situation requires or allows it;

4. freedom from anxiety when there is no danger;

5. the ability to act when there is danger.

Spiritual aspects of health:

1. contact with deep values;

2.the strength of the spirit to make decisions in times of life crises without

"falling" into despair and hopelessness;

3. freedom from neurotic feelings of guilt and readiness for real responsibility;

4. respect for your own feelings and for the feelings of others. There is a danger of dividing people into "healthy" people who do not need therapy, and sick people who cannot live without it. However, "it is more realistic to consider health as a wide range of conditions and manifestations" (D.Boadella). Then we recognize the right to neurotic reactions of "prosperous" people and the ability to "healthy response" in persons with severe physical and mental disorders.

Thus, the effect of therapy depends on the therapist's ability to reveal the client's inner health resources. The inner canvas of biosynthesis is the work to achieve somatic, mental and spiritual health; external - work to restore the integration of action, thought and feeling, lost in the early stages of development.

The three main processes of reintegration are:

Grounding,

Centering

Vision (facing).

Grounding

Grounding is working with the mesoderm carapace. "Grounding is connected with

the rhythm of our movement and the state of our muscle tone. A well-grounded person is a person whose muscle tone matches his movement and behavior "(D. Boadella). A well-grounded sailor has a posture adapted to the swaying" ground "under his feet. A sleeping person has relaxed muscles, which means he is well grounded for sleep conditions. begins to sink if it is poorly grounded in water and its muscles are too tense.

An example of an excellent understanding of the principles of grounding is given by the eastern martial arts: dynamic balance and relaxation of attention without wasting energy. If the muscle tone is reduced, the person is not grounded, he feels the lack of support under his feet. He will have difficulties in adapting to the outside world, such people tend to go into the inner world. For example, psychotic behavior is a manifestation of extreme cases of ungroundedness.

Being grounded means being in touch with reality, with your

own impulses. Grounding involves revitalizing the flow of energy down the back and from there to the "five limbs" - the legs, arms, and head. A biosynthesis therapist learns to recognize the language of postures and movement patterns. "Therapeutic work is to release the energy of tightly clamped muscles by translating tension into expressive movements or directing it to weakened muscles, while increasing tone through dynamic resistance to support on the ground or support on the therapist's body" (D. Boadella).

Centering

Centering therapy affects the level of the endoderm, i.e. internal organs, primarily the respiratory system. It helps a person "get in touch with the wave-like rhythm of his breathing and with the corresponding emotional changes" (D. Boadella). It is a movement towards harmonious breathing and emotional balance.

"Breathing and emotions are deeply connected, and each emotional change leads to a change in breathing. Specific breathing patterns associated with anxiety, anger, sadness, hope, joy, etc. are described." (D.Boadella).

Breathing can be unbalanced at two levels:

The ratio of chest and abdominal breathing;

The ratio of inhalation and exhalation.

Breathing patterns can change depending on the situation, state of health, emotional state, etc. However, if a person is "stuck" in one of the patterns, we can say that he is not sufficiently centered, i.e. accumulates too much or too little energy, or not enough or excessively consumes it.

Inhalation work helps in case of anxiety, hopelessness, sadness, general asthenia. To stimulate inspiration, you can use: a gentle lifting movement of the cervical or lumbar spine during inspiration; lifting and lowering, bringing and diluting the limbs while inhaling, etc.

Work with an exhalation is indicated in conditions of overcontrol, blocking anger, with an excess of tension. Free movement is encouraged, for example when running. In this case, the breath will follow the movement.

With a good level of centering, a person is in contact with his emotions, is aware of them and has the opportunity to choose in each specific situation to express his feelings or contain them, restrain (but not suppress!). Suppression, repression of emotions often leads to depression.

A well-centered person "can afford" not to suppress their feelings or throw them out uncontrollably.

In therapeutic work, it is important that emotions can be "layered" on top of each other: the one that is easier to express can be used to hide another emotion that is difficult or impossible to express. The therapeutic principle in this case will be the identification of a deeper emotion. Thus, anger often hides fear, fear can hide anger, and sadness can hide anger or pleasure. Therefore, biosynthesis is cautious about the direct response of anger. If behind this

anger is fear or shame, and the conditions for their safe living have not been created, the procedure for responding can be at best non-therapeutic, and at worst - destructive.

Facing and Sounding "In addition to expressive movements, eyes and voice are an important contact channel. Therapeutic work with eye contact, gaze, voice is the third way of reintegration in biosynthesis" (D. Boadella).

"Therapeutic work is about recognizing the best way to use the eyes, and also helping the client to face what he is defending against."

"When the eyes are open, there are two main gaze patterns: contact and defensive. Examples of defensive gazes are: cautious gaze, not here gaze (as if the person is far away), hypervigilant gaze. To get into deeper contact with inner expression in patients with heavy gaze, which they use as a form of control, it is better to work with closed eyes. "

“If the client’s eyes respond to contact with the therapist’s eyes, this is useful for work: the therapist can“ read ”in them anger, anxiety, pleasure, etc., which helps to understand the pattern. muscle tone and human voice. Voice release is associated with improvements in muscle tone. Sounding helps grounding. In biosynthesis, it tries to "ground" language in the body and develop a connection between verbal and non-verbal expression.

Often, if bodily signals become unclear or confused, the therapist goes to verbally clarify the client's feelings and inner experiences or to express them through voice. Conversely, if speech is confused, he can come to understand what is happening by reading non-verbal body language. "

Contact signals and touch elements

"In every therapeutic interaction, the client's contact signals will be the main way of indicating what is happening - whether the free pulsation of energy is increasing or the defense systems and resistance are strengthened" (D. Boadella). The main contact signals are:

Verbal expression of relief or discomfort;

Change in breathing;

Change in muscle tone in response to touch;

Change in complexion, eye contact, etc.

Separately, it must be said that the most important instrument of work in biosynthesis is the therapist's body, in which subtle tensions and emotional states resonate. W. Reich called this phenomenon "vegetative identification", which means: to feel in your body the feelings of the client's struggle, his rhythm and pulsation characteristics.

There are several basic methods of bodily contact, or touching elements. These elements are traditionally associated with the four elements: earth, water, fire and air.

Ground contact

"The hands and other parts of the therapist's body are used here:

a) as supporting structures (we try to convey to the client a sense of reliability, firmness, strength, trust);

b) as structures to which the client can provide dynamic

resistance "(D. Boadella)

The support principle (in the sense of support) is used:

For super-independent people, to help them trust more and learn to accept the help of others;

For over-addicts: to help them rely more on the support and supporting structures of their own body (back, arms, legs);

For people with weak boundaries, anxious and in many other cases.

Water contact

The purpose of water contact is to give movement smoothness, help to realize and restore the smoothness and undulation of the intestines, breathing, etc. Following the free flow of movements in the form of vibrations, tremors, etc., we restore the balance of muscle tone. Water contact is often used in conjunction with air contact, especially when the client has a lack of energy.

Air contact This type of contact is based on breathing work: energization and energy expenditure.

Fiery contact

The principle of fiery contact is heat and thermoregulation of the body. The therapist's hands are used as emitters or redistributors of energy:

by direct warming of a cold part of the body, through work with energy fields, or by transferring excess heat into movement (hot areas are usually energetically overloaded).

Review compiled by (C) V. Berezkina-Orlova and G. Chentsova

Materials used:

Monographs D.Boadella "What is Biosynthesis?",

Articles "Energy & Character" (The Journal of Biosynthesis)

Practical training seminars within the framework of the International training program on biosynthesis (1994 - 2001)

Victoria Berezkina-Orlova, Galina Chentsova