Preparing an ege story. Preparing for the exam in history from scratch. Print the specification from the demo

Hello, dear readers of the site site, applicants, teachers and, probably, parents! All of you, of course, are rooting for applicants to pass the Unified State Exam with 100 points and enter prestigious universities. This desire is understandable. However, its execution depends on the quality of the training itself.

In the last post, when we analyzed Khrushchev's rule, I promised that I would post a post on this topic. Preparing for the exam in history is quite a serious task and should not be approached with disdain. In this article, I will just analyze the mistakes that 95% of all guys make, and also outline the paths that you follow to successfully prepare for history.

It is no secret that there is a lot of material on history, and learning it all is an extremely time-consuming task. How to do it right? Read on and find out!

Many students make unforgivable mistakes. Now I will list them, if you do this, stop doing it. So, we are preparing for the exam in history correctly!

Common Prep Mistakes

Mistake #1. Students simply read the history book, thinking that after reading, they will remember everything. When they read it, they are sure that they know the topic. Alas, this confidence is disproved by the very first screening test.

CONCLUSION: Reading is not a quality memorization of the material!

Mistake #2. Students hope to be able to learn the material a week before the exam. As a result, they drag out the study of the material, then “wake up”, and realize that they do not have time for anything, since there is obviously a lot of material.

CONCLUSION: never delay the study of the material, especially in history !!!

Mistake #3. Students read the textbook, try to remember all the dates and definitions - but it doesn’t work, because there are a lot of them.

CONCLUSION: never try to learn everything thoroughly - this is impossible unless you have a photographic memory!

Mistake #4. Students begin to prepare for the exam in history 10 months before the exam and do it sequentially, studying topics in chronological order. As a result, they only have time to prepare for topics, but do not have time to solve tests, to develop the skill of solving them.

CONCLUSION: if you started preparing for the exam in history in the 11th grade, then prepare not in chronological order.

Now I actually explain how exactly you need to prepare for the exam. There are two ways.

Way one

You have been preparing since 10th grade. In this case, it is necessary to prepare in chronological order, sequentially. That is, first Ancient Rus' ... and so on. by periods. After studying each period, run tests immediately. How exactly to teach? Take a notebook with notes (school or one that is filled in during preparation with a tutor), take a normal allowance, and cards. Maps can be downloaded from the Internet. Also have a blank sheet of paper and a pen ready.

Choose a topic. First, read the notebook, refreshing the general material in your memory, then read the SAME TOPIC in the textbook or manual, comparing what is new in the textbook and what is not in the notebook. In parallel, look at the map corresponding to this period. On a sheet of paper, write down the plan of the ORAL response to THIS topic. The plan should be complete, but the wording itself is short. The plan in terms of volume should not exceed the notebook sheet, however, it should be segmented into paragraphs and subparagraphs.

By doing this, you immediately hone at least three skills: the skill of working with texts, the skill of summarizing the material and writing it down in a new short form - a plan. The ability to search for new information in addition to what has already been studied. In addition, by making a plan for each topic studied, you get short answer plans for all topics of the course! In the future, to remember the material, it will be enough just to look at the plan! A history course worked out in this way will guarantee your quality preparation.

Instead of maps and books, it is better to use. After all, a visual presentation of the material is 5-10 times more effective.

Way two

You have been preparing since 11th grade. In this case, you do not have time for consistent study. Rather, there is. But in order to work on each topic with high quality, you will have to spend at least 3-4 hours a day! Indeed, in each topic there are personalities, wars, reforms, etc. Therefore, you are preparing in blocks. For example: block “Foreign policy. Interaction with the South. Here you are looking for all the wars that Russia waged with the East and South, from Ancient Rus' to 1991. You disassemble these wars according to the plan: Prerequisites, Causes, Reason, Course of events, Results.

Write down the plan of each war in a separate notebook. Of course you use maps, manuals, the Internet. Next, take a topic, for example, "Serfdom", and look for all the material from 1497 to 1861. You make a plan on this topic extremely short in volume, but complete in content.

Of course, after each topic, you solve thematic tests. In doing so, you firstly create an outline for each topic, and secondly, study the entire topic in its entirety from beginning to end! Having studied all the topics in this way, you will not have to think about those periods that you did not have time to study! It's simply not possible with this approach!

Here, dear friends, we are preparing for the exam in history! Of course, you may think that this is unrealistic. But believe me, the main thing in preparing for the exam is not memorizing the material, but its systematization! See also this material on self-preparation for the exam ... And memorization occurs by itself after working through each topic on your own directly during the systematization!

Way three

Today, however, self-training is completely unsuitable for several reasons. The main ones are the guys' illusions about their time, as well as the illusion that they just have an excellent memory, thanks to which they will remember everything in an instant.

In fact, when they begin to analyze topics, there is despondency, and sometimes nervous breakdowns - because there is really a lot of material.

Therefore, the third way to properly prepare for the exam in history is related to professional training, when a professional prepares you for the exam. I am such a pro, and since 2015 we have opened our training courses, in which the whole theory is laid out on the shelves, according to the USE Codifier.

Thanks to our courses, dozens of children have already passed exams for points above 90 (!) in this discipline and entered the university on a budget. Because in our courses we also build an individual strategy for entering the university. Nobody does this, only us!

To learn more about our courses, just click on this button:

Increasingly, the question becomes relevant - what is needed to prepare for the exam in history? After all, this is not such an easy subject as it might seem at first glance. It is very easy to get confused in events and dates. And the exam in this subject requires good preparation. How to prepare for the exam in history, what methods will be the most effective and efficient? Moreover, many do not even know where to start. But with great diligence, you can cope with any difficult task.

Quite often there are situations when there is 1-2 years to prepare for the exam, and the head on the historical topic is empty. It is very difficult for teenagers to decide where they want to go, and often they decide it at the last moment. It seems that preparing for the exam in history from scratch is unrealistic. But it's not. The issue is the effort put into it.

test part

First, you need to know the dates. But remembering them all is very difficult. There is an option that will help make this task easier.

It is easy to confuse which of the proposed events happened first. Associations are needed to remember dates and events effectively. For example, you teach the 11th century. First remember all the rulers of this century in order: Vladimir, Svyatopolk the Accursed, etc. Then learn the events that occurred during their reign. So it will be easier to remember that the baptism was earlier than the compilation of the Russian Truth, because Vladimir ruled earlier.

By the same principle, contemporaries of rulers should be remembered. For example, Metropolitan Macarius was a contemporary of Ivan the Terrible, and Patriarch Nikon was a contemporary of Alexei Mikhailovich. If you memorize a subject using this technique, you will easily pass not only the test, but it will help you in other tasks as well.

Secondly, you need to study cartography. Omitting this point is an unforgivable mistake. Because of it, you can lose a lot of points on the exam. Cartography is especially needed for those who prioritize self-training.

What is the best way to learn cartography? For example, you repeat the period of activity of some ruler. In parallel, see all the described actions on the cards:

• how the territory of the state changed;
• with whom he fought;
• what kind of trips he took;
• troop movements during battles.

Pay special attention to the last point when studying important historical battles, for example, the battle of Borodino.

Thirdly, do not lose sight of cultural studies and terminology. Questions on terms often come across in assignments.

Tasks B

To cope with the tasks from the 2nd part, you need to read a lot, especially if you are starting to prepare from scratch. Moreover, it is desirable to read not school textbooks, but special manuals for applicants or, even better, monographs.

Also in the 2nd part there are tasks where you will need to write arguments in support or refutation of a position regarding a particular situation.

To prepare for this kind of assignments, group sessions and discussion of discussion questions are ideal. For students, this is not a problem. Surely they have additional classes to prepare for the exam. But what about people who are no longer in school? On the Internet you can find a site with courses to prepare for the exam in history. In most cases, you can choose between group or private lessons. Even a short visit to such courses will give an impetus to your studies. But on the Internet, you need to be careful. Before contacting a company, read reviews about it.

Tasks C

One of the most difficult tasks in the exam is the essay. What does it take to deal with it with dignity? It will be necessary to describe the historical event, its causes and consequences. To write an essay well, you only need knowledge of dates, events, rulers, that is, what was mentioned above.

When writing, do not go to extremes. For example, refrain from phrases like this: "Stalin was a despotic tyrant."

Note! Some insecure students refuse to write an essay. Never do that! Even if you are not very well prepared, you have a chance to get at least 1 point, which can be decisive.

Useful video: preparing for the exam in history from scratch

Self-preparation

Not everyone is lucky with history teachers. Usually, people who, for some reason, are not tired of preparing for the Unified State Exam in history under the program of a school teacher, place great emphasis on self-study. Fortunately, in today's world this is not a problem. There are many sites for preparing for the exam, you can download or buy the necessary materials, you can watch educational films at any time.

To get started, be sure to purchase a book for preparation with trial options. Solving them is necessary not only to improve the quality of knowledge, but also in order to fill your hand and not get confused during the exam.

Then it is important to choose textbooks of various levels of complexity. Below are examples of options.

• School textbooks. If you are preparing from scratch, learn the school curriculum first.
• Reference books: Orlova, Barabanova, Kavtsy.
• University textbooks: Sakharova, Pavlenko.
• Schemes and tables: Kirillov, Orlova.
• Atlases "Bustbust" for the school curriculum.

Of course, these are not the only materials in existence. But they have helped more than one generation pass the exam, and they have the most positive feedback.

There are also training materials available online. These can be online tests, theory, videos, help in preparing for an essay.

Some sites for preparing for the exam in history:

• egevmeste.ru,
• hist-ege.ru,
• examer.ru.

In addition to websites on the Internet, there are various applications for the phone. Thus, online training allows you to train anywhere and at any time.

Almost always, with intensive study, a little relaxation is needed. You can find many historical films on YouTube. The brain will be able to rest a little, but at the same time many facts will remain in memory. It is better to choose documentaries, because they have much more authenticity. And don't think they're boring. If you love history, then you will find them very interesting. As an example - a documentary on YouTube "History of the Russian State".

Important! Historical films for preparation should only be an addition to the theory that you have already learned. Especially lazy people who decide to prepare for the exam only on films will not succeed: too many facts require memorization.

Outline the material according to the following table:

For excellent memorization of dates, write them on pieces of paper and hang them around the house.

When you solve tests, look at the meaning of all terms that you do not know, description of events, dates. In other words, gradually fill in the gaps.

Buy an atlas with contour maps and complete tasks on them. After a good study, the material is remembered better.

Effective preparation for any subject: scientists have proven that the best way to learn a subject is when you teach it. Ask a friend or family member to help you and be a listener. Explain the material to him, especially your weak topics. Over time, you will realize that you understand the subject much better.

How not to miss anything

Almost all students, starting to prepare, devote most of their time to the ancient period. This is due to the fact that at first people take up some business with enthusiasm. But then it gradually subsides. Or, as in the case of preparing for the exam, there is no longer enough time. Then handing over the story will be problematic.

In fact, you need to devote more time to the Middle Ages and the Soviet era, because you will have to learn much more information from them.

Before starting classes, look through the test versions of the exam and note what topics are found there. Then start to disassemble them in detail. But do not learn everything by mere rote learning. Everything requires associations and understanding of meaning. With associative memorization, it is easier to remember something or build a logical chain.

Before you make a plan for preparing for the exam in history, you need to do a few things:

The last point may seem strange. Everyone has one goal - to pass the exam. But after all, 40 points will be enough for someone, and 99 points are needed for someone.

It is best to plan with a clear chronological order. But don't forget the tips above.

What exactly do you need to know in history to pass the exam? There is no answer to this question. Anything can get caught: questions on the chronology of historical events, historical terminology, the history of culture. You will be tested on your ability to analyze historical events, work with information presented in different forms, and argue your point of view.

Useful video: how to start preparing for the exam in history

Conclusion

All that is required is to study regularly and persistently, and you already know how to prepare for the exam in history. Maybe these words will seem funny to someone, but do not worry too much on the exam. Panic can bring down even a child prodigy.

History in 2020 is an elective exam. Preparing for the exam in history, as well as preparing for other exams, first of all requires responsibility, organization, competent distribution of time and effort.

Start preparing for the exam as early as 10th grade. To have a good knowledge base in two years for the exam.

Changes in KIM USE 2020 in history:

• There are no changes in the structure and content of KIM.
• In task 25, the conditions for scoring according to criteria K6 and K7 have been changed: points for these criteria are set only if at least 5 points are given according to criteria K1–K4.
• According to criterion K6, the maximum score can be set - 3, and not 2, as it was before.

How to start studying history?

1. Theory. To study the theory, use additional literature in printed and electronic form, documentaries, materials on web resources. On our web resource in the "Assignments" section, over 10 typical assignments developed by teachers, based on demos from FIPI(official draft) of past years.

For each task, it is written what you need to know to complete it. will direct you which topics to study for each assignment.

How to remember all this?

The abundance of dates, titles, names, events is a feature of history. But how to remember everything and not “lose” it before the end of the exam?

Exists a number of effective ways lay out all the necessary information "on the shelves":

• Draw an analogy, visualize, draw diagrams.
• Work through the topics in chronological order only.
• Plan your response to each one.
• Study online - on our website you will find the necessary tasks.

2. Solving training tasks different types gives great experience and self-confidence. Solve online tests with answers based on the theory you read, this will help you learn and reinforce the topic.

3. Practice writing an essay. Sharpen your craft and writing skills. There are three periods from the history of Russia to choose from.

Mini essay requirements:

• Indicate at least two processes that relate to the selected date;
• Mention should be made of people who influenced or participated in events, processes or phenomena;
• It is necessary to mention causal relationships;
• Use historical terminology in the essay;
• Mistakes in facts are prohibited.

Historical writing should be connected, with correct logical conclusions.

4. Correctly allocate time on the exam.
To complete the examination work in history, 3 hours 55 minutes(235 minutes).

The examination paper consists of two parts:

• 1 part- 19 tasks with a short answer (word, phrase, date, name and surname of a historical figure);
• part 2– 6 tasks with a detailed answer (analysis of a problem, a fragment of a historical document, an assessment of an event, a statement of a point of view).

Estimated time to complete individual tasks is:

• for each task of part 1 - 3-7 minutes;
• for each task of part 2 (except task 25) - 5–20 minutes;
• for the task 25 - 40-80 minutes.

Points for each story task

The minimum passing score is 32.
The maximum you can score on the exam in history is 55.

• 1 point - for 1, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19 tasks.
• 2 points - 2, 3, 5-9, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22.
• 3 points - 11, 23.
• 4 points - 24.
• 11 points - 25.

Evaluation system for the performance of individual tasks and work in general

A task with a short answer is considered completed correctly if the sequence of numbers, the required word (phrase) are correctly indicated.

The complete correct answer to tasks 1, 4, 10, 13–15, 18.19 is assessed 1 point; incomplete, incorrect answer or its absence - 0 points.

The complete correct answer to tasks 2, 3, 5–9, 12, 16, 17 is assessed 2 points; if one mistake is made (including one of the digits is missing or there is one extra digit) - 1 point; if two or more errors are made (including missing two or more digits or there are two or more extra digits) or there is no answer - 0 points.

A complete correct answer to task 11 is worth 3 points; if one mistake is made - 2 points; if two or three mistakes are made - 1 point; if four or more errors are made or there is no answer - 0 points.

Tasks of part 2 are evaluated depending on the completeness and correctness of the answer. For completing tasks 20, 21, 22, from 0 to 2 points; for task 23 - from 0 to 3 points; for task 24 - from 0 to 4 points; for task 25 - from 0 to 11 points. Task 25 is graded on .

Remember the time, the plan, and then you will certainly be able to pass the exam in history.

Happy preparation!

Where to start, asks everyone who is faced with the study of history. Remember once and for all - history is a plot and structural subject.

What is history made of?

Like any humanities, history has a clear structure. It is for her that FIPI specialists compose an exam. Dealing with it is the first step to a conscious study of history.

There are three types of tasks in the exam that test different aspects of the discipline.

This is what a detailed scheme looks like, which you need to understand and remember in order to work productively with the course in any of its forms. Tutors rarely talk about it, they don’t study it in schools. Although there is nothing supernatural in it.

As you can see, history is divided into just three structural categories: dates, plots, and sources. To successfully study the course, you need to understand the content of each of the categories and always correlate any topic under study with this scheme, making a “blind note”.

Using a specific example, we will understand: why this scheme is needed, what is meant by each of its components and how to apply it when solving USE tasks.

Dates

Or what it is worth starting the study of history.

There are many historical dates. On the Web you can find huge lists of dates that supposedly need to be learned and you will definitely pass the exam. Textbooks are teeming with thousands of dates. In fact, 99% of them do not need to be taught, and on the Internet, most publics are run by schoolchildren who themselves do not know how to prepare for the exam.

The "Dates" block consists of two components - base and main dates.

Base dates are the main basis of history. It is with their study that you need to start preparing for the exam. Base dates include: the years of the reign of historical figures and their brief description. It will take about ten days to study the basis. After this point, you will be able to successfully start studying the course in any way available to you.

What will we need?

To work with the rulers of Russia, we need the following table.

The algorithm for working with it is as follows:

In the course of viewing, go over the “Value” column you wrote out and as soon as you get to the event written out on your sticker, complete it with the date (there is in the video).

Summarizing: you will have an understanding that the ruler is in front of you and what he is eaten with.

Then it remains to remember his years of reign. Use for this the technique of "interval repetition". Just make it a rule to pay attention to the sticker every 15 minutes, after the first hour of repetitions - try to remember the years of government yourself. If you are preparing from scratch, then translate the years of government into a century and remember it already.

Your goal is to build the structure of history in your head: which ruler follows whom and what role he played in the history of the country. Did you get the first sticker? Move on to the second.

The result of the work: the emergence of the basis of history in memory, the material being studied will not turn into a "porridge in the head", but will line up in a clear structure. Spend 10 days on this work and I assure you - your efforts will pay off.

How to understand which dates are needed and which are not?

A document called the historical and cultural standard will come to your aid.
On the exam, you will meet dates that are contained in it and no more.

How to study the dates correctly, not to cram them and memorize them in a matter of minutes - I tell you during my weekly marathon. You can find the link above.

Thus, knowledge of dates and general plots will give you the opportunity to effectively solve many tasks of the exam for knowledge of dates and will cover a third of the exam tasks.

USE tasks for knowledge of historical dates

All these tasks test only one thing - knowledge of base and main dates.

Plots

Let's move on to the next part - stories.

History is like a series. Eat a sequence of events where one leads to another. As in the series there is characters - historical figures. As in the series, the story is filled with its own specific words, applicable only in a certain plot - terms.

Each course topic has its own PSS(causal relationships) - the causes and consequences of the event you are studying. It's like in life, the fact that you are reading this document has a reason - you decided to take the exam in history. And the consequence of this will be that you will start preparing for the exam correctly. Everything is simple.

Therefore, when you continue to work with the course - look for reasons for each main date why (for example) the Russo-Japanese War happened and consequence this war. Again, many exam items test this skill.

Historical figures and terms are also an important thing. And they are also needed to pass the exam and understand what you are learning. What kind of terms and what kind of personalities to study, see the historical and cultural standard.

Advice: always study personalities in the context of the concept of "a contemporary of the ruler." Having studied the basis, you will know dozens of rulers of our country. Study personalities as people who lived during (for example) Peter the Great.

So what tasks test knowledge of plots?

USE assignments for knowledge of historical plots

As you can see, everything is simple and has a certain structure.

When studying a topic, for successful preparation, the main thing is to keep one thing in mind - any topic in the abstract must be decomposed into separate parts and always correlated with the historical and cultural standard. Then everything becomes wildly simple.

Sources

The last thing to work on. Moreover, to work separately.

We will devote separate instructions to sources.

For now, I will only say that their knowledge will provide you with the solution of the remaining tasks of the exam. All to one. Well, I want to please you - all the sources used in the exam have also been known to us for a long time.

1. Cards. Exam writers don't draw new cards every year. They use a ready-made pack of cards, and the same one every year. It is in the hands of me and our team. So you can also get it in a weekly marathon and learn how to work with them there.
   
   
2. culture. Important in the study of culture Not go into reading books and manuals. This is generally a separate topic, which we will discuss in the following instructions. It is important to understand that the culture on the exam they ask the same thing: in tasks they use previously known illustrations, cultural monuments(from painting to architecture)
   
   

Thus, the path to the result is outlined. There is a point "A" your first task will be to study the basis of the course of the rulers of Russia.

Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Examination

Secondary general education

Line UMK I. L. Andreev, O. V. Volobueva. History (10-11) (U)

Atlases and contour maps. Russian history. Historical and cultural standard

Line UMK Kiseleva-Popov. History of Russia (10-11)

Analysis of the exam in the history of 2017

How to successfully pass the exam in history? Of course, any person will say that you need to know history well, that is, to know the basic historical facts, terms, remember dates, names of historical figures, understand the cause-and-effect relationships of events and phenomena, have a good idea of ​​the culture of our country in different periods of its development. Many schoolchildren perceive history as an endless collection of names and dates, and those who choose history as an exam subject are perceived as "weirdos - nerds."

In this article, it is not my task to convince skeptics by telling and proving how interesting and fascinating the story is. I want to help those who decide to take the exam by showing the way of reasoning when solving various tasks, which will make the exam less "scary". In view of the fact that history is likely to become a mandatory subject for passing the exam, the article will be useful to many students. So let's get started.

Before us is a demonstration version of the USE 2017, compiled by FIPI. It has 25 tasks, of which the first 19 require a short answer in the form of numbers or words, and the next 6 require a detailed answer.

How to pass the exam and the OGE for 100 points: the secrets of teachers

Arrange historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) Crimean War

2) the reform of Patriarch Nikon

3) the fall of the Byzantine Empire

To solve this task, we, of course, need to know the dates, but since it does not require a comparison, but a chronological sequence, it becomes a little easier. The Crimean War, also known as Eastern in European historiography, was fought in the middle of the 19th century. ( 1853–1856). The reform of Patriarch Nikon was carried out in 50s of the XVII century., and the fall of the Byzantine Empire happened after the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 As you can see, the events are widely separated in time, and it is not difficult to restore the chronology.

Answer: 321.

Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Here again the dates, but more difficult - you need to accurately correlate with the event, and there are two more dates than events. However, the events are very famous, for those who chose history on the exam, for sure. The first mention of Moscow in the annals - 1147, Caribbean crisis - of course, Khrushchev and 1962, Battle of Borodino and World War II 1812 known to anyone, Copper rebellion under the "Quiet" king - 1662

Answer: 2643.

Below is a list of terms. All of them, except two , refer to the events (phenomena) of the XIX century.

1) free cultivators; 2) ministries; 3) Decembrists;
4) June third coup; 5) justices of the peace; 6) Octobrists.

Find and write sequence numbers terms related to another historical period.

And here are the terms! Free cultivators appeared thanks to the decree of Alexander I 1803, ministries almost at the same time - in 1802, participants in the December uprising began to be called Decembrists 1825, the third of June coup is called a sharp change in the law on elections to the State Duma, adopted by Nicholas II without agreement with the Duma itself in 1907, magistrates appeared in Russia as a result of judicial reform 1864, and Octobrists were called members of the Union of October 17, created in 1905 According to the 19th century the June 3rd coup and the Octobrists are not included.

Answer: 46.
1. Write down the term you are talking about.

   The main part of the territory of Russia, not included in the oprichnina by Ivan IV.

   As is known, the period from 1565 to 1572. in the reign of Ivan the Terrible they are called oprichnina. Regarding the essence and motives of the oprichnina, historians do not have an agreed position, but there are no particular problems with describing it. Gone in the winter 1564 from Moscow, the tsar finally announced the conditions for his return to the throne: unlimited power, including the right to judge the boyars, and the division of the country into an "oprichnina" under the control of the tsar and a "zemshchina" under the control of the Boyar Duma.

   Answer: land.

2. Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

   In this task, we need to compare the fact and the process. It is better to start from the fact, but since there are fewer facts than processes, we will go from the opposite.

   A) The formation and development of the legislation of the Old Russian state is associated with the adoption of the "Russian Truth" in 11th century Firstly, this is the first written set of laws in Rus' (here is the formation), and, secondly, the Old Russian state existed until the beginning of fragmentation in 13th century, so the rest of the facts do not fit chronologically.

   B) The reforms of the Chosen Council were carried out at the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. One of the first innovations was the convening of the first Zemsky Sobor in 1549 called the Cathedral of Reconciliation.

   C) The policy of "enlightened absolutism", that is, an unlimited monarchy, formally based on the rule of law and declaring the main goal of achieving the welfare of the subjects, is strongly associated with the reign of Catherine II. The convening of the Legislative Commission (got its name because it had to adopt a new "code", that is, a set of laws) took place in 1767 it was during the reign of Catherine II, who was sure that correct and modern laws would help the rapid development of the country.

   D) The first revolutionary transformations of the Bolsheviks were the decrees “On Peace” and “On Land”, adopted at the II Congress of Soviets in October 1917 after the overthrow of the Provisional Government. They allowed the Bolsheviks to gain broad popular support.

3. Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

   FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES
   A)	“The courts between which the Treaty of Paris is concluded ... together with other sovereigns and powers allied to them ... ordered their plenipotentiaries to draw up ... one main treatise and attach to it, as inseparable parts, all the other provisions of the congress. ... The Duchy of Warsaw, with the exception of those regions and districts, which are assigned a different designation in the following articles, forever joins the Russian Empire. By virtue of its constitution, it will be inseparable from Russia and in the possession of His Majesty the Emperor of All Russia, his heirs and successors for all eternity. His Imperial Majesty intends to grant, at his own discretion, an internal structure to this state, which has to be under a special government. His Majesty, in accordance with the custom and order existing in the discussion of his other titles, will add to them the title of Tsar (King) of Poland.
   	“His Royal Majesty of Svei gives this for himself and his descendants and heirs of the Svei throne and the kingdom of Svei to his royal majesty and his descendants and heirs of the Russian state in perfect unconditional eternal confluence and property in this war, through his royal majesty the weapons from the crown of Svei conquered provinces : Livonia, Estonia, Ingermanland and part of Karelia with the district of Vyborg fief. ... Against the same, his royal majesty promises in 4 weeks after the exchange of ratifications of this peace treaty, or before, if possible, to return to his royal majesty and the crown of Sveiskaya ... The Grand Duchy of Finland ... "

   CHARACTERISTICS

   1) This agreement was signed in Berlin.

   2) Under this agreement, Russia received access to the Baltic Sea.

   3) This agreement was signed in Vienna.

   4) A.L. was a contemporary of the signing of this agreement. Ordin-Nashchokin.

   5) This agreement was signed following the results of the Northern War.

   6) In the territory annexed to Russia under this agreement, in the early 1830s. there was a massive uprising.

   The first fragment is part of the addendum to the Treaty of Paris, which is what is mentioned in the text. The Treaty of Paris was concluded between the countries of the anti-French coalition and France in 1814 after the first abdication of Napoleon. After that, the victorious powers left for a congress in Vienna decide the fate of Europe. They returned France to the old, pre-revolutionary borders, redrawn the borders of Europe liberated from Napoleon. Russia received the Duchy of Warsaw, which did not want to accept becoming part of the Russian Empire and rebelled more than once. The first major uprising took place in 1830-1831 gg.

   The second fragment is part of the Nystadt peace treaty concluded between Russia and Sweden after the end of Northern war in 1721. This can be understood by the mention of Livonia, Estonia and Ingermanland - the Baltic lands that became part of Russia, which thus received access to the Baltic Sea.

   Answer:

4. Which of the following applies to the New Economic Policy (1921–1928)? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

   1) approval of private ownership of land

   2) the introduction of cost accounting at state enterprises

   3) denationalization of heavy industry

   4) the emergence of a credit and banking system and stock exchanges

   5) the abolition of the state monopoly of foreign trade

   6) introduction of concessions

   NEP - the new economic policy was adopted on X Congress of the RCP (b) in 1921 It was the time when the active and large-scale phase of the Civil War ended with the victory of the Reds. For the leader of the Bolsheviks V.I. Lenin, it became obvious that it was impossible to continue the mobilization policy of "war communism", which made it possible to supply the army and industry with resources during the war, but unacceptable for peacetime. It was necessary to move from forced labor and the official absence of commodity-money relations to normal economic relations. But the Soviet government could not completely move away from the Marxist axioms in the economy: state ownership of land, large enterprises, state foreign trade monopoly, etc., so the changes were half-hearted. Self-financing was introduced at state enterprises, the credit and banking system, stock exchanges and concessions were recreated.

   Answer: 246.

5. Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the element you want.

   A) ______________ conference of the "Big Three" was held in 1943.

   B) One of the first rams in a night air battle was made by a Soviet pilot ____________, who shot down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow.

   C) During the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle took place at ________________.

   Missing items:

   1) Yalta (Crimean)

   2) N.F. Gastello

   3) Prokhorovka station

   4) Tehran

   5) V.V. Talalikhin

   6) Dubosekovo junction

   It is difficult to suggest any logic for solving this task. Here you need to know the historical facts. Allied Conference of the Anti-Hitler Coalition in 1943 took place in Tehran(there is even a film "Tehran-43"). One of the first night rams was made by pilot V.V. Talalikhin did not die in it. Well, about the battle near the village of Prokhorovka during the Battle of Kursk, it’s a sin for a school graduate not to know.

   Answer: 453.

6. Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

   This task also requires knowledge of historical facts, fortunately, they are quite well-known. The battle on the ice is strongly associated with Alexander Nevsky. One of the main Russian commanders at the beginning of the Livonian War was Andrei Kurbsky, who fled from the disgrace of Ivan the Terrible to Lithuania. The closest associate of Peter I A.D. participated in the Battle of Poltava. Menshikov, Wrangel's army in the Crimea was defeated by one of the most famous Red commanders, M. Frunze.

   Answer: 4356.

7. Read an excerpt from the memoirs and write the name of the author.

   “I saw not only the uselessness, but also the harm of combining posts, and I even referred: “Imagine my position, I criticized Stalin for combining in one person two such responsible posts in the state and in the party, and now I myself ...” I put this question on court of historians. My weakness had an effect, or maybe the inner worm was undermining me, weakening my resistance. Even before I became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Bulganin made a proposal to appoint me as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Moreover, in the Presidium of the Central Committee, military issues, the army, weapons belonged to my diocese. This happened without publication in the press and was decided in a purely internal way, in case of war. Inside the armed forces, the highest command staff was informed about this. ”
   

   The text must be read very carefully. Excerpts are chosen for a reason, they will definitely contain a “beacon”. In this case, we are talking about the post-Stalin period and a person who criticized Stalin, holding a very high position. Already a clear allusion to N.S. Khrushchev. Finally, we must be convinced by the title of the post he occupies - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Starting with L.I. Brezhnev, the head of the country was called the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

   Answer: Khrushchev.

   USE in social studies: analysis of tasks with a teacher
8. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select the number of the required element.

   Missing items:

   1) the adoption of the US constitution

   3) civil war in England

   4) the end of the Hundred Years War

   5) annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire

   8) the abolition of serfdom in Russia

   9) speech by M. Luther with 95 theses, the beginning of the Reformation in Germany

   In my opinion, this is one of the most difficult tasks. It requires knowledge of the dates of not only domestic, but also foreign history. The only indulgence is that there are options to choose from and you just need to specify the century. 19th century in the history of Russia is, of course, the abolition of serfdom ( 1861 G.). Vladimir Monomakh ruled, practically, before the very fragmentation, and this is the XII century. ( 1113–1125). Annexation of Pskov ( 1510), along with Ryazan and Smolensk, to the Moscow principality at the beginning of the 16th century. completed the process of forming a unified Russian state. Around the same time ( 1517.) in Germany, the priest Martin Luther published his "95 Theses", which was the beginning of the Reformation. And at the end of the XVIII century. ( 1783) The Russian Empire annexed the Crimea, and in the British colonies in North America, after the revolution and the war of liberation, the US constitution was adopted ( 1787).

   Answer: 862951.

9. Read an excerpt from the commander's telegram.

   “Everyone was perfectly aware that, given the situation that had arisen and the actual leadership and direction of internal policy by irresponsible public organizations, as well as the enormous corrupting influence of these organizations on the mass of the army, it would not be possible to recreate the latter, but, on the contrary, the army as such should fall apart in two or three months. And then Russia will have to conclude a shameful separate peace, the consequences of which would be terrible for Russia. The government took half measures, which, without correcting anything, only prolonged the agony, and, saving the revolution, did not save Russia. Meanwhile, the gains of the revolution could be saved only by saving Russia, and for this, first of all, it is necessary to create a real strong government and improve the rear. General Kornilov presented a number of demands, the implementation of which was delayed. Under such conditions, General Kornilov, not
   pursuing no personal ambitious plans and relying on the clearly expressed consciousness of the entire healthy part of society and the army, which demanded the speedy creation of a strong government to save the Motherland, and with it the gains of the revolution, considered necessary more decisive measures that would ensure the establishment of order in the country ... "Using passage and knowledge of history, select three correct judgments from the list below.

   Record in a table numbers under which they are listed.

   1) The events described in the telegram took place in 1916.

   2) The government referred to in the telegram was called SNK.

   5) The Bolsheviks supported the actions of General Kornilov.

   6) The "decisive measures" of General Kornilov, which are indicated in the telegram, were not carried out.

   A huge number of conclusions can be drawn from this large and capacious text, so it is better to act by elimination method, analyzing the proposed options.

   1) – no, the described events took place in 1917 after the overthrow of the tsarist government, since the text refers to the management of politics by "irresponsible public organizations" (apparently, we are talking about the Provisional Government and the Soviets).

   2) - no, SNK - the first Soviet government was created only in October 1917 at the Second Congress of Soviets, and judging by the text, at the time described, the "Kornilov rebellion" in August 1917 had not yet happened.

   5) - no, the Bolsheviks did not support Kornilov, but opposed with all their might, since Kornilov directly threatened their existence.

   6) - yes, the "decisive measures" of Kornilov, who was marching with troops on Petrograd, were not carried out. It was stopped by the combined forces of the Provisional Government and the Soviets.

   Answer: 346.

Methodological assistance to a history teacher
10. Write the name of the commander-in-chief who carried out the campaign indicated by arrows on the diagram.

    Before studying a map, you need to carefully read its legend.

    We see that the Russian principalities are singled out separately. So, we are talking about a period of specific fragmentation. Besieged cities are marked. We read their names on the map: Kolomna, Moscow, Suzdal, etc. We compare the data: who during the period of fragmentation massively besieged Russian cities? Mongols. Who was their leader? Batu.

    Answer: Baty.

11. Write the name of the city indicated by the number "1" on the diagram.

    We know that during the first campaign of Batu to Rus', he defeated the cities of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. The capital, the city of Vladimir, was taken by storm in 1238 It is he who is indicated by the number 1 on the map. The city of Suzdal, located not far from it in the north, also helps us to determine this.

    Answer: Vladimir.

12. Indicate the name of the city, indicated on the diagram by a number, where during the period of this campaign there was a republican form of government.

    IN 13th century., and it was then that Batu's campaign took place, in almost all Russian principalities there was a monarchical form of government with minor differences. In Novgorod and Pskov, a republic was established, where the townspeople elected officials for themselves. The number 2 on the map marks Novgorod.

    Answer: Novgorod.

13. What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

    1) The conquerors invaded Rus' in the winter.

    2) None of the cities captured by the conquerors survived the siege for more than one week.

    3) Yam and Koporye were captured by the conquerors during the events indicated by arrows on the diagram.

    4) One of the consequences of the events indicated in the diagram was the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.

    5) The conquerors, whose campaign is indicated by arrows on the diagram, invaded the borders of Rus' from the southeast.

    6) The military leader, whose campaign is indicated on the diagram, is the founder of the state.

    Again work with judgments.

    1. - right, it was in the winter that the Mongols preferred to attack, since it was possible not to be afraid of mudslides and use the frozen rivers as roads.
    2. - incorrectly, Kozelsk withstood a 49-day siege, for which it was nicknamed the "evil city" by the Mughals.
    3. - incorrect, Batu did not even reach them. And besides, these cities belonged to the Novgorod land, and Novgorod managed to pay off the defeat.
    4. - incorrect, fragmentation began more than 100 years before Batu's campaign.
    5. - right, it is from the southeast, which is clear from the map.
    6. - that's right, Batu founded the state of the Golden Horde, to which the Russian lands were subordinated.

    Answer: 156.

14. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

    Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

    Cultural issues are among the most difficult. Let's try to figure it out.

    A) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" was written by an unknown author, and for some time was considered a falsification. It describes the unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsians in the 12th century.

    B) "Domostroy" - a collection of teachings and housekeeping rules, written by the priest Sylvester for the education of the young Tsar Ivan the Terrible, based on Novgorod instructive texts.

    C) The painting "Boyar Morozova" was painted by Surikov. Boyarynya Morozova is a real historical character, one of the leaders of the church schism of the 17th century.

    D) The novel "Quiet Flows the Don" was written by Sholokhov, who received the Nobel Prize for it in 1966.

    Answer: 4365.

Learning to work with atlases and contour maps in history




15. What judgments about this brand are true? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Record in a table numbers under which they are listed.

    1) The military figure depicted on the stamp was subjected to repression.

    2) The military figure depicted on the stamp was born during the reign of Nicholas II in Russia.

    3) The events depicted on the stamp by arrows took place during the First World War.

    4) The military figure depicted on the stamp was a participant in the Great Patriotic War.

    5) This stamp was issued during the leadership of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev.

    In this task, it seems to me more convenient to find the right judgments without wasting time on analyzing all the proposed ones. On the stamp we see the image of Marshal Tukhachevsky, who was shot in 1937 The date is also on the stamp. 1963 relating to the reign of N.S. Khrushchev.

    Answer: 15.

16. Which of the presented coins are dedicated to the anniversaries of the events that took place during the life of the military figure depicted on the stamp? Write in your answer two digits with which these coins are marked.

    So, the first coin is dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War in 1945. By this time, Tukhachevsky was dead. The second coin was issued in honor of the 170th anniversary of Russian railways. The road St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo was opened in 1837, when the executed marshal was not yet born. The third one marks the 100th anniversary of Russian parliamentarism. The Parliament (State Duma) was opened in 1906. Tukhachevsky was repressed at the age of 40 years old, respectively, he found the Duma. The USSR was created in 1922, which also refers to the time of Tukhachevsky's life.

    Answer: 34.

From the resolution of the XIX All-Union Party Conference

“The 19th All-Union Party Conference ... states: the strategic course worked out by the party at the April Plenum of the Central Committee and the 27th Party Congress for the comprehensive and revolutionary renewal of Soviet society and the acceleration of its socio-economic development is steadily being put into practice. The country's slide into an economic and socio-political crisis has been suspended...

The process of improving the country's economy, its turn towards meeting the urgent needs of the people, has begun. New methods of management are gaining momentum. In accordance with the Law on State Enterprises (Associations), associations and enterprises are being transferred to self-financing and self-sufficiency. The law on cooperation was developed, widely discussed and adopted. New, progressive forms of intra-industrial labor relations based on contracts and leases, as well as individual labor activity, are coming into life. There is a restructuring of the organizational structures of management, aimed at creating favorable conditions for the effective management of the primary links of the economy.

The work launched on the initiative of the Party made it possible to resume the growth of the real incomes of the working people. Practical measures are being taken to increase the production of food and consumer goods, and to expand housing construction. Education and health reforms are being carried out. Spiritual life is becoming a powerful factor in the progress of the country. Significant work has been done to rethink the current realities of world development, to renew and give dynamism to foreign policy. Thus, perestroika is entering deeper and deeper into the life of Soviet society, exerting an ever-increasing transformative influence on it.

17. Indicate the decade in which the events mentioned in the resolution took place. Indicate the name of the politician who was the leader of the country at the time when these events took place. Indicate the name of the period in the history of the USSR when this politician was the leader of the country.

    This question again requires us to carefully read the text. The concepts mentioned in it, such as: “self-financing”, “Law on the state enterprise”, “cooperation”, “individual labor activity” and, most importantly, “perestroika”, allow us to determine the period - this 1980 - years. The state at that time was led by M.S. Gorbachev, and the period of his reign went down in history under the name "perestroika".

18. What directions of the internal policy of the CPSU and the state are named in the resolution? Specify any three directions.

    We carefully read and see that the text mentions: 1) introduction of new methods of management, 2) education and health reforms, 3) expansion of housing construction.

19. What is the outcome of the implementation of the Party's strategic course under consideration? Invoking historical knowledge, indicate at least two reasons that led to such a result.

    Despite the optimistic spirit that permeated the resolution of the party conference, things in the USSR were not so rosy. Spasmodic and often ill-conceived attempts to reform the Soviet economy, which even the party resolution called "sliding into a crisis", did not bring success. The result was an acute economic and socio-political crisis, ended with the collapse of the USSR.

    The reasons for this large-scale, world-changing phenomenon are still being debated at various levels. This issue has a very strong political background. Differences between modern political parties and movements are often based on the attitude towards the collapse of the USSR. But we will try to be as objective and impartial as possible.

    1) By the end of the 1980s, the Soviet planned economy had exhausted the resources for its development, it was unable to adequately respond to the changing economic situation and compete on an equal footing with the market economies of developed countries.

    2) Despite the declared monolithic nature of the Soviet society, which united peoples with different cultural and social traditions, separatist tendencies matured within the USSR, encouraged by the political elites of the Union republics who wanted political independence.

USE in history: we analyze tasks with a teacher
20. Many cities of Ancient Rus' arose on the banks of rivers. Explain what were the advantages of this location of the city (give three explanations).

    Cities on the banks of rivers arose in many countries for similar reasons:

    1) water is necessary for a person himself and for running a settled economy (watering plants, watering livestock);

    2) rivers in Rus' were of paramount importance for trade. Not without reason, the main Russian cities were located on the waterway "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

    3) the city, located on the banks of the river, has protection in the event of an attack by enemies from at least one side (strong walls will protect the others).

21. There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science.

    "The domestic policy of Alexander III contributed to the progressive development of the social and economic spheres of public life."

    Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. When presenting arguments, be sure to use historical facts.

    Write your answer in the following form.

    Arguments to support:

    Arguments in rebuttal:

    The reign of Alexander III with the light hand of one St. Petersburg journalist of the late XIX century. began to be called the “period of counter-reforms”, with a negative connotation, but even some Soviet historians, despite the generally negative attitude towards Alexander III, recognized that certain measures of his domestic policy had a positive impact on the development of the socio-economic development of Russian society.

    Arguments to support:

    1. Under Alexander III, active railway construction was carried out, including with public funds, which had a positive effect on the economic development of the country.
    2. The formation of labor legislation began, which facilitated the working conditions of women and children.

    Arguments in rebuttal:

    1. A city "counter-reform" was carried out, which increased the property qualification for voters, which limited the social base of self-government bodies.
    2. The institution of zemstvo chiefs was introduced, who had power over the peasant, similar to the power of the landowner over the serf.
22. You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods in the history of Russia:

    The essay must:

    - indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) related to a given period of history;

    - name two historical personalities whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the personalities you named in these events (phenomena, processes);

    - indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that characterize the causes of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred in a given period;

    - using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, evaluate the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia.

    In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

    For writing the essay, I will choose the period from March 1801 to May 1812. - “the days of the Alexandrovs are a wonderful beginning,” as A.S. Pushkin in the poem "To the Censor". This is the time from the accession to the throne of Alexander I and, almost, until the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812.

    It is not for nothing that the poet designated this era in this way. The young emperor was full of ideas of reforming Russia in order to bring it closer in terms of living standards to Western European countries. For this, according to Alexander I, it was necessary first of all to limit the autocracy and destroy the shameful serfdom. And, if even his educator with republican convictions, La Harpe, advised the tsar to limit the autocracy, then the first step towards the destruction of serfdom was made by the publication in 1803 of the decree “On free cultivators”. This decree, which became a compromise between the desire of Alexander I, if possible, to completely abolish serfdom and the fear of indignation of the nobles, allowed the landlords to release the serfs into freedom with land and for a ransom. Despite the small number of peasants liberated in this way, the significance of the decree is enormous. The emperor demonstrated to society his attitude towards serfdom, and, in addition, some of the provisions of the "Decree" were implemented in the peasant reform of 1861.

    The second person who determined the image of the era was M.M. Speransky. A native of the family of a rural priest, thanks to his talents, he made a dizzying career, becoming, according to Emperor Alexander I, his right hand. In the first years of his reign, the emperor had not yet abandoned the idea of ​​reforming the archaic Russian state system. Brilliantly educated, possessing an exceptionally deep mind, M.M. Speransky hatched grandiose plans for transforming the Russian system of government: limiting autocracy by an elected legislative body - the State Duma, creating a State Council that unites all branches of government, granting civil rights to the entire population, which, in fact, made it impossible to implement serfdom. Only the creation of the State Council in 1810 was realized, and only with legislative functions. Yielding to the pressure of the "high society", who hated the upstart reformer and accused him of ties with Napoleon, Alexander I on the eve of the war of 1812 sent M.M. Speransky into exile. His mind and reformative plans at this time turned out to be unclaimed, and this slowed down the development of the statehood of our country. Many ideas of M.M. Speransky will be implemented, but only a century later and under the pressure of the first Russian revolution. There will be a State Duma and civil rights for the population, but it's too late.