Evolutionary chain. Presentation on the topic of human origin and development Theories of human origin

Main task: As a result of the research, it is necessary to study all stages of human evolution and confirm or refute (in your opinion) the theory of Charles Darwin, “The Theory of Natural Selection.” (Here one expresses one’s opinion about the origin and development of man.)

Ardipithecus ramidus An early hominid discovered in Ethiopia, Ardipithecus ramidus, lived 4.4 million years ago. It is likely that Ardipithecus lived in wet and wooded habitats, and environmental changes provided the impetus for human evolution.

Australopithecus anamensis appeared about 4.2 million years ago. The structure of the bones of its legs suggests that this australopithecus was bipedal, but the structure of its teeth and jaws is very similar to later fossil apes. Australopithecus anamensis lived in dry forests.

Australopithecus afarensis Appeared in East Africa, 4-3 million years ago. Many “monkey” features: - elongated (prognathic) face, - U-shaped palate (with rows of molars parallel to each other, like in higher apes, in distinct from the “parabolic” palate of modern man); - a small braincase (430 cubic cm, not much larger than that of a chimpanzee). But there are many differences from monkeys, the main one of which is walking on two legs.

Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.7 million years ago in East Africa, a new group of ancient hominids appeared - “robust”, distinguished by very large molars (they are sometimes classified as Australopithecus, sometimes classified as a separate genus Paranthropus). Paranthropus aethiopicus is thought to have evolved from Australopithecus afarensis and was the ancestor of Paranthropus boisei.

Paranthropus boisei Appeared million years ago in East Africa. In this species, the tendencies of the “robust” evolutionary line are most fully expressed. Traditionally, these signs are interpreted as features of extreme specialization for chewing rough plant food.

Homo habilis million years ago, East Africa. This representative of the genus Homo made primitive stone tools. The brain size averaged 650 cm3 and ranged from 500 to 800 cm3. Habilis was 1.5 meters tall and is believed to have weighed around 45 kilograms. Males were larger than females, but habilis did not have such a pronounced difference in size between the sexes

Homo rudolfensis 1.8 million years ago, East. Africa Skull volume 775 cubic meters. cm - much larger than in Australopithecus, and larger than in typical habilis. H.rudolfensis is also distinguished by the weak development of the supraorbital ridge. The flat face of Homo rudolfensis suggests a close relationship with Kenyanthropus platyops

Homo georgicus Age 1.8 million years. Found in Dmanisi (Georgia) in 2001. Brain volume cubic cm. Height 1.5m. This find forces us to reconsider old theories about when and why people settled outside Africa. It is now clear that the first to do this were not the smart and progressive Pithecanthropus, but the forms transitional between Pithecanthropus and the most ancient Homo, which still had a very small brain.

Homo ergaster Lived a million years ago. The skull is rounded, the brow ridges are strongly developed. The teeth are small, especially compared to australopithecines. Brain volume 880 cubic meters. see The transition from ancient people to Homo ergaster was the most important qualitative leap in the evolution of hominids. At the same time, two important changes occurred: - Body size increased sharply. - The share of animal food in the diet has increased

Homo erectus Representatives of erectus who lived 1.5 million years ago had a brain volume of about 900 cm3. One of the characteristic features of these hominids was very thick brow ridges and an elongated, low skull. The teeth were almost like those of a modern person, the chin was missing. He knew how to use fire and devoured his own kind

Homo sapiens Brain volume on average is 1300 cubic meters. see Flattened, high, almost vertical forehead. The brow ridges are reduced. The oldest finds in Africa years ago; in the West Asia - more than years ago. They first had real art (rock painting, see here); Technological progress has accelerated sharply; Hunting techniques have improved. The latter, however, also had a negative effect. Here

Slide 1

Origin and development of man

Chuprov L.A. MKOU secondary school No. 3 with. Kamen-Rybolov, Khankaisky district, Primorsky Krai.

Slide 2

Human Origins

Human development

Slide 3

If we mentally look at the path he traveled, we will see what enormous changes have occurred in the way of life of people, in their appearance, forms of communication and in the environment.

From the moment of his appearance on Earth until the beginning of the 21st century, man has gone through a long path of development.

Slide 4

Saudi Arabia

Kenya Tanzania Ethiopia Sudan Indian Ocean Red Sea

The first people appeared 2-3 million years ago. The ancestral home of humanity is Africa.

Slide 5

in the nature of biological needs: food, offspring, safety, etc.

Man is a biosocial being.

As a natural (biological) being, man had much in common with animals:

in the structure of the body

Slide 6

Primitive people did not know how to speak, had a smaller brain than modern man, and some animal-like appearance features.

lived and worked together

differed from animals in their ability to make and use simple tools.

Slide 7

2. Human development

About 40 thousand years ago, a man appeared who looked like modern people, “Homo sapiens,” “Homo sapiens.”

Straight gait

Improved hand

Increased brain volume

Articulate speech

Slide 8

In collective labor activity, man developed as a social being.

The life of “Homo sapiens” has also changed:

He learned to make new tools from wood, flint, and bone.

learned to make fire, sew clothes and build a home.

Slide 9

However, in the process of evolution, people developed a special communication system - a language that made it possible to express thoughts using words and sentences.

Primitive people lived in small groups, hunted and worked together. For a joint hunt to be successful, they needed to coordinate their actions, that is, somehow communicate with each other.

Many animals that live in packs contact each other using growls, body movements and screams.

Slide 10

When talking, people communicate their thoughts, feelings, and requests to each other.

Without language, human society and civilization could not exist.

Slide 11

The human herd was replaced by the clan community.

This form of unification of ancient people was more stable. It was based on consanguinity, collective labor and equal distribution

About 8-10 thousand years ago, man made the transition from gathering and hunting to agriculture and cattle breeding.

Slide 12

From the appropriation of natural products in finished form, people moved to their production. They began to jointly change, transform the world around them, and cultivate it.

Slide 13

The division of labor led to the emergence of crafts.

Cities and states emerge.

Slide 14

Customs, traditions, religion, laws become the basis of moral, religious and legal norms of human life in society.

People are devoting more and more time to art, science, and education.

Rules are created to regulate human behavior in society.

Slide 15

All these are the constituent elements of culture.

Culture turns into the second environment of human existence.

Slide 16

http://superaltai.ru/cave_denisova2.html

http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/6170/

http://www.infozoom.ru/tag/priroda

http://www.membrana.ru/particle/4235

http://cymdigitalamerica.wordpress.com/2011/04/17/thrift-3/ancient-people/

http://www.zooeco.com/0-mlek/0-mlek00113-19-1.html

http://900igr.net/photo/istorija/Pervobytnye-ljudi-1.files/001-Pervobytnye-ljudi.html

http://stoletnik.narod.ru/enc/t2/2_11.html

http://scienceblog.ru/tag/homo-sapiens/

http://accelight.wordpress.com/2011/11/24/manusia-purba-homo/

http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/secr/etof/vol/ogda/drawing/17i.jpg

http://histrev.ucoz.ru/drevnij/per1.htm

http://school.xvatit.com/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0 %B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8 %D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_(6_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0 %D1%81%D1%81)

http://www.husain-off.ru/hg7n/hg7-a1-11.html

http://www.husain-off.ru/hg7n/hg7-a1-12.html

http://kuomak.prjazha-v.ru/foto-pervobytnyh-lyudei.html

http://www.rodovoidom.info/stat/25/narodopravstvo.php

Lessons 1-2 “The human evolutionary chain. Cultural components of evolution"

Lesson 1 “Human evolutionary chain.”

The development of the human race lasted 7 million years

Now a person goes through this entire path in the womb
mother: he develops speech, hearing, memory,
touch, and most importantly, the human brain.
After birth we go through not an evolutionary, but
cultural path of development - after all, everything
biological prerequisites are ready.
Question: what skills does the baby acquire after
birth?

Human personality

The foundations of human personality are laid
at 5-7 years, then they are adjusted and
are being sharpened.
Compare: 7 million years – 7 years
millennia compressed into months and days

Exercise:

Draw conclusions based on the figure on page 10
how a person and his brain changed during
evolution?

The emergence of society

During evolution there was
a qualitative leap – did not arise
just a person, but HUMAN
SOCIETY.
Human history has begun
which is controlled by special
social laws.

Exercise:

Look at the drawing on
page 12 in the textbook, which
you can draw conclusions
looking at him?

Conclusions:

The more instincts, the smaller the role
parents.
The fewer instincts, the greater the role
parents.
Parents for a child are substitutes for nature,
they must pass on norms and models to him
behaviors created by society.

Let's think...

Man learns from his own
mistakes, and animals
don't make mistakes.
Why?

Born without programming
behavior, people had to re-
learn how to interpret
the world around us and how
react to it.
Animals don’t need to do anything like that.
Gradually, from generation to generation,
a culture began to take shape.

Culture is...

A set of traditions
customs, social norms,
rules governing
behavior of those who live
now and the topics being transmitted,
who will live tomorrow.

Man is a biosocial individual.

Human physical development stopped 40
thousand years ago.
By this time, all the signs had formed,
which distinguish humans from animals.
Name them...
All this served as a transition from biological
evolution to cultural.

Slide 2

Human Origins

One of the most interesting and complex topics studied in the course of general biology is the origin of man. Where, when and how did the human race arise? How did he spread across the Earth?
In the last century, there were two answers in European culture: one was given in the Bible, the other in the theory of Charles Darwin. Therefore, it was this question - whether man was created by God or descended from a monkey - that attracted the attention of the general public.

Slide 3


Charles Darwin did not deny the existence of God, but believed that God created only the initial species, while the rest arose under the influence of natural selection. Alfred Wallace, who came to the discovery of the principle of natural selection almost simultaneously with Darwin, unlike the latter, argued that there is a sharp line between man and animals in relation to mental activity. He came to the conclusion that the human brain cannot be considered the result of natural selection.
Man is an animal interested in its origins. Interest in one's own origins has been characteristic of man since ancient times. The longer scientists study the fossil record, the clearer the picture of the transformation of ape into man emerges.

Slide 4


Many primate species followed the path of hominization, and Homosapiens, at the time of its emergence, was simply a representative of one of several competing lineages. It was not predetermined that he would succeed in the arena of evolution.
Today, most scientists adhere to the theory of the African origin of man and believe that the future winner in the evolutionary race arose in Southeast Africa about 200 thousand years ago and settled from there throughout the planet.
Homoerectus appeared in Africa about 1.8 million years ago. He made more advanced stone tools, which were found by paleontologists. Over several hundred thousand years, Homoerectus spread first across the Middle East, then to Europe and to the Pacific Ocean.

Slide 5

Human ancestry

Parapithecus
Dryopithecus
Propliopithecus
Chimpanzee
Gorilla
Gibbon
Orangutan
Australopithecus
The earliest people (Sinanthropus, Pithecanthropus)
Ancient people (Neanderthal)
New people (Cro-Magnon)
Evolution
person

Slide 6

Factors of anthropogenesis

Biological Social
1. Heredity
2.Variability
3.Insulation
4.Struggle for existence
5.Natural selection
1.Labor
2.Speech
3.Consciousness
4. Social life
5.Culture

Slide 7

Possible resettlement map

• Slide 8

  Main stages of human evolution

  Man upright
  Australopithecus
  The Man from the Solo River
  Rhodesian man
  Neanderthal man
  Cro-Magnon man
  Modern man

  Slide 9

  Pithecanthropus

  Pithecanthropus (ape-man) - was found in 1891 on the island of Java. Pithecanthropus was significantly larger than Australopithecus: he had a height of at least 170 cm, a brain volume of 850-900 cubic meters. cm. Thus, Pithecanthropus can be considered a transitional link from monkey to man. He lived on earth 500 - 800 thousand years ago.

  Slide 10

  Pithecanthropus tool

• Slide 11

  Sinanthropus

  Sinanthropus lived at approximately the same time as Pithecanthropus, but the brain volume was slightly larger. Next to the remains of synanthropes, various tools made of quartz, silicon pebbles, deer antler and bones were discovered.

  Slide 12

  Sinanthropus tools.

• Slide 13

  Neanderthal

  Neanderthal, named after the Neanderthal Valley (Germany), where the remains of these people were first found in 1856. They lived in groups of 50 - 100 people in caves, where they constantly maintained a fire, dressed in skins, made primitive tools, painted their bodies with patterns, had religious beliefs and funeral rituals. Neanderthal tools were more advanced and had some specialization. The last Neanderthals lived among the first modern humans, and were then finally supplanted by them.

  Slide 14

  Modern type of people.

  The emergence of people of the modern physical type occurred about 50 thousand years ago. Their remains have been found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. In the Cro-Magnon Grotto (France), several fossil skeletons of modern people were discovered; they were called Cro-Magnons. They possessed the whole complex of features: articulate speech, as indicated by a developed chin protuberance, the construction of dwellings, the first rudiments of art (rock paintings), clothing, jewelry, perfect bone and stone tools, the first domesticated animals - everything indicates that this is a real a man who has completely separated himself from his bestial ancestors. Cro-Magnons and modern people form one species - Homosapiens - Homo sapiens; this species was formed no later than 100 - 40 thousand years ago.

  Slide 15

  Cro-Magnon

  Homo sapiens - Cro-Magnon, named after the place of the first discovery (Cro-Magnon Cave in France). These were large people - up to 180 cm in height, with a skull volume of up to 1600 cubic cm. They lived approximately from 50,000 to 15,000 years ago, and were noticeably different in appearance from Neanderthals. They made tools from stone, bone and horn, including composite tools, which indicates significant progress in this field.

  Slide 16

  Cro-Magnon Bison Hunt

• Slide 17

  Systematic position of man

  Empire-Cellular
  Overkingdom–Nuclear (Eucaryota)
  Animal Kingdom
  Subkingdom–Multicellular (Metazoa)
  Phylum–Chordata
  Subphylum – Vertebrates (Vertebrata)
  Class – Mammals (Mammalia)
  Superorder – Placentals (Placentabia)
  Squad – Primates
  Suborder – Narrow-nosed monkeys (Catarhina)
  Family – People (Hominidae)
  Superfamily – Hominoids (Hominoidea)
  Genus – Man (Homo)
  Species – Homo sapiens

  Slide 18

  Evidence of animal origins for humans

  Comparative anatomical - a unified plan of the structure of human and animal bodies, the presence of rudiments and atavisms in humans.
  Physiological – the similarity of processes occurring in human and animal organisms.
  Embryological – similar stages of embryonic development in humans and animals.
  Paleontological - finds of the remains of ancient humanoid creatures.
  Biochemical - the similarity of the chemical composition of the intracellular environment of humans and animals.
  Genetic – similarity in the number of chromosomes in humans and apes.

  Slide 19

  Scientists about man

  Heraclitus - organisms develop according to the laws of nature.
  Aristotle - compared and studied the development of organs, introduced the concept of “organism”.
  Hippocrates - studied the influence of natural factors on human health.
  Claudius Galen - compared the structure of human and animal organs.
  Leonardo da Vinci - studied, described and sketched the structure of the human body.
  Andreas Vesalius - accurately described the internal organs of the human body and skeleton.
  William Harvey - discovered two circles of blood circulation.

  Slide 20

  Scientists about man

  Rene Descartes discovered the reflex.
  Sechenov I.M., Pavlov I.P. -developed the doctrine of reflex.
  Pirogov N.I. –Founder of military field surgery.
  Louis Pasteur - development of the science of immunity, developed a method of preventive vaccinations.
  Mechnikov I.I. is the founder of the phagocytic theory of immunity. Thanks to the development of immunology and surgical technology, organ transplant operations have become possible.

  slide 21

  Methods for studying man

  Observation Measurement
  Experiment Statistics
  Ultrasound X-ray
  Modeling

  Slide 22

  Human Sciences

  Anatomy: studies the structure of the body, its organs, tissues, cells.
  Physiology is a science that studies the functions of the whole organism, individual organs and their systems.
  Psychology is a science that studies the general patterns of mental processes and the individual personal properties of a particular person.
  Hygiene is a science that studies the conditions for maintaining human health, the proper organization of his life, work and rest.

  Slide 23

  Conclusion.

  In human evolution, the most important role is played not only by biological factors, but also by social ones (speech, work activity and social behavior). Human characteristics determined by social factors are transmitted in the process of education and training. Subsequently, social patterns became important in human evolution. Since man is a biological and social being, this determines his special position.

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Slide captions:

The cultural component of evolution Lesson 2 10th grade social studies

The need for culture is the result of the evolution of the human race.

Upright posture Large brain Presence of a second signaling system Thinking Language and consciousness Longer childhood Mastery of tools and fire = > Transition from biological to cultural evolution Man is distinguished from animals: Cro-Magnon man. Reconstruction by Z. Burian

Culture is a set of traditions, customs, social norms, rules governing the behavior of those who live now and transmitted to those who will live tomorrow. Anthropologists define culture. The burial of a boy from Sungiri and its reconstruction by G.V. Lebedinskaya.

A person learns how to interpret the world around him and how to react to it. Animals do not need this Socialization process - learning cultural norms Tools of the Mesolithic era

Actions dictated by biology do not allow any freedom. (involuntary reactions: for example: withdrawing a hand from something hot, sneezing, scratching) Conscious necessity is expressed in the fact that a person subordinates his instinctive freedom to social necessity (from “behaving as I want” to “behaving as public decency requires ") Freedom and responsibility

Freedom is a person’s ability to act in accordance with his interests and goals; the ability to perform certain actions depending on the circumstances Textbook p. 17 on freedom paragraph 1 after the definition Freedom and responsibility

Responsibility is a person’s obligation and willingness to answer for his actions, actions and consequences.

Homework: paragraph No. 2 retelling, workshop c. 1 in writing

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