They make medical syringes. Types of syringes and needles. Classification of reusable syringes

There are two main types of syringes and injection needles for them. A syringe is the simplest pump designed for injection and suction. Historically, Record type syringes (assembled from metal parts and a glass cylinder) and Luer type syringes (previously made entirely of glass, now made of plastic) are produced. Syringes made of glass and metal are designed for repeated use; they are sterilized. Plastic syringes are manufactured and sterilized in the factory, are used once and are not re-sterilized. Syringes of the "Record" type and the "Luer" type differ in the shape of the cannula - a sub-needle cone. The consequence of this is that the needle for the Record syringe does not fit the Luer type syringe and vice versa. Disposable syringes are packaged in sterile packaging with an injection needle.

Syringes are manufactured in various capacities - 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ml. Twenty-milliliter syringes are designed for intravenous infusion. One-milliliter syringes are used to administer insulin or tuberculin and have special graduations. Injection needles are also available in various sizes, differing both in the length of the hollow metal tube, and in its diameter and the angle of the needle cut. Mostly disposable plastic syringes are used.

Rice. 21. Needles for injections, infusions, transfusions: a- injection needle (1 - needle tube, 2 - needle head, 3 - mandrin, 4 - dagger sharpening, 5 - spear sharpening, b - needle cut angle); b- a needle with an emphasis for intradermal injections; v- a needle with a safety bead; G- a needle with side holes for air release;

d- a nozzle to an injection needle for accession to systems of blood transfusion, etc.; e- transitional cannula for injection needles; well- Dufo needle for blood transfusion; h- Needle for taking blood.

· Needles for intradermal injections: 0410, 0415, No. 25-27 (0.9-1 cm) needle cut 5 0 .

· Needles for hypodermic injections: 0420, 0425, 0430, No. 25-27 (0.9-1.6 cm), 0620 - needle cut 30.

Needles for intramuscular injections: 0640, 0860, 0840, 1060, No. 23-25 ​​(1.6-2.5 cm - for small muscles), No. 18-25 for adults - 2.5-3.8 cm.

· Needles for intravenous injections: 0440, 0840, 0860, needle cut 45 0 .

· Needles for blood transfusion and blood sampling: 0860, 0840.

· Insulin needles: 0410, 0415, 0420, 0430, 0440 (depending on the method of administration).

The first two digits indicate the diameter of the inner lumen of the needle in mm, increased by 10 times, the next two digits indicate the length of the needle in mm.

Needles for single use syringes have colored cannulas.

Rice. 22. Single use needles

Needles for subcutaneous injection - blue;

Needles for intramuscular injection - green;

Needles for intravenous injection - pink;

· Needles for intradermal injection - beige.

Types of syringes

According to their purpose, the following types of syringes are distinguished:

I. Single and multiple use.

II. By volume: 1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml.

III. By appointment:

for the administration of insulin;

for the administration of heparin;

tuberculin;

· for washing of cavities, feeding - Janet's syringe;

injectable.

Fig.23. Disposable syringe device

Three-component syringes with Luer Lock / Luer Lock connection

Three-component syringes Perfusor / for syringe pumps

Medical disposable syringes with a volume of 0.5 ml. - up to 150 ml.

Disposable medical syringes- are intended for subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous administration of liquid medicines, as well as for suction of various liquids from the body during short-term contact with blood and lymph.
Depending on the structure, two-component and three-component disposable medical syringes are distinguished. The former consist of a cylinder and a piston, while the latter consist of a cylinder, a piston and a seal, respectively, with the help of which a greater smoothness of movement is ensured.
By structure, syringes are divided into two large groups:
- two-component(cylinder plus piston);
- three-component(cylinder, piston and plunger, i.e. the tip (seal) of the piston).

Disposable syringes by volume divided into small volume, standard volume and large volume.

Syringes medical dimensions

Small volume(0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 ml.) - used for accurate drug administration in endocrinology (insulin syringe), phthisiology (tuberculin syringe), neonatology, as well as for vaccination and sampling in allergology and allergic intradermal samples
Standard volume(2.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ml.) are very common, as they are used everywhere for all types of injections (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous)
large volume(30.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 150.0 ml.) are intended for washing cavities, introducing nutrient media, suctioning pus and other liquids.

The universal device of the OP syringe of the usual design is shown in Fig.1. The syringe consists of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-collapsible). The cylinder has a Luer-type cone tip (Record syringes can be produced on request, they are practically not produced), a finger rest (a) and a graduated scale (b). The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod (c) with a stop (d), a piston (d) with a seal (e) and a reference line (g). The syringe consists of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-collapsible). The cylinder has a Luer-type cone tip, a finger rest (a) and a graduated scale (b). The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod (c) with a stop (d), a piston (d) with a seal (e) and a reference line (g).

Depending on the structure of the piston rod, the designs of OP syringes are divided (Fig. 2) into 2-component (a) and 3-component (b). In 2-component syringes, the stem and piston are a single unit; in 3-component syringes, the stem and piston are separated. The main functional difference between these designs is the characteristics of lightness and smoothness of the piston stroke.

OP syringes can be coaxial (a) and eccentric (b), which is determined by the position of the cone tip (Fig. 3).

Sterilized with ethylene oxide (gas sterilization) and radiation.
Packed in sealed consumer packaging - transparent film and gas-permeable paper.

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The price of medical syringes

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A disposable syringe consists, like a glass one, of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-collapsible). The cylinder has a Luer-type cone tip (Record syringes can be produced on request, they are practically not produced), a finger rest and a graduated scale. The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod with a stop, a piston with a seal and a reference line.

Depending on the structure of the piston rod, the design of disposable syringes

subdivided into 2-component (Fig.) and 3-component (Fig.). In 2-component syringes, the rod and piston are a single whole, in 3-component syringes the rod and piston are separated. The main functional difference between these designs is the characteristics of lightness and smoothness of the piston. Disposable syringes can also be coaxial and eccentric (Fig. 18), which is determined by the position of the cone tip.

Rice. 18. Disposable syringes coaxial (1) and eccentric (2)

Fig.19. Syringes disposable eccentric.

The capacity of syringes is determined by their purpose and ranges (GOST) from 1 to 50 ml. In practice, the range of volumes of disposable syringes ranges from 0.3 to 60 ml. Syringes with a volume of 0.3; 0.5 and 1.0 ml are used for accurate administration of drugs (tuberculin, insulin, standard allergen extracts) in small volumes - from 0.01 ml.

The industry produced sterilizing cases for storing and sterilizing syringes. They were sometimes called syringe stacks. They were very widely distributed in various field conditions. Today they have been replaced by disposable syringes, but you can still meet them in your practice.

Fig.20. Cases-sterilizers for storage and sterilization of glass syringes.

Medical needles

Stabbing or piercing-cutting instruments in the form of a thin rod or tube with a pointed end. In addition, they produce special ligature needles .

Depending on the purpose, medical needles are divided into:

ü injection,

ü puncture-biopsy,

ü surgical.

injection needles

Injection needles are designed for the introduction of drug solutions, blood sampling from a vein or artery, blood transfusion. They are used together with syringes, as well as systems for transfusion of liquids or blood. The injection needle is a narrow metal tube made of certain grades of steel, one end of which is cut and pointed, and the other is tightly attached to a short metal sleeve for connection to a syringe or elastic tube (the inner diameter of the head hole for the Record syringes is 2.75 mm, for Luer type syringes - 4 mm). Sterile disposable injection needles are becoming more and more common. Their use dramatically reduces the risk of infectious complications, they are convenient and do not require preliminary sterilization. The main significant parameters of the needle are length, outer diameter, sharpening angle and puncture force. The needles have different lengths (from 16 to 90 mm) and diameters (from 0.4 to 2 mm):

ü for intradermal injection, a needle 16 mm long and 0.4 mm in diameter is used,

ü for subcutaneous injection, a needle with a length of 25 mm and a diameter of 0.6 mm is used,

ü for intravenous injection, a needle 40 mm long and 0.8 mm in diameter is used,

ü for intramuscular injection, a needle 60 mm long, 0.8-1 mm in diameter is used.

In practice, a needle with a maximum length of 38 (40) mm provides intramuscular injection of the drug into the area of ​​the upper lateral quadrant of the buttock in 15% of men and 5% of women. (rice.)

Rice. 21. Needles for injections, infusions, transfusions: a - injection needle (1 - needle tube, 2 - needle head, 3 - mandrel, 4 - dagger sharpening, 5 - spear sharpening, b - needle cut angle); b - a needle with an emphasis for intradermal injections; in - a needle with a safety bead; g - needle with side holes for air release; e - attachment to the injection needle for connection to blood transfusion systems, etc.; e - transitional cannula for injection needles; g - Dufo needle for blood transfusion; h - a needle for taking blood.

The cutting angle of injection needles ranges from 15 to 45° depending on the execution task:

ü 15-18° for injection needles,

ü 30° at needles for introducing catheters into a vein, for spinal puncture,

ü 30 and 45 ° for needles with a short cut for the introduction of radiopaque substances

The needles have a spear-shaped or dagger sharpening. The outer diameter of the needle ranges from 0.4 to 2 mm, length - from 16 to 150 mm. The number of the needle corresponds to its dimensions (for example, No. 0840 means that the diameter of the needle is 0.8 mm, the length is 40 mm).

Fig.22. A - disposable needles with

different designs of cannula with case.

B - various options for sharpening needles,

produced by the industry.

The IV needle is cut at a 45° angle, while the hypodermic needle has a sharper cut. The needles must be very sharp, without burrs. (fig.21). The point of the needle is sharpened in 3 planes (spear-shaped sharpening), which ensures that the piercing effect prevails over the cutting one when puncturing tissues. The protective cap protects the needle from external damage and ensures safety when handling it. On the packaging, the type of cut of the needle is indicated by a special symbol ©. In this case, the needle has an average cut length and is intended for intradermal administration of drugs.

The characteristics of the injection needle are important. The ease of tissue penetration (penetrating force), the accuracy of hitting certain anatomical structures, the stability of the position of the needle in the vessels, the degree of tissue trauma, and hence the pain of the injection depend on them. The listed characteristics of the needle in certain cases, along with the cost, determine the choice of the entire kit (syringe + needle).

The following requirements apply to a good injection needle:

ü minimum force for puncture,

ü longitudinal resistance to bending (elasticity),

ü strength, stability of connections with a syringe,

ü minimal roughness of the outer surface and sharpening area.

Puncture force

The force required for a puncture is determined by various factors, including design and production. This indicator depends on the shape and quality of the tip and cut of the needle, as well as on its diameter and special surface coating. A poor-quality cut can capture microfragments of the skin. With an increase in the diameter of the needle from 0.5 mm (insulin syringe needle - orange cannula) to 0.8 mm (standard needle - green cannula), the puncture force increases by 1.5 times. The best glide of the needle at the moment of puncture is achieved by applying a silicone coating to the surface of the needle, which is used by most manufacturers, including large domestic ones.

Needle packaging

Needle packaging should provide:

ü maintaining the sterility of the contents when stored in dry, clean, properly ventilated areas;

ü minimal risk of contamination of the contents at the time of its opening;

ü adequate protection of the contents under normal conditions of storage and transport;

ü creation of conditions under which the opened package cannot be re-closed without much effort, and the fact of opening is obvious.

In addition to the primary packaging, there must be a secondary rigid one that protects the contents. On the packaging of the needles, in addition to information about the manufacturer and supplier (name and trademark) and contents, indicate: "best before .." (English - exp. date), and then the day, month and year of manufacture. Complete information about the manufacturer or supplier is placed on the secondary packaging. The packaging must be kept intact during transportation (temperature from -50 to +50°C) in vehicles protected from precipitation and storage at temperatures from -5 to 40°C in heated and ventilated rooms. The packaging is sensitive to moisture. The susceptibility of packages of domestic syringes to getting wet during short contact with water can be determined by paper density, print quality, and the presence of voluminous accompanying information. Domestic analogues of packages are more resistant to moisture. Foreign-made syringe packages are more prone to getting wet.

When choosing injection devices, preference should be given to syringes in a two-part package, since when the paper part of the package is torn, packaging paper fibers are found on the parts of the syringe and the needle. If the package consists of two parts, it is necessary to follow the opening method indicated on it.

A syringe is a common name for tools that are used in the field of technology, cooking and medicine. Let's consider the last option in more detail. Medical syringes are necessary for the collection of biological fluids, the introduction of medicinal solutions and the installation of droppers. In practice, several unique types of syringes are used that have been developed for specific purposes (for example, the Janet syringe). What do you need to know about the device, on what principle does it work, and what rules should be taken into account during the injection?

general characteristics

Most syringes are a hollow cylinder, which is marked with a special scale. A needle is placed on the base of the cylinder, and a piston is connected to the reverse side. It regulates the intensity of the introduction or intake of fluids due to the simplest mechanism. The stronger and more intensively the doctor presses on the plunger, the more fluid/biological material will be injected or received.

The design and specificity of syringes has gone from a hollow tube to disposable sterile instruments. Only one thing remained unchanged - the use of a press and a needle (in various variations that depended on time). Now the most popular are disposable syringes made of plastic with a stainless steel needle. They are sold in pharmacies, used in specialized medical institutions due to their low cost, sterility, ease of use. The invention of the first disposable syringe belongs to Colin Murdoch. At the time of opening (1956) he was only 27 years old.

Brief historical background

A curious fact is that intravenous injections have been carried out since the 17th century, but the invention of syringes dates back only to the 19th century. In 1853, an incredible idea was visited by two scientists at once - the Scotsman Alexander Wood and the Frenchman Charles-Gabriel Pravas. Scientists worked independently of each other, and the world community calls this fact an amazing coincidence.

The Pravas syringe consisted of three elements. This is a glass cylinder with a metal frame, a cannula for a tubular needle of silver or gold, a graduated metal plunger of durite, asbestos or vulcanized rubber. Wood's medical instrument also consisted of a hollow needle and a cylinder, but was not used for surgical purposes, but for subcutaneous injections. Wood wanted to alleviate the fate of his own patients, who did not tolerate anesthesia well or did not feel its effects at all. He began injecting opiates into pain points and waiting for the patient's response. Substances quickly spread through the bloodstream and blocked pain, which significantly increased the effectiveness of therapy.

The invention of disposable syringes

New Zealander Colin Murdoch was able to bring the idea of ​​a disposable syringe to life. He trained as a pharmacist, but decided to work as a veterinarian for a while. Murdoch faced the problem of safe injections for animals. Reusable glass devices were fraught with many dangers, which the New Zealander was able to neutralize in 1956. It was at this time that he patented the first disposable medical syringe, which is still used throughout the world. Murdoch's invention remains one of the most used medical items, with shipments running into the billions.

Modern science is trying to invent a truly disposable syringe, physically depriving the design of the possibility of reuse. The demand and importance of the task is due to the rapid spread of HIV and other infections that threaten human life. Some scientists have made significant progress in research and even received patents for existing developments. But there is still no reliable and cost-effective solution to the issue.

In many countries of the world, charitable organizations are engaged in the exchange of syringes, their disposal, and carry out educational work among the population in order to reduce the spread of infections.

The principle of operation and design of the tool

All syringes operate on a single mechanism. The needle is placed in a vessel with liquid. Then the person raises the piston, due to which a vacuum is created between the device and the surface. A biological fluid or a special substance rushes out of its vessel under the influence of atmospheric pressure and enters a closed cylinder. Later, the cylinder is removed, and the liquid is used for the desired purposes. Let us consider in more detail the design, specifics, features and sequence of the tool.

Two piece construction

The two-component device is based on a cylinder and a piston. The main disadvantage of this design is tightness. To achieve it, the diameter of the piston must exceed the size of the cylinder in which it is located and on which it will slide during the injection. In motion, the piston literally strips polypropylene microparticles from the cylinder, which can affect the test result.

Moreover, the two-piece design requires a lot of effort from the healthcare worker. exerts considerable force to push the piston, loses clear control of the process, injects the drug in jerks, causes pain to the patient and feels discomfort in the used arm.

3 piece construction

The three-component design, in addition to the piston and cylinder, provides for a rubber seal. The element is attached to the piston to reduce friction and greatly facilitate the use of the tool. The seal is made not only from natural rubber, but also rubber, latex impurities and other things. The composition depends on the manufacturer, the cost of materials and the specifics of use.

The needle is not the third component of the syringe. This is a common misconception among both ordinary consumers and medical professionals.

Rubber seals have affected not only comfort or safety, but also the accuracy of the procedure. The piston does not touch the plastic particles of the cylinder, which means they cannot get into the sample fluid or drug substance.

Varieties of medical syringes

Volume classification:

1. Small (0.3; 0.5; 1 milliliter). Used in neonatology, phthisiology and endocrinology. Also, with the help of small syringes, vaccinations are carried out, allergological intradermal tests are done.
2. Standard (from 2 to 22 milliliters). Used in all branches of medicine for subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injections.
3. Large (30, 50, 60, 100 milliliters). A large volume is needed to aspirate fluid, introduce specific nutrients, and flush body cavities (eg, Janet's ear wash syringe).

Classification according to the type of needle attachment:

1. Luer. The most common type of attachment. The shape of the cylinder provides a special protruding part to which the needle is attached before use. Luer is used in most syringes from 1 to 100 milliliters.
2. Luer-lock. If during luer-fastening the needle is “put on” the syringe, then luer-rock provides for its screwing. It is most often used in devices for injections and droppers, when the most durable fastening of the needle to the syringe is necessary.
3. Non-removable needle, which is integrated into the body of the device. Fixed needles are most often used in small volume syringes - up to 1 milliliter.

Classification according to the position of the tip-cone on the cylinder:

1. concentric. The tip into which the needle is inserted or screwed is located in the center of the device. This is the most comfortable position for both the medical staff and the patient. It is necessary for subcutaneous / intramuscular injections, the volume of which does not exceed 10 milliliters.
2. Eccentric. The tip is slightly offset to the left or right side of the cylinder. It is found in syringes with a volume of about 20 milliliters, which are used to collect venous blood from the elbow area.

Syringe jane

It is intended for suction of liquids and washing of internal cavities. It can also be used for enteral nutrition (introduction of mixtures and liquid products through the oral cavity) or emergency evacuation of air in case of accumulation of gases inside the body. It is also possible to use a Janet syringe for intravenous / intraperitoneal infusions. The volume of the device can reach 250 milliliters, which makes it the "largest" of all syringes used in medical practice.

insulin syringe

Used to administer insulin. A feature of the device is a relatively short needle that does not cause pain to the patient. This aspect is extremely important, since in most cases a person injects insulin on their own. The cylinder scale is marked not only in standard milliliters, but also in units for hormone dosage. Insulin is administered in small quantities, so a specific piston shape has been developed for the convenience of patients. It allows you to easily collect and inject the medicine in the required amount.

Carpool syringe

It is used for the introduction of carpool anesthesia during dental procedures. The device is made of stainless steel or titanium, less often glass. Carpool syringes are reusable, disinfecting before and after each client. The device consists of a cylindrical body, a hermetic plug and several holders. It is held with three fingers in order to clearly and accurately control the introduction of the needle.

syringe dart

Used in veterinary medicine to administer drugs to animals. The cylinder is connected to a special gun, directed at the animal and a shot is fired, which delivers a needle with medication to the body. A syringe gun works on a similar principle. A suitable syringe is connected to it, which is precisely fixed in the structure, and a shot is fired. Manufacturers claim that the manipulations are carried out so quickly and accurately that the patient does not feel pain at all.

Self-disrupting syringe

A self-destructive or self-locking device is a modern version of a disposable syringe. Their design is non-reusable, which can reduce the risk of infection. Syringes have been developed for large and routine population immunization programs but have not yet been widely adopted.

How to use a syringe correctly

The main aspect in the process of using medical instruments is sterility. They come into contact with the blood, which means they can cause rapid infection of the entire body. How to avoid it? Before using a needle and a disposable syringe, make sure that their packaging is intact. Some firms apply special indicators to the container, which show the degree of sterility of the instrument. Reusable syringes are used much less frequently in medical practice, but the process of their sterilization is also important and necessary. The device is thoroughly boiled in, treated with special means and the rules for storing medical equipment are followed.

Immediately before injection, the syringe barrel is placed in a container with a drug. The medical worker pulls the piston of the device towards himself, after which he draws the required amount of medicine into the cylinder. It is important that there are no air bubbles in the collected preparation.

To do this, the device is directed with the needle up, slightly pressed on the piston and the remaining air is “expelled” from it with a small part of the medicine.

The injection site is wiped, after which the needle is inserted into the blood vessel, under the skin or inside the muscle, depending on the therapeutic goals. Then the nurse presses the piston, moves the medication from the cylinder directly into the patient's body, carefully removes the needle and once again treats the formed wound.

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Science degree: doctor of the highest category, candidate of medical sciences.

Today, syringes are produced in volumes from 0.3 to 150 ml. It is widely believed that they differ only in the number of cubes in the cylinders, this is not true: there is a difference in design features. It is explained by the difference in the appointment of syringes. At the same time, there is no strict dependence of the size on the type of cannula, that is, the needle.

Indeed, with a smaller volume syringe, as a rule, smaller needles are used. But there can be several subtypes of these needles for each size of syringes, for example, a “five” syringe can be produced with a needle of 0.7X40 mm, or 0.8X40 (where 0.7 and 0.8 mm is the outer diameter of the needle, and 40 mm - length of the metal part). To understand the volume of syringes, we have prepared a table and a photo.

Small-volume syringes (0.3; 0.5; 1 ml) are needed when it is important to inject the drug up to 1 milliliter and an error of one tenth (hundredth) of the dose can dramatically affect. Syringes of this volume are used by diabetics or for intradermal allergological tests.

Medium volume syringes (2; 3; 5; 10; 20 ml) are the most common sizes. They are used for injections of all types (intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous) and are available with both types of needle attachments: Luer Lock, Luer Slip.

Large volume syringes (30, 50, 60, 100 ml) with a Luer Lock connection (because the drug is injected under pressure) are used in infusion pumps and perfusors (syringe pumps - devices that allow, for example, in addition to the drug from a dropper, to inject medicine from syringe at a certain predetermined speed).

The same volumes of syringes, but with a connection under the catheter, are more often used for feeding through a tube, administering drugs through the urinary canals and drains, washing abscesses and cavities.