Presentation on the topic "The life and work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn". Presentation on the life and work of Alexander Solzhenitsyn Presentation on the life of Solzhenitsyn

Today, modern technologies are increasingly used in literature lessons: presentations can also be attributed to them.

This presentation is about the life and work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn was created with the aim of using it in literature lessons in grade 11 dedicated to the writer. It presents a set of images: photographs of the writer, places associated with the life and work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn; and also carry brief information about the main stages of the literary activity of Alexander Isaevich.

The study of the biography of the writer is the most common of the lessons using ICT, as they make it possible to widely use illustrative material (photographs, reproductions, illustrations) that can be found on the Internet, on the disk “Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius”, place the texts of the writer’s quotations, the sayings of contemporaries.

The purpose of the presentation lesson on the biography of A.I. Solzhenitsyn - not only to contribute to the creation of a lively, bright, and sometimes such a contradictory image of the writer, but also to influence different areas of perception: emotions, thinking, imagination, creating a positive attitude to work; to increase the volume of the studied material by saving the time of the teacher and students, to intensify the independent activity of schoolchildren, to expand the possibility of using a differentiated approach in teaching, to make interdisciplinary connections, and in general, to contribute to the realization of the goals set by the teacher, to achieve the greatest effectiveness of the lesson.

Forms of conducting - a teacher's lecture, students' reports, a seminar, accompanied by a slide show. At the end of the lesson, it is possible to conduct a final test that checks the quality of assimilation of the material, conversation, written work (“What qualities of character allowed A.I. Solzhenitsyn to become the greatest writer in the world?”) Thus, the slide show can be an accompaniment to the entire lesson or part of it.

In some cases, the presentation can become the basis for a distance learning lesson. It is optimal to use the presentation in integrated lessons. At the same time, this presentation can serve as the main form of conducting lessons (when it carries a significant part of the information load), and additional (in this case, it plays the role of a visual aid or a supporting abstract). Individual work of students with a presentation presented on separate computers is also acceptable. Students can independently choose the speed of scrolling through the slides, sometimes going back, sometimes stopping on the selected page to take notes on the necessary information or to get to know the image in more detail. In addition, presentations can be one form of reporting upon completion of a literary project.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Solzhenitsyn A.I. "I write the truth about Russia"

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One of the leading Russian writers of the twentieth century, Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was born in Kislovodsk on December 11, 1918. Although the prose writer's parents were peasants, they received a good education. When the First World War began, his father, Isai Solzhenitsyn, left Moscow University as a volunteer for the front, was awarded three times for bravery and died on a hunt six months before the birth of his son. To feed herself and Alexander, Solzhenitsyn's mother, Taisya Zakharovna (nee Shcherbak), after the death of her husband went to work as a typist, and when the boy was six years old, she moved with her son to Rostov-on-Don.

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Solzhenitsyn's childhood coincided with the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power. In the year of his birth, a bloody civil war began in Russia, culminating in the victory of the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Lenin. Having successfully completed school, Alexander Isaevich entered Rostov University in 1938, where, despite his interest in literature, he studied physics and mathematics in order to provide himself with a constant income in the future. In 1940, he married his classmate Natalya Reshetovskaya, and in 1941, having received a diploma in mathematics, he also graduated from the correspondence department of the Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History in Moscow.

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After graduating from university, Solzhenitsyn worked as a mathematics teacher at a Rostov high school. In 1941, when the war with Nazi Germany began, he was mobilized and served in the artillery. He fought for three years in the Red Army (artillery) and reached the rank of captain. On February 9, 1945, Solzhenitsyn was arrested by front-line counterintelligence: letters from Alexander Isaevich fell into the hands of the NKVD. to a friend with attacks on Stalin, as well as sketches and drafts of stories found during a search in his officer's tablet. The future writer was stripped of his captain's rank and sent to Moscow to the Lubyanka remand prison. During the year, the future writer was in a Moscow prison, and then was transferred to Marfino, a specialized prison near Moscow, where mathematicians, physicists, scientists of other specialties conducted secret scientific research.

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Much later, Solzhenitsyn would say that a mathematician's degree essentially saved a life, since the regime in the Marfina prison was far more lenient than in other Soviet prisons and camps. A three-man tribunal sentenced him to 8 years in prison, followed by exile in Siberia for anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda. Sentenced without trial to eight years in the camps, he stayed in them until 1953. In 1952, Solzhenitsyn fell ill with cancer, but undergoes successful radiation therapy in a Tashkent hospital and recovers.

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Until 1956, the writer lived in exile in various regions of Siberia, taught at schools, and in June 1957, after rehabilitation, he settled in Ryazan, where he also worked as a mathematics teacher in a secondary school. His wife, who, while the writer was imprisoned, got married, obtained a divorce and returned to Solzhenitsyn. In 1956, the Soviet leader Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev launched a campaign of de-Stalinization, the fight against Stalin's "personality cult", which, according to the most conservative estimates, since the beginning of the 30s. destroyed and repressed more than 10 million Soviet people.

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Khrushchev personally authorized the publication of Alexander Isaevich's story. "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which was published in 1962 in the journal "New World". Written in a realistic key, in a lively, accessible language, the first book of the writer tells about one camp day of the protagonist, prisoner Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, on whose behalf the story is being told. The story was enthusiastically received by critics, who compared "One Day" with "Notes from the House of the Dead" by Dostoevsky.

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After Solzhenitsyn sent an open letter to the Congress of Writers in 1967, in which he called for an end to censorship and told that the KGB had confiscated his manuscripts, the writer was persecuted and harassed by newspapers, his works were banned. Nevertheless, the novels In the First Circle (1968) and The Cancer Ward (1968-1969) end up in the West and are released there without the consent of the author, which only aggravates the already difficult situation of the writer in his homeland. The writer refused to be held responsible for the publication of his works abroad and stated that the authorities facilitated the removal of manuscripts from the country in order to provide a pretext for his arrest.

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In the first circle" (the title contains an allusion to the first circle of Dante's hell) is a novel primarily satirical, the action of which takes place in a specialized prison institute Mavrino, an analogue of the one where in the late 40s. Solzhenitsyn was kept. Many Western critics praised the novel for its broad panorama and deep, unbiased analysis of Stalinist reality. The writer's second novel, The Cancer Ward, is also autobiographical: the hero of the novel, Rusanov, like the author himself, is being treated for cancer in a Central Asian provincial hospital. Although there are also political accents in Cancer Ward, the main theme of the novel is the struggle of a person with death: the writer holds the idea that the victims of a deadly disease paradoxically achieve the freedom that healthy people are deprived of.

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In 1970, Alexander Isaevich was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature." Upon learning of the award to him, the writer immediately announced that he intended to receive the award "in person, on the appointed day." However, just as 12 years ago, when another Russian writer, Boris Pasternak, was awarded the Nobel Prize, the Soviet government considered the decision of the Nobel Committee "politically hostile", and Solzhenitsyn, fearing that after his trip he would not be able to return to his homeland, gratefully accepted high award, but was not present at the awards ceremony.

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In a speech, a member of the Swedish Academy, Karl Ragnar Girov, noted that Solzhenitsyn's works testify to the "invincible dignity of man." Mindful of the persecution of the writer at home, Girov also said: “Wherever, for whatever reason, human dignity is threatened, Solzhenitsyn’s work is not only an accusation of the persecutors of freedom, but also a warning: by such actions they cause damage primarily to themselves.” The Nobel lecture of the laureate, published in 1972, contains the writer's favorite thought that the artist is the last keeper of truth. Solzhenitsyn's Nobel lecture ends with the words: "One word of truth will outweigh the whole world."

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A year after receiving the Nobel Prize, Solzhenitsyn allowed the publication of his works abroad, and in 1972, August the Fourteenth, the first book of a multi-volume epic about the Russian revolution, which is often compared with Tolstoy's War and Peace, was published in English by a London publishing house. In "August the Fourteenth", according to the American researcher Patricia Blake, "the impact of war on the lives of individuals, on the whole nation as a whole" is brilliantly shown.

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In 1973, after an interrogation of a typist, the KGB confiscated the manuscript of the writer's main work: The Gulag Archipelago, 1918...1956: An Experience in Artistic Research. Working from memory, as well as using his own notes, which he kept in the camps and in exile, Solzhenitsyn set out to recreate the officially non-existent Soviet history, to honor the memory of the millions of Soviet prisoners "ground into camp dust." The “Gulag Archipelago” refers to prisons, forced labor camps, settlements for exiles scattered throughout the USSR. In his book, the writer uses the memories, oral and written testimonies of more than 200 prisoners, whom he met in prison.

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Shortly after the confiscation of the manuscript, Solzhenitsyn contacted his publisher in Paris and ordered that a copy of The Archipelago, which was taken out there, be put into typesetting, which was published in December 1973, and on February 12, 1974, the writer was arrested, charged with treason, and deprived of Soviet citizenship and deported to Germany. His second wife, Natalia Svetlova, whom the writer married in 1973 after divorcing his first wife, was allowed to join her husband later with their three sons.

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After two years in Zurich, Solzhenitsyn moved with his family to the United States and settled in the state of Vermont, where the writer completed the third volume of The Gulag Archipelago (Russian edition - 1976, English - 1978), and also continued to work on a series of historical novels about the Russian revolution, started on "August the Fourteenth" and called "Red Wheel", - according to the writer himself, "a tragic story about how the Russians themselves ... destroyed their past. and my future ", In 1972, the writer noted that the entire cycle "may take 20 years, and I may not live to see it."

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Such a focus on
one author, perhaps
no literature
knew and will never know.
S. Zalygin

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn
person, thinker, writer
The meaning of earthly existence is not
in prosperity, but in the development of the soul
He felt his inseparable connection
with the people, was demanding of himself as
to the artist, always fought with violence,
evil and injustice
“... a writer can do a lot in his
people, and should. Once taking on
word, then never
evade: the writer is not an outsider
judge to his compatriots and
contemporaries, he is an accomplice in everything
evil committed in his homeland or
his people"

Born December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk
(now the Stavropol Territory).
Baptized in the Kislovodsk Church of the Holy Healer
Panteleimon.

Father - Isaac Semyonovich Solzhenitsyn, Russian
peasant from the North Caucasus
Mother - Taisiya Zakharovna Shcherbak, Ukrainian, daughter
the owner of the richest economy in the Kuban, who achieved
with all your hard work.

As a result of the revolution and civil war, the family
was ruined, and in 1924 Solzhenitsyn moved from
mother in Rostov-on-Don, from 1926 to 1936 he studied at
school while living in poverty.

1936-1941 Rostov State University

1941 School teacher

You have to be born as a teacher.
It is necessary that the teacher has a lesson
never been a burden
never tired - and with
the first sign that
the lesson has ceased to bring
joy - you have to quit
school and leave. And indeed many
have this happy
for nothing. But few can
carry this gift through the years
unextinguished.

War

October 18, 1941 - drafted and
sent to a cargo horse
private convoy
April 1942 - sent to
artillery school in
Kostroma. IN
November 1942 - released
lieutenant, sent to
Saransk, to Spare
artillery
reconnaissance regiment
February 1943 - active
army

Battle path - from Orel to
East Prussia.
Commander of the 2nd sound battery
intelligence of the 794th Separate
army intelligence
artillery battalion
(OARAD) of the 44th Cannon Artillery Brigade (PABr)
63rd Army in the Central and
Bryansk fronts, from spring 1944
of the year - 48th Army of the Second
Belorussian front.
Awarded with orders
Patriotic War and Red
Stars

Gulag

Arrested in 1944
East Prussia
From August 1950 to 1953 -
Steplag in Ekabastuz
From February 1953 - exile (village
Berlik of Kokterek region
Jambul region)
January 1954 - oncology
clinic in Tashkent
June 1956 - rehabilitation
(due to lack of composition
crimes)
Gulag

In August 1956 he returned from
links to Central Russia. Lived in
the village of Miltsevo, Vladimirskaya
area), taught mathematics
and electrical engineering (physics) at 8-10
Mezinovskaya secondary school classes.

1956 "Matryona Yard"

Village Miltsevo
Vladimir region
Matrena Vasilievna
Zakharova

The story "Matrenin
yard" was written in 1959.
This is Solzhenitsyn's story about
the situation in which he
turned out to be back from
camps. He "wanted
get stuck and get lost in
of the most interior Russia,
find a "quiet corner of Russia
away from iron
expensive."
12.04.2019
13

The meaning of the name

The village is not worth
without a righteous
There are such born angels, they
as if weightless, they glide as if
over this goo (violence, lies, myths
about happiness and legality), not at all in it
without drowning
A. I. Solzhenitsyn
Peasant
manor
Matrenin
yard
Space,
fenced
economic
buildings

"Matryona Yard"

Is there a portrait of the heroine in the story? What details
appearances are emphasized? What is important to the author in the heroine?
Matryona is endowed with discreet
appearance. It is important for the author
portray not so much the external
the beauty of a simple Russian
peasant women how much domestic
the light streaming from her eyes, and
the clearer to emphasize
thought: “Those people always have faces
good, who is at odds with his
conscience."

"Matryona Yard"

How is the life of Matryona arranged? What and who fills her "yard"?
How are the relationships of its inhabitants built?
All her "wealth" -
ficuses, shaggy cat,
goat, mice and cockroaches.
The whole world around
Matryona in her darkish
hut with a big Russian
oven is a continuation of it
herself, a part of her life.
Everything here is natural and
organic: favorite ficuses
"filled with loneliness
mistress of the silent, but
live crowd.

One day in the life of Matryona Vasilievna

What is the day of the heroine filled with? What worries her? How is she
relates to your daily activities?
Just not to be late
(wake up at 4 or 5 in the morning)
Quiet, polite
trying not to make noise
work around the house in the morning
Selflessly help everyone
(relatives, neighbours,
collective farm)
Bowing to forest bushes,
go back home
enlightened
with a kind smile
Meaning
everyday
existence
Feed the shepherds
showing off in front of others
Mistresses and driving themselves
at great expense
Stock up for the winter
fuel
constantly risking
get on trial

"Matryona Yard"

What is the character's past? How did her family
life? What was your relationship like with your husband? With kids? WITH
collective farm? State?
The hard way of life
heroines. Lots of grief and
injustice had to her
sip in your lifetime:
broken love, death
six children, loss of husband
in the war, hellish labor in the countryside,
severe illness, sickness
resentment at the collective farm, which squeezed
from it all the forces, and then wrote off for
unnecessary. In the fate of one
Matryona is concentrated
the tragedy of a rural Russian
women.

"Matryona Yard"

What is the attitude of others around Matryona? neighbors,
relatives? What do the sisters say about her? Girlfriends?
Storyteller?
The characters in the story split into two
unequal parts: Matryona and
the narrator who understands and loves it and those who use it
Matryona, her relatives. border between
they indicate that the main thing
in the minds and behavior of each of them
- interest in common life, desire
to participate openly
sincere attitude towards people
focus only on
own interests, own
house, own wealth.

"Matryona Yard"

What and by whom "is a village, a city ... all our land worth"?
Matrena Vasilievna is a person,
living
By
commandments of Christ, able
save
purity,
holiness of the soul in the most
dramatic
circumstances
Russian
history of the twentieth century.
“We all lived next to her and did not understand that
she is the same righteous man, without whom, according to
proverb, the village is not worth it.
Neither city.
Not all our land."

House Museum of Matryona Zakharova

"One day of Ivan Denisovich"
Shch-854. One day of one convict
Conceived by the author
general work in
Ekibastuz
Special camp in winter
1950 -1951.
Written in 1959
In 1962 in the magazine
"New world"
"Man is saved by dignity"

"Camp through the eyes of a man..."

“... Shukhov firmly
filled in the words of the first
foreman Kuzemin ....:
- Here, guys, the law -
taiga. But people are here
live. Who's in the camp
dies: who bowls
licks who is on the infirmary
hopes yes who to godfather
goes knocking."

From rise to fall

At five o'clock in the morning, as always, the rise struck - with a hammer on
rail at the headquarters barracks
Climb
Divorce
Transition to the zone
Work at the CHP
Return to camp
Dinner
Verification
lights out
The day went by, nothing marred, almost happy.
There were three such days in his term from bell to bell
thousand six hundred and fifty three. Due to leap years
years - three extra days were added ...

“..lanterns ... So many of them were poked,
that they completely lit up the stars .. "

on the wall
CHP
road to
zone
camp
barrack
lining

camp world

Camp authorities
ZEKa

Camp authorities

One and a half Ivan, a thin and long sergeant
black-eyed
Skinny Tatar
The head of the regime is Lieutenant Volkovoy.
Volkovogo, not like convicts and not like
guards - the head of the camp himself, they say,
fears. Dark, yes long, yes frowning
At first he was still carrying a whip, like a hand
elbow, leather, twisted

ZEKa

The tall old man U-81 in the camps and in prisons sits innumerably,
how much Soviet power costs, and not a single amnesty will
touched, and as one dozen ended, they immediately thrust a new one into him.
Of all the hunched camp backs, his back was excellent
upright, and at the table it seemed as if he was still over the bench under him
what he put up. There was nothing to cut on his naked head for a long time - hair
everyone got out of the good life. The old man's eyes did not shrivel after everything, but
above, unseeingly, they rested on their own. He measuredly ate an empty gruel with a spoon
wooden, chipped, but did not sink his head into the bowl, like everyone else, but
carried spoons high to his mouth. He had no teeth either above or below.
one thing: ossified gums chewed bread for teeth. His face is everything
it was exhausted, but not to the weakness of a disabled wick, but to a stone
hewn, dark. And on the hands, large, in cracks and blackness,
it seemed that it fell out a little for him to sit out for all the years
jerk. But it stuck in it, it won’t reconcile: a three-hundred-gram
he doesn’t put his own, like everyone else, on an unclean table in splashes, but on a rag
erased.

104 brigade.

Tyurin
Brigadier 104 . Son of the fist
after the expulsion stuck to
thieves. In the camp since 1930
“He is sitting for the second term, son
Gulag, camp custom
knows in a hurry"
“It’s healthy in the shoulders, and the image
he is wide. frowning
costs. laughs
does not favor his brigade, but
feeds - nothing, oh big
solder caring "

medical unit

Stepan Grigoryevich is a doctor, quick and sonorous.
Introduces occupational therapy for walking patients: “Work
- the first medicine
Kolya Vdovushkin is a paramedic. Medical
no education, former student
literary faculty. Was in the infirmary
thanks to the doctor who decided to help him and give
the opportunity to write in the camp what “I didn’t write
at will." He is quite indifferent to ZEKs.

Pavlo

Pombrigadier. Boy
young, with fresh blood,
no camps yet
shabby.
Kildigs
In the camp since 1949
Red-faced plump
Latvian 25 years old. No joke
doesn't know a word, but its all in
The team is loved and respected.

Caesar Markovich

Moskvich, director, not
completed his first
movie.
Thanks to the support from the will,
has concessions
shirt, office work).
Keeps apart
communicates only with
Buynovsky and others
intellectuals
For camp life
adapted.

Katorang

Former captain 2nd rank. Sits for being whole
escorted the British convoy for a month, and after the war
the admiral sent him a gift. In the camp since 1950
Recently at the camp, it's hard for him, but he keeps himself
dignified, does not shy away from work. Still camping
not scientific, so he tries to protest,
seek the truth, for which he suffers

Senka Klevshin

Former prisoner of Buchenwald, tried three times
run away, member of the camp underground. After
release arrested as a former
prisoner of war
Patient. Be conscientious about work
is serving time quietly (“groan and rot. And you will rest
- break down).

Baptist Alyoshka

Rolled 25 years for the Baptist
faith.
Cheerful, cheerful,
always ready to serve
responsive to a kind word. Faith
saves him from embarrassment
Gopchik
Imprisoned for wearing
milk to Bendera.
Rogue, "affectionate
calf". sly and
quick-witted. "Correct
camper." Prochet big
future in the camp

Fetyukov

Former boss. His family refused him.
Doesn't like to work. Collects cigarette butts, "jackal"
in the kitchen, licking bowls.
Embittered. Turns into "camp dust".

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. (Sch-854)

Peasant, common man
Fought, got surrounded,
arrested for treason
In the camp since 1943. Hardworking,
jack of all trades, always
finds a way to make money.
Refuses parcels from
Houses. Knows how to manage
small. treats with care
anything that helps
save life and health
Honest, decent, lives on
conscience

Amazing and alas! -
usually.
The fate of millions
In peacetime - a student,
in the military - a soldier and
commander of the victorious
army, and then, under the new
wave of Stalinist repressions,
- a prisoner.

1965-1973 "The Gulag Archipelago": "Experience in artistic research" of the state system of extermination of people in the USSR

Natalya Svetlova - wife, friend,
indispensable assistant
1970

1974 Nobel Prize

1974
campaign against
Solzhenitsyn in the Soviet
press

It was a truly powerful figure. And in
literature, and in public life it was
one of the most powerful figures in the history of Russia.
Now that he is gone, this is understood in
peculiarities. One man challenged a huge
system - and won. None, be it the most
famous personalities in art, science and
politics, there was no such huge lifetime
fame, popularity, like Alexander Isaevich.
These days, the whole world should mournfully gasp - not
became a great moral, just,
talent.
Valentin Rasputin

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Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn

One of the leading Russian writers of the twentieth century, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970) "for the moral force with which he continued the tradition of Russian literature." Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997).

slide 3

Alexander Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk. In 1924 he moved with his mother to Rostov-on-Don (his father died tragically before his son was born). In 1936, Alexander graduated from high school and entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of Rostov University, from which he graduated before the Second World War.

slide 4

He fought in the artillery for three years and received the rank of captain. On February 9, 1945, the future writer was arrested by front-line counterintelligence for critical remarks about Stalin, expressed by him to a friend in letters censored by military censors, and was sentenced to eight years in camps.

slide 5

During the reign of Khrushchev, Alexander Solzhenitsyn was released and in 1956 was able to return to Central Russia, where he worked for a year as a teacher in a secondary school in Ryazan, teaching mathematics and physics.

slide 6

In 1966, his story “Zakhar-Kalita” was published in Novy Mir, after which the writer’s works ceased to be published. writers destroyed during the repressions, and the return of part of his personal archive confiscated by the KGB on September 11, 1965 from V.L. Teusha.

Slide 7

In 1962, A. T. Tvardovsky published his first story, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, in the Novy Mir magazine, and in 1963, Matrenin Dvor. They bring him fame, and on December 30, 1962, Alexander Solzhenitsyn was accepted into the Writers' Union of the USSR.

Slide 8

In 1968, Alexander Solzhenitsyn's novel "In the First Circle" and the story "Cancer Ward" (1968-69) were published abroad. In 1970 Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich received the Nobel Prize.

Slide 9

Solzhenitsyn's subsequent public speeches ("Lenten Letter to the All-Russian Patriarch Pimen", "Peace and Violence", "Letter to the Leaders of the Soviet Union"), as well as the publication in 1971 of the first version of "August 14th" and in 1973 of the first volume of "The Gulag Archipelago ", forced the Soviet leadership to expel the writer in February 1974 to Germany. He settled first in Switzerland, and then in 1976 moved with his family to the United States.

Slide 10

While in the West, he completed A Calf Butted an Oak: Essays on a Literary Life (1975) and restored three plays (1981) that he had composed orally in the camps. In 1982, the publication of an expanded version of "August 14th" opened "the narrative in measured terms" about the Russian revolution - "The Red Wheel". Chapters from there were published back in 1975 under the title "Lenin in Zurich". Among his speeches in the West, we note "The Divided World" (speech at Harvard, 1978), "What threatens America with a poor understanding of Russia" and "Having the courage to see" (articles for Foreign Affairs magazine, 1980).

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In 1989, Novy Mir magazine published chapters from The Gulag Archipelago, and in August 1990 Solzhenitsyn was given back Soviet citizenship. In September of the same year, with a circulation of 27 million copies, his manifesto "How do we equip Russia" was published in the USSR. In May 1994 the writer returned to his homeland; among his new works - "The Russian Question by the End of the 20th Century", short stories, journalism. In the spring of 1998 he completed the book "Russia in a collapse"; the continuation of "The Calf" - "A grain fell between two millstones: essays on exile" has been published by the Novy Mir magazine since September 1998 ...

Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school No. 2", Kalininsk, Saratov region A.I. Solzhenitsyn Life and fate Teacher of Russian language and literature Ershova Svetlana Aleksandrovna

"... both in literature and in public life ... one of the most powerful figures in the entire history of Russia", "great moralist, just, talent" V. G. Rasputin

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk (now the Stavropol Territory). Baptized in the Kislovodsk church of the Holy Healer Panteleimon.

Father - Isaac Semyonovich Solzhenitsyn, a Russian peasant from the North Caucasus (the village of Sablinskaya in "August the Fourteenth"). Mother - Taisiya Zakharovna Shcherbak, Ukrainian, daughter of the owner of the richest economy in the Kuban, who achieved everything with his own labor.

Isaac Solzhenitsyn volunteered for the front during the First World War and was an officer in the tsarist army. He died before the birth of his son, June 15, 1918, as a result of a hunting accident. Depicted under the name of Sanya Lazhenitsyn in the epic "Red Wheel". As a result of the revolution and civil war, the family was ruined, and in 1924 Solzhenitsyn moved with his mother to Rostov-on-Don, from 1926 to 1936 he studied at school, living in poverty.

In 1936 he entered Rostov State University. Not wanting to make literature his main specialty, he chose the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. He was interested in the theater, in the summer of 1938 he tried to pass the exams at the theater school of Yu. A. Zavadsky, but unsuccessfully. In 1939 he entered the correspondence department of the Faculty of Literature of the Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History in Moscow. He interrupted his studies in 1941 due to the war. At the university, Solzhenitsyn studied "excellently" (Stalin scholarship).

In August 1939 he and his friends made a kayak trip along the Volga. The life of the writer from that time until April 1945 is described by him in his autobiographical poem Dorozhenka (1947-1952). April 27, 1940 married Natalya Reshetovskaya.

In September 1941, together with his wife, he was assigned as a school teacher in Morozovsk, Rostov Region. You have to be born as a teacher. It is necessary that the lesson never be a burden for the teacher, never tire, - and with the first sign that the lesson has ceased to bring joy, it is necessary to leave school and leave. And after all, many have this happy gift. But few are able to carry this gift unextinguished through the years. Alexander Solzhenitsyn "Love the Revolution"

On October 18, 1941, he was called up and sent to the cargo cavalry train as a private; in April 1942, he was sent to the artillery school in Kostroma. In November 1942, he was released as a lieutenant and sent to Saransk, where the Reserve Artillery Reconnaissance Regiment was located. In the active army since February 1943; served as commander of the 2nd sound reconnaissance battery of the 794th Separate Army Reconnaissance Artillery Battalion (OARAD) of the 44th Cannon Artillery Brigade (PABR) of the 63rd Army on the Central and Bryansk Fronts, later, from the spring of 1944, of the 48th Army of the Second Belorussian Front.

Battle route - from Orel to East Prussia. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War and the Red Star, on September 15, 1943, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the rank of senior lieutenant, on May 7, 1944 - captain. At the front, despite the strictest ban, he kept a diary. He wrote a lot, sent his works to Moscow writers for review; in 1944 he received a favorable review from the writer B.A. Lavrenyov.

and Stalin, was arrested in East Prussia for criticizing Lenin in encrypted form found in his letters. 8 years of imprisonment and 3 years of exile followed: camps, special prison, "sharashka" (special institute in Marfino). As a writer, A. Solzhenitsyn developed in the Gulag (Main Directorate of Camps). He did not write down his poems and prose, but memorized them.

the last days of sharashka on Late Marfinskaya are described by Solzhenitsyn in the novel “In the First Circle”, where he himself is bred under the name of Gleb Nerzhin, his cellmates Dmitry Panin and Lev Kopelev - Dmitry Sologdin and Lev Rubin. A

in a special camp on May 19, 1950, Solzhenitsyn, due to a quarrel with the “sharashka” authorities, was transferred to Butyrka prison, from where he was sent to Steplag in Ekibastuz in August. Almost a third of his term of imprisonment - from August 1950 to February 1953 - Alexander Isaevich served in the north of Kazakhstan. In the camp he was at general work, for some time he was a foreman. Later, he will receive a literary embodiment in the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich." camp life

After his release, Solzhenitsyn was sent into exile to a settlement “forever” (the village of Berlik, Kokterek district, Dzhambul region, southern Kazakhstan. He worked as a teacher of mathematics and physics in grades 8-10 of the local Kirov secondary school.

discharged in March By the end of 1953, his health deteriorated sharply, the examination revealed a cancerous tumor, in January 1954 he was sent to Tashkent for treatment, with significant improvement. Illness and hospital impressions formed the basis of the story "Cancer Ward", which was conceived in the spring of 1955. Alexander Isaevich perceived his healing as "God's miracle" and an indication of "predestination." treatment, healing

In June 1956, by decision of the Supreme Court of the USSR, Solzhenitsyn was released without rehabilitation "due to the absence of corpus delicti in his actions." In August 1956 he returned from exile to Central Russia. He lived in the village of Miltsevo (now GusKhrustalny district) of Vladimirskaya and electrical engineering (physics) in grades 8-10 of the Mezinovskaya secondary school. Solzhenitsyn's life in the Vladimir region is reflected in the story "Matryonin Dvor". area mathematics), taught

In 1959, Solzhenitsyn wrote the story Shch854 (later published in Novy Mir under the title One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich) about the life of a simple Russian peasant prisoner. The story under the title was published in the journal Novy Mir (No. 11, 1962), immediately republished and translated into foreign languages. December 30, 1962 Solzhenitsyn was admitted to the Writers' Union of the USSR. The first publications caused a huge number of responses from writers, public figures, critics and readers. Letters from readers - former prisoners (in response to "Ivan Denisovich") marked the beginning of the book "The Gulag Archipelago".

The Gulag Archipelago was secretly written by Solzhenitsyn in the USSR between 1958 and 1968 (finished on February 22, 1967), the first volume was published in Paris in December 1973. Information for this work was provided to Solzhenitsyn, as indicated in the first editions, by 227 people (former prisoners). The author himself defined "The Gulag Archipelago" as "our petrified tear", a requiem for the Russian Golgotha.