Project on the Russian language "dictionary of phraseological units". Project on the Russian language: “Phraseological units in our speech Project on the topic of phraseological units in our life

Tyukhov Sergey Sergeevich

Project Manager:

Ermakova Oksana Yurievna

Institution:

MBOU "Secondary School No. 1 named after. A.I. Herzen, Timashevsk, Krasnodar Territory

real research work on the Russian language "The amazing world of phraseological units" made on 19 sheets, with the reduction of the research methodology. There is an attachment to the work with a questionnaire and photographs of a book made by oneself. The study compiles a phraseological dictionary in pictures.

This research work (project) on the Russian language "" was carried out in the primary grades of the school.

In my research work on the Russian language, I need to search for information about phraseological units, get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries, and explore interesting phraseological units.

As part of a research project (work) in the Russian language on the topic “The Amazing World of Phraseological Units”, I will conduct a survey of elementary school students on the use and understanding of phraseological units.

Introduction
I. Theoretical foundations
1.1. The concept of phraseological units
1.2. The origin of phraseological units
1.3. Signs of phraseological units
1.4. Phraseologisms in other languages
II. Practical part
2.1. The results of the study of student questionnaires
2.2. The results of the study of teacher questionnaires
2.3. Creation of a phraseological dictionary
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application

Introduction

You can hang on a nail
Towel and cane
A lamp, a raincoat or a hat.
And a rope, and a rag ...
But never and nowhere
Do not hang your nose in trouble!
Y. Korinets

exist throughout the history of the language, they contain the centuries-old experience of the people, which is passed down from generation to generation.

is one of the richest languages ​​in the world, there is no doubt about it. In order to achieve complete mutual understanding, to express his thoughts more clearly and figuratively, a person uses phraseological units in his speech. Phraseologisms in Russian in everyday speech are used quite often. Sometimes people do not notice that they are pronouncing these set expressions - they are so familiar and convenient. The use of phraseological units gives speech liveliness and brilliance.

Unfortunately, the speech of modern children is characterized by poor vocabulary, it often lacks phraseological units at all. When a person and phraseological units are interconnected, they help to clearly express a thought, give imagery to speech. And sometimes communication is difficult, because not always and not everyone understands their meaning.

I assumed that the meaning of catchphrases is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open pages of the history of the language unknown to me.

I got interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, origin, and the appearance of phraseological units in the Russian language. I decided to explore phraseological units and tried to understand how often they occur in speech, what they mean.

Based on this, I have questions: Do all the guys know what phraseological units are? Are there phraseological units that are used more often than others? Do the guys in our class know the meaning of phraseological units?

It became interesting for me, and I decided to start looking for an answer to this question, which is why I chose the topic of my research project: “The Amazing World of Phraseological Units”.

Relevance of the topic due to the fact that in everyday life, when faced with phraseological units, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units in speech, because they do not know their meanings.

The purpose of my work: make your own phraseological dictionary in pictures.

Object of study: oral speech and materials of questioning of third-graders.

Subject of study: phraseological units.

1. to search for the necessary information about phraseological units;
2. get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;
3. explore the phraseological units found in our speech;
4. analyze and find out the meaning of the most frequently used phraseological units;
5. conduct a survey of students on the use and understanding of phraseological units.

Hypothesis: I suppose that phraseological units decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.

Research methods:

• study and analysis of literature;
• collection of information;
• survey - questioning;
• observation;
• study.

Project type: research, short term.

Hypothesis testing: having collected information about phraseological units, having carried out research and observations, I created an illustrated book "Phraseological Dictionary in Pictures". In my opinion, this material helps to learn not only the Russian language, but the history, traditions, customs of the Russian and other peoples.

I. Main body

Once upon a time there were 2 parts and a rod in the workshop, which were used together and separately. But one day the worker took and welded them into one new part in the form of the letter F.

Fig.1. Phraseologism formation scheme Fig.2. Plug in the belt

This is what happens in the life of words. Words-details live and live, they are used separately, but when the need arises, words merge into indivisible combinations - phraseological units. There are words to shut up, for, belt, and idiom plug in the belt, (easy to deal with someone). In phraseological units, words lose their former meanings.

The Russian language is very rich in apt and figurative stable combinations of words. Such stable combinations are called phraseological turns. The word "phraseology" comes from two words of the Greek language: "phrase" - an expression of speech, "logos" - a concept, a doctrine.

- this is a stable combination of words used to name individual objects, signs, actions. Ozhegov's dictionary gives the following definition: "Phraseologism is a stable expression with an independent meaning."

The phraseologism as a whole has a lexical meaning, for example: to beat the buckets - “to mess around”; far away - "far away". Unlike phrases or sentences, a phraseological unit is not compiled anew each time, but is reproduced in finished form. Phraseologism as a whole is one member of the sentence.

Phraseologisms characterize all aspects of a person's life - his attitude to work, for example, golden hands, beat the buckets, attitude towards other people, for example, bosom friend, disservice, personal strengths and weaknesses, for example, does not lose his head, lead by the nose and etc.

They are used in everyday life, in works of art, in journalism. They give expressiveness to the statement, serve as a means of creating imagery.

Phraseological units have synonyms and antonyms - other phraseological units; for example, synonyms: on the edge of the world; where the raven did not bring the bones; antonyms: elevate to heaven - trample into the dirt.

There is a section of linguistics, which is devoted to the study of the phraseological composition of the language - phraseology.

1.2. The origin of phraseological units

Most phraseological units came from folk speech: prevaricate, within reach, on your mind ...
From the speech of people of different professions: walnut(carpenter) make porridge(cook), how it was removed by hand(doctor)...

Many phraseological units were born in fiction, biblical tales, mythology and only then came into the language. For example: manna from heaven, monkey labor. They are called or.

Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language. Already from the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (winged expressions, proverbs and sayings). Even M. V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “ideomatisms”, “sayings”, that is, turns, expressions.
However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

1. Phraseological turns created on the basis of proverbs and sayings ( Hunger is not an aunt, hand washes hand.)
2. Phraseologisms that have entered our lives from professional speech. ( Beat the buckets, sharpen the frills.)
3. Some expressions came from myths ( Achilles' heel), folklore ( Megillah- Russian folk tale), literary works ( monkey labor- from the fable of I.A. Krylov “The Monkey and Glasses”).

For example, put on your feet:
1. cure, get rid of the disease;
2. grow, educate, bring to independence;
3. force to act actively, take an active part in something;
4. strengthen economically, financially.

Phraseological units are divided into different groups that characterize a person, his actions, his character, his psychological state.

According to the description:
Characterizing the action of a person on the basis of his relationship and relationship with the environment, the team:
1. Walk, stand on hind legs- "to please, to serve";
2. Washes the head (to whom)- "Strong scolding. Blame someone."

Characterizing the manner of speech communication:
1. Sharpen laces, balusters- "to engage in empty chatter";
2. Twirl, twist the ox- "talk, talk nonsense."

Characterizing the relationship of a person to work and business:
1. Roll up your sleeves- diligently, diligently, vigorously, to do something.
2. Beat the thumbs- to spend time idly, to be idle.

Characterizing the mental state of a person, which manifests itself externally, in his manner of behavior:
1. Pout- get angry, offended, making a displeased face.
2. Like an aspen leaf trembles- shaking, usually from excitement, fear.

All phraseological units originally arose to refer to specific events, phenomena, facts. Gradually, for various reasons, they began to be used figuratively to refer to other, but somewhat similar to the original meaning, phenomena. This gives phraseological units a special figurativeness and expressiveness.

Most of the phraseological units originate from the depths of centuries and reflect a deeply popular character. The direct meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some of the customs of our ancestors, their work.

1. native Russians;
2. borrowed.

The bulk of currently used phraseological units are stable combinations of words of native Russian origin ( beat the buckets, look for the wind in the field, you won’t spill it with water). They originated in Russian or were inherited from an older language. Phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse in their origin. Most of them originated in the Russian language itself, they are native Russian: what the mother gave birth to, a goal like a falcon, a grated roll, hang your nose, on one block, take it for a living and many others. others

The image is born as a reflection of reality. In order to imagine the phenomenon of reality in the form of an image, we must, firstly, rely on the knowledge of this reality, and secondly, resort to imagination. The image is usually created by "double vision".

So we see a tall man in front of us, and this is real, but at the same time we can also remember the fire tower, which used to be the tallest building in the city. Combining these two "visions" we call a tall man fire tower, and this is an image. For a better understanding of the figurativeness of phraseological units, it is necessary to develop imagination.

Originally Russian phraseological units can be associated with professional speech: pull the gimp (weaving), clumsy work, without a hitch, without a hitch (carpentry), set the tone, play the first fiddle (art of music), baffle, reverse (transportation).

A certain number of primordially Russian phraseological units arose in dialect or slang speech and became the property of the national language. For example, smoke rocker, clumsy work, pull the strap and etc.

Phraseological units of the Russian language can also be borrowed. In this case, they are the result of a rethinking on Russian soil of phrases from Old Church Slavonic and other languages.

Borrowed phraseological units came to us from other languages.
Old Slavonic in origin are phraseological units such as: second coming- "a time that does not know when it will come", the Forbidden fruit- "anything tempting, but not allowed."

Many phraseological units came to us through various sources from mythology. They are international, as they are common in all European languages: sword of Damocles- "constant danger to someone"; tantalum flour- "suffering caused by the contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it", apple of discord- “reason, reason for a quarrel, dispute, serious disagreement”, sink into oblivion- "to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace", colossus with feet of clay- "something majestic in appearance, but in essence weak, easily destroyed", etc.

Among the borrowed phraseological units there are phraseological tracing papers, i.e. literal translations of a foreign turnover in parts. For example, blue stocking from english, on a grand scale - auf grobem Fub- from German to be at ease - ne pas etre dans son assiette from French.

The system of phraseological units of the Russian language is not once and for all frozen and unchangeable. New phraseological units inevitably arise in response to the phenomena of modern life, are borrowed as cripples from other languages. And they enrich modern speech with new, relevant expressions.

Phraseological units associated with the historical past of the people, for example, where crabs hibernate- many landowners liked to eat fresh crayfish, and in winter it was difficult to catch them: crayfish hide under snags, dig holes in the banks of a lake or river and hibernate there.

Guilty peasants were sent to catch crayfish in winter, who were supposed to get crayfish from icy water. A lot of time passed before the peasant caught the crayfish.

He will freeze in shabby clothes, his hands will get cold. And often after that the person was seriously ill. From here it went: if they want to punish seriously, they say: "I'll show you where the crayfish hibernate."

Figurative expressions reflecting folk customs, beliefs, for example, run into the fray- earlier in small towns of Russia there was an interesting custom to invite guests. Tall candles were placed on the windows. If a candle (light) is lit on the window, it means that the owners of the house invite everyone who wants to see them. And by the light people went to visit friends.

Stable combinations of words that arose from various crafts, for example, teaspoon per hour- originally this expression was used in the speech of physicians literally in relation to the medicine. Then it began to be used disparagingly in colloquial speech with the meaning "to do something very slowly, barely."

The origin of many phraseological units is associated with folk and literary tales with fables by I. A. Krylov and other works. In our speech, we often use various apt expressions created by writers and poets. ( I didn't even notice the elephant- did not pay attention to the most important, and the casket just opened- a simple way out of a seemingly difficult situation, Princess on the Pea- a spoiled person).

Such expressions are called winged. They, as it were, flew out of the works in which they were originally created, entered the literary language, having received a wider, generalized meaning in it.

In order to use phraseological units correctly in speech, you need to know their meanings well. The meanings of some phraseological units can be understood only by knowing the history of the Russian people, their customs and traditions, since most of the phraseological units are originally Russian. Studying this topic, we learned a lot of interesting things about our past, about the history of the Russian people.

1.3. Features of phraseological units.

Phraseologism:
- Contains at least two words.
There are always at least two words in a phraseological unit. If we see one word in an unusual meaning, this is not a phraseological unit. For example, in the sentence "The student was flying along the corridor" there is no idiom, and the word fly is used in a figurative sense.
- Has a stable composition.

If we see a phrase that looks like a phraseological unit, it is necessary to check whether one of the words of this phrase can be replaced by another. For example, in the phrase leaky roof, each word can be freely replaced: a holey jacket, a tiled roof, and the remaining word will retain its meaning. And if you replace any word in phraseologism golden hands, you get nonsense, for example: golden feet, silver hands. You can say: “Skillful hands,” but the word skillful in this case will be used in the literal sense.

If one of the words in the phrase can be replaced by a very limited set of other words ( fear takes, longing takes), then most likely it is a phraseological combination.
- Not a title.
Geographical names, names of institutions and other names are not phraseological units (Bolshoi Theatre, Red Arrow, Dead Sea).

1.4. Phraseologisms in other languages.

Phraseological units exist in many languages ​​of the world. Often phraseologism is the property of only one language, but, despite this, they are similar in meaning, for example:

Russian language	Foreign languages
Wait by the sea for the weather.	Wait for the hare under the tree. (Chinese)
To make mountains out of molehills.	Making a camel out of a mosquito (Czech)
Deceive yourself.	Stealing a bell while plugging your ears. (Chinese)
See no further than your nose.	The eyes of the mouse - see only a few inches ahead. (Chinese)
White crow.	A ram on five legs. (French)
Written with a pitchfork on the water.	It's not in your pocket yet. (French)
The soul went to the heels.	He has blue fear. (French)
Buy a pig in a poke.	Buy a pig in a bag. (English language)
Ate the dog	He is a great master at this. (German)

II. Practical part

2.1. The results of the study of student questionnaires

Unfortunately, in the school curriculum of the Educational Institution “School of the 21st Century”, too little time is allotted for acquaintance with phraseological units. I decided to find out what level of proficiency in phraseological units my classmates have. To do this, conducted a survey using specially designed questions.

In the course of the study, a survey was conducted among students of grade 3-B, in the amount of 31 people.

The purpose of the survey- to find out whether schoolchildren know what phraseological units are; do they understand the meaning of phraseological units; how often schoolchildren use phraseological units in everyday speech.

1. Do you know what phraseological units are? (Not really)

We found that all the children surveyed know what phraseological units are. Twenty-one of the children surveyed know what phraseological units are, ten people do not know.


2. Do you use phraseological units in your speech? (Yes, no, sometimes)

An analysis of the answers showed that 9 students use phraseological units in their speech, 7 students - sometimes, 15 people - have never used phraseological units in their speech.


3. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units: a disservice, teeth to speak, hands full of holes, like peas against a wall, like water off a duck's back.

It should be said that out of 31 people with a high level of understanding of phraseological units, only 5 people, 8 people could not explain the meaning of one phraseological unit, 6 people have an average level of understanding and 12 people have a low level. The greatest difficulty for all children was caused by the phraseological units “a disservice” and “like water off a duck's back”.

The survey showed that most of the guys understand the meaning of phraseological units, but selectively. The guys can not always explain in their own words what any expression means or come up with their own interpretations. So it was with the fourth question.

4. Add phraseological units by choosing the right word.
a) Make from ... (mosquito, fly) elephant
b) Not in my ... (cup, plate)
c) Count ... (forty, raven)
d) Throw words ... (into the sea, into the wind, into the well)
e) ... (fifth, third, seventeenth, seventh) water on jelly.

19 people (60%) answered the question confidently and clearly by choosing the right word, 7 people (28%) could not write down 1-2 phraseological units correctly, 5 students (12%) do not know these phraseological units.


5. Where do you meet phraseological units? (At home, at school, in literature, in speech, I find it difficult to answer).

27 students believe that phraseological units are found in speech;
22 students - at school;
13 people answered - in the literature;
3 students found it difficult to answer.

The survey showed that children most often count, with phraseological units they are found in the classroom at school and in the speech of their parents.

2.2. The results of the study of teacher questionnaires

I wanted to find out how primary school teachers relate to phraseological units. To do this, conducted a survey using specially designed questions. The survey involved 15 teachers working in grades 1-4.

1. Do you use phraseological units during the educational process?
a) yes
b) no
c) rarely

From the diagram, we see that the majority of teachers, 83% often use phraseological units during the educational process, 16% - rarely and there is not a single teacher who does not use phraseological units at all in the educational process.


2. In your opinion, do the students understand the meaning of the phraseological units you use?
a) understand;
b) do not understand;
c) do not always understand;

From the diagram, we can see that most teachers believe that 66% of students understand the meaning of the expressions they use, 25% do not always understand, and only 9% do not understand the meaning of the expressions used at all.


3. Highlight the 10 most "popular" phraseological units among teachers.


As a result of the analysis of this issue, we made it possible to single out the 10 most “popular” phraseological units among the teachers of MBOU secondary school No. 1, the most “popular” turned out to be “counting crows”, “hovering in the clouds”, “hack on the nose” and less “pull by the tongue”, "like a fish in water."

In the course of the research, it turned out that not all students can correctly explain the meaning of phraseological units, they do not know where they are used and rarely use them in speech. Many students have heard catchphrases but do not know their meaning, and some of them have never heard them at all. But the teachers of our school in their work with children often use phraseological units in their speech. In the course of the survey, the 10 most "used" phraseological units among teachers of MBOU secondary school No. 1 were identified.

Thus, we can conclude that in the lessons of the Russian language and literary reading, little attention is paid to the study of phraseological units. But they express the essence of rather complex phenomena, make speech more vivid and emotional. Undoubtedly, there are a huge number of phraseological turns in the Russian language. You can verify this by opening any phraseological dictionary.

I came to a conclusion that in order for the guys to know the Russian language better, they could use phraseological units in their speech, they need to explain what phraseological units are, for what purpose we use them, the origin and meaning of some phraseological units. I wanted to interest the guys so that they would use phraseological units more often in their speech, so I created the presentation “The Amazing World of Phraseological Units” at home and introduced the guys to it at extracurricular activities. I hope that it was interesting and useful to them.

2.3. Creation of a phraseological dictionary

I decided to create my own dictionary of phraseological units, such a dictionary can be offered to schoolchildren for use. The meaning of phraseological units will be explained in the dictionary and pictures will also be added for better understanding.

For the dictionary, the phraseological units most frequently encountered in everyday speech were chosen, the meaning of which will be interesting for schoolchildren to learn. Phraseological units were also added to the dictionary, which caused difficulties for most children during the survey. In total, our dictionary contains 21 phraseological units.

After production, the dictionary was printed out and offered to the children in the class for review. My dictionary attracted the attention of the children in the class. Everyone liked the pictures that illustrated phraseology. Having examined the images, the children read with pleasure the explanations for phraseological units.

Conclusion

Working on this topic, I got a more complete understanding of phraseological units, learned to find them in the text, use phraseological units in my own speech. I also learned how to work with dictionaries, use information from the Internet.

I came to a conclusion that it is necessary to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech, they help to make our speech lively, beautiful, emotional. Studying this topic, I learned a lot of interesting things about our past, about the history of the Russian people, their traditions and customs.

The goal of my research work has been achieved- create your own phraseological dictionary in pictures.

The tasks that were set before the work were completed, put forward hypothesis confirmed- phraseological units really decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright. In the future, I would like to continue working on this interesting and exciting topic.

List of used literature

1. Burmako V.M. Russian language in drawings. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991.

2. Mali L.D., O.S. Aryamova. Lessons in the development of speech in the third grade: lesson planning and didactic materials - Tula: Rodnichok, 2006.

3. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language 8000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. - M: ELPIS Publishing House LLC, 2003.

4. S.V. Ivanov, A.O. Evdokimova, M.I. Kuznetsova and others. Russian language: Grade 3: a textbook for students of educational organizations: in 2 hours. Part 1 / 3rd ed., - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2014.

5. M.T. Baranov, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikov. Russian language. Reference materials: Textbook for students / 5th ed., - M .: Education, 1989.

6. N.V. Bogdanovskaya. Aspects of the study of Russian phraseology / textbook - St. Petersburg: 2008.

7. Kokhtev N.N. Russian phraseology / N.N. Kokhtev, D.E. Rosenthal. - M.: Russian language, 1990.

8. Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / textbook. - M .: Education, 1994.

Subject: Russian. Age of participants: years. Duration: short-term (week). Objectives: 1. To introduce students to phraseological units. 2. Consider their origin. 3. Analyze the meaning of phraseological units in different languages, find common features and differences. Subject: Russian. Age of participants: years. Duration: short-term (week). Objectives: 1. To introduce students to phraseological units. 2. Consider their origin. 3. Analyze the meaning of phraseological units in different languages, find common features and differences.

Project activity involves group work of students. The class is divided into 3 groups (7 students). Roles are distributed in each group: - commander (coordinator of actions), - informants search for and present the necessary information, - illustrators are responsible for decoration, - technicians are engaged in typing texts on a computer, creating an electronic presentation.

Group 1 "Origin of phraseological units" Purpose: 1. to get acquainted with the concept of phraseological unit as a stable combination of words and its meaning. 2. To give a more complete picture of the phraseological units of the Russian language, their place in the lexico-semantic system, their origin and classification

In our study, we considered the origin of phraseological units and identified several ways of their formation: Originally Russian Borrowed Phraseological Units, which came from the oral speech of people of various professions. Phraseological units from myths Phraseological units from works of art Phraseological units from colloquial and everyday speech Book phraseological units. Let's look at each group individually.

Originally Russian phraseological units Most of the phraseological units originate from the depths of centuries and reflect a deeply popular character. The direct meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some of the customs of our ancestors, their work. For example, Beat the buckets (idly spend time, mess around) Kolomna verst (very tall) In full Ivanovo (at full strength, very loudly) Beat with the forehead (respectfully bowing, greeting someone) Shaving the forehead (give to the soldiers) These are primordially Russian phraseological units.

Borrowed phraseological units Borrowed phraseological units came to us from other languages: From the Old Slavonic language Salt of the earth (the most prominent representatives of the people, the color of society), Not from this world (not adapted to life, far from her worries), For the coming dream (before going to bed), Like the apple of an eye (very carefully, carefully protect). - German to look through your fingers (consciously not noticing anything) put off indefinitely (for an indefinite time) - French out of place (uncomfortable, constrained, out of place), from a bird's eye view (from such a height that everything is visible , above)

From the oral speech of people of various professions Many phraseological units were created in the oral speech of people of various professions: - In the speech of carpenters (clumsy work, without a hitch, without a hitch) - In the speech of railway workers (to baffle, green street) - In the speech of musicians (set the tone , play the first violin).

Phraseological units from myths Some phraseological units came from myths. Achilles' heel (the most vulnerable spot, weak side) From the Greek myth of Achilles, whose only vulnerable spot was the heel, which did not touch the miraculous water of the river Styx. Sword of Damocles (constantly threatening danger) From the ancient Greek legend about the Syrocusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder, who, in order to teach a lesson to one of his entourage, the envious Damocles, put him in his place during the feast, hanging a sharp sword over the head of Damocles on horsehair, as a symbol of those the dangers that lie in wait for the tyrant. Procrustean bed (a measure under which something is adjusted) According to ancient Greek myth, a robber nicknamed Procrustes chopped off or stretched the legs of the victims along the length of his bed.

Phraseologisms from works of art The origin of many phraseological units is associated with folk and literary tales with fables by I. A. Krylov and other works. In our speech, we often use various apt expressions created by writers, poets, politicians and that have come into common use. I didn’t even notice the elephant (didn’t pay attention to the most important thing). And the chest just opened (a simple way out of a seemingly difficult situation). Such expressions are called winged. They, as it were, flew out of the works in which they were originally created, entered the literary language, having received a wider, generalized meaning in it.

Book phraseological units Another group of phraseological units is book phraseological units. A hundred times (book high) - many times, many times. Carry your cross (book high) - courageously, steadfastly endure difficulties, hardships, for the sake of lofty goals of ideas. Raise to the shield (book) - speak with praise about someone or something, praise.

Phraseologisms from colloquial and everyday speech Most phraseological units of the Russian language have their source in Russian colloquial and everyday speech. Many arose at different times in a casual conversation and then, in their figurative meaning, were fixed in the language. They give speech expressiveness, figurativeness. Phraseologisms allow you to accurately, concisely and accurately characterize the situation and express your attitude towards it. For example, Grandmother's (woman's) tales (colloquial, disapproves.) - fiction, nonsense. Keep the tail with a gun (colloquial, joking) - do not lose patience, self-control, do not lose heart). Keep your pocket wider (colloquial, joking) - do not hope, do not count on anything. Hang ears (simple) listen to something with great enthusiasm and gullibility.

Historical roots The most ancient phraseological units will reveal their secrets only when studying their history, therefore, you need to look into the phraseological dictionary more often. For example, to beat with a forehead (respectfully bowing, greeting someone). According to the custom established in Ancient Rus', they beat with the Chelom, bowed low, reaching with the forehead to the ground, to the floor) when presenting a complaint, petition. Thus, the meaning of a phraseological unit can be formed as a result of combining parts of the lexical meanings of words or when studying their history. It is necessary to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech, they help to make our speech lively, beautiful, emotional.

2nd group "Images of animals in phraseological units" Purpose: To compare the characteristics of animal images in different languages. Tasks: 1. Establish a list of the most commonly used animal names in phraseological units. 2. Identify animal names with symbolic meanings. 3. Compare phraseological units of different peoples.

We worked on the topic “Images of animals in phraseological units” Images of animals are widely represented in phraseological units in many languages. And this is no coincidence. After all, animals have always played a significant role in people's lives. Since ancient times, they have lived in close interaction with each other. Man has never lived without animals. Therefore, their images occupy a strong place in the construction of phraseological units of each developed language. Phraseological turns are the most important "building material" of the language. They can serve to designate an object (it is like a fish), an action and a state (to chase two hares), a sign of action (to ride a hare).

Phraseological units with animal names reflect: - physical properties (strong like a horse, sharp-sighted like a lynx, scent like a dog, dexterous like a monkey) - external appearance (thick like a hog, with a goatee) - mental properties (evil like a dog, stubborn like a bull , rested like a bull) - intelligence or its absence (stupid as a gray gelding, staring like a ram at a new gate) - habits, skills, traits (repeat like a parrot, cunning like a fox, clamor like magpies).

Bear A bear service is an attempt to do something, but an inept attempt, which instead of help brings inconvenience, trouble, harm. Suck a paw - eat poorly, starve (as a bear does during hibernation) Bear corner is a remote, deaf place. Bear snoring - snoring is loud, far audible. Sharing the skin of an unkilled bear is ahead of time talking about the results of a case that has not yet been completed. There is an expression in English (sell the bear`s skin before one has caught the bear), which literally translates to sell the skin of a bear before catching it. The meaning of the Russian and English expressions is almost the same. According to Khakass ideas, the bear is a distant relative of man. Apparently, this is why the Khakassians have a respectful attitude towards the bear. The ancient Turkic term "azy g", i.e. bear, in the Khakass language was replaced by the word "aba", i.e. father.

Cats Cats are one of the most popular pets, both in Russia and in England, USA. There are many set expressions associated with these animals, a literal translation of some English ones is unlikely to help us understand their meaning. Cat burglar (literally - "cat thief"). Nowadays, unfortunately, there are many so-called burglars. So the British called the robbers who fall into apartments, climbing the walls. Cat got one`s tongue (literally - "the cat grabbed someone's tongue"). This expression means that a person was speechless for a while. Swallow the tongue - the Russian counterpart to this English expression, means the same thing. In Russian phraseology, there is an expression “to buy a pig in a poke.” And in English this expression corresponds to bought a pig in a pake (literally - “bought a pig in a poke”) means that a person has acquired something that he has never seen. In French phraseology: la nuit to us les chats cont gris - at night all cats are gray; avair un chat dans la gorge - (literally "to have a cat in the throat") - means to be hoarse; ecrire comme un chat (literally “to write like a cat with a paw”), in Russian the equivalent is “to write like a chicken with a paw”. "The cat cried" means very little of something. Cats scratch at the heart, we say when we feel anxiety, anxiety.

Dog There are many phraseological units with the image of a dog: a dog in the manger, a dog's son, died like a dog, drive to all dogs, angry like a dog, tired like a dog. More often this image characterizes negative qualities. These notions have ancient origins. The idea of ​​a dog as a persecuted creature is known from the Bible. Dog - was a swear word in Rus'. In French, "Sleep a dog" (means "sleep well"). The "dog" component reflects the dog's light sleep. There are no analogues of this association in Russian.

Pig, chicken, ram, donkey. The symbols of mental limitation in Russian are a pig, a chicken, a ram, a donkey. Dullness and narrow-mindedness are more often represented by the image of a ram (looks like a ram at a new gate - that is, looks with stupid bewilderment and does not understand anything, cannot figure anything out). In English, such symbols are a snake, a goose, a cuckoo, a donkey and a pig are also present. The Germans have an expression that translates as "like a cow in front of a new gate", the Bulgarians - "looks like a cat at the calendar." Speakers of different languages ​​may perceive the image of a particular animal in different ways. This is usually associated with beliefs, ideas of the people, superstitions.

Phraseologisms of both one and different languages ​​often reveal a common pattern at their core. Russian language - to make an elephant out of a fly, Czech language - to make a camel out of a mosquito. Like a fish, you need an umbrella, like trousers for a pike, like a dog, the fifth paw is based on the formula - to be useless, unnecessary. Expressions: sheep's tears will be shed to the wolf, cow's tears to the bear, cat's tears to the mouse - mean that retribution will surely come. Russian language - "to live like a cat with a dog" (means to live in constant enmity); in Ukrainian and Bulgarian there are similar expressions - "to live like a cat with a dog" - in English there is an expression to live a cat and dog - literally translated "to live the life of a cat and a dog", which - in Russian means - to live like a cat with dog. There are coincidences in the meaning of Russian and German phraseological units: a wolf in a sheep's coat = ein wolf im schlafpelz let the goat into the garden = den wock zum CD rt ner machen dog in the hay = der Hund au dem Heu

An analysis of the names of animals as part of phraseological units helps to identify national characteristics in understanding the images of animals, the cultural originality of their use in phraseological turns, to acquire competencies related to understanding the culture of other peoples, to enrich speech with figurative expressions.

NOS It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning in any way. The nose is the organ of smell, however, in stable phrases, the nose is associated, first of all, with the idea of ​​something small, short. This idea of ​​​​proximity underlies such phraseological units as nose to nose, on the nose (as they say about something that is about to come), under the very nose or from under the very nose, with a gulkin nose (a gulka is a dove , the beak of a dove is small), do not see beyond your own nose, grumble under your breath. They turn up their noses when they don’t like something, they hang them up if they are in despair, they turn up when they are unjustifiably proud of something. If someone is asked to keep his nose out of his own business, then in this way they want to show him that he is too curious, out of place, interfering in what he should not. The nose is very convenient to lead for it (when they say so, they mean that the owner of this nose is deceived, fooled), to wipe it (if someone managed to surpass, they say that they wiped his nose). To better remember any information, it needs to be hacked on the nose.

Language Language is another word often found in phraseological units. This is understandable - after all, language is extremely important for a person, it is with him that the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of ​​speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language. If a person is talkative, then they say that he has a tongue without bones. If the talker also likes to tell other people's secrets, then his tongue is too long. Such a person can be advised not to loosen his tongue, to keep it behind his teeth more often, or even to bite it at all. In severe cases, it is possible for the talker to shorten the tongue. Fans of chatting scratch their tongues in vain. However, speaking fluently and fluently is very often simply necessary. About a person with this skill, they will say that his tongue is well suspended. However, even in such speakers, from excitement, the tongue can stick to the larynx. It happens that a person can not be drawn into a conversation. He sits to himself, is silent, - as if he had swallowed his tongue. There is no need to despair in such cases. Maybe his tongue will loosen up? Sometimes you want to say something that doesn't quite fit the situation. If, nevertheless, an unnecessary word breaks off the tongue, then the person may then be upset: And who pulled me by the tongue? Damn it!”

EAR The word ear is included in phraseological units, one way or another connected with hearing. To listen with all ears means to listen attentively; expressions to listen half-heartedly or with the edge of the ear have the opposite meaning. If a person is tensely waiting for danger, they say that he keeps his eyes open. Vostry is the old form of the word acute. Ears take on a pointed shape in dogs when they listen. However, you can hang your ears - this is what they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly. Harsh words act primarily on the ears. They will cut off the ears, the shi wither from them. Therefore, it is necessary to spare the ears of other people in every possible way and not to use rude, harsh expressions in speech. From all of the above, we note that in many stable expressions the word ears rather means not the organ of hearing, but only its outer part (it is for these ears that they drag, congratulating on their birthday). They say about a person who will never get what he wants, that he will not see it as his ears. A person is completely immersed in something if he is completely absorbed in any occupation. You can also be deeply in debt - if there are a lot of debts. When a person is very embarrassed, they say that he blushed to the ears.

ZUB There are quite a large number of set expressions with the word tooth in Russian. Often teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack. If someone is plotting a sortie against his enemy, wants to harm him, then they say that he sharpens or has a grudge against him. It is dangerous to attack a man armed to the teeth, because he can give a worthy rebuff, or, in other words, be too tough for the attacker. However, if you speak his teeth, divert his attention, then he will be able to defeat him. Showing your teeth means demonstrating your evil nature, the desire to enmity. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable states of a person. If he is very cold, then they say that his tooth does not fall on the tooth. When there is no food left in the house, then the teeth can be put on the shelf - they will not be useful anyway, since there is nothing to chew. However, it is possible to act in a different way - to grit your teeth and, without losing heart, without despair, start a fight with fate.

MOUTH, LIPS The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. A person who speaks indistinctly will be said to have porridge in his mouth. Shutting someone's mouth means preventing them from speaking. But to take water in your mouth is to shut up yourself. A wide open mouth is a sign of surprise. "Why did you open your mouth?" - ask a person frozen in amazement before something that struck his imagination. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions in one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. If the food is cooked tasteless, then you can’t take it in your mouth. There was no poppy dew in the mouth, which means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently. If there are so many things that you do not have time to cope with them, then you can define this situation as follows: the mouth is full of trouble. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip. They will say about an offended person that he pouted his lips. If they want to show that someone is still young and inexperienced, then they say that his milk has not dried up on his lips. About a person who knows how to choose the best, they will say that his lip is not a fool.

CHEST, BACK The words chest and back are included in opposite phraseological units. A brave man always meets danger with his chest. To stand with your chest means to fight courageously, protecting something dear. You can make your way through life with your breasts - this is what happens when a person achieves everything with hard work, overcomes all difficulties. If you turn your back on someone, this means that someone is being left, left to the mercy of fate. It is also not valor to hide behind someone else's back in time of danger. A coward, a traitor, who is afraid to fight the enemy in a fair fight, puts a knife in the back. They usually bend their backs in front of those who are stronger and more powerful, but only weak, cowardly people do this. However, there is a positively colored phraseological unit with the word back - without straightening the back. It means diligently, diligently. They can praise an approximately working person.

Summing up all the above, we can conclude that phraseology, in general, is unusually rich and diverse. Phraseological units help to say a lot with a few words. The study of phraseology is an important condition for perfect language proficiency, and the correct use of phraseological units is one of the indicators of language knowledge. In order to avoid mistakes and not violate the beauty of the language, phraseological units should be used correctly and appropriately, and for this it is necessary to know their meaning.

Kostenko Irina Alexandrovna
Job title: teacher of Russian language and literature
Educational institution: MBOU secondary school №18
Locality: Stanitsa Novomalorossiyskaya, Vyselkovsky District, Krasnodar Territory
Material name: multimedia presentation
Subject: Phraseologisms (student project)
Publication date: 21.03.2016
Chapter: secondary education

A country

Phraseology

ACADEMIC SUBJECT:

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Project business card

1. Project name
: "Country Phraseology".
2. Academic subject
: Russian language.
3. Project type:
research, individual, long-term (2 months). 4.
Objective of the project
: using dictionaries, popular science literature and Internet resources, collect a variety of information about Russian phraseological units and their role in the language.
5 . PROJECT OBJECTIVES
1. CONDUCT A QUESTIONNAIRE OF SIXTH-GRADE STUDENTS WITH THE PURPOSE

DETECTING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF PHRASEOLOGY.

2. STUDY LITERATURE ON PHRASEOLOGY;

3. LEARN ABOUT THE ORIGIN

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS;

4. LEARN WHAT IS THE ROLE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN SPEECH;

5. EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF PHRASEOLOGY, ESPECIALLY

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH WORDS-NAMES OF BODY PARTS.

6. DEVELOP THE SCENARIO OF THE QUIZ "EXPERTS IN PHRASEOLOGY";

7. INTEREST CLEARBODERS IN STUDYING PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS,

GENERATE THE DESIRE TO USE THEM WIDELY IN SPEECH THROUGH INVOLVEMENT

THEM IN QUIZES AND COMPETITIONS.

6.Project manager
: Kostenko I.A.
7.
Konareva Daria, 12 years old
8. Project summary:
The idea to study Russian phraseology in depth was born after getting acquainted with the topic in the Russian language lessons and an illustrated phraseological dictionary. The lessons, as well as the survey showed that the guys know very little phraseological units and they should be interested in this issue.
9. Intended Product
: compiling a dictionary of phraseological units with words-names of body parts and developing a script for the quiz "Connoisseurs of Phraseology".

Project plan
Introduction. 1. Analysis of the survey among sixth graders "Do we know phraseological units?" 2. What is phraseology and phraseological units. 3. The role of phraseological units in speech. 4. The origin of phraseological units. 5. "From head to toe" - a dictionary of phraseological units with words-names of body parts. 6. Scenario of the quiz "Connoisseurs of Phraseology". Conclusion.

The results of the survey showed that
1. Exactly half of the sixth graders surveyed find it difficult to define a phraseological unit. 2. 100% of 6th grade students use some phraseological units in their speech. 3. More than 5 phraseological units were remembered by 43% of respondents, the rest know 2-4 set expressions. 4. 75% of respondents are sure that you need to know phraseological units. 5. 37% of students believe that it is necessary to know phraseological units in order to make their speech expressive and accurate. 31% want to know them just to use them in speech. 6% each believe that knowledge of phraseological units will help them better understand adults or teach others something good. 6. Only 13% of sixth-graders answered that they always know what this or that phraseological unit means.
Introduction Phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. Speech is a way of communication between people. Often, in order to achieve some kind of speech effect, simple words are not enough. Irony, bitterness, love, mockery, one's own attitude to what is happening - all this can be expressed much more capaciously, more precisely, more emotionally. To do this, in everyday speech we often use phraseological units, sometimes without even noticing: after all, some of them are simple, familiar and familiar from childhood. Phraseologisms decorate our speech, make it expressive and figurative. The richer the vocabulary of a person, the more interesting and brighter he expresses his thoughts.

Relevance:
Only 2 hours are allocated to study the topic “Phraseologisms” in the 6th grade program, and students have to extract most of the information on this topic on their own, and sometimes many phraseological units remain a mystery to many.

Novelty
my work lies in the fact that no one has yet investigated this problem within the framework of our school, and no conclusions in this area have been formulated by anyone before me.
Object of study
: phraseological units of the Russian language
Research methods:
questioning, collection of information, observation, study, analysis, generalization of results.
Everyone knows these phraseological units!
“ ”
What is Phraseology and

phraseological units
WORD "
PHRASEOLOGY
"COMES FROM TWO GREEK WORDS: "PHRASIS" - EXPRESSION OF SPEECH, "LOGOS" - CONCEPT, DOCTRINE.
PHRASEOLOGY
- THIS SECTION OF SCIENCE ABOUT WORDS, STUDYING STABLE COMBINATIONS AND TURNS. PHRASEOLOGICAL TURNS ARE USED IN THE LANGUAGE IN READY FORM. THEY SHOULD NOT BE REPLACED BY OTHER WORDS OR ANY WORD IS INSERTED INTO THEM. FOR EXAMPLE: TO PUT OFF BUSINESS IN THE LONG BOX (DO NOT SAY IN THE "LONG BOX").
PHRASEOLOGICAL TURNS
MAKE OUR SPEECH FIGURATIVE, BRIGHT, EXPRESSIVE. WITH THE HELP OF SUCH STABLE COMBINATIONS, YOU CAN SAY A LOT OF BRIEFLY. FOR EXAMPLE: A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN IN AN AMAZING POSITION IS SAYED THAT HE IS IN TROUBLE. THIS SOUNDS MUCH MORE IMAGINARY AND EXPRESSIVE THAN A LONG AND DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF HOW HE WAS IN AN UNCOMFORTABLE POSITION BECAUSE OF HIS NAIVETE OR IGNORANCE.

The role of phraseological units in

speech.
Phraseological turns make our speech figurative, vivid, expressive. With the help of such stable combinations, one can say briefly about a lot. For example: a person who finds himself in an absurd position is said to have "got into a mess." This sounds much more figurative and expressive than a long and detailed description of how he ended up in an uncomfortable position due to his naivety or ignorance. Each phraseological unit is a short expression of a long human thought. It's easier to say "You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without effort" than to describe it in a few sentences. Phraseologism is a particle of the life of our ancestors, because it was they who first used them, which means that this is part of our history. To a greater extent, of course, the history of the Russian language. Beautiful correct speech is an undoubted advantage of both adults and children. Accurate figurative expressions, such as phraseological units, especially enrich it.
“ ”
Phraseological units from folk life
Beat the thumbs
- to do nothing, to idle, to spend time idly. Play the fool (in 2 meanings), drive a loafer.
Like the apple of an eye
- vigilant, very caring.
Seven Fridays in a week
- about a person who easily changes his decisions, intentions, etc.
Throw words to the wind
- to speak uselessly or thoughtlessly; recklessly promise and not fulfill the promise.
Flies won't hurt
- harmless, good-natured.
Phraseological units of folklore origin (from fairy tales)
The tale of the white bull is "an endless repetition

one and the same",

Under Tsar Peas - "a very long time",

Lisa Patrikeevna - "a very cunning person",

Koschey the immortal - "very thin and scary

Human"

Hut on chicken legs - "old, dilapidated housing"

Phraseologisms from the Bible.
THE LAMB OF GOD
- The personification of brevity and purity
throw pearls
- wasting energy
Wolf in sheep's clothing
- a person who hides evil goals under the mask of virtue.
the Forbidden fruit
- Something very desirable, but forbidden or inaccessible.
root of evil
- an expression from the Bible (Book of Job) is used in the meaning: the basis, the primary source of evil, everything bad and harmful.
Phraseologisms from the myths of Ancient Greece.
Augean stables
- heavy dirt and desolation. The origin of the turnover is connected with the ancient Greek legend about the sixth of the twelve labors of Hercules. The hero was able to clear the barnyard of King Avgii, where the horses, donated to Avgii by his father, were kept. This yard has not been cleaned for years. Hercules destroyed the wall that surrounded the courtyard on both sides, and diverted there the water of two full-flowing rivers - Alpheus and Peneus. The water carried away all the manure in one day. Achilles heel. Achilles is the invincible and brave hero of numerous legends of ancient Greece. Achilles was not taken by any enemy arrows. The legend says that the mother of Achilles Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. But, dipping, she held him by the heel (heel), and therefore the heel turned out to be unsanctified and therefore unprotected. In one of the battles, the opponent of Achilles, Paris, shot an arrow into the heel of Achilles and killed him. Since then, every weak, vulnerable spot of a person (or some structure) is called
Achilles heel
.

Glossary

"Phraseological units with the word hand"

Have a finger in the pie
(sign some document, paper) 2.
Wash your hands
(to withdraw from participation in any business; to relieve oneself of responsibility for something) 3.
At hand
(very close) 4.
Burning in your hands
(work is done well, quickly) 5.
Skillful fingers
(master of his craft) 6.
wave your hand
(stop paying attention) 7.
Hastily
(somehow, quickly) 8.
To give up
(to lose the ability and desire to act) 9.
Got out of hand
(stopped obeying, obeying) 10.
Under the hot hand
(to make contact with a person who is in a state of anger, anger) 11.
shrug
(to be surprised) 12.
Fetter
(deprive the freedom to act)
1. Hands itch
(of a great desire to do something.)
2.Hand in hand
(holding hands, together, together.)
3. Be at hand
(to be available, to be in close proximity)
4.Hold in your hands
(do not give free rein, keep in strict obedience.)
5. Hand in hand
(Very close, very close.)
6. Working hard
(work hard)
7. Grasp with both hands
(Gladly to accept any offer.)

There are 5 competitions in total, one of

them "Portraits", where you need to

guess which picture

phraseologism is encrypted.

Scenario of the quiz "Connoisseurs

phraseology"

Take

himself

hands.

Attach

hand.

Guess the Phraseologism!

Conclusion
 The Russian language is very rich in its words and expressions. Often the same meaning can be expressed in different ways. This is done using synonymous expressions. But as you know, synonyms are only close in meaning, which means that you can express your thoughts with the help of one of them shorter and more accurately. Phraseologisms often come to our aid in this. Phraseological units are not a very big phrase, as a rule it has a figurative meaning.  A popular expression is an expression whose author is not exactly known, but it has become so common in our speech that we sometimes forget the name of the author. The richness and strength of the Russian language is determined by the inexhaustible possibilities that are hidden in every word or phraseological unit, because, according to A.S. Pushkin, "the mind is inexhaustible in the consideration of concepts, just as language is inexhaustible in the combination of words."  Russian phraseological units are our invaluable cultural and national heritage.

Voronin Mikhail

Project Manager:

Kravchenko Olga Nikolaevna

Institution:

MBOU Gymnasium No. 4, Volgograd

In the process of working on an individual research project on the topic "Phraseologisms" the author defines the concept of "phraseologism", gives an interpretation of the term from different dictionaries, describes the history of the origin of phraseological units and their function in the Russian language.

More about work:

Finished research work on the Russian language "Phraseologisms" the author considers the types of phraseological units, gives a description and illustrates each type with examples, compiles an analytical table to establish the types and meanings of some phraseological units.

In a student project in the Russian language on the topic “Phraseologisms”, a grade 6 student explores the opinions of various linguists on the emergence of such a phenomenon as phraseologism in the language, and also finds out where, when and who first used phraseologism, and for what reason.

The author of the children's research work on the topic "Phraseologisms" is convinced that the sooner we begin to comprehend the secrets of our native language, the faster and deeper we will be able to master and comprehend the national culture. To achieve fluency in the language, it is necessary to have a sufficient vocabulary, of which phraseology is a part. Therefore, this section of linguistics was chosen for research.

Introduction
1. The concept of phraseology in modern Russian.
2. Types of phraseological units.
3. The history of the origin of phraseological units.
4. The study of the meanings of some phraseological units.
5. Questioning on phraseological units.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application

Introduction

Russian language very rich in set expressions, phraseological units. They make our speech more vivid, precise, emotional and expressive. Phraseologisms are living witnesses of the past, their knowledge enriches our mind, makes it possible to better comprehend the language more consciously to use it.

Understanding set expressions, as well as their correct use in speech, is considered one of the indicators of the perfection of speech skills and a high level of language culture. The richer the vocabulary of a person, the more interesting and brighter he expresses his thoughts. Little attention is paid to the study of phraseological units in elementary school.

We study under the program "Primary School of the 21st Century" by N.F. Vinogradova. In the first, second and third grades, only 5 hours are allotted for the study of phraseological units. This is not enough for the conscious use of set expressions in one's speech and enrichment of one's vocabulary. But the mastery of phraseology is a necessary condition for a deep mastery of the language, its secrets and wealth.

The sooner we begin to comprehend the secrets of our native language, the faster and deeper we can master and comprehend the national culture. To achieve fluency in the language, it is necessary to have a sufficient vocabulary, of which phraseology is a part. Hence, interest in research in this area arose.

Research problem: the concept of phraseologism as a stable combination of words, the frequency of using phraseological units in modern speech.

Object of study: a section of the Russian language dealing with the study of phraseological units.

Hypothesis : It is assumed that the concept of "phraseologism", knowledge about the origin of phraseological units and their types are not familiar to many students. Despite this, phraseological units are used quite often in speech.

Target: to find out the role of phraseological units in the modern Russian language.

Research objectives:

1. To study the concept of phraseology (definitions from dictionaries, textbooks, other sources);
2. To study the types of phraseological units (opinions of various linguists);
3. Consider the issue of the emergence of phraseological units.
4. To study the meaning of some phraseological units.

What are phraseological units?

Starting research in the field of phraseology, it is necessary to define the concept of phraseological unit. We considered several sources: dictionaries, textbooks, Internet portals.

Here is the definition given in the Humanitarian Dictionary (2002)

Phraseologism (phraseological unit, phraseological phrase)- a stable phrase that has a certain lexical meaning, a constant component composition and the presence of grammatical categories. Phraseologism arises and develops in the language by rethinking specific phrases.

The "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" (1969-1978) has the following definition of this concept:

Phraseologism, a phraseological unit, an idiom, a stable combination of words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure, and a meaning known to native speakers of a given language (in most cases, figuratively) that is not derived from the meaning of the components of Ph. components. This meaning is reproduced in speech in accordance with historically established norms of use.

Wikipedia gives this definition:

Phraseologism (phraseological turn, phrase) - stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, a phrase or sentence that performs the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit).

Often phraseologism remains the property of only one language; the so-called phraseological tracing papers are an exception. Phraseological units are described in special phraseological dictionaries.

But on the Razumniki portal, we found the following definition:

phraseological units they call stable combinations of words, turns of speech such as: “beat the buckets”, “hang the nose”, “set the brainwasher” ... The turn of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It works only as a whole, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms- these are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.

In general, we are convinced that all scientists - linguists agree on the definition of phraseological units:

Phraseologisms(from the Greek phrasis - expression, logos - teaching) - these are stable combinations of words that have become fixed as naming units: Railway, pansies or evaluation expressions: not a bastard, slipshod. Otherwise - phraseological turns. In terms of semantic volume, they are equal to a word, and in structure - to a phrase or sentence.

They have a set of characteristic features:

• are reproduced from memory as integral and mostly constant in composition: at least a dime a dozen but a small pond;
• have the same meaning: rub glasses- "deceive"; won't hurt a fly- "quiet";
• in the sentence they are one member (subject, predicate, definition, etc.), due to the similarity in grammatical reference of any part of speech: not of this world(adj.); Procrustean bed(n.); to the fullest(adv.); holy fathers!(int.);
• may have one or more values: Wolf in sheep's clothing- "hypocrite"; up to the seventh sweat- “1) to extreme exhaustion, fatigue to work, toil, etc.; 2) [with an opposing connotation] to complete satisfaction, plenty.”

Phraseologisms can appear in certain combinations with other words or phrases: don't remember yourself(from what?); sharpen your skis(where? from where?).

Phraseologisms marks, bright, figurative, their content affects all aspects and properties of life, the characters of people, therefore they are widely used as a pictorial tool in works of fiction (N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, V. Belov ).

Phraseological units into other languages not translated literally- they must be replaced with a phraseological unit that is appropriate in meaning and stylistic coloring, existing in the language into which the translation is being made. Source - "A Brief Reference Book of the Russian Language" (ed. Lekant), pp. 377-378.

Types of phraseological units

Considering the various classifications of phraseological units, we turned to the textbook N.M. Shansky"The degree of semantic fusion of phraseological units" (1985, p.56-65). In our work, we briefly present its classification.

Classification of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic unity:

Phraseological unions, or idioms, are such lexical indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included in them.

As the most characteristic signs of adhesions, we note the following: lexical indivisibility, semantic solidarity, one member of the sentence. In general, phraseological fusions most clearly demonstrate the concept of "phraseologism".

Perfectly illustrates the category of phraseological fusion phraseologism "beat the buckets". Beat the thumbs- Means, to idle, to idle.

Among other examples of idioms, we note the most significant units for us: out of the blue, topsy-turvy, hand on heart, out of hand, to be amazed and etc .

Phraseological units- This lexically indivisible turns, the general meaning of which is to some extent already motivated by the figurative meaning of the words that make up this turn.

The distinctive features of phraseological units are the ability to "understand" the meaning both in the literal and figurative sense, and the possibility of inserting other words between the components of a phraseological unit. Vivid examples of phraseological units are expressions: splurge, keep a stone in your bosom, go with the flow, and etc.

Phraseological combinations- This stable revolutions, the value of which depends entirely on the value of their constituent components. In other words, such phraseological units retain relative semantic independence, showing its significance in extremely closed circle of words.For example, the expression "tearfully ask" may look like "tearfully beg" and others. So, “tearfully” is a constant component, and “beg”, “ask” and other interpretations are variable components.

Phraseological expressions- This combinations of words that are reproduced as ready-made speech units. The lexical composition and meaning of such phraseological units is constant. The meaning of phraseological expressions depends on the meaning of the words included in their composition. Phraseological expressions include proverbs, sayings, quotes, sayings, which acquired the features of generalization, those. turned into metaphors/

These are lexical units known to many: if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat to live, not live to eat; the dog barks - the wind carries; no matter how you feed the wolf, he still looks into the forest and etc.

All phraseological units according to their belonging to a particular style of speech can be divided into the following groups:

Interstyle phraseological units (from time to time, from day to day, in the end, in any case, keep your word).	Book phraseological units	Conversational phraseological units represent the largest group kill a worm, dance from the stove, brew porridge, disentangle porridge, tobacco business, sissy, all over Ivanovo).
	- scientific and terminological turns (shadow economy, living wage, mortgage loan– financial and economic terms; pneumonia, myocardial infarction, bronchial asthma– medical terms; complex sentence, predicative stem, phraseological unit, inflectional type– linguistic terms);	Colloquial and roughly colloquial phraseological units - stylistically even more reduced turns ( henbane overeat(someone); slobber; shove in the head(something to someone); kondrashka had enough(someone); snot chew).
	- high phraseological turns(solemn, pathetic: temple of science– university; luminary of the day- Sun; rest in eternal sleep- die; carry out the last journey- to bury; lay down your arms- surrender).

There is another classification of phraseological units by origin:

Aboriginal(“theirs”), i.e. originated in the Russian language itself or inherited from an older source language	Borrowed("strangers"), i.e. came to Russian from other languages
Common Slavic phraseological units inherited by the Russian language from the Proto-Slavic language (~ until the 6th-7th centuries). As a rule, these phraseological units are known in all Slavic languages ​​and at the present time ( lead by the nose, from head to toe, Indian summer and etc.)	Actually borrowed PU- these are phraseological units of foreign origin, used in Russian without translation (lat. almamater– ‘university’ (lit. “nursing mother”); lat. personanongrata– ‘undesirable person’; French tê te- a- tê te– ‘in private, eye to eye’ (lit. “head to head”); st.-glor. without hesitation– ‘without hesitation, without any doubt’).
East Slavic turnovers arose in the era of the existence of the Old Russian language (~ VII-XV centuries) and survived, in addition to the Russian language, in Ukrainian and Belarusian ( under a hot hand; buzzed in the head; to tell the truth; I'm going to you and etc.	Phraseological tracing paper- these are phraseological units that arose in the Russian language as a result of the word-for-word translation of foreign phraseological units. Phraseological tracing papers are exact ( blue stocking– English. bluestocking;cold war–English cold war; Search a woman- French Cherchezlafemme) and imprecise ( from the heart- French detout mon cœ ur; be How on pins and needles- French ê treasures é pines; straw widow- it. Strohwitwe;kindergarten- it. Kindergarten).
Actually Russian FE arose in Russian in the era of the separate existence of the East Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(~ from the 15th-16th centuries) and are not found, except in cases of their borrowing, in other languages. These are turns that characterize the national-peculiar features of the phraseology of the Russian language and reflect the characteristic features of life and life, history, culture, national traditions of the Russian people ( you can't cook porridge(with someone); brew porridge; to fix the mess; Kazan orphan, seven Fridays a week(from someone) etc.)	Phraseological half-calculus these are semi-translatable semi-borrowed phraseological units that came into the Russian language from foreign languages, i.e. one component of a foreign language turnover is translated (traced), and the other is borrowed without translation ( yellow press– English. yellow press; broken gap- French battr e enbré Che).

The emergence of phraseological units

Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language. Already from the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (winged expressions, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings). Even M.V. Lomonosov, when drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that “phrases” should be included in it, i.e. turns, expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

Until the 40s of the 20th century in the works of domestic linguists. The creation of a base for the study of stable combinations of words in the modern Russian literary language belongs to Academician V.V. Vinogradov. The emergence of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Russian science is associated with the name of Vinogradov. At present, phraseology continues its development.

Sources of phraseological units

The emergence of phraseological units of a native Russian character is closely connected with the life of the people, their history, way of life, beliefs, and the general development of the nation.

Whole line Russian phraseological units associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. A striking example of phraseological units of this type can serve as phraseological units: bring to clean water(whom) - "to expose, solve a crime"; down in the mouth- “a sad, sad person”; passed through fire, water and copper pipes- "about an experienced, experienced person." These phraseological units go back to the following custom of the ancient Slavs: people suspected of crimes were tested by fire and water; about these tests, the named expressions were preserved in the language. Oral folk art is also one of the sources of the appearance of phraseological units.

Of fabulous origin, for example, phraseological units: the beaten unbeaten is lucky, Kashchei the Immortal. Many phraseological units were formed from proverbs: grandmother said in two (Grandma guessed and said in two: either rain or snow, either it will or not), bite your elbows (The elbow is close, but you won’t bite), chase two hares (You chase two hares - you won't catch one) the wolf took pity on the mare- “about imaginary pity” from the proverb: The wolf took pity on the mare, left a tail and a mane; without a king in my head- "frivolous person" from the proverb: Your mind is the king in your head.

A significant layer of Russian phraseology are expressions associated with Russian ancient crafts. So, for example, phraseologisms “without a hitch, without a hitch”, remove chips, etc. originate from carpenters. From shoemakers - two boots pair- "the same", made in one piece- "the same, similar":

The speech of fishermen and hunters was reflected in the phraseological units “to fish in troubled waters”, “to fall for the bait” and others. So, the marine phraseological unit to make ends meet - “to sail away from the coast” began to be used in the meaning of “leave, leave”.

Russian phraseology also reflected the details of Russian life, for example: bast shoes to slurp, not slurping salty. Phraseologisms “play hide and seek”, “they don’t beat the lying down” originate from Russian games.

The works of Russian writers also contributed a lot to Russian phraseology.

Quite a lot of phraseological units came to us from the fables of I.A. Krylov. Here are some of them: “and things are still there”, “and Vaska listens and eats”, I didn't notice the elephant(I. Krylov) - “not to notice the main thing; monkey labor(I. Krylov) - "vain, fussy work";

In Russian phraseology there is a considerable number of phraseological units that have come to us from other languages. Basically, these are expressions associated with Greek mythology: for example, the expression "Augean stables", meaning "a neglected room or a mess that is difficult to remove", is associated with the myth of Hercules, who cleaned the huge stables of King Augeus.

Over time, some phraseological units leave the language, that is, become obsolete, others come to replace them. For example, in the past, the phraseologism was often used to shave the forehead, which meant "to take into the army, into the soldiers." Nowadays, young people are also drafted into the army, but “they don’t shave their foreheads,” so the phraseology is outdated.

New phraseological units reflect the events of our life. Each significant event of life is reflected in Russian phraseology: for example, the development of space flights gave birth to the phraseological unit "go into orbit" - "to achieve success."

The meaning of some phraseological units

Words live and live separately from each other, and each word has its own lexical meaning. And at some point, these words merge into one indivisible combination, the words suddenly lose their former meanings, becoming a phraseological unit. Many phraseological units were born and are actively used in the literary works of great Russian poets, writers, works of oral folk art.

Here are the meanings of some phraseological units:

Beat the thumbs – sit back. Where did such an expression come from? It turns out that initially it meant “to split, break an aspen block into buckwheat (chocks) to make spoons, ladles out of them, that is, to perform very simple work.”

It is written with a pitchfork on the water – improbable, doubtful, hardly possible event. In Slavic mythology, mythical creatures living in water bodies were called pitchforks. They allegedly could predict fate by writing it on the water. According to another version, pitchfork in some Russian dialects means "circles". During divination by water, pebbles were thrown into the river and, according to the shape of the circles formed on the surface of the water, their intersections and sizes, they predicted the future. And since predictions rarely came true, “it’s written on the water with a pitchfork” they began to talk about an unlikely event.

Ivan, not remembering kinship, – a person without beliefs or traditions. Now it is difficult to meet a person who would not remember his name and surname. But in Rus' there was a time when they covered themselves with this. Serfs who fled from the landowner, fugitives from hard labor and other "passportless vagrants", falling into the hands of the police, preferred not to give their names and origins. They answered all the questions that their name was Ivan, and they did not remember their relationship. Officials wrote them down in books, sometimes giving the surname "Besfamilny". Lawyers even developed such a term: "those who do not remember kinship", and among the people, everyone who renounced relatives, friends and old ties began to be called "Ivans who do not remember kinship."

Nick down – remember well. Not a very pleasant procedure, is it? The nose in this case is a wooden stick that illiterate people carried as a "notebook". When they wanted to remember something, they made special notches on this stick.

Kazan orphan- a person who pretends to be unhappy in order to arouse the sympathy of pitiful people. The expression comes from 1552, when Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan kingdom. Kazan rich people began to massively cross over to his side, rebaptizing themselves as Christians in order to preserve their wealth. The tsar welcomed this, rewarded richly and took it with him to Moscow. The people mockingly called such people "Kazan orphans": at the court they became shy, tried to get as many awards and "salaries" as possible.

Scream in all Ivanovo – scream very loudly. This expression is connected with the Moscow Kremlin. The square in the Kremlin, where the bell tower of Ivan the Great stands, was called Ivanovskaya. On this square, special people - clerks - announced decrees, orders and other documents relating to the inhabitants of Moscow and the entire people of Russia. So that everyone could hear well, the clerk read very loudly, shouted all over Ivanovskaya.

It's written on the forehead. If they say about a person what is written on his forehead, then it is usually understood that nothing good can be written there. This expression appeared under Elizaveta Petrovna, who in 1746 ordered the foreheads of criminals to be branded so that they "were different from other kind and unsuspicious people." This is where the expression comes from brand infamy and a burnt out criminal.

Not salty slurping – be deceived in your expectations, hopes, not achieve what you want. This expression arose in those days when salt in Rus' was a hard-to-get product, and therefore very expensive. The welcome guests in a rich house "sipped salty", and an unwanted, ignoble or uninvited guest could not be offered salt at all, and he left the house "sipping unsalted". This is where the proverb came from: “It’s not salty to sip that it’s not nice to kiss.”

Stay with your nose – be left with nothing. The nose has a completely different meaning - from the word burden, to carry. A person was left with a nose if his offering (usually a bribe) was not accepted.

Wash the bones – discuss the person. The expression is known to everyone since childhood and is interesting because it is perhaps one of the most ancient idioms of the Russian language. In this case, we are talking about a forgotten rite of reburial: three years after the death of the deceased, the deceased was removed from the grave, the bones were cleaned of decay and re-buried. This action was accompanied by memories of the deceased, an assessment of his character, deeds and deeds. This rite was well known as early as the 12th century, as evidenced by the lines from the Tale of Igor's Campaign: "Who will wash your relics?" ("Lament of Yaroslavna").

Pull the wool over someone's eyes - create a false impression of their abilities. The expression appeared in the 16th century: during fisticuffs, dishonest fighters took with them bags of sand, which they threw into the eyes of their rivals. In 1726, this technique was banned by a special decree. A number of phraseological units owe their appearance to the activities of real historical figures.

The side of the bake – superfluous, unnecessary, not directly related to someone or something. Baking, or baking, are burnt pieces of dough that stick on the outside to various bread products, that is, unnecessary, superfluous. It is in this sense that the expression "on the side of the bake" entered the colloquial language and means everything accidental, extraneous, sticking to something.

Ate the dog - characteristic of a person who has a wealth of experience in any business. In fact, this expression originally had a pronounced ironic character, because. is the first part of the proverb He ate the dog and choked on his tail. That is, she spoke about a man who did a difficult job, but stumbled on a trifle.

Through the sleeves- to work badly, carelessly, reluctantly. Old Russian clothes were with long sleeves descending to the ground. Therefore, during work, I had to pick them up, roll them up. This is where the expression “work with your sleeves rolled up” came from, that is, well. Filkin's letter – invalid document. The expression appeared under Ivan the Terrible. So the tsar called the accusatory messages of his enemy - Metropolitan Philip Kolychev.

Inside out- Quite the contrary, inside out. At present, these are harmless words. And there was a time when they were associated with a shameful punishment. The caught thief was dressed in clothes turned inside out and led in this form to an answer. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a delinquent boyar, in a fur coat dressed inside out, was put on a horse with his face to the tail. In this form, the punished boyar was taken around the city. This explains the saying: "Everything is topsy-turvy and back to front."

Questionnaire on phraseological units

Having studied the theoretical part, we moved on to applying our knowledge in practice. Under the guidance of our supervisor (teacher 4 "B" class Kravchenko Olga Nikolaevna), we developed a questionnaire for elementary school students (see Appendix). The survey was conducted among students in grades 3-4 (selectively). We wanted to find out whether the meaning of the concept of phraseology is familiar to the students of the gymnasium, where they most often encounter set expressions, whether they know their meaning.

The ability to use phraseological units in written speech helped determine the next task - writing essays using phraseological units or explaining their meaning. In the essays, our classmates tried to use as many set expressions as possible or explained the meaning of some phraseological unit they liked the most. In the appendix to the research work there are some of the most successful essays.

But the most interesting thing in our work was drawing phraseological units. Here we were able to apply our imagination, to prove ourselves as real masters of the word and pencil.

Conclusion

Starting work on the study of phraseological units, we did not yet know how much new and interesting things from the history of the Russian language, the culture of our people would be revealed to us. We deepened our theoretical knowledge of phraseology, learned that the world of phraseological units is unusually diverse, that there are different points of view of scientists on the definition of phraseological units and their classification.

The students of our class began to pay attention to the use of set expressions in their own speech, in independent creative works, from which their oral and written speech became more vivid and expressive.

Our work helped the teacher to instill love and develop interest in the Russian language, to improve the general culture of speech of the students in our class. Many guys, perhaps, for the first time thought about the meaning of words and expressions. We made sure that the concept of phraseology is not familiar to many students in grades 3-4.

A survey conducted in the primary grades of the gymnasium showed how little we think about the definition and how often we turn to textbooks, dictionaries, the Internet. 40% of primary school students are familiar with set expressions, but not all of them could give an exact definition, and only using the help of textbooks and dictionaries, the respondents indicated the correct definition in the questionnaires. In speech, students quite often use set expressions, many skillfully determine their meaning. All respondents found phraseological units in the texts of works of art and were able to explain their meaning.

The students also indicated the purpose for which they use phraseological units in their speech. For 25%, phraseological units are used as a decoration of speech. The guys pointed out the emotionality and expressiveness of speech, which uses phraseological units. 15% of students studying this topic helped to expand their vocabulary.

Our assumption was confirmed, the concept of "phraseologism", knowledge about the origin of phraseological turns and their types are not familiar to primary school students. But in our speech we often use phraseological units.

List of used literature and Internet resources

1. Molotkov A.I. Fundamentals of phraseology of the Russian language. - L .: Nauka, 1977. - 248 p.
2. Vvedenskaya, L. A., Baranov, M. T. "Russian Word". - M: "Enlightenment", 1983. - p. 122 - 140.
3. Zhukov, A. V., Zhukov, V. P. "School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language." - "Enlightenment", 1989.
4. Ozhegov, S. I. "Dictionary of the Russian language." - M: "Russian language", 1984.
5. Plenkin, N. A. "Stylistics of the Russian language in high school." - M: "Enlightenment", 1975. - p. 40 - 41.
6. Textbook N.M. Shansky "The degree of semantic fusion of phraseological units" (1985, p.56-65).
7. Russian language: A large reference book for schoolchildren and applicants to universities / O. F. Vakurova, T. M. Voteleva, K. A. Voilova and others - M .: Drofa, 2004) 8. Brief reference book of the Russian language (ed. Lecant), pp. 377-378.
8. Dictionary of Humanities, 2002
9. TSB, 1969-1978

project

"In the world of phraseological units"

Completed by: Anna Drozdova

Project leader: Shirlina E.P.

Relevance of the implemented project:

At present, the problem of lack of knowledge about phraseological units has arisen, and now it is especially acute, because graduates of the 9th and 11th grades began to take the GIA and the Unified State Examination.

It turned out that many of the high school students with great difficulty find phraseological units in the text, do not understand their meaning, do not know how to use phraseological units in speech.

Phraseological turns - a special layer of the Russian language, part of the culture of our people - should return to our speech and enrich it.

My task is to learn as much as possible about phraseological units by doing some research work.

The main question of the project:

Why are phraseological units needed in the language?

Hypothesis

Phraseologisms decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.

Project tasks:

• to search for the necessary language information about phraseological units;
• find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;
• get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;
• compose your own illustrated dictionary of phraseological units;

Stages of preparation and implementation of the project:

Implementation of results

Development of a project assignment

Finding the information you need

Evaluation of results

Speech "The role of phraseological units in our speech"

We learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word.

Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one word, less expressive.

At the end of the world (earth) - far away;

lather neck - teach a lesson, punish;

hack on the nose - remember.

Sources of phraseological units

1) native Russians (clumsy work, green street) ;

2) Old Slavonic (seek and you shall find) ;

3) Latin and Greek (Augean stables, contribute);

4) Western European (blue stocking, throw down the glove)

Most of the phraseological units reflect the deeply folk, original nature of the Russian language. The direct (original) meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some of the customs of the ancestors, their work. So expression beat the buckets(to mess around) arose on the basis of the direct meaning “to split a block of wood into buckwheat (chocks) to make spoons, ladles, etc. out of them”, that is, to do a simple, easy task.

Phraseologisms that came from myths.

Ariadne's thread - that helps to find a way out of a predicament.

Achilles' heel – vulnerable spot.

Sword of Damocles – looming, imminent danger.

Two-faced Janus - Two-faced person.

Phraseologisms that came from the Bible:

Voice in the wilderness – vain calls that go unanswered.

Antediluvian times – prehistoric times.

Bury talent in the ground - about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.

Manna from heaven – unexpected luck.

Favorite phraseological unit

Teachers have neither light nor dawn.

The students are like water off a duck's back.

Parents - to chop on the nose.

Do our writers use phraseological units in their works ?

To obtain the result, the fables of I. A. Krylov were studied. In them I found 11 phraseological units:

Getting acquainted with the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Russian folk tales, I found phraseological units: 23 and 13, respectively.

Phraseologisms from the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

phraseological unit

The lexical meaning of a phraseological unit

keep a stone in one's bosom

Name of the fairy tale

bear a grudge

don't give up an inch

give nothing away

stand one's ground

"Wild Landlord"

my hut on the edge

pursue their demands

"Wild Landlord"

unwillingness to take part in any affairs

breed on beans

"Wild Landlord"

nowhere to stick your nose

guess

"Dried vobla"

nowhere to go

"Dried vobla"

mad chamber

"Wise Gudgeon"

have a lot of mind

look at both

be vigilant

"Wise Gudgeon"

"Wise Gudgeon"

stands on the clock

bring to the same denominator

looking after the time

lead to a unanimous decision

seen death in the eye

"Selfless Bunny"

saw something terrible, terrible

dream in hand

"Bear in the province"

prophetic dream

"Karas-idealist"

with a bag I'll let you go around the world

a fool sits on a fool, drives a fool

"Wise Gudgeon"

make a beggar

a society where everyone is stupid

go for seven miles of jelly slurp

"Unsleeping Eye"

go far for something

splashing over the edge

"Unsleeping Eye"

get stuck

have too much of something that does not fit in the volume

"Wise Gudgeon"

meet such a difficulty, and from which it is impossible to get out

"Liberal"

don't care at all

"Crow Petitioner"

everything is indifferent

us to the yard

in place

with Makar calves not chasing to get acquainted

"Way-way"

don't get angry

a remote place where no one has been

"Karas-idealist"

get really angry

clap your eyes

"Dried vobla"

pointless, stupid to watch

"Bear in the province"

hold your pocket wider

"Eagle-philanthropist"

hope for something that can't be

"Karas-idealist"

Phraseologisms came from folk tales:

• and I was there, drinking honey-beer,
• a hut on chicken legs
• Koschei the Immortal ,
• Lisa Patrikeevna,
• neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen
• go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what; soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.
• under King Peas ,
• no sooner said than done,
• a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it
• megillah,
• three days and three nights.
• it's all a saying, a fairy tale will come.

Phraseologisms have homonyms, synonyms and antonyms.

To let a rooster in means to produce a melody falsely.

To let a rooster go is to set fire to something.

Mind chamber - seven spans in the forehead

The head on the shoulders is a bright head.

Two boots of steam - one field of berries.

To reforge swords into plowshares - to sheathe the sword.

Though a dime a dozen - the cat cried.

Rolling up the sleeves - after the sleeves.

Brew porridge - disentangle porridge.

Heavy on the rise - easy on the rise

Conclusion

We got acquainted with the sources of phraseological units of the Russian language.

When preparing the project, I came to the conclusion: it is necessary to constantly get acquainted with phraseological units so that speech becomes more accurate, richer. To do this, you need to read more, refer to various dictionaries, conduct search work, referring to the work of writers, the works of Russian scientists .

compiled a dictionary of phraseological units and continue to work on it

created a presentation on phraseological units

Truly, great and mighty is our Russian language!

Most importantly, I learned a lot of phraseological units that I had never heard of before.