The World History. New time (XV-XVIII centuries) - presentation. New time Presentation on history new time era of change

New time (XV-XVIII centuries) INTRODUCTION The boundary of the New and Recent history was the turn of the 19th-20th centuries: - the Spanish-American war of 1898, - the Anglo-Boer war, - the Russian-Japanese war.

In the economy of the leading European states, the most important process was the initial accumulation of capital, which radically changed society. The initial accumulation of capital, the violent process of transforming the mass of direct producers (primarily peasants) into hired workers, and the means of production and monetary wealth into capital.

Modern times (XVIII centuries) INTRODUCTION The French historian Fernand Braudel () explored the most important details of human existence - housing, food, clothing, technology, finance and other factors that initiated the industrial revolution. The most important work “Material civilization, economy and capitalism. XV XVIII centuries> Professor of Kyiv University Ivan Luchitsky () * works are devoted to religious wars in France in the second half of the XVI century. and the position of the French peasantry in the 18th century. “For a historian, there should be no interesting and uninteresting peoples. the historian himself may be uninteresting, but history is always interesting.” The outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Krypyakevich () When we turn the pages of ancient descriptions, we notice that their authors rarely paid attention to the beauty of nature ... And only with the advent of the New Age, writers began to more actively turn to the beauties of the environment. The most important work "World History" A huge contribution to the study of the history of modern times was made by: Professor of Kyiv University Ivan Luchitsky (18451918) * works are devoted to religious wars in France in the second half of the 16th century. and the position of the French peasantry in the 18th century. “For a historian, there should be no interesting and uninteresting peoples. the historian himself may be uninteresting, but history is always interesting.” Prominent Ukrainian scientist Ivan Krypyakevich (1886-1967) When we turn the pages of ancient descriptions, we notice that their authors rarely paid attention to the beauty of nature... And only with the advent of the New Age, writers began to turn more actively to the beauties of the environment. The most important work "World History" A huge contribution to the study of the history of modern times was made by: "\u003e

Modern times (XNUMXth-XVII centuries) INTRODUCTION In 1800, about a million people lived in China. China In 1800, a million people lived in India. India in the 18th century the population of the Eastern countries increased significantly. The average life expectancy there was years.

New time (XHU-XVIII centuries) INTRODUCTION SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS 1. Explain the meaning of the concept of "New time". 2. When and in connection with what did the concept of "New Time" appear? 3. Name the chronological framework of the early modern times and modern times. 4. What changes took place on the world map in early modern times? 5. What changes in social life marked the beginning of the early modern era? 6. What new things did Fernand Braudel, Ivan Luchitsky and Ivan Kripyakevich contribute to the study of the history of modern times? 7. What changes have occurred in the life of society in the era of modern times? 8. Compare the epochs of the Middle Ages and the New Age, determine their common features and differences. 9. What processes of world development took place in the early New Age? Have they affected people's minds?

New time (XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries) INTRODUCTION Literature for self-training: 1. Likhtey IM World history. New time (XV-XV111 centuries): Textbook. for 8 cells. general education textbook head K.: Diploma, with Akopyan A.G. World History. History of Ukraine Grades 8, 9. - Donetsk Ltd. "Lebed", - p.2-3.

"Measurement of time" - Student line. Calipers. Making a beaker. Explanatory note. Hourglass and water clock. Practical work. Measurement of space and time. Definition of a meter using a light wave. Measurement of large distances. Body of the report, number of dimensions. Measuring the diameter of a ball, coins.

"Standards of time" - ESTIMATES OF CLOCK COMPARISON ERRORS (BASE 10,000 km). The GI "returns" astronomical methods to precision time services. Radio telescope rt-16 (tna-16) okb mei. Comparison of hours in kalyazin and kashima. Troposphere. The main sources of synchronization errors for spaced clocks are considered. Reflector diameter - 16 m Secondary mirror - 1.0 m (Cassegrain system) Min.

"Clock" - And watchmakers came up with a clock with a fight. So it's time for me to have dinner. And people decided to use... THE FORCE OF GRAVATION of the Earth. Using a spring, they began to make small, pocket watches, similar to modern ones. So the hours passed one by one. Water clocks were popular in many countries. Returning to our 20th century, I remembered my fright because of the clock left at home.

"Sundial" - The rules of trigonometry served as the basis. Lived at the beginning of the 16th century. Münster was called "the father of gnomonics". It remains only to find the intersection of successive planes with the surface of the “dial” of the clock. Conical, spherical, cylindrical sundials were also built. You can use the sundial only during the day and in the presence of the sun.

"Time" - Megamir. The concept of "time" in its development. Length of the year. Noon. Second. Era. Macroworld. Pendulum clock. slowdown effect. Calendar. Time zones of Eurasia. Date line. Age of the Universe. Earth. Time. Starry day. Day. time counting system. Structural levels of matter organization.

EUROPE AT THE BEGINNING OF A NEW TIME

• The presentation was made by a history teacher
• MBOU secondary school No. 2, Redkino village
• Vladislavova Irina Viktorovna

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON

• To form students' ideas about the events that took place in Europe at the beginning of the New Age.
• Consider economic, political, social and religious changes in the given period.
• Develop students' curiosity, interest in the history of modern times

New time is the period of human history, located between the Middle Ages and the Newest time. Chronological framework: from the end of the 15th century. - early 20th century The main achievements of the modern era

• Economic:
• Development of capitalism
• (the emergence of private property, the use of hired labor as the main force and the development of a market economy)

• Political:
• The emergence of the idea of ​​the rule of law and civil society

New features in the economy

• The main feature of this time: search for new ways of managing and improving existing tools and mechanisms.

Agriculture

• Expansion of sown areas;
• Introduction of previously unknown fertilizers;
• Development of new industrial crops (potatoes, rice, corn);
• Expansion of areas of fodder crops (turnips, clover).

Industry

• The emergence of a new type of enterprise - manufactory (dispersed and centralized);
• Use in the production of wind and water energy, the beginning of coal mining;
• Improvement of mechanisms in mining (mine hoists, pumps for pumping water; trolleys), in metallurgy and metalworking (the use of an overhead water wheel), in weapons business (furnaces and presses) in light industry (looms);
• The use of hired labor led to the formation of the working class.

Trade

• Market Growth
• The emergence of covered markets with constant trade;
• Distribution of shops on the first floors of city houses;
• The development of peddling.

• Development of world trade
• Centers - Holland and England;
• Creation of large trading companies (East India Company);
• Search for new trade routes;
• The emergence of stock exchanges and banks.

Great geographical discoveries

• This is a period in the history of mankind that began in the 15th century and lasted until the 17th century, during which Europeans discovered new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods that were in great demand in Europe.

Map of great geographical discoveries Great geographical discoveries became possible with the invention of caravels by Europeans - high-speed vessels capable of going against the wind thanks to a slanting sail.

• The first who mastered the new ships were the Portuguese and Spaniards

Discoveries

• 1487 - The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias, in search of a sea route to India, was the first European to circumnavigate Africa from the south and discover the Cape of Good Hope;
• 1492-1493 - The Genoese H. Columbus, at the head of the Spanish expedition to search for the shortest sea route to India, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, discovered the Sargasso Sea and reached Samana Island on 10/12/1492 (the official date of the discovery of America), later - other Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti;
• 1493-1504 - In the next three expeditions, H. Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea;
• 1497 - An Italian in the English service, John (Giovanni) Cabot sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and reached the shores of North America in the area of ​​Newfoundland.

1497-1499 - The Portuguese Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon to India, rounding Africa, and back, for the first time paving the way from Europe to South Asia;

• 1497-1499 - The Portuguese Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon to India, circumnavigating Africa, and back, for the first time paving the way from Europe to South Asia;
• 1499-1500 - The Spaniards (Alonso de Ojeda) discovered the coast of Guiana, the coast of Venezuela and the islands of Curacao and Aruba, the Gulf of Venezuela, Lake Maracaibo and the Guajira Peninsula. The Spanish expedition (Vicente Yáñez Pinson) discovered the northern coast of Brazil, the mouth of the Amazon River, the coast of Guiana (independently of Ojeda), the mouth of the Orinoco River and the island of Tobago;
• 1503 - The Portuguese discovered the Seychelles.
• 1505 - Discovery of the island of Sri Lanka by the Portuguese;
• 1519-1522 - The Spanish flotilla under the leadership of the Portuguese F. Magellan made a trip around the world. South America was discovered south of La Plata, the Strait of Magellan and the Patagonian Cordillera, Guam and the Philippine Islands were discovered.

Consequences of the great geographical discoveries

• The contours of inhabited continents have been established;
• Indisputable evidence of the sphericity of the Earth is given;
• Collected material for the development of sciences (botany, zoology, ethnography);
• The emergence of world trade;
• Formation and development of capitalist society.

Negative Consequences

• the beginning of the colonial expansion of the European powers of the open territories;
• extermination and destruction of ancient civilizations and peoples (1519-1521 the conquistadors defeated the Aztecs, 1531-1534 the Incas);
• the emergence of the slave trade;

The social structure of Western European society

• 1. Nobility:
• Gentry (new nobility)
• Old / well-born (among them were the so-called "air" feudal lords)
• 2. The clergy (losing their positions as an estate);
• 3. Bourgeoisie - a new class, consisting of capitalist entrepreneurs engaged in trade, industry or banking;
• 4. Peasants - became personally free, but did not have their own property.
• - Farmers (wealthy peasants who used hired labor and advanced technology)
• Laborers (poor)
• 5. Beggars

Reformation

• This is a mass religious and socio-political movement in Western and Central Europe in the 16th - early 17th centuries. for the reformation of the Catholic Church.
• The Reformation won in Germany, Switzerland, England.

Causes of the Reformation

• Change in human consciousness (secularization, search for new truths, striving for new knowledge);
• Moral decline of the priesthood, including monasticism;
• Corruption of priests and papacy;
• The duty of the population to pay tithes;
• Sale of indulgences - letters of absolution.

The birthplace of the Reformation is Germany

• Start: a speech by Dr. M. Luther, doctor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, with his "95 theses", in which he spoke out against the existing abuses of the Catholic Church, in particular against the sale of indulgences.
• End: the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, as a result of which each European state could profess any faith recognized by the ruler.

counter-reformation

• This is the struggle of the Catholic Church against the Reformation.
• Measures:
• 1. Creation of the Jesuit Order (Jesus Society) - founded in 1540 by the Spanish nobleman Ignatius Loyola;
• 2. Activities of the Inquisition - church courts.
• 3. Public burning of heretics - auto-da-fé.

Resources used:

• Story. Russia and the world. Grade 10. Basic level / Volobuev O.V., Klokov V.A., Ponomarev M.V. and others - M.: Drofa, 2010.
• History of Europe: from ancient times to the present day: In 8 volumes - M. 1994. V.3.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Philosophers of Modern Times Francis Bacon English philosopher, founder of empiricism of Modern times. Main works: "New Organon" and "New Atlantis". Philosopher's motto: "Knowledge is power."

The main ideas of F. Bacon Scientific knowledge can bring great benefits to mankind, significantly improving its life Science gains knowledge on the basis of experience and experiments Induction (the method of generalization from the particular to the general) is the main way to obtain new knowledge In addition to experience, reason is also important in science

Statue of Bacon in the Trinity College Chapel Obstacles to knowledge Obstacles to knowledge can be 4 types of delusions that Bacon calls "idols" Idols of the clan - delusions of all mankind, endowing natural phenomena with human traits Idols of the cave - individual delusions based on personal preferences, feelings, ways of understanding the world Idols of the market - the use of words that have an indefinite meaning. Science must think in strict terms Idols of the theater - blind faith in authorities and dogma

Rene Descartes French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist, founder of modern rationalism. Main works: "Discourses on Method" and "Principles of Philosophy". The most famous saying is: “I think, therefore I am.”

The main ideas of the philosophy of R. Descartes Philosophy is based on reason, thinking Cognition is carried out not by feelings, but by the mind Descartes' method is deduction, movement from the general to the particular Matter and consciousness are equal and interrelated principles Man is the only creature consisting of two principles - material and spiritual

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Voltaire (Francois - Marie Arouet) One of the greatest philosophers and enlighteners of the 18th century, poet, prose writer, satirist, publicist, human rights activist, founder of Voltairianism (free thinking). He wittily criticized religious prejudices from the standpoint of reason. He acted as an ardent supporter of freedom of speech and opinion.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau French philosopher, writer, composer. Supported the theory of the social contract, explaining the emergence of state power.

German classical philosophy (second half of the 18th - 19th centuries) Immanuel Kant The greatest German philosopher, the founder of German classical philosophy. Major works: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, Critique of Judgment.

Epistemology I. Kant For the first time he shifted the emphasis from the knowable thing to the cognitive abilities of the person himself There are two worlds: the real world and the world of appearances (the world of phenomena) We cannot know the real world (the world of “things-in-themselves”) We only know the world of appearances We we can cognize only that which can be described with the help of categories. "Things-in-themselves" are unknowable

Ethics of I. Kant I. Kant formulated the highest moral law, based on duty, called the "categorical imperative" Act only according to the rule, following which you can, without internal contradiction, wish it to become a universal law Only those actions that correspond to the imperative are moral and worthy of a man

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel German classical philosopher. Main works: "Phenomenology of Spirit", "Science of Logic", "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences".

The fundamental concept of Hegel's philosophy The absolute idea The concept of the absolute idea is similar to the concept of God The absolute idea does not have consciousness, personality, acquires them only through man The absolute idea creates nature from itself, and then humanity Through human activity, the idea cognizes itself

The main ideas of Marxism The economic system determines the way of life of a person and society In the history of society, socio-economic formations successively replace each other The change of formations is characterized by an intensification of the class struggle between oppressed and oppressing groups The ideal society is a communist society, where there will be no classes, no private property, the basic principle " from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"