Logopedic portal / Planning / An adjective with a soft sign at the end after sizzling. Soft sign after hissing: rules and exceptions. V. Independent work

An adjective with a soft sign at the end after sizzling. Soft sign after hissing: rules and exceptions. V. Independent work

31.08.2023

The soft sign is probably the most mysterious letter in the Russian language. It does not denote a sound, it is not classified as a vowel / consonant. Why is she needed then? It turns out that its role in our writing is great. In this article, we will figure out when “b” is used after hissing with nouns, adverbs and verbs.

Nouns. Soft sign after hissing consonants

The exact spelling of the soft sign after these consonants is the most difficult, since it is not clear by ear whether it should be written or not.

It turns out that the rule is very simple: a soft sign after hissing in it. noun written only in the words of women. gender belonging to the 3rd declension.

The words “oven”, “speech”, “daughter”, “night”, “game” are feminine, have the nominative case and are in the singular. Therefore, we must certainly write “b” in them.

But be careful: they should not be confused with the words of the 1st declension, which are in oblique cases: “many clouds”, “no tasks”, “several heaps”. All these words, it would seem, are feminine, and, probably, they should be attributed to the 3rd declension.

But let's take a closer look: they are in the genitive case. If we raise them to the initial form (“cloud”, “task”, “heap”), then we will make sure that they belong to the first declension, which means that they do not obey this rule.

There is another "trap" in Russian, where in no case do they use a soft sign after hissing ones. Words ending in a hissing consonant, but related to the second declension, are not written with "b" ("rook", "doctor", "cloak" - 2nd declension). Therefore, be more careful when asking the question to the noun. Do this before determining the declension, since the gender depends on it. noun, and number.

When do we write "b" in adverbs?

An adverb is one of the invariable parts of speech. It is not declined, there are no endings in it. Spelling "b" in adverbs lends itself to not at all difficult rules.

In those adverbs that end in the consonant "sh" or "ch", a soft sign is always written. For example: "jump", "exactly".

In adverbs for "zh", it is never written. The exception would be the word "wide".

Another rule that the adverb obeys: a soft sign after hissing is always used, with the exception of “already”, “married”, “unbearable”. Undoubtedly, such a comic sentence is easily remembered by schoolchildren, especially girls.

It is not so important which rule you remember, the main thing is that both reflect the essence of the spelling of adverbs.

Verb and soft sign after sibilants

The verb is one of the most used parts of speech, without which our language would be very poor. Spelling "b" with verbs causes a lot of difficulties not only for students, but also for adults.

If the verb in the indefinite form (infinitive) ends in sibilant, then "ь" in this case will always be written. And here without any exceptions. "Protect", "bake", "burn". It will also be preserved in a returnable form, before the postfix “-sya”: “get carried away”, “ignite”, “beware”.
All 2nd person singular verbs use a soft sign. This applies both to the present: (“you are now”) “writing”, “drawing”, “walking”, “sleeping”, and to the future: (“you are tomorrow”) “work”, “think”, “finish ”, “remake”. The soft sign will be preserved before the “-sya” postfix: “you will like it”, “you will use it”, “you will touch it”, “you will type it”, “you will take shape”. In verbs that are in the imperative mood and end in a hissing consonant, they always write a soft sign: “cut off”, “eat”, “spread”, “hide”. Before the plural postfix "-te", it must be preserved: "mark", "cut", "hide".

Before the postfix “-sya”, it also does not disappear: “comfort yourself”, “do not cut yourself”.

And again, be careful and do not fall into the "trap" of the insidious Russian language! The words "cry" and "cry" are completely different parts of speech, and therefore are spelled differently.

“Crying” without a soft sign is a noun of the 2nd declension, and, accordingly, a soft sign cannot be written in it. But “cry” with a soft sign is a verb of the imperative mood, and, as you know, we always write “b” in them. All this is easily guessed by the proposed context, in which the meaning of the word will become clear.

Conclusion

A soft sign after hissing is used with many parts of speech. Knowing the simple rules, you will never encounter the problem of spelling it after these consonants. If suddenly you forget some of the nuances, then our article will remind you of them.

The rules of the Russian language are quite difficult to master, because many of them involve different spelling conditions, as well as exceptions to the rules. Therefore, in order to write correctly, you need to clearly know and understand how the rules of the Russian language work in writing. Today we will talk about how the soft sign is written in different words.

Spelling of the soft sign

When is a separating soft sign written? Everything is simple here: a dividing soft sign is written after the consonants and before the vowels e, and, y, i inside the words (but not after the prefixes). Examples: family, blizzard, career, weeds.
A soft sign is written at the end of words after paired consonants to indicate softness: ice hole, frost, notebook.
The soft sign is written after the letter "o" in some words of foreign origin. Examples: postman, broth.
In complex numbers formed from simple ones, in which there is a soft sign, this letter is also written. For example: five - fifty; nine - nine hundred. But such numerals are an exception: seventeen, sixteen, etc. In the middle of these numerals, a soft sign is not written.
The soft sign is written in verbs in the imperative mood before -te and -sya (to go - go, send) and in indefinite forms before -sya (to return, cut your hair, decrease).
Often a soft sign is written to indicate softness at the end of words after a hard consonant (crown, cook) and in the middle of a word (mowing, less).
The soft sign is used in the plural form of the instrumental case: four, children.
If a consonant comes before another soft consonant, then a soft sign is placed between them in two cases. First: if, after changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft (wedding - wedding). Second: in order to denote the softness of "l": clings, boy, herring.
A soft sign is written in the middle of a compound word if its first part ends in ь: salvage, village council.

Soft sign after hissing

The soft sign is more often not used in words after hissing w, h, sh and u. But there are a few exceptions. Where is the soft sign written after the hissing ones?

In the endings of verbs after "sh" in the form of the 2nd person singular. hours of the future and the present: you draw - you draw, you play - you play.
At the end of feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: mouse, daughter, rye.
Command at the end of verbs. inclinations in units number: eat, smear - smear.
Also, in the imperative mood in verbs, a soft sign is written before -tes and -te: smear, eat.
The soft sign is written in the indefinite form of the verb: guard, beware.
The soft sign is used in all adverbs that end in w and h, as well as at the ends of particles: away, completely, completely, only, I mean. A soft sign is not written after a hissing w in the following exception words: unbearable, already, married.

Where a soft sign is not written

In verbs in the form of 3 persons singular. numbers (what does he do?): cooks, draws, writes.
In nouns in the gender form. case plural. numbers after -en: cherry. Exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawks.
In plural nouns. gender numbers. case with a basis in hissing: circuses, shooting ranges, groves.
At the end of masculine nouns: ball, doctor, knife.
At the end of short adjectives: good, hot.
Between two soft l: illumination.
In combinations ch, chk, rch, lf, nsch, rsh: brighter, lamplighter, nurse.
In other combinations between two consonants (except those in the last paragraph): bunch, cane.

Here is such a difficult letter - a soft sign. When it is written in different words, you now know. At first glance, it is very difficult to remember this rule with numerous points, but once you learn it with examples, by analogy you will already write similar words correctly, knowing exactly whether to put a soft sign in them or not.

In Russian, at the end of words, sibilants (Ж, Ш, Ш and Ш) are possible in six parts of speech:

In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (FAST),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).

Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.

1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign after hissing is placed only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns I and II declensions with a hissing at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Do not forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -IC are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RURIKOVICH, VOINOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, POWERFUL).
3. Verbs with a hissing at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in an indefinite form). Please note that in verbs a soft sign may appear after the hissing and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -ТЕ, for example: BATH, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs, after hissing, a soft sign is always written (PUSH, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBELIEVABLE.
5. Pronouns with hissing at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOUR.
6. Always with a soft sign, particles are written SHOW, ONLY, BESH.
Exercise

We already knew this and did not prevent him from managing in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)

Around Petrovich's neck hung a skein of silk and thread, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“Overcoat”, N. V. Gogol)

This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, how bish_ them ... Koch and Pestryakova. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Finally, the poor fellow became, in a way, unbearable, he decided to climb through by storm at all costs, you understand. (“Dead Souls”, N. V. Gogol)

This expression said that she had decided, without complaining, to endure her misfortune, and that her husband was the cross sent to her by God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And how do you think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people's misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they accepted the groove, and the water could flow wherever it pleased. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

They say that his mother was very good-looking, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully_, for such an insignificant person ... (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I told him... Don't cry for me: I'll try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I'm a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops only lost a few hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

It will fall by itself when it is ripe, but you will pluck it green, spoil the apple and the tree, and you will set the teeth on edge yourself. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Nikolai in a nutshell bought for six thousand_ seventeen stallions to select (as he said) for the casual end of his repair. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

On the other side of the fence the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Except for falsehood and lies, nothing could come out now; and falsehood and lies were contrary to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

No one has declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and wish to help them, - said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And now in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, every day waiting for a decision. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Night came - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a good sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Liza slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

And there is one key - there are more than three of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from a chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Don't worry, I won't give it to you, - the mustachioed man said resolutely and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The weeping of poor, consumptive, orphan Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have produced a strong effect on the public. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Her pale yellow, withered face was thrown back, her mouth was open, her legs were convulsively stretched out. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Game_! - yelled Luzhin, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all flying wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Marfa Terentievna did not let up, but more and more pestered the mayor: take Bonaparte out and put it down, then in the end he was exhausted. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Whatever fires out of a gun, it will shoot through the heart, whatever it waves with a saber, then the head is off the shoulders. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He repeatedly made campaigns against the short-earners and was so eager for spectacles that no one without himself would be killed
did not trust. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, - no more mirages, no more feigned fears, no more ghosts! .. ”(“ Crime and Punishment ”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

It was thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up underfoot, that a tornado would fly in from somewhere and swallow everything, all at once ... (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their stomachs in addition. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

The exercise was prepared by N. Solovieva and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

There are two amazing letters in the Russian alphabet - a soft sign and a hard sign. They themselves do not make any sounds. But they affect the neighbors.

The soft sign performs two important functions in Russian. It denotes the softness of the preceding consonant and is used as a separator.

Sometimes a soft sign in a word is heard, but not. And vice versa ... It is difficult to remember all the rules and exceptions, but I really want to write correctly. Turns out it's not that hard to learn.

Soft sign after hissing

A soft sign is not needed after the hissing second declension singular (, garage), the first and second declensions in the plural genitive (puddles, skis) and in short masculine adjectives answering the question "what?". For example: fresh - fresh, similar - similar. In with the consonant w at the end (already, married, unbearable), the soft sign is also not used, but it should be written in the word wide open.

The soft sign is not written in the pronouns "our", "your", in the particle "already" and the preposition "between".

Soft sign to indicate the softness of consonants in writing

The soft sign is not written in combinations: -chk- (line, crust), -ch- (bakery, laundry), -nch- (strum, bell), -nsh- (racer, attendant), -rsh- (collector, debater ), -rch- (morel,), -schn- (elegant, powerful), -st- (bridge, reed), -nt- (wrapper, edging).

In foreign words with a double letter l, the soft sign is not written (collective, collegium, collie).

There is a rule for spelling compound numbers. If the second root is inclined in them, a soft sign should not be written. For example: eighteen - eighteen, fifteen - fifteen.

If the stem of the word from which the relative adjective is formed ends in -n, -r, then a soft sign is not needed before the suffix -sk-. For example: the beast is brutal, the horse is horse. The exceptions are adjectives formed from the names of the months (except January), words of Chinese origin and adjectives like day. For example: September, November, but January; Sichuan - Sichuan; day - daytime.

Nouns in –nya with a preceding consonant do not have a soft sign. For example: tower - towers. Exception: young lady - young ladies, kitchen - kitchens, hawthorn - hawthorn.

To find out if a soft sign is needed in a verb ending in -s, ask a question to it. If there is no soft sign in the question, then this is a third person verb, you don’t need to write a soft sign: “he (what does he do?) study”, “they (what do they do?) care about”.

If you want to write correctly, do exercises to consolidate the theory and read more.

Sources:

Spelling of hard and soft signs
Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing

The Russian alphabet was created on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, an ancient system for depicting sounds in writing. While most Western languages use the Latin alphabet, many people have questions about the function of some characters in the Russian alphabet.

Instruction

Every modern living language has gone through major evolutionary changes in order to come to the form familiar to today's native speakers. The Russian language is no exception. It goes back to the 5th-6th century AD, during the formation of the Slavic state. The Slavs united around the Novgorod and Kyiv lands, and they needed a single language to maintain and develop relations. With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the issue of language and the spread of writing became the most relevant, after which the Bulgarian confessors Cyril and Methodius, two missionaries, arrived to create a single written language. Thanks to the invaluable work of these first scientists, the Cyrillic alphabet was created.

Western and Eastern maintained mutually beneficial political and trade relations, but spoke different Slavic languages. In order to facilitate intercultural communication and be able to hold church services in a single language, the Old Church Slavonic language was created. It was artificial and contained the common features of the existing Slavic languages, but it became the language of the state and supports interethnic communication. The first books and important documents were written in the Old Slavonic language, after which Old Russian and other Slavic dialects emerged from it.

In the alphabet of the Old Slavonic language, there were 46 letters, which subsequently lost their relevance. Some letters, such as “yat”, “yus”, “fita”, have disappeared from use, others have simply changed their meaning - these are “er” and “er”.

The symbol of the modern Russian soft sign "b" denoted the letter "er" and had its own vowel sound, intermediate between [e] and [i]. The letter "b" was used in unstressed syllables (in a weak position), because of which its pronunciation was articulatory fuzzy. We can find traces of "b" in the unstressed "E" in the words "darken", "pen", etc. In the historical process of the decline of reduced sounds, due to the increased economy of speech efforts, "b" ceased to be pronounced as an intelligible vowel sound, in a weak position it was reduced to zero. For example, if in the word "dark" we still observe the reduced "b", in the word "darkness" after [t] there is no longer a vowel sound, only a softening soft sign.

Thus, the modern soft sign in Russian does not give a sound, but serves to soften the previous consonants, separate sounds and make sense of words. For example, the words "seed" and "family" in spelling and pronunciation differ only due to the soft sign. In morphology, a soft sign helps to determine the grammatical meaning of a word.

It is possible that the development of the Russian language will lead to a simplification of the graphic structure of the alphabet, and "unpronounceable" letters, such as "b" and "b", will disappear from use.

The letter "b" (soft sign) is Slavic in origin. In the ancient Cyrillic alphabet, there was the letter "er", which conveyed a reduced (weakened) sound almost like a zero sound or as a vowel close to the sounds [o] and [e]. After the loss of reduced sounds in the Old Russian language, the need for the letter “er” disappeared, however, it did not disappear from the alphabet, but was transformed into a soft sign and received its special purpose.

The letter "b" acts as a separator: before the letters "e, e, u, i, and" in the roots, suffixes and endings of nominal parts of speech in Russian and borrowed words (weeds, sparrows, quarry, crows); in a small group of foreign words before the letter “o” (pavilion, broth). The letter “b” is used to indicate the softness of consonants: at the end of the word (except for hissing): horse,; in the middle of a word before a hard consonant: wedding, nanny; in the middle of a word between soft consonants, if when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard: take (take), at dawn (dawn); to indicate the softness of "l": orange, glazier. Another function of the soft sign is to designate the grammatical form of the word: the name of the noun in the nominative and accusative case ending in (daughter, wilderness, speech); in the form of instrumental case (children, people); in various verb forms - infinitive (oven, sit), imperative mood (cut, cut), in the second person form ( , ); in adverbs that end in hissing sounds (backwards, ); in grammatical forms of numerals - at the end of words from five to forty (seven, twenty), and after forty - in the middle of quantitative numbers (fifty, five hundred). the soft sign is not written. Also, the soft sign is not used in the genitive plural of nouns that end in the combination “nya”, and in derivative words with the suffix -k-, when in the nominative singular this combination is preceded by a consonant : fables (fable), cherries (cherry). Exceptions include the words: young ladies, hawks, villages, kitchens, sheets. Remember that the letter “b” is written in adjectives formed from nouns - the names of the calendar months: June, October. The exception should include the word "January".

Soft sign after hissing - setting rule

We put a soft sign:

A soft sign after hissing must be written in feminine nouns if they are in the singular in the nominative and

Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.

Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.

2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.

Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.

Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.

- Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.

3. In singular verbs in endings after sibilants.

Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!

Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs - Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!

Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!

4. In verbs in and imperative before endings - those, - those.

Example: smear - smear - smear.

Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!

5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.

Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.

Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.

6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.

Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.

Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.

Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.

7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.

Example words: that is, only.

In a sentence: Look what a bully!

Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?

You don't have to write:

In nouns of the nominative case.

Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.

Offer: A swift flew up to our window.

2. In plural and genitive nouns.

Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.

Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.

3. In short form.

Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.

Offer: He was good-natured and good-looking...

4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.

Examples: yours, ours.

Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.

Elementary teachers give their students rhymed versions of the rules - for easier memorization.