What letter vowel or consonant. Summary of literacy classes for children of the preparatory to school group "Sound and the letter Y"

The letter "th": hard or soft? This question is often asked by students who need to make out a word according to all the rules of phonetics. You will get an answer to it a little further.

General information

Before we talk about what is the letter "d" (soft or hard), you should find out why the letters of the Russian alphabet are generally divided according to such features.

The fact is that each word has its own sound envelope, which consists of individual sounds. It should be noted that the sound of an expression is fully correlated with its value. At the same time, different words and their forms have completely different sound design. And the sounds themselves have no meaning. However, they play a crucial role in the Russian language. After all, thanks to them, we can easily distinguish words. Let's give an example:

• [house] - [lady '] - [do´ma];
• [m’el] - [m’el ’], [tom] - [there], [home] - [tom].

Transcription

Why do we need information about what the letter "y" is (hard or soft)? During a word, it is very important to correctly display the transcription that describes its sound. In such a system, it is customary to use the following symbols:

This designation is called They are necessarily put to designate transcription.

[´] is the stress. It is placed if the word has more than one syllable.

[b ’] - a kind of comma is placed next to the consonant letter and denotes its softness.

By the way, during the phonetic analysis of the word, the following symbol is often used - [j]. As a rule, they are denoted by the sound of the letter “d” (sometimes a symbol such as [st] is used).

The letter "y": consonant or vowel?

As you know, in Russian, all sounds are divided into consonants and vowels. They are completely differently perceived and pronounced.

• Vowel sounds are those sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air passes freely and freely through the mouth, without encountering any obstacles in its path. Moreover, they can be pulled, with the help of them you can scream. If you put your hand to the throat, then the work of the ligaments (voice) during the pronunciation of vowels can be quite easily felt. There are 6 stressed vowels in Russian, namely: [a], [e], [y], [y], [o] and [i].
• Consonant sounds are those sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air in its path meets an obstacle, namely a bow or a slit. Their appearance determines the nature of the sounds. As a rule, a gap is formed when [s], [br], [3] and [g] are pronounced. At the same time, the tip of the tongue approaches the upper or lower teeth. Presented consonants can be pulled (for example, [WF, W], [3, 3, 3]). As for the bow, such a barrier is formed due to the closure of the organs of speech. The air, or rather its flow, dramatically overcomes it, so that the sounds are energetic and brief. That is why they are called explosive. By the way, it is impossible to draw them (try it yourself: [p], [b], [t], [d]).

In addition to the above consonants, in Russian there are the following: [m], [y], [v], [f], [g], [l], [p], [h], [q], [x] . As you can see, there are many more than vowels.

Deaf and sonorous sounds

In terms of the ratio of voice and noise, consonant sounds can be both voiced and deaf. At the same time, during the pronunciation of voiced one can hear both noise and voice, and the deaf can hear only noise.

By the way, many consonant sounds form between pairs of deafness and voicing: [k] - [g], [b] - [n], [g] - [c], [d] - [t], [f] - [c] and so forth. In total, there are 11 such pairs in Russian. However, there are sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. These include: [st], [p], [n], [l], [m] are unpaired voiced, and [h] and [p] are unpaired deaf.

Soft and hard consonants

As you know, consonants differ not only in voicing or, on the contrary, deafness, but also in softness and hardness. This property is the second most important feature of sounds.

So, the letter "d": hard or soft? To answer this question, you should consider each sign separately:

• During the pronunciation of soft consonants, the entire tongue moves a little forward, and its middle part rises slightly.
• During the pronunciation of hard consonants, the entire language is literally pulled back.

It should be particularly noted that many consonant letters form pairs among themselves according to such characteristics as softness and hardness: [g] - [g ’], [g] - [g’], etc. In total, there are 15 such pairs. However, there are some sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. What kind of letters are hard? These include the following - [br], [w], and [p]. As for unpaired soft, it is [yi ’], [ch’] and [y ’].

Letter designation

Now you know the information that the letter "» "is hard or soft. But here a new question arises: "How is the softness of such sounds on the letter indicated?" For this purpose, completely different methods are used:

• The letters "e", "u", "e", "i" after consonants (not counting "g", "sh", and "q") indicate that these consonants are soft. Let us give an example: dyodya - [d'a'd'a], aunt - [t'o't'a].
• The letter "and", standing after consonants (not counting "g", "sh", and "c") indicates that these consonants are soft. Let us give an example: sweet - [m ',' ’], leaf - [l’ist], not 'tits - [n'i'tk’i].
• The soft sign (“ь”) after consonants (not counting “g” and “sh”) is an indicator of grammatical form. It also suggests that consonants are soft. Examples include: dal - [dal ’], stranded - [m’el’], request - [prozba].

As you can see, the softness of consonant sounds in a letter is not transmitted in separate letters, but by their combinations with the vowels "e", "u", "e", "I", and also For this reason, when phonetic analysis of the word, experts recommend turning their attention to adjacent characters .

As for the vowel "d", it is always soft. In this connection, it is customary to denote it in the transcription as follows: [y ’]. That is, the comma symbol, indicating a soft sound, must always be set. The same rule is subject to [y ’’], [ch ’].

Let's sum up

As you can see, there is nothing difficult in correctly making a phonetic analysis of a word. To do this, you just need to know what vowels and consonants are, deaf and voiced, as well as soft and hard. For a greater understanding of how to arrange the transcription, we give several detailed examples.

1. The word "hero." It consists of two syllables, and the second one is stressed. Let's make analysis:

g - [g ’] - sonorous, consonant and soft.

e - [i] - unstressed vowel.

p - [p] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and firm.

o - [o] - shock vowel.

th - [st ’] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and soft.

Total: 5 letters and 5 sounds.

2. The word "trees". It consists of three syllables, and the second is stressed. Let's make analysis:

d - [d ’] - sonorous, consonant and soft.

e - [i] - unstressed vowel.

p - [p ’] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and soft.

e - [e´] - stressed vowel.

in - [in ’] - sonorous, consonant and soft

e - [y ’] - sonorous, consonant, unpaired and soft and [e] - vowel, unstressed;

in - [f] - deaf and hard.

Total: 8 letters and 8 sounds.

Today in class we will talk about the letter, which can be called a cunning traveler. Cunning, because she looks very similar to her neighbor in alphabetical order, and also because her sound can hide well. But a traveler for the reason that in ancient times she appeared in our alphabet, then disappeared, and was not initially considered to be a letter at all. And only in the last century did it have its permanent place in the alphabet, next to the vowel I. It is the letter Й (And short) and the sound [nd ’]. Sometimes the sound that it designates is also called “yot”. So why in our alphabet needed another letter and? To begin, remember the characteristic sound [and]. The sound [and] the vowel, it stretches, is sung. Now try singing the sound [y ’]. Did not work out? Of course, because it is a short consonant sound. So, in our alphabet, the vowel [and] and consonant [st ’] have a completely different work, so both of us are necessary and important. Today we will talk only about one work of the letter Y.

Let's start with the definition of sound [st ’]. Put your hands on your throat or on your ears and utter the sound of [y ’]. We felt a vibration, so it’s a ringing sound. Now remember one more trick of this sound: the sound [th ’] is only soft, and it does not have a solid pair. So, the sound [st ’] is consonant, sonorous, soft. Now let's practice recognizing this sound in words.

Today we will go to the bird kingdom. Guess the riddle and name the place of the sound in the word: at the beginning of the word, in the middle or at the end.

Chick-tweet!

To grains jump!

Klyuy, do not be shy!

Who is it?

Sparrow  - the sound [st ’] at the end of a word (fig. 1).

Whitebird

Over the sea flies.

The fish will see -

Beak enough.

A seagull is a sound [y ’] in the middle of a word (fig. 2).

Who is without notes and without flute

The best are the trills,

Answer ...

Nightingale  - the sound [st ’] at the end of a word (fig. 3).

Gray bird

Small bird,

Neck you twist always.

Is there a need for this?

Wryneck  - the sound [st ’] in the middle of a word (fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Vertex ()

In the bird's joyful enthusiasm,

Firmly believing in success,

Which bird dives into the sea,

No doubt the best?

Guillemot  - sound [st ’] in the middle of a word (fig. 5).

That is not a rainbow, not a flame!

What kind of bird? Guess!

All day chatting with us

Multicolored ...

Parrot- the sound [st ’] at the end of a word (fig. 6).

I don’t love living,

In the fifth, I get up an hour,

So put cedars beak,

That oak in the deep forest.

Jay  - the sound [st ’] in the middle of a word (fig. 7).

Noise and gam throughout the district,

Birds are torn in fear.

A predator appeared in the sky,

Than to eat, looking for.

Hawk- the sound [st ’] at the beginning of the word: [yastr’ip] (Fig. 8).

We noticed that the sound [y ’] at the beginning of the word met only once. The fact is that in the words of the Russian language this sound is infrequent. There are few words in our language that begin with the letter Y, among them mainly geographical names, but not only. Try to name the words in the letter J.

Iodine baby knows everyone.

Yodom mom smears wounds(pic. 9) .

What dairy product should all children drink? Yogurt (Fig. 10).

Yogi forever will not say: "Oh!"

"Oh, oh, oh!" - Yogi will not shout(fig. 11) .

Young, own yourself!

Old, be as young!

Yorkshire Terrier, or York (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12. Yorkshire Terrier ()

Consider how to spell the letter Y.

Because comma

On her shoulders sitting.

Consider typed letters. What do they remind you of? Letters AI.

The letter Y is called And brief.

Th like in your notebook.

So as not to be confused with AND,

Top tick write.

Jump-Jump Bar

And lay diagonally.

H changed inside

It turned out the letter I.

And then over the letter I

The bird flew by

Become a th (and short) letter

Immediately wanted.

What does letter Y look like?

Stood up and under the lantern,

We do not recognize him.

Changed - look

Sneak on it.

It used to be just And,

And now Y (And short).

Writer Viktor Khmelnitsky invented his story.

Before the letters Y and Y invited each other, but the letter Y always left a stick in the hall, and the letter J could not distinguish it from the soft sign. And when the letter Y came to visit, she left her hat on the hanger, and the hostess confused the guest with the letter I. In the end, they were tired of this confusion. What about tea? And they now drink tea in the garden. The letter Y keeps his wand with him, and the letter J may not take off his hat(fig. 13) .

Fig. 13. Tale about the letters Y and Y

The sound and the letter Y like to answer the question "what?". Let's check. View the picture and tell.

What is a kitten (Fig. 14)?

Auburn, small, funny, soft, etc.

Which backpack (fig. 15)?

School, new, heavy, beautiful, etc.

Fig. 15. School backpack ()

What is a watermelon (Fig. 16)?

Striped, sweet, sugar, tasty, etc.

Read the words: oh oh hey  - d helps express feelings.

Replacing one letter in a word, we get another word: may - Barking - Paradise - Roy - My.

The sound [th ’] is always soft. So, the letter J denotes the sound [nd ’], which is always soft, and the vowel And shows the softness of the previous consonant.

Consider the written letters J (Fig. 17, 18).

Look, look,

Pretty girlfriend,

Up what

We are similar!

We have common features

You are like me

And I like you.

We look like chicks.

Maybe we are twins?

Fig. 17. Written and printed letter I ()

Fig. 18. Written and printed letter Y ()

What is the difference? Y th appeared on top of a tick, or a bird.

Practice writing the letter J.

Now let's do this task: listen to the poem and write down all the sounds [y ’] in letters J. Hint: how many sounds, so many letters.

Next to my room

And there are lots of friends:

Redhead

Gray,

Striped,

And wingless

And winged,

And hornless

And horned,

And tailless

And the tail ...

How many letters did you get? 9. What kind of animals that live in the forest, you have submitted? Tell that.

And now we will write a small dictation.

Write the letter designating the first sound in the word "Roma".

Write the letter designating the last sound in the word "lazy."

Write the letter designating the second sound in the word "forest".

Write an uppercase letter N.

Write the capital letter of today's lesson.

Fig. 19. Check yourself

Homework

1. Practice writing in capital and small letter Y.

2. Recall and name 5 fairy tales, in the names of which will be the letter J.

3. Compose a little fairy tale about Oh and Ai.

Bibliography

1. Andrianova TM, Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M .: Astrel, 2011.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. The Russian language 1. M .: Ballas, 2012

3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic Book / Textbook, 2014

1. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open lesson" ()

Correctional development tasks:

1. To teach children to attentively listen to the speech of adults, to correctly understand lexical and grammatical constructions.
  2. Teach children to pronounce correctly sound [th].
  3. Improve the skills of analytical and synthetic activities.
  4. Continue to learn to analyze the proposal, make its scheme.
  5. Learn to convert words.
  6. Improve the ability to determine the place of sound in the word.
  7. Develop fine motor skills of the fingers.

Course classes.

Organizing time.

Speech therapist: Today in the class we will meet with another interesting sound and letter. Well, first let's play.

1. Didactic exercise "How to?"

Speech therapist. I call the sentence, and you listen carefully. If everything is correctly said, then you don’t raise anything, and if there is a mistake, it is a sign and we correct the sentence.

The cart carries a horse.
  The cat caught the mouse.
  Over the winter, summer came.
  The lantern is illuminated by the street.
  Pedestrian crossing the road.

2. Acquaintance with   sound [th].

Speech therapist. Guys, listen to the words and think what they look like.

Sparrow, brook, burdock, nightingale.

Speech therapist: Who guessed what words are like? What is the last sound in these words? (sound [y].) Tell us what the tongue, sponges, teeth do when pronouncing this sound?

Let's give a characteristic of this sound. What is he like? (consonant)

Why? (an obstruction arises in the mouth when pronouncing). You need to remember that this sound is always soft. How we will designate it? (green square).

3. Playing "Show the green square when you hear the sound [TH]."

Speech therapist: Show the box when you hear the sound [TH].

- [st], [a], [e], [st], etc. (from a number of sounds);
  - do, mo, ah, you, oh, hey, that, etc. (from a number of syllables);
  - T-shirt, house, sparrow, duck, may, tea, etc. (from a series of words).

4. Determining the place of sound in the word.

Speech therapist. Before you pictures. Let's call them all.

And now everyone will take only the picture, in the title of which there is a sound [nd].
  - Call what you got. (The children take turns calling their picture.)
  - Mark the place of sound [Y] in your word with clouds.
  - Let's check what you got.

5. Acquaintance with the letter J.

Speech therapist. On the letter, the sound [Y] is denoted by the letter ... (Y). (showing printed letter J).

What elements does this letter consist of?
  - Before you leaf. Find.

6. Drafting proposals and schemes for them.

Speech therapist: Listen to the words and make beautiful, correct sentences out of them.

Bunny, sit, bush, under.

What is the proposal? (The bunny sits under a bush.)
  - How many words are there in it? (four). What is the first word? Second? Third? Fourth?
  - Let's draw a diagram of this proposal out of stripes.

Similarly, with children, we sort the following sentences:

Tram, go fast.
  Seagull, sea, fly over.

7. Transform words.

Speech therapist. Guys, read the word. (MIKES).

Remove from the word the letter "Y". What word get? (MAKI).
  -Let's read another word. (SOAKI). Remove the letter "Y", what happens? (SOKI). What letter did we remove? What sound does it mean?

8. Sound and letter analysis of words.

Speech therapist: Let's take cards with letters now and make an analysis of the word MAY. How many sounds are in this word? (three). What is the first sound? ([m]).

How do we denote it in the diagram? (blue square). Why? (He is a willing consonant). What is the second sound? ([but]). How do we denote? (red square). Why? (He is a vowel). What is the next sound? ([TH]). How do we denote it? (green square). Why? (he is a soft consonant).

Now try it yourself to do the analysis of the word TEA.
  - Check what you got? (One child explains his designation).

For many parents who are starting to learn the alphabet with babies, the question arises: how to qualify Y as a vowel or a consonant sound?

Indeed, the sound of H is similar to both, and to the other, being in the middle, as it were. Let's try to understand this issue.

Which sound?

And yet, when classifying sounds, it is not quite clear which sound is H: a vowel or a consonant.

Immediately it is necessary to answer: neither one nor the other.

Let's try to think.

The sound is not deaf, which can be easily felt by uttering this sound.

It is rather ringing, as pronounced with the participation of voices. However, this is not a vowel sound, since any vowel can be sung without difficulty.

Try to sing the sound Y: you are unlikely to succeed. In this regard, although the voice is involved in the formation of this sound,   he still agrees.

So qualify him in school practice teacher philologists.

However, the sound is not ringing. According to the classification of philologists, consonant sound can be attributed to any of the four groups: deaf, hissing, sonorous or sonorous. Let's talk about the last group of sounds in more detail.

A consonant sonoric sound is between the vowels and consonants, but it is still designated as a consonant.

There are some sonoric sounds in Russian: H, R, L, J, M. They can be stretched out in a voice, but they cannot be sung as a vowel sound.

Thus, the sound of Y is a consonant sonor.

Another question that may arise is the letter Y, which is soft or hard.

Most sounds have softness-hardness pairs. Sound TH has no such pair.

He qualifies scientists as always soft.

In the transcription of the word beside him always stands the designation of softness.

Composed of letters

The consonant sonorous sound Y is present in Russian not only in the form of the letter Y, but is also part of the four vowel sounds: E, E, Y, I. Each of these letters is a combination: vowel sound and Y.

If we decompose these letters into components, we get: E = I + E, I = I + I, I = I + Y, I = I + A.

These letters are read as “vowel + Y” only in strictly defined cases: after the vowel, b or b. In other cases, they only soften the previous consonant.

Thus, it can be said quite definitely that today's science is not inclined to regard звук sound as a vowel, although it was born from just such a sound.

If we take into account that in Greek there was such a thing as long and short sounds, then the birth in th Church Slavonic writing as a short version And it is quite natural, because Church Slavonic language was created on the basis of Greek.

In the modern language, we classify consonants as consonants, however, we classify them as sonorous as maximally close to vowels. That is how sound knowledge is taught in children and at school. Of course, it is very difficult for a small child to explain what a sonorous sound means. You can simply designate it as a consonant, but for themselves, parents should remember the history of its origin in order to be ready at any time to answer unforeseen questions.