Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics differ in accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: zamok - zamok and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is outside the curriculum): learn [uch'i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'i n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], masonry ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• сч → [ш':] : happiness [ш': а´с'т'е], sandstone [п'ish': а´н'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Russian alphabet for foreigners: Often, not only foreigners starting to learn Russian, but also advanced-level foreigners cannot correctly pronounce some Russian sounds. We'll talk about which letters of the Russian alphabet cause difficulties for foreigners, we will give recommendations for teachers on how to teach phonetics of the Russian language, what phonetic exercises should foreigners do? and what difficulties may arise when performing them, we will separately talk about those that cause the greatest difficulties for foreigners.

Russian as a foreign language
How to teach Russian pronunciation: letters and sounds
Lessons for teachers of Russian as a foreign language (RFL)

For foreigners starting to learn Russian difficulty in learning the Russian alphabet and Russian phonetics is that almost all letters of the Russian alphabet can denote several different sounds, for example: the letter E can denote the sounds [E], [YE], [I], and sometimes even the letter E can denote the sound [Y] ( after the consonants Zh, Sh, Ts without stress: price, wife).

Pronunciation setting– this is another difficulty for teachers of Russian as a foreign language when teaching Russian to both beginners and foreigners continuing to study Russian. Below are recommendations: how to pronounce Russian sounds in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language.

Rules for staging Russian sounds. Teaching phonetics of the Russian language

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners: work on staging any sound of the Russian language we need to start with establishing phonemic hearing, i.e. First you need to get the foreigner to distinguish sounds by ear. This is important because many Russian sounds sound the same to foreigners. For example, if your student says “grandfather” instead of “girl”, and when you correct him, he replies that he said so, then this means that your student does not distinguish between the sounds [D] and [V] by ear; they are for they sound the same.

In order for foreigners to learn to distinguish sounds by ear, we recommend doing the following exercises:

Exercise “Game with cards”:

1. Take two sheets of paper, write on them the sounds that you will practice. For example, we write D on one sheet of paper, and V on the other. Let’s give these cards to the foreigner. The teacher pronounces the sounds [D] and [V] in random order, and the foreigner must pick up the corresponding card. Of course, the teacher must tell the foreigner if he makes a mistake.

2. Then the teacher pronounces syllables, for example: wa - yes, du - wu, ava - ada, etc., and the foreigner must raise the “D” card or the “B” card.

Exercise “Phonetic dictation”:

The teacher dictates sounds, syllables, words to the student, and the foreigner writes down what he hears.

Please note that in the “Game with Cards” and “Phonetic Dictation” exercises, when practicing consonant sounds, you do not need to dictate words that end in voiced paired consonant letters (B, V, G, D, F, Z), because When pronounced at the end of a word, voiced paired consonants are deafened. For example, if you dictate to a foreigner “bow”, “meadow”, then the foreigner will write down “bow”, “bow”, because “meadow” is pronounced “lu[K]”, and your foreign student will not make a mistake, because This is a phonetic, not a spelling dictation.

When a foreigner begins to distinguish Russian sounds by ear, the teacher can already change places with the foreigner, i.e. the teacher shows the card, and the foreigner says what is written. At this stage, another problem arises: a foreigner hears and understands how a Russian sound should sound, but cannot pronounce it correctly. Foreigners have the greatest difficulty pronouncing the following sounds: [Y], [Y], [R], [F], [C], [SH], [SH]. Below we will look at the rules for producing these sounds and give recommendations on how to explain Russian phonetics to foreigners, and how to conduct phonetic exercises for foreigners.

Russian alphabet – Letters I, Y
Pronunciation of sounds [I], [Y]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

Pronunciation of the Russian vowel sound [ы] causes difficulties for almost all foreigners. For example, foreigners pronounce “mi” instead of “we”, and “beat” instead of “be”.

Pronunciation of the vowel sound [I] causes much less difficulties for foreigners. The Russian sound [И] is similar to the English sound. To pronounce the sound [I], you need to point your tongue forward and touch the tip of your tongue to your lower teeth. When pronouncing [I] your students need to smile a little :).

Let's return to the production of the problematic Russian sound [Y]. When pronouncing it, the entire tongue must be moved away back And tense the back of your tongue. Now the tip of the tongue no longer touches the lower teeth, but is moved back. When we pronounce [Y], we no longer smile (of course, such a complex sound!)

In order to help foreigners tense the back of the tongue when pronouncing the sound [Y], there is the following technique: we will use the assistant sounds [K] and [G]. The pronunciation of the sounds themselves [K] and [G] usually does not cause difficulty for foreigners, but when pronouncing them, the back of the tongue automatically tenses, which is what we use in our phonetic exercise for foreigners:
yk - yg - yk - yg - yk - yg - yk - yg
ky - gy - ky - gy - ky - gy - ky - gy
yky - ygy - yky - ygy - yky - ygy - yky - ygy
s – s – s – s – s – s – s – s
ky - kmy - we - soap
gee - um - we - soap
ky - kvy - you - howled
gee - gwy - you - howled
ky - if - would - be
gee - gby - would - was
soap, was, exit, exhibition, was, son, cheese, letters, smart

Russian alphabet – Letter Y
Pronunciation of the Russian sound [Y]. How to explain the sound [Y] to foreigners?

The attention of foreigners starting to study the phonetics of the Russian language should be drawn to the letter of the Russian alphabet J. The sound [Y] is found in Russian speech much more often than the letter Y, because the vowel letters E, Ё, Yu, I at the beginning of a word, after vowels and after the letters Ъ and ь designate two sounds: [YE], [YO], [YU], [YA], for example: [YO]lka , come[YE]hat, cal[YA]n.

Difficulty in pronouncing the sound [Y] (often this sound in transcription is designated as [j]) usually occurs among foreigners if the letter J is at the end of a word, for example: foreigners pronounce “sanatoriums” instead of “sanatorium” or “moi” instead of “my” " Very often, foreigners do not distinguish between the sounds [Y] and [I] by ear, then it is advisable to do the “Game with cards” exercise with foreigners.

How to explain to a foreigner the difference between the sounds [Y], [I] and how to teach a foreigner to pronounce the sound [Y]?

It is necessary to explain to a foreigner that the sound [Y] is pronounced VERY briefly. The sound [I] can be sung: i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i..., and the sound [Y] must be pronounced very briefly, as if someone pricked with a pin: OH! The sound [Y] is pronounced with much more voltage than the sound [I], when pronouncing the sound [Y], the middle part of the tongue rises more, therefore a narrower gap is created between the palate and the tongue and a stream of air escapes with greater pressure, more powerfully.

Pay the attention of foreigners to the writing of the letter of the Russian alphabet J:

Often foreigners confuse not only the sounds [Y] and [I], but also the letters Y, I. Foreigners can write the letter Y as the letter I (without a checkmark above the letter Y), they do this by analogy with writing the letters E and E, t .To. It is not necessary to dot the letter E on a letter.

The teacher should draw the foreigner’s attention to the fact that when writing the letter Y, you should always put a tick above the letter, because the absence of a check mark over the letter Y is a spelling and grammatical error. Compare: “my favorite cowboy” and “my favorite cowboys.”

Russian alphabet – Letter R
Pronunciation of the Russian sound [R]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

When pronouncing the Russian consonant sound [P], the tense tip of the tongue, under the influence of an air stream, vibrates at the alveoli (these are the tubercles above the upper teeth).

So, when pronouncing the sound [P], the tip of the tongue is slightly curved upward, touches the tubercles above the teeth and is tense. But getting the tip of the tongue to vibrate is quite difficult for a foreigner. To help a foreigner, we will turn to the helper sounds [T] and [D], when pronounced, the tongue automatically takes the desired position at the alveoli.

Let's get started with our phonetic exercises.
Let's start the motorcycle!
dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr - dr...
Whose motorcycle started?

Let's do some more exercises (pronunciation of the sound [P]):
dra - dra - dra - dra - dra - dra - dra - fight
dro - dro - dro - dro - dro - dro - dro - fraction
friend - friend - friend - friend - friend - friend
tra - tra - tra - tra - tra - tra - tra - injury
tro - tro - tro - tro - tro - tro - tro - cable
Tru – Tru – Tru – Tru – Tru – Tru – Tru – Coward

dra - dra - dra - ra - cancer dro - dro - dro - ro - rock dru - dru - dru - ru - pen wood - wood - wood - fish - fish

tra - tra - tra - ra - frame tro - tro - tro - ro - robot tru – tru – tru – ru – Russian tra - tra - tra - ry - market

To practice the pronunciation of the soft sound [P’], in phonetic exercises after the letter P you need to use vowels that soften the previous consonant (E, Yo, I, Yu, Ya).

Russian alphabet – Letter Zh
Pronunciation of the Russian sound [Zh]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

Another letter of the Russian alphabet, the letter Z, is unusual for foreigners both in its spelling (some foreigners call it a butterfly) and pronunciation.

When pronouncing the sound [Z], the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveoli (to the tubercles behind the upper teeth) and the tongue is pulled back.

For staging LJ For the first sound [Zh], we again turn to the helper sounds: the consonant [G] and the vowels [O], [U]. The sound [G] will help to pull the tongue back, and the sounds [O] and [U] will help to stretch the lips forward and round.

Phonetic exercises for foreigners:
gzhu - zhu - zhu - zhu - magazine, beetle, buzz, tell you
gzho - gzho - gzho - zho - yellow, alien, knife, circle

The pronunciation of the sound [Ш] is similar to the pronunciation of the sound [Х], but the difference is that the sound [Ш] is pronounced without the participation of the vocal cords (without voice, only noise). Below we will talk separately about the letters of the Russian alphabet Ш and Ш.

Russian alphabet – Letter T
Pronunciation of the Russian sound [Ц]. How to explain the Russian sound [Ц] to foreigners?

The Russian sound [Ts] is a single and indivisible sound, although it is similar to the combination of sounds [T+S], which is why some foreigners pronounce two sounds [TS] instead of the letter Ts. In this case, the foreigner must be explained that the sound [T] must be pronounced maximum briefly!

It is better to practice the pronunciation of the sound [C] in words where the letter C comes after the letters T or D, for example: fathers, to the father, with the father, thirteen, thirty, twenty, twelve, well done...

Russian alphabet – Letters Ш and Ш
Pronunciation of Russian sounds [Ш] and [Ш]. Phonetic exercises for foreigners

Foreigners often confuse the sounds [Ш] and [Ш] and do not even distinguish these sounds by ear. In this case, you already know what to do! Of course, do the “Game with Cards” exercise.

Compare how the tongue and lips are positioned when pronouncing the sound [Ш] and the sound [Ш]:

When pronouncing the sound [Ш], the entire tongue moves forward, the middle part of the tongue is raised to the palate, the tongue is tense. When pronouncing the sound [Ш], the lips are less extended forward than when pronouncing the sound [Ш]. When pronouncing the sound [Ш], the corners of the lips are slightly stretched, and when pronouncing [Ш], we do not smile.

The sound [Ш] is pronounced LONGER than the sound [Ш].

The sound [Ш] causes much more difficulties for foreigners. It is necessary to ensure that foreigners pronounce the sound [Ш] softly. Therefore, in the phonetic exercise we use the vowel sound [I]:

Search - search - cabbage soup - shield
Look - look - yet - cheek
Look - look - more - brush
Seek – I’m looking – I’m feeling – I’m feeling

How to correctly perform phonetic exercises when teaching phonetics of the Russian language to foreigners

When you do any phonetic exercise, you need to adhere to the following scheme:

1) When teaching phonetics of the Russian language, the teacher first reads the letters, syllables, words, and the foreigner listens to the teacher and follows the text.
2) Then the teacher reads and the foreigner repeats.
3) And only now does a foreigner read on his own.

If you need to explain to a foreigner the position of the tongue when pronouncing a sound, then you can show this with the help of your hands. For example, let’s round the right hand, fingers pointing to the floor. Now your right hand is the palate, alveoli and teeth. And from the left hand we will make a tongue. Now you can show foreigners the position of your tongue in your mouth.

Thanks to this, we can practically explain do without an intermediary language, which, of course, is a big plus.

When creating materials for foreigners and for teachers of Russian as a foreign language, we are always focused on ensuring that Russian language lessons are not only as effective as possible, but also easy.

Materials on the Russian language for foreigners:
New communication textbook published by our Center:

Distance course on methodology for those wishing to teach Russian to foreigners:

- The course provides all the necessary knowledge for teaching Russian to foreigners.
- The course is adapted for those who do not have special philological training.
- The course will help beginning RFL teachers find answers to questions that arise in the course of teaching Russian as a foreign language.

In the article you will learn about the history of the Russian alphabet, as well as the rules of spelling and pronunciation of each of its letters.

Around 863, Cyril and Methodius (brothers chroniclers) streamlined all “Slavic” writing after Emperor Michael III ordered them to do so. The writing was called “Cyrillic” and became part of the Greek alphabet. After this, the Bulgarian school of “scribes” actively developed and the country (Bulgaria) became the most important center for the dissemination of the “Cyrillic alphabet”.

Bulgaria is the place where the first Slavic “book” school appeared and it was here that such significant publications as the “Psalter”, “Gospel” and “Apostle” were rewritten. After Greece, the “Cyrillic alphabet” penetrated into Serbia and only at the end of the 10th century it became the language of Rus'. We can safely say that the modern Russian alphabet is a derivative of the Cyrillic alphabet and the old Slavic “Eastern” speech.

A little later, the Russian alphabet received 4 more new letters, but 14 letters from the “old” alphabet were gradually eliminated one by one, because they were no longer needed. After the reforms of Peter the Great (early 17th century), superscript signs were completely eliminated from the alphabet, and other “doublet” signs were simply abolished. The most recent reform of the Russian alphabet occurred at the beginning of the 19th century and after it, humanity was presented with exactly the alphabet that is observed to this day.

How many letters are there in the Russian alphabet?

The modern Russian alphabet, consisting of exactly 33 letters, became official only in 1918. It is interesting that the letter “E” in it was approved only in 1942, and before that it was only considered a variation of the letter “E”.

Cyril and Methodius

Russian language alphabet – 33 letters, black and white, printed: what it looks like, print on one sheet, printed A4 format, photo.

In order to learn the spelling of each letter of the Russian alphabet, you may need a printed black and white version. After downloading such a picture, you can print it on any A4 landscape sheet.

Russian alphabet in order from A to Z, numbered in direct order: photo, print

Each letter in the Russian alphabet has its own serial number.

Russian alphabet, numbered in reverse order: photo, print

Reverse order of letters in the alphabet and reverse numbering.

How to correctly pronounce and read the letters of the Russian alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet: transcription, letter names

Russian alphabet of uppercase and capital letters: photo, print

Russian written speech also requires penmanship and calligraphy. Therefore, you should definitely remember the spelling rules for each capital and small letter in the alphabet.

How to write capital letters of the Russian alphabet for first-graders: connecting capital letters of the Russian alphabet, photo

Kids who are just starting to learn written language will definitely find copybooks useful, in which they will learn not only the spelling of letters, but also all the required connections between them.

Copybooks of Russian letters:

Spelling of Russian letters A and B

Spelling of Russian letters V and G

Spelling of Russian letters E and D

Spelling of Russian letters Е and Ж

Spelling of Russian letters 3 and I

Spelling of Russian letters Y and K

Spelling of Russian letters L and M

Spelling of Russian letters N and O

Spelling of Russian letters P and R

Spelling of Russian letters S and T

Spelling of Russian letters U and F

Spelling of Russian letters X and C

Spelling of Russian letters Ch and Sh

Spelling of Russian letters Ш, ь and ъ



Spelling of Russian letters E and Yu

Spelling of Russian letters I

How many vowels, consonants, hissing letters and sounds are there in the Russian alphabet and what are more: vowels or consonants?

Important to remember:

• In the Russian alphabet, letters are divided into vowels and consonants
• Vowel letters - 10 pcs.
• Consonants - 21 pcs. (+ ь, ъ sign)
• There are 43 sounds in the Russian language
• It has 6 vowel sounds
• And 37 consonants

Introduction to the modern Russian alphabet of the letter e, y, ё: when and who included it?

Interesting to know:

• The letter е appeared in the alphabet in the 19th century
• The letter й appeared in the alphabet after the 15th-16th century (appeared in Slavic church writings after the Moscow edition).
• The letter e appeared in the 17th century (during the development of the civil font)

What was the last letter to appear in the Russian alphabet?

The letter E is the “last” letter in the Russian alphabet, since it was approved relatively recently (at the beginning of the 19th century).

Young and forgotten letters of the Russian alphabet: names

The modern Russian alphabet went through many transformations before finding its final form. Many letters were forgotten or excluded from the alphabet due to uselessness.

The number of letters of the Russian alphabet that do not indicate sounds: names

IMPORTANT: A letter is a graphic sign, a sound is a unit of spoken speech.

In Russian the following letters do not have sounds:

• ь - softens the sound
• ъ - makes the sound hard

What is the last consonant letter of the Russian alphabet: name

The last letter (consonant) that arose in the modern alphabet is Ш (ligature Ш+Т or Ш+Ч).

Transliteration of the Russian alphabet in Latin: photo

Transliteration is the translation of letters into the English alphabet, while preserving the sound.

Calligraphic handwriting: a sample of the Russian alphabet

Calligraphy is the rules for writing capital letters.

Video: “Live ABC for kids”

During the lesson, the concept of phonetics as a branch of the science of language is formed, information about the Russian alphabet is repeated; Students will become familiar with the rules for compiling phonetic transcriptions and learn about the features of sound writing as one of the means of expressive speech.

Topic: Phonetics. Graphic arts. Spelling

Lesson: Phonetics. Speech sounds. Alphabet

Day after day we pronounce words that are familiar to us. But we very rarely think about how we do it. For example, how do we manage to pronounce such a familiar word “hello”? We pronounce a certain combination of sounds, which develops in our minds into a corresponding concept. In the word “hello” we pronounced 11 sounds. Three of them are vowel sounds, 8 are consonants. We pronounce all these sounds in a certain order. We make more than just sounds, because we consider the noise of a car, the creaking of an opening door, and the clatter of a horse to be sounds. Animals also make a variety of sounds. We pronounce the sounds that make up words. These are speech sounds.

Phonetics. Sounds and letters. Graphic arts

Knowing the alphabetical order will help us, for example, find our way in a spelling or some other dictionary; various lists are arranged in alphabetical order, for example, the names of students in a class magazine.

Transcription of the word

We often have to remember the spelling of unstressed vowels and doubled consonants. Why do we have to remember the spelling of such words? Why do we have to look for test words and learn a large number of spelling rules? This is because the pronunciation of a word does not always coincide with its spelling. And the number of sounds and letters in a word is not always the same. And we can write down not only a word according to spelling rules, but also use letters and additional characters to record the sound of the word. This “sound” recording is called transcription.

Practical observation

The transcription of the word is written in square brackets.

Transcription of the word “milk” is [malako]. Please note that in the unstressed position we do not pronounce the sound [o], but pronounce the sound [a]. This word has 6 letters and 6 sounds. Transcription of the word “railing” is [p’ir’ila]. In an unstressed position, the sound [i] is always pronounced. In addition, you see special characters in the form of a “comma” at the top of the letter. This is an apostrophe and denotes the softness of a consonant.

Transcription of the word “shadow” is [t’en’]. Please note that the letter e in this word the sound [e] is conveyed. The soft sign does not represent a letter. Thus, this word has 4 letters and 3 sounds.

Transcription of the word “sun” is [sontse]. Here we pay attention to the unpronounceable consonant. We do not pronounce the sound [l] in this word, therefore, it is not displayed in the transcription. Thus, the word has 6 letters and 5 sounds.

Transcription of the word "berry" - . The letter in this word I means two sounds, so it has 5 letters, 6 sounds.

Sound recording

You may have noticed that certain sounds or their combinations evoke associations in us about a particular phenomenon. For example, the combination of sounds [g] and [r] reminds us of thunder. In his poem, Fyodor Tyutchev specifically repeats the combination of these sounds to create the image of a thunderstorm: I love gr ozu in early May,

Co. G yes spring ne R vyy gr oh,

As if R jangling and and gr and I,

Gr hunting in the sky G blue

Gr they eat R young ascatas...

Or an excerpt from a poem by Mikhail Lermontov. The poet, using the sound [l], conveys the image of flowing water, the smooth movements of a swimming mermaid:

Rusa l ka p l s l and along the river l slaughter,

Illuminated by l Noah l unoy;

And old l and she's extra l fuck up l uny

Silver foam in l us.

This property of expressive speech is called sound writing.

The high musicality of poetry presupposes a subtle penetration into the peculiarities of sounding speech, into its ability to produce an impression not only with the meaning of words, but also with their sound, their music.

At your leisure, you can try to talk about some phenomenon using sound writing. Or offer a class creative competition for the most original use of sound writing.

It should be noted that the possibility of sound recording was noticed by the people long ago and was reflected in comic songs, ditties and, of course, tongue twisters. Tongue twisters are not only invented for fun, they help to practice good diction. At first, the tongue twister is pronounced slowly, paying special attention to combinations of sounds that are difficult to pronounce. And then the tongue twister needs to be pronounced as quickly as possible, repeating it several times.

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

The ship was carrying caramel, and the ship ran aground. And the sailors ate caramel aground for two weeks.

The fields of millet fly in the field, and Frosya takes out the weeds.

All beavers are kind to their own.

Two puppies are nipping cheek to cheek at a brush in the corner.

Homework

Task No. 1

Write down the transcription of these words and determine the number of letters and sounds.

Anchor, rumor, sad, river.

Task No. 2

Write these words in alphabetical order. If the first letter is the same in different words, you should look at the second letter, if the second is the same, then at the third. Remember the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Vinaigrette, neat, alphabet, travel, horizon, household, director, quantity, passenger, highway, ink, collection, caricature, aviation, eleven, violet, acrobat, valley.

1. Scientific and educational portal: Originweb.info ().

On the origin of the Russian alphabet

2. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus F. A. and Efron I. A. ().

Phonetics

Literature

1. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

2. Russian language. 5th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

3. Russian language. Practice. 5th grade: ed. A.Yu. Kupalova. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

Russian alphabet Russian Letter Name Letters in Russian Pronunciation Transliteration 1 Vowel "ee kratkoyeh" "short ee" "tvyordiy znahk" "hard sign" "myagkeey znahk" "soft sign" The Russian alphabet contains 33 letters: 21 consonants, 10 vowels, and two letters that do not have a sound - a hard sign and a soft sign. Russian alphabet Handwritten letters of the Russian alphabet: Russian keyboard: << Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь

Russian alphabet and letter names

		[and short]
		[hard sign]
		[soft sign]

The unknown about the known To convey sounds in Russian writing, special signs are used - letters. A set of letters arranged in a certain sequence is alphabet.

Based on the style, the following types of letter signs are distinguished:

large (capital, lowercase) and small (lowercase) For example: IN And V, AND And and

printed and handwritten For example: B and B, b and b, A and A, and A The letters of the Russian alphabet are divided into 3 groups:

• 10 vowel letters: a, o, y, s, e, i, e, e, yu, and;

  consonants - 21: b, c, d, d, j, g, h, j, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, sch;

  2 letters that do not represent sounds: ь, ъ.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet.

A little about phonetics Phonetics is a branch of the science of language in which the sounds of a language, stress, and syllables are studied.

Formation of language sounds The sounds of the tongue are formed in the speech apparatus when air is exhaled. The speech apparatus includes the larynx with vocal cords, oral and nasal cavities, tongue, lips, teeth, and palate.

In the speech apparatus, exhaled air passes through the larynx between tense vocal cords and through the oral cavity, which can change its shape. This is how they are formed vowel sounds. They consist only of voice. Exhaled air can meet a barrier in the oral cavity in the form of a bow or convergence of the speech organs and exit either through the mouth or through the nose. This is how they are formed consonants. They are made up of noise, and some are made up of voice and noise.

Vowel sounds In Russian the main languages, i.e. There are 6 vowel sounds under stress: [a], [o], [u], [e], [i], [s].,br> Vowel sounds can be stressed or unstressed.

Consonants Consonants in the Russian language are divided into hard and soft, voiced and voiceless.

Paired and unpaired consonants by hardness/softness

Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired

Paired and unpaired consonants according to voicedness/voicelessness

A voiced consonant at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant is replaced by its paired voiceless one. This replacement is called stunning.

A voiceless consonant before a voiced consonant (except for l, p, m, n, th) is replaced by its paired voiced consonant. This replacement is called voicing a consonant.

Perhaps, only after reading this material can one find undoubted confirmation of the phrase about the wealth and power of the Russian language. Only such a language with its unique phonetics can have such a rich and powerful vocabulary.

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners | Russian alphabet | Pronunciation of sounds | Phonetic exercises

Russian alphabet for foreigners: Often, not only foreigners starting to learn Russian, but also advanced-level foreigners cannot correctly pronounce some Russian sounds. We'll talk about which letters of the Russian alphabet cause difficulties for foreigners, we will give recommendations for teachers on how to teach phonetics of the Russian language, what phonetic exercises should foreigners do? and what difficulties may arise when performing them, we will separately talk about those that cause the greatest difficulties for foreigners.

Russian as a foreign language How to teach Russian pronunciation: letters and sounds Lessons for teachers of Russian as a foreign language (rki)

For foreigners starting to learn Russian difficulty in learning the Russian alphabet and Russian phonetics is that almost all letters of the Russian alphabet can denote several different sounds, for example: the letter E can denote the sounds [E], [YE], [I], and sometimes even the letter E can denote the sound [Y] ( after the consonants Zh, Sh, Ts without stress: price, wife).

Pronunciation setting– this is another difficulty for teachers of Russian as a foreign language when teaching Russian to both beginners and foreigners continuing to study Russian. Below are recommendations: how to pronounce Russian sounds in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language.

Rules for staging Russian sounds. Teaching phonetics of the Russian language

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners: work on staging any sound of the Russian language we need to start with establishing phonemic hearing, i.e. First you need to get the foreigner to distinguish sounds by ear. This is important because many Russian sounds sound the same to foreigners. For example, if your student says “grandfather” instead of “girl”, and when you correct him, he replies that he said so, then this means that your student does not distinguish between the sounds [D] and [V] by ear; they are for they sound the same.

In order for foreigners to learn to distinguish sounds by ear, we recommend doing the following exercises:

Exercise “Game with cards”:

1. Take two sheets of paper, write on them the sounds that you will practice. For example, we write D on one sheet of paper, and V on the other. Let’s give these cards to the foreigner. The teacher pronounces the sounds [D] and [V] in random order, and the foreigner must pick up the corresponding card. Of course, the teacher must tell the foreigner if he makes a mistake.

2. Then the teacher pronounces syllables, for example: wa - yes, du - wu, ava - ada, etc., and the foreigner must raise the “D” card or the “B” card.

Exercise “Phonetic dictation”:

The teacher dictates sounds, syllables, words to the student, and the foreigner writes down what he hears.

Please note that in the “Game with Cards” and “Phonetic Dictation” exercises, when practicing consonant sounds, you do not need to dictate words that end in voiced paired consonant letters (B, V, G, D, F, Z), because When pronounced at the end of a word, voiced paired consonants are deafened. For example, if you dictate to a foreigner “bow”, “meadow”, then the foreigner will write down “bow”, “bow”, because “meadow” is pronounced “lu[K]”, and your foreign student will not make a mistake, because This is a phonetic, not a spelling dictation.

When a foreigner begins to distinguish Russian sounds by ear, the teacher can already change places with the foreigner, i.e. the teacher shows the card, and the foreigner says what is written. At this stage, another problem arises: a foreigner hears and understands how a Russian sound should sound, but cannot pronounce it correctly. Foreigners have the greatest difficulty pronouncing the following sounds: [Y], [Y], [R], [F], [C], [SH], [SH]. Below we will look at the rules for producing these sounds and give recommendations on how to explain Russian phonetics to foreigners, and how to conduct phonetic exercises for foreigners.