Speech etiquette. Russian speech etiquette

In Russian speech etiquette, the specifics of the situation and traditions play an important role. National features of speech etiquette, in particular, are manifested in the choice of the form of address. A feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns - “you” and “You”, replacing the actual name of the person, as well as the pronoun “he”, when it comes to a third person who is not involved in communication.

As a nationally specific feature of English etiquette, one should point out the following: in English, unlike Russian, there is no formal distinction between the forms you and you. The whole range of meanings of these forms is contained in the pronoun you. The pronoun thou, which in theory would correspond to the Russian “you”, fell out of use in the 17th century, being preserved only in poetry and the Bible. All registers of contacts, from emphatically official to rough-familiar, are conveyed by other means of language - intonation, the choice of appropriate words and constructions.

The correct choice of the form of address - to "you" or "You" - is the first basic level of speech etiquette.

According to the etiquette adopted in Russia, the form of address for "you" is used:

When talking with a well-known person with whom friendly, friendly relations have been established;

In an informal setting of communication;

To equal or younger in age, equal or younger in official position, colleagues at work who are in informal relations with each other;

Teacher to student (more often in lower grades);

Parents to their children;

Children to their peers or younger in age;

close relatives to each other.

Referring to the “YOU” of the boss to his subordinate is possible only if the subordinate can also turn to the boss on “you”, that is, if there are friendly, informal relations between them. Otherwise, such treatment is a gross violation of speech etiquette. It can be perceived by subordinates as a disrespectful attitude, an attack on human dignity, as an insult to a person.

The form of address for "you" is used mainly:

In official situations of communication (in institutions, at work, in public places);

When addressing strangers or unfamiliar people;

To a familiar interlocutor, if the speaker has only official relations with him (to work colleagues, teacher, lecturer, student, boss);

To the older but the age, occupying a higher position;

To teachers, to adults;

To officials in institutions, shops, restaurants, including the service personnel of these institutions;

To subordinates.

In written texts, writing You(capitalized) is used only when referring to alone person who is older addresser by age or social status or with whom official communication takes place. Great importance is attached to the transition of communication partners from one form of address to another. The transition from “you” to “you” marks a cooling of relations, a demonstration that communication from now on should be put in a strict etiquette framework. The transition from “you” to “you” demonstrates the transition from reserved, neutral, official relations to close, friendly ones. Such a transition should be desirable for both communication partners. One-sided transition to "you" is perceived as a manifestation of arrogance, an attempt to demonstrate the subordinate position of the interlocutor and is a gross violation of etiquette.

The pronoun "he" is used to name someone who is not involved in communication, as opposed to "I" and "you" ("You"). In Russian speech etiquette, there is an important rule that limits the use of the pronoun “he” in a situation of direct communication: you cannot say “he” about someone who is present during communication and hears the conversation (for example, stands nearby) or participates in this conversation, but at the moment listens to others, and the conversation turned to him. Speech etiquette prescribes, when mentioning this person, to call him by his first name or first name and patronymic, depending on the situation, but in no case say “he”: such use of this word is considered rude, impolite, insulting for the one who is named " he".

The Russian language has not developed a tradition of using special words to address strangers, similar to French ones. monsieur / madam, Polish pan/pani etc. The appeal recommended by individual modern authors sir / madam today it sounds romantic, but in Pushkin's Russia it was used only for representatives of the non-noble class (officials, merchants). Using it in an appeal to a nobleman (remember that, for example, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky did this when referring to Prince Ippolit Kurakin in L. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace") was tantamount to an insult (a deliberate gross violation of speech etiquette by Prince Andrei in the mentioned by us episode, according to the rules of conduct of that time, Hippolytus should have been challenged to a duel, but he showed cowardice).

The words "girl", "young man" are widely used today in the function of addressing strangers, as well as to service personnel of various institutions, shops, restaurants. At the same time, they can be addressed to young and middle-aged people, but not to older people. Such an appeal, which is typical for such situations and expresses a polite attitude towards the interlocutor, is more often used by people of middle and old age. Young people use it if the addressee is the same age as them or a little older; with a significant difference in age, they prefer indirect appeal, for example: "You are you coming out?" "To you it will be interesting".

Men use indirect appeals and addressing the attendants - men, if they are of the same age as them: “Can you give me a ride to the station?”. The appeals "man", "woman" can now be considered acceptable when communicating in purely informal situations, if such an appeal is accompanied by a polite or highly polite intonation. Note that many philologists generally do not allow the possibility of using these addresses in literary speech.

A distinctive feature of officially adopted appeals in Russia was the reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as veneration of rank.

Isn't that why the root in Russian rank turned out to be fruitful, giving life:

Words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, chinolyubie, servility, clerk, clerkship, disorderly, outrageous, rank-destroyer, rank-destroyer, rank-religious, rank-stealer, decorously, chivalry, obey, submission;

Phrases: out of rank, hand out according to rank, rank by rank, big rank, without disassembling ranks, without rank, rank by rank;

Proverbs: Honor the rank of rank, and sit on the edge of the smaller one; Bullet ranks do not parse; To a fool, that to a great rank, space is everywhere; As many as two ranks: a fool and a fool; And he would have been in ranks, but it's a pity, his pockets are empty.

The social stratification of society, the inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries, was reflected in the system of official appeals. The monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century. preserved the division of people into classes. Class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and duties, class inequality and privileges. Estates were distinguished: nobles, clergy, raznochintsy, merchants, philistines, peasants. Hence the appeals sir, madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir, sir- for the middle class or barin, lady for those and others and the lack of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

In the languages ​​of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were appeals that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society, and to an ordinary citizen: Mr, Mrs, Miss (England, USA); senor, senora, senorita (Spain); signor, signora, signorina (Italy); pan, pani (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).

After the October Revolution, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree, and universal equality was proclaimed. Appeals mister-madam, sir-lady, sir-madam, sir (sir) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: your majesty, your excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called mister-mistress. Instead of all appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918. receive circulation citizen and comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive.

Word citizen recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to the Old Russian language from Old Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city dweller. Both of them meant "resident of the city (city)". In this meaning citizen found in texts dating back to the 19th century.

So, A. S. Pushkin has the lines:

Not a demon-not even a gypsy

But just a citizen of the capital.

In the XVIII century. this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."

Why, then, such a socially significant word as a citizen did not become popular in the 20th century? commonly used way of addressing people to each other?

In the 20-30s. a custom appeared, and then it became the norm when addressing arrested, imprisoned, convicted employees of law enforcement agencies and vice versa, not to say comrade, only citizen: citizen under investigation, citizen judge, citizen prosecutor. As a result, the word citizen for many has become associated with detention, arrest, the police, and the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grown” to the word so much that it became an integral part of it; so rooted in the minds of people that it became impossible to use the word citizen as a common address.

The fate of the word comrade was somewhat different. It is recorded in the monuments of the XV century. Known in Slovene, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian. In the Slavic languages, this word came from the Turkic, in which the root tavar meant "property, livestock, goods." Probably originally the word comrade meant "companion in trade". Then the meaning of this word is expanded: a comrade is not only a "companion", but also a "friend". Proverbs testify to this: On the road, a son is a friend to his father; smart comrade-half way; Stay away from a friend-become without a friend; The poor man is not a friend to the rich; The servant of the master is not a friend.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the XIX century. word comrade as the word once citizen, acquires a new socio-political meaning: "a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people."

From the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Marxist circles are being created in Russia, and their members call each other comrades. In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main reference in the new Russia. Naturally, the nobles, the clergy, officials, especially of high rank, do not all immediately accept the appeal comrade.

Since the end of the 80s. 20th century in an official setting, appeals began to be revived sir, madam, lord, madam.

History repeats itself. Like in the 20s and 30s. appeals mister and comrade had a social connotation, and in the 90s. they again confront each other.

Recently appeal sir, madam is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, in television programs, at various symposiums and conferences. In parallel with this, at meetings of government officials, political figures with the people, as well as at rallies, speakers began to use appeals Russians, fellow citizens, compatriots. Among civil servants, businessmen, entrepreneurs, university professors, the appeal is becoming the norm sir, madam in combination with the surname, title of position, rank. Appeal comrade continue to be used by the military and members of communist parties. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. Appeal dear-respected found in the speech of the older generation.

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open.

Unfortunately, we have lost the treasures accumulated by our ancestors. In 1917, the continuity in the use of etiquette was interrupted. By that time, Russia was one of the most cultured countries with the richest traditions in the use of etiquette products. First, there was the document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. So, the 3rd class included a lieutenant general, lieutenant general, vice admiral, privy councilor, chamber marshal, master of the horse, master of the hunt, chamberlain, chief ceremonial master; by the 6th grade - colonel, captain of the 1st rank, collegiate adviser, chamber junker; by the 12th grade - cornet, cornet, midshipman, provincial secretary.

In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of appeals, there were appeals: your excellency, your excellency, your excellency, your highness, your majesty, the most merciful (merciful) sovereign, sovereign, etc.

So, noble etiquette was an integral part of European etiquette. Appeals in the nobility had to strictly correspond to the rank, rank and origin of the person addressed. These appeals were strictly correlated with the "Table of Ranks" (it was in effect almost unchanged until 1917). Titled persons were addressed according to the title: Your Highness (imperial surname), Your Excellency (count), Your Grace (prince). Eminence, Reverend, Reverend, etc. "titled" representatives of spiritual authority.

AT military etiquette a system of addresses was developed that corresponded to the system of military ranks: full generals were supposed to say Your Excellency, lieutenant generals and major generals - Your Excellency, if the persons did not have a princely or county title.

So-called departmental etiquette used largely the same system of address as military etiquette. For example, actual Privy Councilors of the 1st and 2nd classes were treated in the same way as full generals: Your Excellency. To actual state councilors (ranks of the 3rd and 4th classes) - as to lieutenant generals and major generals: Your Excellency. Officials of the fifth class were "titled Noble", the title of High Nobility was assigned to the ranks of the sixth, seventh and eighth classes, all other officials below the eighth class were "called Noble".

Peasant, folk etiquette possessed the richest arsenal of stable formulas that illuminated any event in the life of a peasant. There were about forty greeting formulas. For example, still preserved Break a leg! Among the appeals barin, mistress, young lady, nationwide universal sir - madam (gracious sovereign - empress).

Business Etiquette- This is the order of conduct adopted in the field of business communication. In written business communication, etiquette is manifested in the form and content of the documents drawn up.

In Russian speech etiquette, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

Tact- this is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance is to calmly relate to possible differences of opinion, to avoid sharp criticism of the views of the interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

benevolence is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

The term is directly related to the concept of speech etiquette. taboo. Taboo- this is a ban on the use of certain words, due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors. Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime.

They may concern the names of certain organizations, the mention of certain persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of social life officially recognized as non-existent in this society. Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that obscene vocabulary, the mention of certain physiological phenomena and parts of the body, is prohibited. Neglect of ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law. Insult, that is, humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, is considered by the criminal law as a crime (Article 130 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

The phenomena of speech etiquette differ depending on the social status of the participants in communication. social status called a certain position occupied by a person in society or a social group, associated with other positions through a system of rights and obligations. Social status can be determined by the place of a given individual in the social hierarchy, profession, etc., or by the place and role in a small social group (leader, follower, etc.). Many specialized units and general manifestations of speech etiquette differ in their stable attachment to certain social groups of native speakers.

These groups can be distinguished according to the following criteria:

Age: speech etiquette formulas associated with youth jargon ( hello, ciao, goodbye); specific forms of politeness in the speech of older people ( thank you kindly);

Education and upbringing: more educated and well-mannered people tend to more accurate use of speech etiquette units, use you-forms more widely, etc .;

Gender: women, on average, gravitate towards more polite speech, rarely use rude, close to swearing and obscene vocabulary, are more scrupulous in choosing topics;

Belonging to specific professional groups.

Speech etiquette involves certain forms of speech behavior in communication between a boss and a subordinate, a professor and a student, a group leader and a follower, etc. Social roles are closely related to social status. Various units of speech etiquette are used depending on the social roles assumed by the participants in communication. Here, both social roles in themselves and their relative position in the social hierarchy are important. social role is the expected behavior associated with the status. Knowing the social status of a given person, his social functions, people expect him to have a certain set of qualities and to carry out certain forms of speech behavior. Speech etiquette requires that people's speech behavior does not contradict the role expectations of the subject and addressee of communication.

Along with social roles in speech communication, communicative roles are established. Communicative role- this is a typical position in communication, occupied by its subjects in order to achieve the goal of communication, for example, seeking advice, petitioner, adult, child, etc. It should be noted that communicative roles may outwardly coincide with social roles, but this coincidence can also be ostentatious when a person takes on a certain role to achieve his goals. If he manages to successfully play this role, he achieves the desired goal, if it is unsuccessful, a situation of role conflict arises. The second most important factor determining speech etiquette, in addition to the social status of the interlocutors, is communication situation. The choice of etiquette forms, speech behavior of a person are closely dependent on the situation and must change in accordance with its change.

The factors that determine the situation of communication include the following:

1. Situation type: official, unofficial, semi-official. In an official situation (boss - subordinate, manager - client, teacher - student, etc.), the most stringent rules of speech etiquette apply. This area of ​​communication is most clearly regulated by etiquette, so violations are most noticeable in it - and it is in this area that they can have the most serious consequences for the subjects of communication.

In an informal situation (acquaintances, friends, relatives, etc.), the norms of speech etiquette are the most free. Often speech communication in this situation is not regulated at all. Close people, friends, relatives in the absence of outsiders can say everything to each other in any tone. Their speech communication is determined by the norms of morality, which are included in the sphere of ethics, but not by etiquette norms.

In a semi-official situation (communication between colleagues or family members), the norms of etiquette are not strict, vague, here the main role is played by the rules of speech behavior that this small social group has developed in the process of social interaction: a team of laboratory staff, departments, family, etc. .

2. The degree of acquaintance of the subjects of communication. When communicating with strangers, the most stringent rules apply. In this case, you should behave in the same way as in official situations. As the acquaintance deepens, the etiquette norms of verbal communication weaken and the communication of people is regulated mainly by moral norms.

3. The psychological distance of the subjects of communication, i.e., the relationship of people along the lines of “equal to equal” or “unequal relations”. When communicating with people who are equal to each other on any sign that is significant for a given situation - age, degree of acquaintance, official position, gender, profession, level of intelligence, place of residence, etc. - etiquette rules are observed less strictly than when communicating with people who are unequal : a boss with a subordinate, a senior with a junior, a man with a woman. A shorter psychological distance, which is established when the interlocutors are equal on an essential basis, thus implies greater etiquette freedom than a more significant psychological distance that occurs between people who are unequal on some basis that is essential to the situation. Which sign turns out to be significant depends on the situation itself, in the course of communication it can change.

4. Functions of participation of interlocutors in a conversation. Contact the function is aimed at maintaining communicative contact with the interlocutor. It is realized in the process of secular or contact-establishing communication, when the process of communication is more important than its content or result, there is a so-called conversation on general topics: about recreation, sports, weather, pets, etc. If the interlocutor in a conversation implements the contact function of communication, then speech etiquette formulas and communication rules are observed very clearly. intellectual the function is to argue your point of view, express your thoughts and analyze the thoughts of the interlocutor. When implementing this function, the result of communication is important; the norms of speech etiquette are observed, but they no longer have such a self-contained value as in the implementation of the contact function of communication.

emotional the function is to support the feelings and emotions of the interlocutor, and demonstrate sympathy for him and express his own emotions. In this case, deviations from strict speech etiquette are acceptable, although within certain limits: emotional communication also has its own speech etiquette, acceptable and unacceptable forms. Function observer- this is a function of communication when its participant is present when others communicate, but does not participate in it himself (for example, a passenger in a compartment when two other passengers are talking). Speech etiquette in this case is minimized, although it is present here too: it is necessary, first of all, non-verbally, without words, to show that you are not participating in the conversation and no matter how you hear it.

5. Attitude towards the interlocutor. Speech etiquette prescribes the use of formulas in speech that demonstrate a polite, highly polite, respectful, affectionate and friendly attitude of the speaker to the listener. All formulas that reflect an ultra-high level of politeness are appropriate only in a limited number of special situations of communication. Formulas reflecting a low level of politeness are non-etiquette in nature and are also appropriate only in a limited number of situations, with certain relationships that speak to each other and the special composition of the communication group. The speaker can treat the interlocutor as he sees fit, in accordance with the attitude that he deserves, but in communication it is only necessary to demonstrate a good attitude in the form of moderate politeness - this is the requirement of speech etiquette.

6. Place and time of communication. The place of communication also has an impact on etiquette communication. There are certain places in which, being in this or that situation, the speakers must pronounce certain etiquette ritual phrases adopted for these places and situations, for example: “Bitter!” - at the wedding, "Bon appetit!" - at dinner, "Good night" - going to bed, etc. These etiquette phrases are due to the cultural tradition of the people, and their pronunciation is part of their culture. There are also etiquette formulas that must be pronounced at a certain moment of communication: “Good luck!” - seeing someone on the road, "Welcome!" - when the guests arrived, "Good morning!" - when someone woke up, etc. The place and time of communication are closely related.

Thus, speech etiquette is closely related to the situation of communication: the choice of speech etiquette formulas, the implementation of communication rules depend on a number of situational factors that must be taken into account by the speaker.

Business speech is distinguished by a high degree of formality: the participants in communication, the persons and objects in question are called by their full official names.

The contrast between written and oral speech is also essential. Written speech, as a rule, belongs to one or another functional style; on the contrary, oral speech tends to blur stylistic boundaries. In this regard, speech etiquette is divided into the etiquette of oral and written communication. Etiquette oral communication includes politeness formulas and rules for conducting a conversation, written communication - politeness formulas and rules of correspondence. As an example, we can compare the written documents of legal proceedings and the oral presentations in court of two parties and their representatives: in the latter case, there are constant departures from the functional style, less formalized language, etc. Consider the etiquette rules related to official correspondence.

Good manners– one of the most important indicators of an educated, cultured person. From early childhood, we are instilled with certain manners of behavior. A cultured person must constantly follow the norms of behavior fixed in society. – observe etiquette.Knowledge and adherence to etiquette allows you to feel confident and free in any society.

The word "etiquette" came to the Russian language from French in the 18th century, when the court life of an absolute monarchy was taking shape and broad political and cultural ties between Russia and other states were being established.

Etiquette (French) etiquette) – a set of rules of conduct, treatment adopted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). Usually etiquette reflects the form of behavior, manners, rules of courtesy adopted in a given society, inherent in a particular tradition. Etiquette can act as an indicator of the values ​​of different historical eras.

At an early age, when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for pranks, learning takes place. basic formulas of speech etiquette.

– it is a system of rules of speech behavior, norms for the use of language means in certain conditions. The etiquette of speech communication plays an important role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and professional growth, building strong family and friendships. To master the etiquette of speech communication, knowledge from various humanitarian areas is required: linguistics, history, cultural studies, psychology. For a more successful development of cultural communication skills, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.

In everyday life, we constantly communicate with people. Any communication process consists of certain stages:

• the beginning of the conversation (greeting/acquaintance);
• main part, conversation;
• final part of the conversation.

Each stage of communication is accompanied by certain cliches, traditional words and set expressions – formulasami speech etiquette. These formulas exist in the language in finished form and are provided for all occasions.

To the formulas of speech etiquette words of politeness (sorry, thank you, please), greetings and goodbyes (hello, hello, goodbye), circulation (you, you, ladies and gentlemen). Greetings came to us from the west: good evening, good afternoon, good morning, and from European languages ​​\u200b\u200b- farewells: all the best, all the best.

The sphere of speech etiquette includes ways of expressing joy, sympathy, grief, guilt, accepted in a given culture. For example, in some countries it is considered indecent to complain about difficulties and problems, while in others it is unacceptable to talk about your achievements and successes. The range of topics for conversation is different in different cultures.

In the narrow sense of the word speech etiquette can be defined as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements and formulas of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words, set expressions, forms of address (thanks, sorry, hello, comrades, etc.)

At the grammatical level: for polite address, the use of the plural and interrogative sentences instead of imperative (You won't tell me how to get through...)

On a stylistic level: maintaining the qualities of good speech (correctness, accuracy, richness, relevance, etc.)

At the intonation level: the use of a calm intonation even when expressing demands, discontent, irritation.

At the level of orthoepy: use of full word forms: h hello instead of hello, please instead of please, etc.

At the organizational and communicative level: listen carefully and do not interrupt, do not interfere in someone else's conversation.

Speech etiquette formulas are characteristic of both literary and colloquial, and rather reduced (slang) style. The choice of one or another formula of speech etiquette depends mainly on the situation of communication. Indeed, the conversation and manner of communication can vary significantly depending on: the personality of the interlocutors, the place of communication, the topic of conversation, time, motive and goals.

The place of communication may require the participants in the conversation to comply with certain rules of speech etiquette established specifically for the chosen place. Communication at a business meeting, social dinner, in the theater will be different from behavior at a youth party, in the restroom, etc.

Depends on the participants in the conversation. The personality of the interlocutors primarily affects the form of address: you or you. The form you indicates the informal nature of communication, You – for respect and great formality in conversation.

Depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques.

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“Well”, “there”, “here”, “type”, “in short”, “in general”, “as if”, “that is”, “so to speak”, “uh-uh”, “mm-m ” - found your “favorite” words and sounds? The list goes on. All these elements greatly pollute our speech, make it rough, scattered and unattractive.

No swearing

Expanding vocabulary

Probably, you have already noticed the repetition of the same words for expressing emotions, different feelings and describing events - this indicates a rather meager active vocabulary, that is, one that you constantly and regularly use in communication.

To avoid this and diversify your speech, you need to constantly expand your vocabulary by reading fiction, memorizing poetry, practicing writing your own poems and essays.

Getting rid of surzhik

Unfortunately, this problem is relevant for a considerable number of residents of Ukraine - the culture of speech of many people suffers from the use of elements of surzhik in communication, and for some, speech completely consists of this hybrid of Ukrainian and Russian languages. Surzhik analogues exist in other countries where people live in a mixed language environment.

Constant work on your speech, reading books and even dictionaries will help you overcome this obstacle. You can also ask your friends to correct you right during the conversation if they notice that you have used the wrong word.

When dealing with verbal garbage, it is important to first determine which words are superfluous in your vocabulary, and then carefully monitor your speech. Record yourself on a tape recorder and analyze what was said. Think about what words can replace unwanted vocabulary, work with synonym dictionaries. Engage in the study of speech styles - you must know these features in order to communicate culturally in different situations without polluting the corresponding vocabulary.

Rules of speech etiquette

Since we all revolve in society, a high culture of speech is impossible without following certain rules for communicating with other people:

• When you address someone, you must consider the person's gender, age, and sometimes social status. What you say to a friend or family member may be inappropriate and even rude to a stranger, an older person in a higher rank.

• Turning to "you" usually occurs within the family, between friends and good acquaintances. "You" can also be used to refer to children of primary school age. In other cases, such a transition occurs only with the separate permission and consent of the participants in the communication; before that, the appeal “You” is considered acceptable. Although in our time the boundaries of such appeals are blurred, but addressing a person with “you” is arbitrarily considered impolite and familiar.

• In communication there should be no place for insults, rudeness and contempt. The interlocutor should be treated kindly, or at least calmly, neutrally, but in any case - respectfully.

• Learn to listen and show interest in the interlocutor, ask him questions. It is ugly when communicating with a person to yawn, get bored, ask again what was said due to the fault of one's own inattention, without the need to be distracted. In the same way, it is impolite not to allow the interlocutor to speak for himself, to interrupt him, or to speak only about himself. It is better to appear modest than overconfident and intrusive.

• Watch your facial expressions and gestures. Don't gesticulate unnecessarily and don't get too close to someone without their permission, especially in a formal setting.

• If you saw a friend on the street, shouting to him and talking loudly at a distance is blatant lack of culture.

• Try to avoid talking about politics and religion - these topics are quite delicate and can become a bone of contention even among friends and relatives, not to mention unfamiliar people.

Speech etiquette formulas

The culture of speech implies the use of well-known formulas of speech etiquette. These are some kind of templates, speech clichés that are used in conversation in a certain situation and taking into account the peculiarities of national communication. Many of them are known to us since childhood.

According to speech etiquette, the conversation begins with a greeting, and only then does the main part of the conversation take place. These formulas must be used appropriately and appropriate to the situation.

In the morning we greet our acquaintances by saying: “Good morning”, but in the evening we will say: “Good evening”, and not vice versa. We can say “Hi” to a friend, good friend or colleague, but it is unlikely, for example, that a schoolchild will greet his teacher like that.

If the interlocutors do not know each other, then after the greeting, an acquaintance should occur. It is customary to use such formulas as: “I would like to introduce myself ...”, “Let me introduce myself ...”, “Let me get to know you ...”, etc.

When the communication is over and the speakers disperse, you need to remember to say goodbye to each other. At the end of communication, the following formulas are used: "Goodbye", "Goodbye", "See you soon", "See you tomorrow". All of them mean the end of the conversation and farewell, although they have a different semantic coloring - a wish, a premonition of a new meeting, or even a doubt about it (“Farewell”).

But in the main part of the conversation, we can use politeness formulas depending on the situation and the purpose of communication. For example, when you need to ask for something, phrases such as “I have a request for you ...”, “I would like to ask you ...” are used.

Be sure to use "Please", the same word is a politeness formula for responding to gratitude. Be sure to thank the person who fulfilled our request or provided assistance with the formulas “Thank you”, “Thank you”.

Expressing condolences to a person, they say: “Accept my condolences”, “I am very sorry”, “I grieve with you”.

There are many more similar expressions with a similar structure for many other situations, depending on the purpose, place of the conversation and the status of the participants in the dialogue, which are used to emphasize courtesy and respect for the interlocutor.

A high culture of speech is not just an indicator of an intelligent person, but also a quality that makes it possible to prove oneself advantageously in society, at an interview or at work.

NOU HPE "RUSSIAN NEW UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF HUMANITARIAN TECHNOLOGIES

ESSAY

on the topic: "Speech etiquette among Russians"

in the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech"

1st year student

full-time education

Buttonhole

Olga Grigorievna

Teacher:

Ph.D., Assoc. Antropova M.Yu.

«…»……………………2014

Moscow - 2014

Russian speech etiquette

Chapter 2. Speech etiquette in Russia

2.1 Appeals.

2.1.1. Conversions before the 1917 revolution

2.1.2 Post-revolution appeals

2.1.3 Calls today

2.2 Speech distance "you-you"

2.3 Etiquette genres

2.3.1 Greetings

2.3.2 Farewells

2.3.3 Apologies

2.3.4 Compliment

2.4 General rules of cultural communication.

2.4.1 Speaker rules

2.4.2 Listener rules

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction
The twenty-first century is often referred to as the Information Age or simply the Information Age. Surprisingly, such a characterization has long ceased to be just a catchy turn of phrase - it is justified. Indeed, the whole world today is one huge information field, entangled in a gigantic complex network of information channels: telegraph and telephone lines, television and radio broadcasting, the Internet. The whole world is involved in the active process of creating and consuming information. Unfortunately, such step-by-step accessibility of “information in one click” also carries a negative connotation: facts, events, unnecessary knowledge mixed with each other create an avalanche of information noise that falls on a person every day. This is the source of almost all the psychological failures inherent in modern man: stress, depression, fatigue and even depression.

Why is this happening? Many people forget one simple truth: the way information is presented is sometimes no less important than the information itself. Imagine the entire bank of constantly changing human knowledge in the form of a huge mechanism with many constantly rotating gears. Such a machine is able to work correctly only if it is well debugged: every detail is in its place, and there is enough lubrication in the mechanism.

In my understanding, control over all of the above is carried out by nothing more than the culture of speech, or in another way - speech etiquette. It may seem strange at first glance, but the solution is quite simple: most of the information transmitted is exclusively verbal.

The purpose of my work- reveal the concept of speech etiquette, formulate its main provisions and prove the need for its observance.

The time has come when the question of the ecology of speech and culture has become no less important than the question of the ecology of the environment. This issue contains the same problem of the survival of mankind - an incorrectly functioning information colossus threatens to grind people with its gears, causing increasing psychological pressure. But this can be avoided if we seriously take care of educating people in culture and proper communication skills.

Being born and taking the first steps on his life path, a person masters the language of his country for the most part intuitively. Of course, the family, and then the school, lay some basic foundations for speech etiquette, but this is not enough. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary for everyone to study such sections of linguistics as stylistics, rhetoric and culture of speech. The knowledge gained from these scientific fields will teach a person not only to speak correctly, but also to think correctly. Perhaps it is no coincidence that one of the oldest books designed to instruct mankind begins with the lines: « ATearly It was Word, and Word It was at God, and

Word It was God».

The culture of communication is really important, if only because not one social sphere of human life can do without communications. And everyday life, and productive activity, and the sphere of scientific knowledge - everything, one way or another, is connected with speech in its written and oral form. It is equally important to remember that there is always a person behind every spoken word, and that is why you need to learn to speak correctly in order to show this person due respect, not to humiliate his dignity and in no case stoop to insults. If you are right, and your speech is composed properly, then you can convince your opponent that you are right, without violating any of the above conditions.

So what is speech etiquette? What is the history of its origin? How have the norms of speech etiquette changed? And how to speak correctly today?
Chapter 1 The History of Speech Etiquette
Ozhegov's dictionary defines etiquette as follows:

« ETIQUETE, -a, m. Established, accepted order behavior, forms getting around. Diplomatic e. Speech e.».

In our modern understanding of etiquette, as a set of norms and rules about proper behavior, this word was first used at the court of King Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), when cards (labels) were handed out to guests outlining how they should behave, but the very existence of codes of a certain order of human behavior is much older. This is evidenced by the cultural monuments of Ancient Egypt that have survived to this day with its complex system of intra-palace relations and extensive diplomatic ties, and numerous records of the ancient Sumerians on clay tablets, which, to the delight of modern researchers, used to record everything, be it objects necessary for the temple exchange, or gifts intended for a deity.

Thus, etiquette first appears where there is a need for strict social frameworks that directly indicate a person's position in the social hierarchy. Having dealt with the cause of the emergence of etiquette as such in a general sense, it is worth finding out why our ancestors paid special attention to the speech aspect of etiquette. The answer to this question should be sought in the times of ancient times, in that historical period when the mythological worldview triumphed, and people themselves lived in a world inhabited by gods, demons and monsters.

It was the magical rituals and ceremonies associated with all kinds of beliefs that endowed the word with power. Ancient people believed that a word can kill the enemy not only morally, but also physically. The word acted as a conductor for cosmological forces: evil or, on the contrary, good energy can be put into it (hence the fear of the evil eye, slander and damage). Part of the remnants of this belief in the omnipotence of words has turned into stable ethical speech units. For example, words of gratitude: Thanks(short for God bless!), thank you, thank you ( merged into one word expression Give a boon). Even more often we use a relic of a respectful greeting - Hello. Initially, this word contained a strong positive message, expressed in the wish of health to your interlocutor. A similar wish is contained in the phrase Be healthy.

Thus, it becomes clear that the first regulation of speech was a kind of attempt to curb mystical forces: to create appeals with a wish for good and to introduce a taboo on the use of swear words that carry evil messages.
Chapter 2 Speech etiquette in Russia

There is not a single developed language culture in which there would be no certain regulation of speech. No matter how paradoxical it may sound, but the historical path of development of each nationality is both unique and similar. Existing in the specifics of its culture, its geographical location, each country, however, is subject to general historical patterns of development. The same thing happens with speech etiquette. Almost all peoples of the world have common features of speech culture: the presence of special greeting and farewell formulas, various forms of politeness, and so on. But at the same time, the speech etiquette of each nationality bears the imprint of a completely unique, original culture. In my essay, I would like to tell in detail not only about the norms of modern Russian etiquette, but also talk about how our ancestors talked.

One of the most striking indicators of the change in the speech culture of our language is the appeal.

2.1 Handling

"APPEAL (vocative) - the name of a person or, in the case of personification, an inanimate object or phenomenon, to which the statement is addressed;

2.1.1 Pre-revolutionary appeals

It is generally accepted that speech etiquette came to Russia in its strictly ordered Europeanized form during the reign of Peter I as another innovation of an active monarch. A special role here was played by the manual for the education of young noble offspring "Youth's Honest Mirror". And although the manual was a collection of instructions for the most diverse areas of noble life, there was a place in it for the culture of speech. Here is an example of one such instruction: Do not speak without asking, and when it happens to them (children) to speak, then they should favorably, and not shout and lower from the heart or speak with enthusiasm, not like crazy people, but everything that they are told has to be the true truth, without adding and without diminishing anything, it’s nice to offer your need in pleasant and courteous words, like it happened to them with what a foreign high-ranking person, so that they would get used to it. But a special and, it seems, the most powerful influence on the speech etiquette of Peter the Great's time was published in 1722."Table of Ranks" - order law public service in Russian Empire and Russian Republic, the ratio of ranks by seniority , the sequence of production. This document developed and regulated a whole system of appeals to people occupying various social positions:

Appeal	Title of person addressed
Your Imperial Majesty	to the Emperor, Empress and Empress Dowager
Your Imperial Highness	to the Grand Duke (children and grandchildren of the emperor, and in 1797-1886 to the great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren of the emperor)
Your Highness	to princes of imperial blood
Your Mightiness	to the dukes; to the younger children of the great-grandchildren of the emperor and their male descendants, as well as to the most serene princes by award
Your Excellency Your Grace	to princes, counts to barons and all other nobles
Your Excellency	To persons in the ranks of 1 and 2 classes; (cf. eat which civil ranks:; military: field marshal general, general; naval: admiral general (1), admiral (2); courtiers: chief chamberlain, chief chamberlain, chief marshal, chief schenk.)
Your Excellency	To persons in the ranks of 3 and 4 classes; ( Privy Councilor (3), Acting State Councilor (4); military - lieutenant general (3), major general (4), naval - vice admiral (3), rear admiral (4); courtiers - chamberlain, chamberlain, marshal, jagermeister.)
Your honor	to persons who had the rank of class 5, namely state councilors.
your honor	to persons who had the rank of 6th - 8th grade: collegiate advisers (6), court advisers (7), collegiate assessors (8); colonels (6), lieutenant colonels (7), captains in the infantry and captains in the cavalry (8), captains of I (7) and II ranks (8).
your honor	to persons who had the rank of 9th - 14th grade: titular adviser (9), collegiate secretary (10), provincial secretary (12), collegiate registrar (14); staff captain in the infantry, captain in the cavalry (9), lieutenant (10), second lieutenant (10), ensign in the infantry (13); fleet lieutenant (9), midshipman (10).
Your Holiness	titles of Orthodox patriarchs.(before 1721 and after 1917)
Your Eminence	to metropolitans and archbishops
Your Eminence	to the bishops
Your Reverence	to archimandrites, abbots of monasteries and archpriests
Your Reverence	to hieromonks and priests
Your gospel	to protodeacons and deacons

It is interesting that the title also extended to the wives of the officials indicated in the "Table of Ranks". So, the wife of a titular councilor should have been called her nobility, and the wife of a state councilor - her nobility.

As for appeals in the service environment, the subordinate, when talking with a person senior in title or rank, was obliged to observe a strict form of title. While superiors addressed their subordinates with the word "master", adding the name or rank of the latter. In the conversation of people of equal status, the title form was omitted.

Standing apart in this complex system of titles and ranks was the appeal to strangers. Like our contemporaries, people of the past sometimes had to talk to an interlocutor, not knowing anything about his social status. In such cases, neutral forms of title were used as appeal.: "dear sir/dignified sir" . Over time, the first syllable "go" was dropped and such forms of address appeared assir and madam,they were often used by commoners who did not know the insignia (also among the common population there were such forms of address asyoung lady, sir, father, mother )

Any modern person is simply dizzy from so many conventions in addresses, but people of that time took it for granted and freely used them. Moreover, addressing the interlocutor incorrectly meant: 1) insulting him, 2) showing his bad manners and bad taste. True, it is worth noting that such meticulousness in titles often became the subject of satirical ridicule among their own contemporaries. Recall at least the famous story of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Thick and Thin", when one of the heroes boasts to a childhood friend of the rank of a collegiate assessor, and then finds out that this same friend has already risen to the rank of privy councillor. Lost and stuttering, Porfiry calls the fat man none other than "your excellency", ignoring all the requests of his friend to forget this ceremonial worship for a while.
2.1.2 Post-revolution appeals
The Great October Revolution had a significant impact not only on the way of life in our country, but also on our language. Especially strong were the language changes in the first post-revolutionary stages, when a huge number of words were introduced into circulation, necessary to designate new phenomena (executive committee, people's deputy, collective farm, etc. .). At the same time, an equally active process of "cleansing" the language was going on - the destruction of the old bourgeois system, the ban even on the memory of it made a whole layer of concepts unnecessary.

To replace ma'am and siran appeal camecomrade. Perhaps today it sounds ridiculous and inappropriate, but, in the context of that time, those events and those political slogans, it was the product of a socialist genius. This word easily appeals immediately to two of the three main ideas of the revolution, namely to Equality and Fraternity. Any comrade who turns to you with a word, as if says: “The old titles no longer exist, your nobility and highness are none - everything is now equal - all comrades! Together we created a revolution, we are building a bright future together, we are brothers, we are friends, we are comrades! Another important, in my opinion, feature of this treatment is the absence of differences in gender: after all, both a man and a woman were called a comrade. This added attractiveness to socialism in the eyes of a certain part of the female population (it is worth remembering that one of the peaks of emancipation fell on the post-revolutionary years). Unfortunately, due to frequent use, the word “comrade” quickly faded, lost its luster of the original idea, and over time became a symbol of a decrepit, collapsing political system.

During the existence of the USSR, an alternative to the conversioncomradethere were only words « citizen"/"citizen ". Initially, the word citizen was a semantic synonym for "citizen". The modern meaning of "citizen - a full member of the state" appeal acquired only in XIII century. And yet, this word never became common in the century XX . The thing is that in the 1920s and 1930s, arrested people, prisoners and law enforcement officers were called not comrades, but citizens and nothing else. Therefore, for many people, the word citizen evoked negative associations associated with courts, trials and execution articles.
2.1.3 Appeal today
No matter how ridiculous it may sound, but we often find ourselves in a speech impasse when we need to turn to a stranger. The thing is, we don't know exactly how to do it. The English can saymr, mrs, miss , Spaniards - senor, senor, senorita , French people - monsieur, madam, mademoiselle . But what is a Russian person to do?

Since the 80s, this rude thing has been heard everywhere on the street: uncle, aunt, father, granny, etc. And if it is still acceptable to start a conversation with an unfamiliar child with the words “boy / girl”, then from addressing an adult person “man / woman" breathes some kind of petty-bourgeois vulgarity. Some ladies of a certain age are openly offended when they hear “woman” instead of “girl”. All these words lack neutrality, they all have a certain expressive and semantic color (an indication of age or gender, excessive familiarity). It sounds terrible, of course, it would be much nicer to turn to someone with the wordssir or madam. But on the other hand, do you really want to call a person carrying out of turnsir? Or comrade? Hardly.

In addition, in modern speech, both of the mentioned options look like inappropriate archaisms that cannot be used without direct irony, mockery or sarcasm (The Tambov wolf is your friend! You, sir, are a fool! ).

The lack of neutral treatment greatly complicates life. Addressing someone with the words man / woman, a well-mannered person always experiences the awkwardness that accompanies a violation of speech etiquette. Therefore, it is preferable to build a phrase without addressing at all. For this, there are special etiquette formulas:sorry... sorry... please … etc.
2.2 Speech distance "You" or "You"

In English, there is a common second person pronoun for all you. It can be addressed both to the crowd and to one person. To tell you it is possible both to a close friend and immediate supervisor. In Russian, there are two pronouns for the second person: the singular pronoun you and plural pronoun you.

But it was not always so. The pronoun "You" came into Russian from German only in the 13th century. Until that moment, everyone, without exception, regardless of social status and age, was addressed to you (Oh, you are a goy king-father!). Peter's innovation did not immediately win people's love, however, over time "you" as a form of address has taken root and become an integral part of our linguistic culture.

Modern norms of speech etiquette separate the cases of using "you" and "you".

Appeal to "You" more formally, it allows you to maintain a certain distance between speakers.
According to the rules of modern etiquette, the appeal "You" is mandatory in the following cases:

1. When addressing a stranger, regardless of his age or social status.

2. When communicating in a business environment.

5. The fifth rule. It is important not only to listen, but also to evaluate the speech of the interlocutor. The listener should be able to express his point of view at the right time and agree or disagree with the speaker.

6. The sixth rule. If there are more than two listeners, then you should not answer the question posed to another interlocutor, generally respond to a speech not directed at you. .

Conclusion.

It is quite obvious that knowledge of speech etiquette is necessary for everyone. You need to be able to communicate correctly not only with your loved ones, but also with colleagues and with management. Knowledge of the norms of speech etiquette makes it easier to make new acquaintances, strengthen existing ties. Observing simple courtesy, a person makes the world a better place: the amount of stress and conflict decreases.

In addition, knowledge of speech etiquette becomes a guarantor of the preservation of the language culture of their country.
Literature

1. 
   Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.P., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. allowance for universities. - Rostov-n / D .: Phoenix 2008.
2. 
   Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V. V. Lopatina. M., 2013. § 202
3. 
   Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 3 volumes - M .: Humanit. ed. Center VLADOS: Philol. fak. St. Petersburg. state university, 2002)
4. 
   Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949-1992 .
5. 
   Formanovskaya NI Culture of communication and speech etiquette. M - Publishing house

IKAR, 2005. -2nd ed. -250s.

1. 
   Encyclopedia Around the World(Universal Popular Science Online Encyclopedia) http://krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/ETIKET.html

1. 
   Collection of articles on modern etiquette: http://etiket.jimdo.com/
2. 
   Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%E0%E1%E5%EB%FC_%EE_%F0%E0%ED%E3%E0%F5

It has long been customary that wealthy families differed from dysfunctional families in all their qualities, including the manner of their communication. Speech etiquette occupies a very important place in the life of business people, because by the manner of communication you can determine which class a person belongs to.

Speech etiquette

These are the rules of conduct that have been adopted for verbal communication between interlocutors. These rules are necessary in order to skillfully support a particular topic of conversation. Knowing these rules helps a person to be confident and at ease; in communication, mistakes and ridicule can be avoided. Expressions that relate to speech etiquette, we hear every day. These include words of greeting, appeals, as well as expressions that can very well support the topic of conversation.

Well erudite people with whom there is something to talk about have good manners as a rule. By the degree of proficiency in speech etiquette, one can determine the professional suitability of a person. This applies, first of all, to those people who have to constantly communicate with people.

Why do people have to constantly follow the rules of speech etiquette? You can take examples from your own life. Starting even from home life, we constantly say “good night” to each other before going to bed, and when we wake up, we say “good morning”. From this it can be understood that the culture of communication around the world begins at home.

Think about it, how can the director of a large company do without speech etiquette. Of course not. At the largest gatherings, you will never hear a four-story mat. And all because, this is not the policy of business people. In such cases, people try to express their thoughts clearly so that everything is clear to everyone, because communication affects the face of a company or institution. Only hooligans can afford not to comply with the charter of speech ethics. Such a circle of people does not understand what delicacy in conversation is. When communicating, only foul language is heard from hooligans.

A person can change everything in himself: clothes, hairstyle, place of residence, even a face can be changed, but it is not possible to change the culture of speech, because it is it that betrays people.

Etiquette of speech communication

The etiquette of verbal communication is expressed in the fact that all conditions for good verbal communication are observed. It's like treating the person with whom you are talking with goodwill and thereby demonstrating that you are interested and you are interested in the conversation.

By participating in a conversation with an interlocutor, you express your opinion, sympathy and attention. Thanks to these gestures, the interlocutor understands exactly what you want to say or support him.

The main thing in verbal communication is to observe manners of decency and politeness in conversation and in one's behavior. When meeting with an interlocutor, you need to start communication with words of greeting, and at the end of the conversation, say goodbye in a friendly way. Depending on the interlocutor and his family, the greeting or address to him may be different, but in all cases, etiquette in speech communication must be observed. If this is a friend or girlfriend, the words of greeting can be like this: hello, salute, hello. If the person is older than you, then the greeting sounds like this: good morning, hello, good afternoon.

A function that helps to create and maintain contact between interlocutors is called intimization, therefore, during the entire process of verbal communication, the appeal must be pronounced repeatedly. This gives the interlocutor to understand about your kind attitude towards him and understanding for his remarks. With each person, speech ethics differs in its character: with friends, acquaintances, we communicate politely, competently and with humor, thereby maintaining good communication. But with loved ones, relatives and loved ones, the etiquette of communication is already different, our speech also contains diminutive words that help to treat certain people with love. For example: my love, bunny, my cat, my joy, swallow and so on. These words contain emotional speech that is typical for women.

Speech ethics with national and cultural traditions is a certain appeal to strangers. In colloquial speech, when referring to an unfamiliar woman or an unfamiliar man, the words of appeal are used: lady or gentleman. If you think that you are fluent in any foreign language, then you can be deeply mistaken in this, because the knowledge of foreign languages ​​involves not only knowledge of words, but also the ethics of communication of a particular state.

You can say this: wherever you are and whoever you communicate with, the etiquette of your verbal communication should follow you on your heels.

Russian speech etiquette

Language culture cannot be imagined without etiquette requirements for speech activity.

Speech etiquette is an essential part of the national language and culture. In many Western cultures, the question "How are you?" accepted answer: Good. In Russia, it is customary to answer the same question in a neutral way, rather with a slight negative connotation: Nothing; Little by little.

Every language in the world has its own history and its own speech ethics. Over the past two decades, the Russian language has endured a large number of not the best influences and intrusions. And so that the Russian language would not be polluted at all, since 1998, a Russian language course has been introduced in all Russian universities.

In Russian speech etiquette, such qualities as courtesy, tact, tolerance, restraint, goodwill are of particular value.

The Russian language, as we know, is very rich, but there are not so many personal pronouns, but their role in speech etiquette is quite large. The choice between you and you is especially important. On you they call people who are older in age, not close by kinship, as well as people who are higher in status. With the advent of new strata of the population, the pronouns You and You have received different shades.

In Russian speech etiquette, in the presence of a third person, this person is not called He or She, he is called by name. But etiquette in many other countries does not prevent such a speech act as the “exclusion” of the present.

In the preparation and writing of a sentence, many features of the Russian ethics of speech are very clearly traced. The use of synonyms, tautologies, homonyms in sentences betrays great distinctiveness from other languages.

In today's times, we cannot imagine a conversation without jargon. There are a lot of slang expressions in Russian. But they cannot be attributed to speech ethics. Business people do not allow themselves to talk in jargon, it is contrary to their ethics. Now even in Russian films they use slang expressions, but the viewer likes it.

In Russia, meeting people who still adhere to the rules of speech etiquette is possible only in certain circles, because this is a big problem for educating young people.

Culture of speech etiquette

Now you can increasingly see announcements of courses on "culture of communication and speech etiquette." This need appeared among people who are not accustomed to the norms of the hostel, this is due to the fact that people want to know how to properly establish and maintain verbal contact with the interlocutor. To own this culture is to understand its essence.

People share their thoughts, information, problems through communication, but in order to move on to the exchange of information, it is first worth making verbal contact. Using the culture of speech etiquette, we perform simple speech actions: we address, greet, and the like.

The culture of speech etiquette consists of three components: normativity, ethics and communication.

Normativeness is the knowledge of literary knowledge, as well as the ability to apply them in conversation. The commutativity of the culture of speech etiquette is the ability to possess the functions of language varieties. Ethics is the ability to apply the rules of linguistic behavior in a given situation.

Since our life does not stand still, specialists constantly monitor all social and speech processes, and also take into account all the problems associated with the culture of speech when communicating with people. Thus, there is a constant updating of the methodological tools that are used in conducting classes on the culture of speech.

Business speech etiquette

Business speech etiquette is more complicated than public, and the need to say hello and goodbye is not one of its important components. Many people feel that if they cannot follow certain rules for doing business when talking, then they will certainly not show themselves as a serious and responsible person, especially when it comes to any problems. The business ethics of speech gives you the opportunity to express yourself among others in such a way that you will be treated with respect.

The key to their successful built future is the people themselves, who set themselves the goal of being smart, literate and in the environment to achieve the respect of people. Those people who do not follow the rules of business speech etiquette, they experience various troubles in business, even the collapse of everything that has been going on for many years is possible.

Behavior that is shown as disrespectful and rude is considered unintentional and could be avoided by trying to use good manners and etiquette. If the rudeness that occurred was not intentional, then this can be corrected, but if the person specifically said something that should not have been, then everyone has a sediment and hostility towards this person, as a rule, in such situations, the conversation ends without further communication or cooperation . Knowledge of business speech etiquette is an advantage, since in any situation there may not be an opportunity to get a second chance.

The main thing to remember is that there are serious and responsible people around you, regardless of the situation. Try to be as diplomatic as possible when considering the feelings and character of others who are pushy.

Basically, people who occupy managerial positions have business speech etiquette, it is they who can be set as an example to their children. If you have peace and prosperity in your family, and all this is thanks to you, then you are an ideal employee. To comply with the rules of business etiquette, you should avoid raising your voice to others. People should be treated with respect, do not humiliate them or interrupt them when talking.

When meeting, communicating with a person, do not show your arrogance towards him, even if you occupy a worthy position. Since we are all people and when you need help from this person, who helped you more than once, and you were satisfied with the result, he sincerely helped you.

If you work with employees in the same office, do not neglect, go to them daily for 10 minutes to keep the conversation going. If you work separately from your organization, then visit your employees more often so that they also understand that their work is important to you and your company. It is possible, and in some situations, to tell a person what he needs, thereby you will open yourself to employees not from the side of the boss, but from the side of just a good person.

Rules of speech etiquette.

When communicating in any situation, avoid verbosity. If you want to convey your idea to the interlocutor, you should not say a lot of unnecessary words that will serve as distractions from the main topic of the speech.

Before entering into a conversation with an interlocutor, indicate for yourself the purpose of the conversation that you have to conduct. In order for your communication to develop, try to use the rules of speech etiquette, this is to speak briefly, clearly and understandably.

Strive for a variety of your speech, in each specific communication situation taken, you must select the right words that can be used in other situations. The rules of speech etiquette is that the more different words you use for different situations, the better your speech etiquette will become. The person who cannot choose the right words for a particular situation means that he does not know the rules of speech etiquette.

In order to be a reasonable person and have speech etiquette, it is gentle to be a vigilant, calm and friendly person. In no case should you respond to a person's rudeness with rudeness, the one who was rude to you needs to explain that he is wrong and state his point of view to him. If you enter into a useless remark of your interlocutor who has been rude to you, by doing so you will only show that you do not have the rules and culture of speech etiquette.

Be sure to answer all the questions people ask you, especially if you see that they need your help. You should be responsive and attentive to the interlocutor, patient, listen to his point of view in any situation and not interrupt. If you begin to avoid questions, or any certain people who need you, you are violating the rules of speech ethics.

In any situation for you, you must restrain yourself and your emotions.

Non-compliance with the rules of speech etiquette is applicable only when there is a need to achieve expressiveness of speech or the use of obscene words in any replica.

You must have a style of communication with people, do not take as an example the speech of your interlocutors. In your style of communication there should be no division with whom and how to communicate, for any person your style of communication should be laid-back.

Speech etiquette and communication culture

Today, the concept of speech etiquette and culture of communication is not the most popular. Some people find it to be too old-fashioned and decorative, and others can't even answer if any form of speech ethics occurs in their daily lives. In our life, for career and personal growth, building friendships and strong married couples, the etiquette of speech communication plays a crucial role.

The most important role in the culture of communication is occupied by such a concept as a situation. And in fact, in reality, the conversation can change very much depending on the situation in which the interlocutors are.

Speech etiquette, first of all, is focused on the person to whom the appeal is being made, but the personality of the speaker is also important. A certain place when communicating requires certain rules of speech etiquette from the participants in the conversation, which were established specifically for a particular place. We use all sorts of techniques for conversation, depending on the time, topic of conversation and the purpose of communication. Speech etiquette and a culture of communication allows you to show goodwill, and not insult or humiliate human dignity. It should manifest itself in everything: in the ability to listen to the interlocutor, in disputes, in defending one's personal opinion. Thus, the culture of communication adherence to the rules of linguistic behavior, depending on the situation.

When conducting a conversation, rude words, an increase in tone, “obscene language” should not be heard - all this is an unacceptable sign of intelligent communication. The speaker must be modest in his self-assessments, and must also take into account the interest of the interlocutor in a particular topic of conversation. In speech ethics, there can be no place for such a concept as: interrupting during a conversation, not respecting the conversation of the interlocutor, mocking the interlocutor, arguing and being rude to him.

So that your criticism does not sound too rude for the interlocutor, you need to carefully formulate your comments in the form of reasoning to him, in order to draw attention to the tasks of the work and the results obtained.

Your arguments to the interlocutor in the dispute should present certain facts to his possible mistakes.

The field of speech culture includes not only the culture of speech itself, but also the culture of linguistic communication.

Speech etiquette formulas

Speech etiquette formulas are words, phrases and expressions that are used for the three stages of a conversation: greetings and acquaintances, the conversation itself, and farewell words. The basic formulas of speech etiquette are mastered at a young age, when the child's parents teach him to greet people, show respect for elders, always say thank you, and also say words of forgiveness for their little pranks. The older a person becomes, the more he learns the subtleties in communication, instills in himself his own style of speech etiquette. An educated and intelligent person is distinguished by his high culture. He competently expresses his thoughts, knows how to start and maintain a conversation with a new, unfamiliar person.

Any new conversation begins with greetings. As a rule, the youngest person is obliged to greet first, a man is always the first to greet his lady.

Depending on the situation, the main conversation has such formulas of speech etiquette as: invitation, congratulations, request, advice. You can basically invite and congratulate your interlocutor in a solemn atmosphere. Advice and requests are usually given in a work setting. When addressing an interlocutor with a request, it is best to use the affirmative form.

At the last stage of the conversation, the following formulas of speech etiquette are used: these are the words of farewell, wishes of health.

If the people who are to communicate are not familiar, then the beginning of the conversation begins with an acquaintance. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversational relationship with a stranger and introduce yourself to him first. There are times when you just can't do without it. The speech etiquette formulas are as follows: let me get to know you, maybe we will get to know each other, we will be familiar.

When visiting any educational institution, office, institution and you have a conversation with a representative person, you should introduce yourself using just one of the formulas of speech etiquette: let me introduce myself, my name is, I am such and such by last name.

Features of speech etiquette

Modern speech etiquette: deep benevolence towards people, care for them, which is supported by signs of attention. All our behavior is determined by etiquette. In general, these are all the norms of our relations. From early childhood, people learn the features of speech etiquette and their rules, they regulate their relationships with others, distribute them according to the type: “senior, junior, equal”.

Speech etiquette is one of the greatest human pleasures. Opportunity to communicate with the same people. People who are without communication for a long time appreciate this pleasure. All communication that occurs between people is studied by psychologists, linguists, doctors, sociologists.

Features of speech etiquette is a complex activity between two partners. Its first feature is attention to the opponent, here not only the interests of the listener, but also the speaker are taken into account. There is such a situation when two people, having met, talk only about their own and not listening to each other.

Each nation has its own characteristics of speech etiquette. The peculiarity of greetings among different peoples is very interesting.

The greetings of the Mongols are very diverse, they differ depending on the season.

When greeting the Chinese, they ask the question: Are you full? Have you already had lunch (dinner)?

Speech etiquette is a universal phenomenon in which each nation has its own peculiarity of the rules of speech behavior. The Austrians say “I kiss your hand”, without thinking about their words, and the Poles, when they get to know a lady, automatically kiss her hand.

Addressing the interlocutor is the brightest and most used etiquette sign.

Situations of speech etiquette

The culture of communication always depends on the topic of conversation, as well as on the location of the interlocutors. Each situation can completely affect the entire conversation. You can start with one topic while in some club at a disco, and with the moon on the street, a completely different conversation will already begin. At the same time, speech etiquette will also completely depend on the situation.

Regardless of whether the interlocutors have a joyful conversation or a sad one, speech etiquette will depend only on the current situation. In a sad conversation, but in a cheerful company, only positive emotions will be visible, and in mourning, respectively, only sad ones.

When meeting interlocutors in some entertainment venue, a guy can turn to a girl in this way: hello! Maybe we can get to know each other? And with the same girl, but passing by on the street, he will say to her: Hello! Girl can I meet you?

Situations of speech etiquette can be different, it depends on your intentions and ways to communicate with people. All our communication depends on our language and etiquette. Every conversation brings with it a situation. These include: gratitude, apology, congratulations, greetings, requests and farewell.

Situations of speech etiquette:

Acquaintance is an incipient conversation between two or more people. They can get acquainted both for the development of relations, and for friendship. When we meet, we use the words: “Can I meet you”, “Do you want to meet”, “My name is ...”

Greeting means to show respect to the person and at the same time you maintain acquaintance with him. You can also wish him good luck and health, which would greatly please your interlocutor. Depending on this situation, the greeting can be in the following form: Hello! .. Good morning (afternoon, evening)! .. Hello (those)!

Saying goodbye is the opposite of an acquaintance. When we meet, we greet the interlocutor, and then, on the contrary, we say goodbye, we lead the conversation to an end. Saying goodbye can be different depending on the situation. It can be sad if the interlocutors did not come to a joint exit, or, conversely, farewell, perhaps with an agreement on another meeting. At parting, they wish each other: “All the best”, “health”, “Bye”, “See you soon”, “Farewell”.

Congratulations - this refers to a situation where holidays, someone's birthday, significant dates. In the words of congratulations, the wishes of “Health”, “Happiness”, “Good” and so on are implied.

Gratitude is a manifestation of respect, understanding and kindness to the person who extended a helping hand to you in a difficult situation. The words of gratitude are as follows: thank you, very grateful to you, thank you for your help, I am indebted to you.

Words of speech etiquette

A great influence on your mood can be influenced by the communication of people who surround you in society, in transport, in a store, perhaps even in medical institutions. The words of speech etiquette do not include words of insolence, rudeness and negative emotions. People who use these disrespectful words look funny and not beautiful. With such people, communication is not particularly developed by anyone who will show a desire.

The words of speech etiquette come in different forms: appeal, words of respect, greetings, farewell, that is, these are the words that we hear in everyday life.

It will be pleasant for each person to wake up and hear in his address - “Good morning”. Before you sit down at the table, wish - "Bon appetit".

The words of speech etiquette are rich in expressiveness and beauty of words. Therefore, not only competent and understandable speech should come from your lips, but also one that will be pleasant to others.

Norms of speech etiquette

Each person who owns speech etiquette, with a high degree of probability, observes the norms of speech etiquette. The following types of rules can be distinguished:

Tolerance - is manifested in respect for the opinions of the people around you, avoiding harsh criticism, to a calm attitude in case of disagreement.

Goodwill - is a necessary component in the construction of topics of conversation with the interlocutor. During your communication, you should be visited only by positive emotions that will help to positively affect your conversation.

Tact is the competent construction of your speech, which will help you avoid a bunch of unnecessary questions, as well as requiring understanding from your interlocutor.

Consistency is the ability to calmly respond to an incorrect remark from your interlocutor.