Levels of general and professional education. The concept, levels and forms of education. Secondary vocational education
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Twitter1. Education system in the Russian Federation: structure and general characteristics.
2. Types of education and forms of education in the Russian Federation
3. Legal regulation of relations in the field of education. Legislation on education.
4. Management of education in the Russian Federation: federal, regional and municipal levels and their powers.
5. State supervision and control in the field of education.
6. Licensing of educational activities and accreditation of organizations engaged in educational activities.
7. Educational organizations in Russia: structure and characteristics.
8. Organizations carrying out educational activities as additional.
9. History of education in Russia.
10. Educational and methodological support of education.
11. Expenditures on education: dynamics of federal budget expenditures and problems of funding for education.
13. Preschool education in Russia.
14. The system of school education in Russia.
15. The system of higher professional education in R.F.
16. Problems of higher education in R.F. and ways to solve them.
17. Main directions of development of modern education.
18. Education in the context of globalization.
19. The essence of the concepts of "competence" and "competence". The main ideas of an integrated approach to teaching.
20. The concept and essence of the innovation process in education.
21. Problems of national education reform and the implementation of the principles of the Bologna process.
22. The problem of the quality of education and pedagogical theory and practice.
23. Features of teaching economics in secondary and higher schools.
24. Foreign educational systems: comparative characteristics and opportunities for using experience in domestic educational practice.
25. The main historical stages of the integration of science and economics.
26. Scientific and technical potential and patterns of its development.
27. Organizational structure of science.
28. The main structural units of the scientific and technical complex of modern developed countries (NIP, CIC, RIP, science region, technopolis, technopark, incubator): general characteristics.
29. Federal and regional programs to support scientific research. Federal research centers and universities.
30. Functions of the modern state in relation to science.
31. Spending on science in modern industrialized countries and Russia. Production and export of science-intensive products in the world.
32. History of the development of science in Russia.
33. Modern state policy in the scientific field.
34. The main problems of the development of domestic science.
35. Actual directions of development of modern economic science. Problems of the theory and practice of economic development.
No 9,10,17,18,19,20,22,24,29,35
1. Education system in the Russian Federation: structure and general characteristics.
Federal Law of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ (as amended on July 13, 2015) "On Education in the Russian Federation" (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on July 24, 2015) Ch. 2. Education system. Article 10 Structure of the education system.
1. The education system includes:
1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;
2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;
3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;
4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;
5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.
2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, ensuring the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).
3. General education and vocational education are implemented by levels of education.
The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:
1) preschool education;
4) secondary general education.
5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:
6. Additional education includes such subspecies as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.
7. The education system creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity to simultaneously master several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, practical experience in obtaining education.
2. Types of education and forms of education in the Russian Federation
Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, which ensure the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (continuing education). (professional education)
Levels of general education:
1) preschool education;
2) primary general education;
3) basic general education;
4) secondary general education.
Levels of professional education:
1) secondary vocational education;
2) higher education - bachelor's degree;
3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;
4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.
Additional education:
1) as additional education for children and adults
2) additional professional education.
Forms of study
There are three main forms of education in Russia: full-time (full-time); part-time (evening); part-time.
Restrictions on obtaining education in a particular form of education may be established by the legislation on education and (or) the educational standard.
It is also possible to receive education in the form external student(self-education) and family education with the right to pass intermediate and state final certification in educational organizations.
- online learning. Network form of implementation of educational programs - implementation of an educational program using the resources of several organizations engaged in educational activities, including foreign ones, and also, if necessary, using the resources of other organizations;
- electronic and distance learning.
Article 17. Forms of education and forms of education
1. In the Russian Federation, education can be obtained:
1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;
2) outside organizations engaged in educational activities (in the form of family education and self-education).
2. Education in organizations engaged in educational activities, taking into account the needs, capabilities of the individual and depending on the volume of compulsory classes of a teacher with students, is carried out in full-time, part-time or part-time form.
3. Education in the form of family education and self-education is carried out with the right to subsequently pass, in accordance with Part 3 of Article 34 of this Federal Law, intermediate and state final certification in organizations engaged in educational activities.
4. A combination of various forms of education and forms of education is allowed.
5. Forms of education and forms of education for the main educational program for each level of education, profession, specialty and area of training are determined by the relevant federal state educational standards, educational standards, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law. Forms of training for additional educational programs and basic professional training programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of RF were introduced as
In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that signed the Bologna Declaration.
purpose, functions
Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.
The main functions of training are:
- Education of worthy members of society.
- Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values that have developed in this society.
- Ensuring qualified training of young professionals.
- Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.
Criteria of education
An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.
The value of learning in human life
It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New formations in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.
High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.
Education system
The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:
- Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
- General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
- Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
- Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
- Non-state.
- Additional education.
Principles of the education system
- The priority of universal human values.
- The basis is cultural and national principles.
- Scientific.
- Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
- humanistic character.
- Focus on environmental protection.
- Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
- Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
- Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
- Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.
Types of education
According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:
- Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
- Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
- Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
- Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.
According to the nature and direction of education is:
- General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
- Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
- Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.
Levels of education
The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:
- Preschool.
- Initial.
- Main.
- Average.
In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:
- Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
- Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
- Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
- Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate studies. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a scientific degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. The degree is awarded upon completion of training, dissertation defense and final exams.
According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.
Forms of education
Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:
- in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
- Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final
Subsystems of education
The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.
The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.
Quality of higher education
Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:
- Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
- A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
- The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.
Problems relating to the management of the education system
- Low wages for education workers.
- Lack of highly qualified personnel.
- Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
- Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
- Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.
Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.
Trends in the development of education services
- Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
- Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
- Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
- Promotion of distance learning.
Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.
There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.
According to the law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and professional. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.
General education
According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:
- Preschool education;
- School education.
The second type is divided into the following subspecies:
- Initial;
- Main;
- Average.
Pre-school education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future in the assimilation of school material. This includes the primary elements of written and spoken language, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.
Both municipal and private institutions of preschool education are successfully functioning in the Russian Federation. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home, not sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that the number of children who did not attend preschool institutions increases every year.
Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students' motivation, honing writing and speaking skills, teaching the basics of theoretical thinking and various sciences.
The main task of basic education is the study of the foundations of various sciences, a deeper study of the state language, the formation of inclinations towards certain types of activity, the formation of aesthetic tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student should develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.
Secondary education aims to teach to think rationally, to make independent choices, various sciences are studied more deeply. A clear idea of the world and the social role of each student in it is also formed. As never before, it's important pedagogical the influence of the class teacher and other teachers.
Professional education
In Russian federation professional education levels are divided into the following subspecies:
- Initial;
- Average;
- Higher.
Primary education is provided by institutions that provide working professions. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed PTL - vocational lyceum). You can enter such institutions both on the basis of 9th and 11th grades.
Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The former train basic-level specialists, the latter implement a system of in-depth training. You can enter a technical school or college on the basis of 9 or 11 grades, some institutions can only enter after 9 or only after 11 grades (for example, medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained according to a reduced program.
Higher education provides training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies (in some cases also colleges) are engaged in the training of specialists. Higher education is divided into the following levels:
- specialty;
Bachelor's degree is a mandatory level for obtaining the other two. There are also various forms of education. It can be full-time, part-time, part-time and external.
Levels of education in the world
In the world, a huge number of educational institutions are engaged in teaching students and.
- One of the best systems operates in the USA; more than 500 thousand foreign students study in the institutions of this country. The main problem of the American education system is the high cost.
- A very high educational level is also offered by the higher educational institutions of France, education in the universities of this country, as in Russia, is free. Students only have to provide their own maintenance.
- In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country is that there is no division into bachelor's and specialist's degrees in the legal and medical industries.
- In England, the term Higher Education is only used to refer to institutes or universities where graduates receive a doctoral or academic degree.
- Also, education in China has recently become popular. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.
The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this rating, created by Times Higher Education in conjunction with the Thomson Reuters information group. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the ranking is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.
Criteria for evaluating universities:
- The academic reputation of the university, including scientific activities and the quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)
- The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).
- General citation of scientific publications, normalized for different areas of research (analysis data of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).
- The ratio of published scientific articles to the number of teaching staff (data from the analysis of 12,000 scientific journals over a five-year period).
- The volume of funding for university research activities in relation to the number of faculty members (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).
- The volume of funding by third-party companies for the research activities of the university in relation to the number of faculty members.
- The ratio of public funding for research activities to the total research budget of the university.
- The ratio of the teaching staff to the number of students.
- The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.
- The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local students.
- The ratio of defended dissertations (Ph.D.) to the number of teaching staff.
- The ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of bachelors going to the title of master.
- Average remuneration of a member of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized to purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).
How is the score determined?
The maximum score that the studied university can receive is 100 points.
- For the level of teaching activity, the quality of education, the number of highly qualified teachers, the university can get a maximum of 30 points.
- For the scientific reputation of the university, a maximum of 30 points is given.
- For the citation of scientific works - 30 points.
- For the development of innovative projects, attracting investments to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.
- For the ability of the university to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world to its ranks - 7.5 points.
World University Ranking 2014-2015
|
The name of the university |
A country |
Score (according to the study 2014-2015) |
|
| California Institute of Technology | USA | 94,3 | |
| Harvard University | USA | 93,3 | |
| Oxford University | Great Britain | 93,2 | |
| Stanford University | USA | 92,9 | |
| Cambridge University | Great Britain | 92,0 | |
| Massachusetts Institute of Technology | USA | 91,9 | |
| Princeton University | USA | 90,9 | |
| University of California at Berkeley | USA | 89,5 | |
| Imperial College London | Great Britain | 87,5 | |
| Yale university | USA | 87,5 | |
| University of Chicago | USA | 87,1 | |
| University of California at Los Angeles | USA | 85,5 | |
| Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich | Switzerland | 84,6 | |
| Columbia University | USA | 84,4 | |
| Johns Hopkins University | USA | 83,0 |
| Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov | Russian Federation | 46,0 |
Essay
The concept, levels and forms of education.
Completed by: volleyball coach
Shubin E.V.
Tarko-Sale - 2015
Content
Introduction.
The concept of "education".
Levels of education.
Forms of education.
Conclusion.
Literature.
Introduction.
The education system in the Russian Federation is a set of interacting:
successive educational programs of various levels and directions, federal state educational standards and federal state requirements;
networks of educational institutions and scientific organizations that implement them;
bodies exercising management in the field of education, and institutions and organizations subordinate to them;
associations of legal entities, public and state-public associations carrying out activities in the field of education.
The concept of "education".
The term "education" can be considered in different meanings. Education is one of the most important areas of public life. Education is a branch of the social sphere and a branch of the economy. They often talk about education as a qualification requirement when filling certain positions, when concluding an employment contract.
Education is understood as a purposeful process of upbringing and education in the interests of a person, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels (educational qualifications) established by the state.
Thus, education is a process that meets the following criteria:
1) purposefulness;
2) organization and manageability;
3) completeness and compliance with quality requirements.
Levels of education.
In educational legislation, the concept of "level" is used to characterize educational programs (Article 9 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"), educational qualifications (Article 27). In Art. 46 provides that the contract for the provision of paid educational services should, among other conditions, also determine the level of education.
The educational level (educational qualification) is the minimum required volume of the content of education, determined by the state educational standard, and the permissible limit of the lower level of mastering this volume of content.
The Russian Federation has six educational levels (educational qualifications):
basic general education;
secondary (complete) general education;
initial vocational education;
secondary vocational education;
higher professional education;
postgraduate professional education (clause 5, article 27 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education").
additional education.
The achievement of one or another educational qualification is necessarily confirmed by the relevant documents. Mastering a certain educational level is a prerequisite for continuing education in a state and municipal educational institution of a subsequent educational level. The presence of professional educational qualifications is a condition for admission to certain types of activities, to occupy certain positions.
It can be concluded that the level of education is determined by the level of the implemented educational program. General educational programs are implemented at such levels of education as preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general, and professional educational programs - at the levels of primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate education. Additional educational programs (Article 26 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") are carried out within each level of professional education.
Preschool education (Article 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") pursues the goals of educating young children, protecting and strengthening their health, developing the individual abilities of children and preparing them for schooling.
General education includes three stages corresponding to the levels of educational programs: primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) education. The tasks of primary general education are the upbringing and development of students, teaching them to read, write, count, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, as well as the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. Primary general education is the basis for obtaining basic general education, which should create conditions for the upbringing, formation and formation of the personality of the student, for the development of his inclinations, interests and abilities for social self-determination. It is the basis for obtaining secondary (complete) general education, as well as for primary and secondary vocational education. Secondary (complete) general education should develop in students an interest in knowing the world around them, their creative abilities, and form the skills of independent learning activities based on the differentiation of learning. At this stage of education, additional subjects are introduced at the choice of the student himself in order to realize his interests, abilities and opportunities. Thus, the primary professional orientation of schoolchildren is carried out.
Primary vocational education (Article 22 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") provides training for skilled workers (workers and employees) in all major areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic or complete general education.
Secondary vocational education (Article 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") is aimed at training mid-level specialists, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. The basis for obtaining it can be basic or complete general and primary vocational education. Secondary vocational education can be carried out at two educational levels - basic and advanced. The basic one is implemented according to the main professional educational program that provides training for mid-level specialists, which should include general humanitarian, socio-economic, mathematical, general natural sciences, general professional and special disciplines, as well as industrial (professional) practice.
The term of study on the basis of basic general education is at least three years. An increased level of secondary vocational education ensures the training of mid-level specialists with an advanced level of qualification. The main professional educational program at this level consists of two components: a training program for a mid-level specialist in the relevant specialty and an additional training program that provides in-depth and (or) extended theoretical and (or) practical training in individual academic disciplines (cycles of disciplines). The term of study in this case is at least four years. In the document on education, a record is made of the passage of in-depth training in the specialty.
Higher professional education (Article 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") is aimed at training and retraining specialists of the appropriate level. It can be obtained on the basis of secondary (complete) education or secondary vocational education.
The main educational programs of higher education can be implemented continuously and in stages.
The following levels of higher education have been established:
Incomplete higher education;
Undergraduate;
Training of graduates;
Master's degree.
The minimum terms of study at these levels are two, four years, five and six years, respectively. The first level is an incomplete higher education, which must be carried out as part of the main educational program. Completion of this part of the program allows you to continue higher education or, at the request of the student, to receive a diploma of incomplete higher education without final certification. The second level provides for the training of specialists with a bachelor's degree. It ends with a final attestation and the issuance of an appropriate diploma. The third level of higher education can be carried out according to educational programs of two types. The first of them consists of a bachelor's degree program in a certain area and specialized research or scientific and pedagogical training in the amount of at least two years and ends with a final certification that includes a final work (master's thesis), with the qualification "master", certified diploma. The second version of the educational program involves preparation and state final certification with the qualification of a specialist (engineer, teacher, lawyer, etc.), which is also confirmed by a diploma.
Postgraduate professional education (Article 25 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") provides an increase in the level of education, as well as scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher education. It can be obtained in postgraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies, created in educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific organizations. It can also be conditionally divided into two stages: preparation and defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate of science and doctor of science in the specialty.
Vocational training should be distinguished from vocational education (Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”), which has the goal of accelerating the acquisition of the skills necessary for the student to perform a certain job. It is not accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the student and can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education and other educational institutions: in interschool educational complexes, training and production workshops, training areas (workshops), as well as in educational departments of organizations that have the appropriate licenses, and in the order of individual training from specialists who have passed attestation and have the appropriate licenses.
Additional education forms a special subsystem, but it is not included in the structure of education levels, since it is designed to provide additional educational needs of citizens, society and the state.
Forms of education.
Defining education as a purposeful process of training and education in the interests of a citizen, society and the state, it is necessary to take into account that it can be obtained in various forms that best meet the needs and capabilities of the subjects of the educational process, primarily the student. The form of education in the most general sense can be defined as a way of organizing the educational process. The classification of forms of education is carried out on several grounds. First of all, depending on the method of participation of an educational institution in the organization of the educational process, education is distinguished in an educational institution and outside it.
In an educational institution, training can be organized in full-time, part-time (evening), part-time forms. The differences between them are mainly in the volume of the classroom load, more precisely, in the ratio between the classroom load and the student's independent work. For example, if in full-time education, classroom work should account for at least 50 percent of the total volume of hours allotted for mastering the educational program, then for full-time students - 20, and for part-time students - 10 percent. This also determines other features of the organization of the educational process in different forms of education (in particular, determining the number of consultations, methodological support, etc.).
In recent years, in connection with the development of information technologies (computerization, Internet resources, etc.), distance learning technologies are becoming more widespread. Educational technologies implemented mainly with the use of information and telecommunication technologies with indirect (at a distance) or incompletely mediated interaction between the student and the teacher are called remote (Article 32 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"). It provides access to education for those citizens who, for some reason, do not have the opportunity to receive education in traditional forms (those living in remote areas, suffering from various diseases, etc.). Distance educational technologies can be used in all forms of education. The procedure for using distance learning technologies was approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2005 No. 137. Along with traditional information resources, specialized textbooks with multimedia support, educational videos, audio recordings, etc. are used to support the distance learning process. Current control and intermediate certification can be carried out by traditional methods or using electronic means that provide identification of a person (digital electronic signature). Mandatory final certification is carried out in the form of a traditional exam or thesis defense. The students go through the production practice as usual, while the training can be organized using remote technologies. The ratio of the volume of educational, laboratory and practical classes conducted using distance technologies or through direct interaction between a teacher and a student is determined by the educational institution.
Outside the educational institution, family education, self-education and external studies are organized. In the form of family education, only general education programs can be mastered. This form of education is relevant for certain categories of students who may experience difficulties in mastering educational programs under normal conditions. It is also possible to receive the help of teachers working on a contractual basis or parents. In any case, the student passes the intermediate and state final certification in an educational institution.
In order to organize family education, the parents (other legal representatives) of the student conclude an appropriate agreement with the general education institution, which may provide guidance on the development of the general education program by the teachers of the institution, the conduct of individual lessons in all or several subjects by the teachers of this institution or their independent development. According to the contract, the educational institution provides the student with free textbooks and other necessary literature for the period of study, provides him with methodological and advisory assistance, provides the opportunity to perform practical and laboratory work on existing equipment and carries out intermediate (quarterly or trimester, annual) and state certification. The work of teachers, whom the educational institution engages to work with students under this form, is paid on an hourly basis based on the teacher's tariff rate. The procedure for accounting for the classes conducted is determined by the educational institution itself.
Parents together with the educational institution are fully responsible for the development of the educational program by the student. Parents should be paid additional funds in the amount of the cost of education of each student at the appropriate stage of education in a state or municipal institution. The specific amount is determined based on local funding standards. Payments are made in accordance with the agreement from the savings fund of the educational institution. Additional expenses of parents for the organization of family education,
exceeding the established standards are covered by them at their own expense. Parents have the right to terminate the contract at any stage of education and transfer the child to another form of development of the educational program. An educational institution also has the right to terminate the contract if the student fails at the end of two or more quarters in two or more subjects, as well as in case of failure at the end of the year in one or more subjects. At the same time, re-mastering the program in this form is not allowed.
Self-education is an independent development of the educational program by the student. It acquires legal significance only in combination with an externality. External study refers to the certification of persons who independently master the educational program. External study is allowed both in the system of general and in the system of vocational education. The regulation on receiving general education in the form of an external student was approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of June 23, 2000 No. 1884. Any student has the right to choose an external student as a form of education. To apply for an external study, you must submit an application to the head of the educational institution no later than three months before the certification and submit the available certificates of intermediate certification or a document on education. The external student is provided with the necessary consultations on academic subjects (including pre-examination) in the amount of at least two hours, literature from the library fund of the institution, the opportunity to use subject rooms for laboratory and practical work. External students pass an intermediate certification in the manner determined by the institution. If they passed the certification for the full course of the transfer class, they are transferred to the next class, and at the end of a certain stage of education they are allowed to the final certification.
According to a similar scheme (albeit with some peculiarities), professional educational programs are implemented in the form of an external student. For example, the Regulation on external studies in state, municipal higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of October 14, 1997 No. 2033, provides the right to receive higher education in this form to persons with secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education. Admission and enrollment in universities are carried out in a general manner. In addition to a student card and a record book, an external student is issued an attestation plan. It is provided free of charge with exemplary programs of academic disciplines, assignments for control and term papers, and other educational and methodological materials. The current attestation of external students includes taking exams and tests in the disciplines provided for by the main educational program in the chosen field of study or specialty; reviewing control and term papers, reports on production and undergraduate practice; acceptance of laboratory, control, term papers and practice reports. The examinations are administered by a commission of three full-time professors or associate professors, appointed by order of the dean of the faculty. The passing of the exam is recorded by the members of the commission. Written responses and other written material accompanying the oral response shall be attached to the protocol. Other types of current certification are carried out orally. The assessment is set in a special attestation sheet, which is signed by the members of the commission and endorsed by the head of the department. Positive assessments are then put down by the chairman of the commission in the record book. The final certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure and provides for the passing of state exams and the defense of a graduation project (work). Certification can be carried out both in one and in several universities.
In the system of vocational education, the right of students to choose individual forms of education may be limited, taking into account the specifics of training in certain specialties. For example, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 1997 No. 463 approved the List of specialties, the receipt of which in full-time (evening) form and in the form of external study in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 22, 1997 No. 1473 approved the List of areas of training and specialties for which it is not allowed to receive higher professional education in correspondence form and in the form of external studies. In particular, such lists include some specialties in the field of healthcare, transport operation, construction and architecture, etc.
Educational legislation allows a combination of various forms of education. At the same time, for all its forms, within the framework of a specific basic educational program, there is a single state educational standard.
Conclusion.
Thus, education as a system can be considered in three dimensions, which are:
– social scale of consideration, i.e. e. education in the world, country, society, region and organization, state, public and private education, secular and clerical education, etc.;
– level of education (preschool, school, secondary vocational, higher vocational with different levels, advanced training institutions, postgraduate, doctoral studies);
– profile of education: general, special, professional, additional.
Literature.
Dyachenko V.K. Organizational structure of the educational process and its development. - M., 1989
Kairov I.A. Pedagogical Encyclopedia / Ed. I.A.Kairova, F.N.Petrova - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1966
Kharlamov I.F. Pedagogy: Proc. For university students, trained in ped. special / I.F. Kharlamov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002
Kodzhaspirova G.M., Kodzhaspirov A.Yu. Pedagogical Dictionary: For students. higher and avg. ped. Proc. Institutions. - M.: Academy, 2001
is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that do not depend on each other. An institution of each level has its own forms of organization and bodies of legal subordination that control it.
Education in Russia
At all times, special attention has been paid to education in our country. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. So, in Soviet times, the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the reassessment of values, today, has led to the democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become commonplace for modern participants in the educational process. There is variability in educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the supervisory authority.
However, despite all the innovations, the modern Russian education system remains federal and centralized. The levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.
Types and levels of Russian education
Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational education. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.
As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the development of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state as a whole, and the individual in particular.
Levels of education:
- general education;
- professional;
- higher.
General education
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all state institutions. The levels of general education are:
- preschool;
- school.
School education, in turn, is divided into:
- initial;
- main;
- average.
Each of the steps prepares for the development of the educational program of the next level.
The very first step in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students for the development of the school curriculum, and also provides initial knowledge about hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend a preschool institution, at the next stage - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in the development of educational material. 
All subsequent levels of education, as well as the preschool stage, pursue a single goal - to prepare for the development of the next stage of education.
At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations for certain types of activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently cognize the world around.
Professional education
The levels of vocational education are as follows:
- initial
- average;
- higher.
The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can get various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there, both after the 9th grade, and after graduating from the 11th.
The next step is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type, one can master the basic level of the future profession, while the second type involves a more in-depth study. You can also enter there, both after the 9th grade and after the 11th. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific stage. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered an accelerated program.
And finally, higher education trains highly qualified specialists in various fields. This level of education has its sublevels.
Higher education. Levels
So, the levels of higher education are:
- undergraduate;
- specialty
- magistracy.
It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own terms of study. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the initial level, which is mandatory for obtaining the rest.
Specialists with the highest qualifications in various professions are trained in such educational institutions as universities, institutes, academies.
This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of education. You can study:
- in person, attending all classes and taking sessions;
- in absentia, independently studying the course material and taking sessions;
- part-time, when training can be conducted on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study on the job);
- as an external student, here you can finish your studies when you see fit (it assumes the issuance of a state diploma, however, it will be marked that you graduated from an educational institution as an external student).
Conclusion
Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by normative documents of various nature and content. 
It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows you to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each overcome educational level.
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