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Development of agriculture and environmental problems. The main problems of agriculture in Russia. Global environmental problems in agriculture

06.09.2023

Agricultural production is one of the most common types of human activity. In the process of farming, environmental conditions change. The areas occupied by forests, shrubs and meadows with a variety of natural vegetation are decreasing. The natural biological cycle undergoes significant changes as a result of the loss of a huge mass of chemical elements, the radiation and water balance of vast territories, and the hydrological regime. The natural habitat conditions of animals and birds are deteriorating. The atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere are polluted. In the process of long-term economic use, soils lose their natural fertility, degrade or are completely destroyed.

Wind and water erosion of soil cover has become very widespread on the earth's surface. In ancient geological periods, the intensity of erosion processes was insignificant. However, under their influence there was a gradual leveling of the relief, the formation of slopes and accumulative plains. This kind of erosion is called geological or normal. Modern erosion, which is associated with human economic activity, is called accelerated. The intensity of soil erosion is especially significant on arable lands located on the slopes of the relief. Therefore, in mountainous areas, the rate of erosion due to irrational environmental management is, as a rule, the highest.

Erosion occurs on all continents. Water erosion covers almost two-thirds of all terrestrial land. It is most characteristic of dissected regions of mountains and hills, as well as lands of plains that are over-ploughed. According to field surveys of soils in Ukraine, 9,900,000 hectares have been damaged by varying degrees of erosion, which is almost a third of the total area of arable land. The fight against erosion requires systematic, comprehensive work and huge capital investments. The implementation of anti-erosion programs requires constant state control.

Declines in crop productivity are not caused solely by erosion. Natural phenomena such as droughts or, conversely, excess precipitation, cold snowless winters when winter crops freeze out, and the like also affect productivity. It should be noted that the amplitude of yield fluctuations is constantly increasing as average yields increase, which, in particular, is associated with a decrease in the resistance of new high-yielding varieties and weather fluctuations.

Nowadays, damage to cultivated plants by various diseases and pests has become quite common. Growing the same types of plants over large areas makes them more vulnerable to diseases, and also creates favorable conditions for the development of certain types of pests. The latter can be clearly illustrated using the example of the Colorado potato beetle. Its first specimens were accidentally brought along with potatoes from America to Europe, first to the Iberian Peninsula. From there, its gradual expansion to the east began, “where it found quite favorable conditions for its development. Now it can be found in almost any potato field.

Various means are used to combat pests and diseases (pesticides, crop rotation, agricultural technology, biological), but the problem as a whole is still far from being solved. In addition, the use of chemical plant protection products leads to increased environmental pollution.

Serious environmental problems arising from the use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture. When applied to fields, they are only partially absorbed by plants. A significant amount of nitrogen and phosphorus enters groundwater and underground waters, and from them migrates to rivers and lakes. Most of them accumulate in low-flowing water bodies. However, it is impossible to conduct intensive agriculture without the use of fertilizers, because it would be impossible to maintain and increase soil fertility. Therefore, it is important to know some of the properties of the main types of fertilizers.

Nitrogen is especially necessary for the formation of new cells, so young plants actively absorb it. Depending on the supply of soil nutrients and the agricultural crop, from 100 to 300 kg/ha are applied to the fields. Excess nitrogen is undesirable, as it causes excessive growth of vegetative organs and deteriorates the quality of plant products. It is especially dangerous in its nitrate form because it can cause poisoning in organisms. Part of the nitrogen escapes into the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds, polluting the air with them.

A significant part of phosphorus fertilizers is also not absorbed by plants. Despite the low solubility of phosphorus fertilizers and their weak migration ability, the main geochemical directions of their global circulation are directed towards lakes, river mouths, seas and ocean shelves. In small bodies of water, phosphorus compounds contribute to eutrophication (rottenness) of lakes. In carbonate soils, where the mobility of phosphorus is especially low, phosphating may occur. However, the main problem is the depletion of phosphorus resources, which leads to a violation of the required N: P: K ratio (preferably a ratio ranging from 1: 1: 1 to 1: 2: 2.5).

Potassium is a very important nutritional element. Potash fertilizers of various compositions are used. Potassium chloride is often added. However, its use leads to the accumulation of chlorine ion in the soil, which is harmful to many crops. For example, in potatoes it causes wateriness.

In most countries of the world, optimal fertilizer application rates have not been achieved. However, in some highly developed countries (Germany, Belgium, Holland, England, USA) there are examples of the use of excessive quantities. In this regard, there is a threat of deterioration in the quality of food and environmental pollution with agrochemicals.

The use of pesticides in agriculture makes it possible to save a significant part of the crop. When crops are treated with pesticides, most of them accumulate on the surface of the soil and plants. They are adsorbed by soil organic matter and mineral colloids. Excess pesticides can migrate with downward moisture currents and enter groundwater.

There is a problem of waste from agricultural production and related processing industries. Current world grain production produces 1,700 million tons of straw annually, most of which is unused and pollutes the environment. The production of cotton and sugar cane generates large amounts of waste. A significant amount of waste from grown agricultural products ends up in landfills. In many cases, organic residues are simply burned, throwing away the soil fertility accumulated over centuries. It would be much more expedient, however, to prepare composts and organic fertilizers based on waste plant products. Regular and sufficient application of them to agricultural fields will allow more efficient use of land.

Each branch of agriculture affects the environment differently. Thus, agriculture quite noticeably changes the water balance and hydrological regime of agricultural landscapes. The creation of large feeding complexes is often accompanied by contamination of soil and water with animal excrement and the accumulation of pus. Pollution of the hydrographic network with waste from slaughterhouses, meat processing and dairy enterprises remains a serious problem.

In mountainous areas, livestock farming is the leading branch of agriculture. Due to rapid population growth, the demand for meat and dairy products, wool, and leather is increasing. This forces the number of cattle, deer, yaks, llamas, goats, and sheep to constantly increase, which leads to overgrazing. The weakening of the turf cover is accompanied by soil erosion, which often completely destroys fertile horizons.

So, modern agriculture creates a number of acute environmental problems for the inhabitants of the planet. their successful solution is possible only on the basis of rational environmental management, the implementation of a comprehensive system of measures for nature conservation and increasing the productivity of agriculture and livestock.

Agriculture and the environment: features and ways to solve environmental problems

Introduction

The depletion of natural resources reduces the base for agricultural production in the future and increases exposure to risks, thus creating large economic losses.

However, these costs can often be minimized through a combination of policy reform and the application of innovative institutional solutions and technologies. An integrated policy approach is needed in the implementation of programs in the field of agriculture and the environment, as well as in the field of climate change and biofuels, which are discussed in separate policy briefs.

Intensive farming has helped limit the change in natural ecosystems, but often comes with environmental and health costs of its own.

These problems are very relevant today and the issues of interaction between agriculture and the environment, of which it is an integral part, require detailed consideration.

The purpose of writing an essay is to study the problem of interaction between agriculture and the environment.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:

Consider the features of environmental problems caused by agriculture;

Describe ways to solve environmental problems in agriculture.

When writing the abstract, literature, articles in scientific journals, analytical reports, Internet sites were used.

Chapter 1. Features of environmental problems caused by agriculture

1.1. Features of the impact of agriculture on the environment

The intensification of agricultural production in irrigated and prospective rainfed areas has been driven in most developing countries by a marked shift towards factor-intensive farming, which has helped meet rising food demand and reduced the rate at which natural ecosystems are being converted to agricultural land.

By some estimates, between 1960 and 2000, the Green Revolution alone prevented more than 80 million hectares of land from being converted to agricultural use. But agricultural intensification has also created environmental problems, from declining biodiversity in agricultural lands to poor management of irrigation water, groundwater depletion, and agrochemical pollution (Table 1).

Regions that were not affected by the Green Revolution and revolutionary changes in livestock production experienced low or no intensification of agriculture.

Instead, agricultural growth was achieved through extensification, i.e. expansion of the area of cultivated land.

Agriculture creates a greater impact on the natural environment than any other sector of the national economy. The reason for this is that agriculture requires huge areas. As a result, the landscapes of entire continents are changing. Subtropical forest grew on the Great Chinese Plain, turning into the Ussuri taiga in the north, and into the jungles of Indochina in the south. In Europe, the agricultural landscape replaced broad-leaved forests; in Ukraine, fields replaced steppes.

Agricultural landscapes have proven to be unsustainable, leading to a number of local and regional environmental disasters. Thus, improper reclamation caused soil salinization and the loss of most of the cultivated lands of Mesopotamia, deep plowing led to dust storms in Kazakhstan and America, overgrazing and agriculture led to desertification in the Sahel zone in Africa.

Agriculture has the greatest impact on the natural environment. Its influencing factors are:

* reduction of natural vegetation to farmland, plowing of land;

* tillage (loosening) of the soil, especially using a moldboard plow;

* use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides;

* land reclamation.

And the strongest impact is on the soils themselves:

* destruction of soil ecosystems;

* loss of humus;

* destruction of the structure and compaction of the soil;

* water and wind soil erosion;

There are certain methods and technologies of farming that mitigate or completely eliminate negative factors, for example, precision farming technologies.

Livestock farming has less impact on the environment. Its influencing factors are:

* overgrazing - that is, grazing of livestock in quantities exceeding the ability of pastures to recover;

* unprocessed waste from livestock farms.

Intensive development of agriculture has a significant impact on the environment, which manifests itself mainly in the form of negative externalities. The increase in arable land, an increase in the fleet of tractors and agricultural machines, the introduction of large quantities of organic and mineral fertilizers, and the use of plant protection products lead to the pollution of soil, water bodies and the atmosphere with harmful components, chemicals, and exhaust gases.

Production in one sector of agriculture may have negative externalities in other sectors of agricultural production. Such activities include the use of pesticides by some farms (for example, when chemicals are sprayed, the spray may damage the crops of neighboring farms), the use of nitrogen fertilizers (for example, when the result is a contaminated water body used by other farms) or deforestation, which can lead to, for example, to rising water levels and salinization of nearby soils. As a result, only the most salinity-resistant crops can grow on such lands. Cutting down trees can increase the salinity of rivers to the point that they cannot be used for watering or drinking for livestock.

In areas with significant rainfall, destruction of natural vegetation by agricultural activities usually results in heavy water runoff. Vegetation can be destroyed by cutting down or cultivating land. In such cases, in the floodplain lands of rivers, floods (floods) occur more often, which occur not only after heavy rains, but also due to erosive sediments (sediments), which contribute to the rapid erosion of river banks. The increase in such floods has a negative impact on farms located in the lower reaches of rivers, where soils and sands become infertile as a result of increased salt erosion. In drier areas, the destruction of vegetation exposes soils to wind erosion. Fallowed crop soils are often at significant risk. Overgrazing can also cause wind erosion. As a result, farms located outside the areas affected by wind erosion may suffer damage. For example, unwanted soil and sand particles may be carried into their area, or crop yields may be reduced due to dust in the air.

In some cases, there are quite direct negative impacts of natural resources in agriculture, as in the case of shared ownership of water resources. Let's imagine that river water is used for irrigation by several farms. If its demand for water exceeds the available supply, then a distribution problem arises. Without control, farms located downstream will receive less water than necessary. Consequently, the value of the product produced using irrigation water will be higher for farms downstream than for farms upstream. Those. the amount of water is not allocated to maximize the value of its contribution to production. In this case, the total amount of water must be distributed so as to equalize the marginal product of all water users; it is necessary to supply a limited amount of water to both the farms in the upper part of the river and the farms in the lower part of the river. The problem of water resource distribution becomes especially acute for artificial irrigation systems associated with the construction of long-distance canals and water pipelines.

Because agriculture can negatively impact itself, it can negatively impact other sectors of the economy and social interests. For example, the release of nitrates from artificial fertilizers used in agriculture or animal manure can contaminate surface or groundwater used by humans for drinking, affect the quality of water used for industrial purposes, promote the growth of weeds in rivers ("smother" them and increase water loss) and, in some cases, affect navigation, and increase the entropy of ponds and lakes.

The destruction of natural vegetation for agriculture can make landscapes less attractive to travelers and tourists, although this is not always the case. Significant variability in river water levels due to the destruction of natural vegetation can negatively affect the availability of drinking water in urban areas, increase seasonal water shortages in cities and increase the frequency of urban flooding. High water turbidity reduces fish populations, reduces the number of tourists, and in areas where corals grow near river mouths, it can lead to their destruction, because During floods, the dirty waters of the river spread far into the sea. The accumulation of silt in harbors and waterways increases the cost of navigation. Increasing floods inundate roads, causing extensive damage. This list can be continued. It also includes the loss of wild animal species due to the destruction of their habitats. In the past, the agricultural use of certain poisons, such as DDT, was fatal to wildlife.

Introduction. 2

1. Current state of environmental and economic problems in agricultural production. 4

2. Generation and disposal of agricultural waste 4

3. Environmental problem caused by the use of pesticides for pest control and environmental pollution.. 4

4. Assessment of environmental and economic damage in agricultural production. 4

Conclusion. 4

Literature. 4

In recent years, the area of agricultural land has decreased by 7.9 million hectares. In the structure of agricultural land, there remains a steady trend towards a reduction in the area of arable land and, due to this, an increase in the area of fallow land. The loss of significant areas of productive agricultural land is mainly due to the shortcomings of their economic use, the difficult economic situation, which does not allow the full implementation of work to preserve and increase soil fertility and improve the cultural and technical condition of the land, as well as their continued withdrawal for non-agricultural needs.

As a result of degradation and conversion to other types of use, the areas of the most valuable lands were excluded from the sphere of agricultural production, and in return for those that had left, predominantly lands of low productive potential were included in agricultural circulation. It is not possible to estimate in any natural or monetary terms the scale of losses for agricultural production of the most valuable lands in natural and economic terms, since official statistical reporting does not include information about the soil cover of these lands. The condition of reclaimed lands is of particular concern. The tendency for lands with unfavorable reclamation conditions to grow and their productivity to decline continues.

However, the potential for increasing agricultural production through the development of land suitable for agriculture is significantly reduced. In modern conditions, as statistics show, there is a constant reduction in agricultural land and especially arable land per capita. The aggravation of this problem is due to the fact that the development of scientific and technological progress is accompanied by excessive use of agricultural land, including soils, for the construction of industrial and other facilities, for transport and other non-agricultural purposes. The trend towards reducing the area of agricultural land is global.

The deterioration of the quality of the land is an alarming and difficult to eliminate phenomenon. Destruction of the fertile soil layer, depletion, waterlogging, pollution, salinization of lands, overgrowing with weeds, improper plowing under conditions of wind and water erosion can not only take the land out of agricultural use for a long time, but also disrupt long-term ecological connections, change the water balance, and lead to destruction of wildlife, depletion of forests, desertification, and, on a large scale and in the future, partial climate change. All this raises the need for rational use and special protection of lands provided for agricultural needs, as well as those intended and generally suitable for these purposes.

The agro-industrial complex in modern conditions continues to be the main polluter of land and other elements of the environment: waste and wastewater from livestock complexes, farms and poultry farms, the use of pesticides and pesticides, the processing industry, weakening of production and technological discipline, difficulties in exercising control at agricultural facilities scattered across vast territories - all this leads to the fact that the state of the land and the entire environment in rural areas, according to government reports on environmental protection, remains alarming; a number of regions show signs of zones of environmental emergency or environmental disaster.

The development of livestock farming on an industrial basis, the creation of a strong forage base, the expansion of distant pastures, a large concentration of livestock in a limited area, and changes in traditional forms of keeping livestock necessitate the use of large amounts of water from rivers, lakes and other water bodies, which has a significant impact on the condition of the water bodies and the environment in general. As you know, industrial livestock farming is one of the largest consumers of water. For example, the production of 1 m3 of milk requires 5 m3 of water, 1 ton of meat - 20 thousand m3.

Sanitary and hygienic conditions on farms are also mainly maintained with the help of water: for washing animals, cleaning premises and their disinfection, preparing feed, washing dishes and equipment, washing off manure, etc. The amount of wastewater from livestock complexes ranges from 250 to 3000 tons per day (from 90 thousand to 1 million tons per year). At the same time, with an increase in water consumption for livestock needs, the discharge of manure-containing wastewater into water bodies increases, as a result of which they become polluted and lose their beneficial properties. Even the discharge of small doses of untreated manure-containing wastewater from livestock farms and complexes causes massive fish kills and causes significant economic damage. Therefore, the intensive and diverse impact of agriculture on the environment is explained not only by the growing consumption of natural resources necessary for the continuous growth of agricultural production, but also by the generation of significant waste and wastewater from livestock farms, complexes, poultry farms and other agricultural facilities.

Large livestock complexes and poultry farms in modern conditions remain the most harmful environmental pollutants. The total volume of animal waste in large countries is measured in billions of tons. At the cattle feedlot, where, for example, 10 thousand heads of cattle, up to 200 tons of manure is accumulated daily. For example, a single pig-breeding complex for 100,000 heads or a cattle complex for 35,000 heads can produce pollution equal to the environmental pollution produced by a large industrial center with a population of 400-500 thousand people.

The ongoing transformations, changes in the forms of ownership and management in the agro-industrial complex have not been accompanied in recent years by the expansion of the use of environmental and resource-saving technologies. As a result, the main indicators characterizing the industry's impact on the environment have not improved significantly in recent years, the environmental situation in a number of regions remains unfavorable, and environmental pollution is high.

In recent years, the reduction in the number of livestock and poultry has somewhat reduced the negative impact of animal husbandry on the environment. As a result of the reduction in the number of livestock, the volume of runoff from livestock complexes and poultry farms decreased by more than 50 million tons, or 12%. Sewage from livestock complexes and other agricultural facilities is discharged practically without treatment. The majority of treatment facilities (78.5%) do not meet regulatory requirements. The inefficient operation of treatment facilities is due to outdated wastewater treatment technologies and depreciation of equipment.

Agricultural enterprises emitted more than 25.58 thousand tons of pollutants into the atmosphere. Insufficiently developed technologies at industrial and livestock complexes and poultry farms also contribute to a significant extent to chemical and biological air pollution. Sources of air pollution are livestock housing, feedlots, manure storage facilities, biological ponds, wastewater storage ponds, filtration fields, and irrigation fields. In the area of livestock complexes and poultry farms, the atmospheric air is polluted with microorganisms, dust, ammonia and other waste products of animals, which often have unpleasant odors (over 45 different substances). These odors can spread over a considerable distance (up to 10 km), especially from pig farms.

A significant place in environmental pollution in agriculture currently belongs to chemical compounds and preparations used to control various pests, diseases and weeds in agriculture. The use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products in order to increase agricultural productivity has exacerbated the environmental problem. Agrochemicalization, in contrast to the pollution of nature with industrial waste, is a targeted activity.

Fertilizers and pesticides contaminate food through the soil, which affects human health. This ultimately affects the environment as a whole and poses a potential threat to human health. A reduction in the supply and use of pesticides in recent years has led to a significant reduction in their contamination of water sources, soils and crop products. However, prohibited pesticides, unsuitable for further use, and objects for storing and using pesticides pose a potential threat to the environment. Warehouses used for storing pesticides, including those prohibited for use, are often in disrepair or not suitable for these purposes. Over 30% of farms in the Russian Federation do not have specialized areas for refueling equipment, treating seeds and washing vehicles. Of particular danger is environmental pollution resulting from violation of the rules for storage, transportation and use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides.

2. Generation and disposal of agricultural waste

The problem in agricultural production remains the issues of warehousing, storage, neutralization, disposal or disposal of toxic chemicals that have become unusable. Their mass is more than one ton, the storage condition is assessed as unsatisfactory, posing a threat of environmental pollution, death of animals and plants.

In recent years, agricultural enterprises in the Rostov region have experienced extremely unsatisfactory storage conditions for plant protection products. As a result of the ongoing reorganization of large agricultural enterprises, a massive destruction of the warehouse base occurs; many warehouses do not have a legal owner and have fallen into complete disrepair. The financial crisis of agricultural producers does not allow them not only to build new warehouses, but also to carry out repair and restoration work in old warehouses.

The storage condition of chemical agents in most cases is assessed as unsatisfactory and is getting worse every year. Facts of storage of chemical agents in adapted premises located in populated areas, water protection zones, and flood zones were noted. A small proportion of land users have sanitary and environmental passports for storing chemical agents. The most pressing problem is the disposal of pesticides that have become unusable and prohibited for use in agricultural production. According to the inventory carried out by state control services in the Rostov region, their quantity amounted to 1,184 thousand tons. The greatest danger to public health and the environment is posed by organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, the mercury-containing disinfectant Granozan, and a number of persistent herbicides. Their disposal or disposal in the region has not yet found an acceptable solution, taking into account a reasonable balance of the financial and environmental aspects of the problem.

Since 1977, in the area of Bataysk, Rostov region, a regional underground pilot disposal site for pesticide preparations that have become unusable has been organized. Over 1,500 tons of deteriorated pesticides and containers for them were loaded from the Selkhoztekhnika associations of the Rostov Region, Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, and Kalmykia. The burial was carried out in 12 underground cavities, made using the method of camouflage explosions. According to the technical and working design, it is envisaged to carry out chemical and toxicological control over the migration of toxic chemicals from cavities, with the equipment of observation wells that must be drilled after 1, 3, 5, 15, etc. years. However, such studies have never been carried out by the toxicological divisions of the Selkhoztekhnika association and its legal successor, the Donagropromkhimiya association. Therefore, this object can be considered as potentially hazardous to the environment and public health.

Another problem in agricultural production is livestock waste.

The amount of livestock waste generated decreases annually due to a significant reduction in the number of livestock farms, however, problems in the management of livestock waste have not lost their severity due to the unorganized disposal of waste from small farms and private farms.

3. Environmental problem caused by the use of pesticides for pest control and environmental pollution

Since ancient times, people have been destroying natural ecosystems and replacing them with artificial agricultural ones (agrocenoses), but, trying to obtain the greatest production, they often did not take into account the depletion and instability of these systems. After the rich harvests of the first years, the soil quickly degraded and the fields became barren.

It is known that in order to maintain high productivity of agrocenoses it is necessary to spend a lot of money and energy on soil cultivation, fertilizers, irrigation, pest control and other conditions of modern agricultural technology. It is estimated that in modern agriculture, in order to double the yield of grain crops, it is necessary to increase the application of fertilizers, pesticides and the power of agricultural machinery by 10 times. At the same time, the degree of environmental pollution will inevitably increase.

Another very acute environmental problem has arisen in agriculture, caused by the use of pesticides to control pests. Modern agriculture cannot do without the use of chemical protection products. But, as it turned out, pesticides poison not only pests, but also their enemies - insects, birds and other animals beneficial to humans, suppress the growth and photosynthesis of plants, that is, they disrupt to a greater or lesser extent (depending on the scale and methods of their use ) the entire ecosystem as a whole. In addition, when food gets into human food, it slowly poisons him too. The problem arose of controlling agricultural pests using methods that are safe for humans. First of all, we should abandon the use of persistent toxic chemicals, which has already been done in our country in relation to such a drug as DDT.

The question is further complicated by the fact that pests, due to their high numbers, very quickly develop poison-resistant races through the process of natural selection, and everything needs to start all over again: synthesize new poisons, test them, introduce them into production, etc. And it must be said that in this competition between chemists and insects, the latter are winning so far.

4. Assessment of environmental and economic damage in agricultural production

Environmental measures, like material production, must acquire an economic assessment. In this regard, a specific task arose of assessing the extent of degradation processes in price terms in the farming system. An economic criterion for environmental measures can be the amount of damage prevented.

Ecological and economic damage shows actual or possible losses caused to the natural potential of the territory as a result of environmental deterioration, and depends on many factors.

Maintaining adaptive landscape farming systems becomes economically feasible provided that the proceeds from sold products are no less than the costs of cultivating crops and compensating for environmental and economic damage. Thus, the conditions for assessing the feasibility of conducting field cultivation are as follows:

Vpr × Cpr ≥ Zvoz + Ue, (1)

where Vpr is the volume of products produced, t, c;

Tspr - product price, rub.;

Z voz - costs for cultivating technological crops, rub.;

Ue - environmental and economic damage from losses of soil fertility during agricultural production, rub.

Soil destruction can occur due to various impacts of agricultural technologies and machinery (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. – Causes of soil destruction

Taking into account mechanization, three impacts are identified as the most dangerous:

use of chemicals and pesticides;

increase in livestock waste, release of harmful gases into the atmosphere from livestock buildings;

the negative impact of machine farming itself on the soil and environment.

The amount of specific environmental and economic damage from lost soil fertility is determined by the formula:

Ueei = Zpp + Pned + Zxz + X, (2)

where Zpp is the amount of costs necessary to restore lost soil fertility, rubles;

Pned - the cost of agricultural products lost due to a decrease in soil fertility from the compaction of the arable layer by the mover, rubles;

Zxz - costs of eliminating the consequences of chemical soil contamination, rub.;

X - cost of other unaccounted factors requiring compensation, rub.

The number of limiting factors for the sustainable development of agricultural production is much greater, therefore, the elements of damage compensation costs included in this formula cannot be considered final and will be supplemented as scientific knowledge develops.

An enterprise, anticipating the damage caused by production, can either prevent it by spending money on environmental protection measures, which results in an increase in the cost of manufactured products, or compensate for the damage already caused to the environment, thereby reducing the profit received. The second option is more expensive. Taking this approach into account, the manufacturer himself will choose the most acceptable solution option for him.

For a complete picture, it is necessary to determine the environmental and economic efficiency of agricultural production, which is determined taking into account the assessment of environmental and economic damage and the environmental and economic effect.

Taking into account the decision made by the manufacturer, the formula for the level of production profitability, in our opinion, should look like this:

a) if the manufacturer wants to prevent the expected damage:

(3)

b) if the manufacturer is ready to bear the costs of eliminating the damage caused

(4)

where Ree is the level of production profitability taking into account environmental and economic damage,%;

P - enterprise profit from sales of products, rub.;

Ue - environmental and economic damage, rub.;

SK - commercial cost (full), rub.

When assessing the economic efficiency of basic technologies for cultivating crops in the Vladimir Opolye, scientists from the Vladimir Research Institute of Agriculture calculated the economic results of production activities for the main agricultural crops. As an example, we propose to consider the indicators of economic efficiency of cultivating potatoes on gray forest soils, taking into account the damage from runoff and mineralization of humus (Table .1 ) and at different levels of intensification (Table .2 ).

Table 1. Indicators of economic efficiency of potato cultivation on gray forest soils under different classes of soil degradation

Index	Degradation class
Index	0	I	II	III	IV	V
1. Productivity, t/ha	13,7	17,4	13,0	12,5	9,5	-
2. Cost of products received, rub. /ha	61 650	78 300	58 500	56 250	42 750	-
3. Technological costs, rub. /ha	23 820	23 989	23 788	23 765	23 628	-
4. Conditional net income, rub. /ha	37 830	54 311	34 712	32 485	19 122	-
5. Ecological and economic damage (Ee), rub. /ha	2534	2736	2420	2430	1977	-
6. Profitability level,%	159	226	146	137	81	-
7. Level of profitability taking into account Ue,%	148	215	136	126	73	-

Table 2. Indicators of economic efficiency of potato cultivation on gray forest soils at different levels of intensification

The level of production intensification certainly influences its results. The use of intensive technologies makes it possible to obtain higher yields and, consequently, a higher cost of the resulting products.

Table data .2 indicate an increase in the level of profitability of production with an increase in its intensity. Taking into account environmental and economic damage reduces the efficiency of crop cultivation. When using extensive technology, it is more economically feasible to prevent damage, which will allow a profitability level of 64%. For normal and intensive levels of production intensification, it is more profitable to compensate for the environmental damage caused, while the level of profitability will be 136 and 204%, respectively.

The results of the study can be used both to assess the environmental and economic damage of a specific field and agricultural landscape, and for large regions of Russia according to the administrative and economic division.

Conclusion

The further development of agricultural production, its mechanization and chemicalization of land significantly increases the role of environmental protection in agriculture. Environmental requirements are so significant and fundamentally important that without complying with them, one cannot talk about the economic efficiency of agricultural production. For agriculture, this is of particular importance, since this branch of social production, like no other, is closely connected with living and non-living objects of nature. Therefore, reclamation, chemicalization, mechanization and other areas of agricultural development can increase the strength of the land and increase its productivity if carried out taking into account environmental requirements.

New market conditions also require a change in attitude towards issues related to rational resource management and environmental protection in agriculture. This is a task of great economic and social significance. After all, we are essentially talking about people’s health and a careful management approach to the country’s national wealth. Moreover, these are questions of the future. The conditions in which subsequent generations will live depend on their decisions. Therefore, in modern conditions, the state of the environment largely depends on ensuring the greening of agricultural production, during which environmental and legal requirements are introduced into all stages of agricultural activity: planning, design, construction, operation of facilities, etc. During the transition period, there is a sharp aggravation of the environmental situation, which occurs despite the continuing decline in agricultural production, which can be explained by the fact that environmental requirements in agriculture are ignored for the sake of economic interests, as well as the weakening of government administration and a decrease in the efficiency of state environmental and law enforcement agencies, which leads to irreparable losses of the gene pool.

Determining the environmental and economic damage to agricultural production requires further research. There is a need for deep insight into the essence of the relationship between environmental and economic factors and the development of technologies that ensure the environmental efficiency of the industry.

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10. TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN METALLURGY AND MAIN METAL-CONSUMING INDUSTRIES Report of the Acting Director of the Department of Industry Alexander Nozdrachev at the VII International Conference "Russian Metal Market" March 25, 2005 // http: // www. minprom. gov. ru/activity/metal/appearance/1

Applications

What are the reasons for the technological lag of the metallurgical complex? Why do they arise?

The metallurgical complex (metallurgical industry, metallurgy) includes enterprises for the extraction and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, non-metallic materials, production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, steel pipes, hardware, ferroalloys, refractories, coke, aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, lead, zinc, tin, antimony, mercury, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, rare earth metals, processing of non-ferrous metals (aluminium, titanium, magnesium, heavy non-ferrous metals), production of carbide, carbon, semiconductor products, scrap processing and waste, the production of a number of types of chemical products, a large complex of auxiliary enterprises, as well as research and design organizations.

The metallurgical industry is one of Russia's specialization sectors in the modern international division of labor. Today, Russia ranks 4th in the world in steel production (behind China, Japan and the USA), and in export of metal products - 3rd in the world (exports of rolled steel in 2006 amounted to about 28.3 million tons; from China - 52.1 million tons, from Japan - 35.6 million tons). Russia ranks second in the world in the production and export of aluminum, second only to the United States; in nickel production - first place in the world, in titanium production - second place.

However, despite the adaptation of the metallurgical complex to market conditions, its technical and technological level and the competitiveness of a number of types of metal products cannot be considered satisfactory.

External factors hindering the development of the metallurgical industry are as follows:

insufficient demand for metal products in the domestic market due to its low capacity, primarily in the mechanical engineering and metalworking industries;

high volumes of Russian imports of machinery, equipment, mechanisms;

global rise in energy prices;

low sensitivity of foreign markets to Russian high-value metal products;

a sharp increase in the expansion of China and other countries of the Asian region in the global markets for metal products;

negative consequences of Russia's accession to the WTO for the main metal-consuming industries, a slowdown in their growth rates.

However, there are a number of problems and factors - intra-industry and general economic - that limit the development of the industry. Among the intra-industry ones it is necessary to note:

high depreciation of fixed assets;

low competitiveness of some types of metal products on the world market;

low environmental friendliness of the applied technological schemes, which predetermine high costs for environmental protection at the locations of enterprises;

lagging behind in the development of the raw material base for a number of metals (chrome, manganese, titanium, zirconium, bauxite, lead, zinc);

the need to employ workers released during the modernization of enterprises.

Increasing the competitiveness of metal products in conditions of low growth rates in the scale of production necessitates an increase in labor productivity and the release of redundant workers. Considering the city-forming nature of most enterprises in the metallurgical industry, the problem of employing workers becomes extremely acute and difficult to solve.

Report "On the conservation of the natural environment of the Russian Federation in 2000-2010" // Green World. -2000. - No. 25. - P. 9.

Kudakov A. S. Ecological and economic damage and its assessment in agricultural production // Economist's Handbook No. 1 2008

It is probably difficult to imagine any other area of social life in Russia that had as many problems as agriculture. Here are a few of them:

1) Extinction. After 1991, a huge number of settlements were simply destroyed. No, there was no war here, there were no mass disasters. However, there is a mass extinction of people. First of all, due to the destruction after 1991 of the entire system of state agriculture. Here it is necessary to make a short digression into history. In all Western market countries, urbanization occurred according to the following scheme: initially, peasants who owned land were forced to sell it to large companies, and they themselves went to the city in search of a better life. That is, we are faced with illiterate peasants who have lost their own means of production (land), and therefore are forced to go to the city to look for work. For us, everything happened completely differently. Moreover. Our country (and the rest of the post-Soviet space) is the only example in the history of such development. We initially have state ownership of land, educated agricultural workers and an already formed layer of urban residents. We have (or had) modern agricultural machinery and much, much more. However, the closure of collective and state farms led to many people being left without work. And here we are talking about chronic unemployment. Someone drank himself to death, someone died as a result of this, but the trend is still observed - the village is dying out. And rural residents cannot go to the city in search of a better life. This fundamental difference between the two ways of forming a market economy is still waiting to be understood.
2) Degradation of technology. An inevitable consequence of the dissolution of collective and state farms is the degradation of technology. This degradation continues to this day, and in some areas the level of wear and tear on industrial equipment reaches 70%. Obviously, one should not expect high labor productivity and, as a consequence, high profits from such equipment. And even the technology that remains is a legacy of Soviet production. Thus, here we also observe a break with the classical way of forming a developed market economy. In the first case (in the West), large companies bought up land and introduced new agricultural technologies, and in the second case (ours) it was the other way around. De facto, there was a fragmentation of a single production into many small ones, as well as a colossal obsolescence of equipment.
3) Low wages. This is another traditional problem in modern agriculture. It is no secret that today it is impossible to earn a lot of money working as a worker in an agricultural enterprise. It is also impossible to earn enough money to go to a big city. And is it worth going to a big city? After all, all the grain places there have long been occupied. What to do in this case and how to solve the problem of low wages? First of all, it is necessary to determine why they are actually low. And they are low due to the low cost of labor productivity. Labor productivity, in turn, is low due to the dilapidation of the equipment in use. Accordingly, we can conclude that low salaries are only a consequence of the previous point. With the solution to the problem, wages should also increase.

Problems in agriculture objectively exist. They are systemic, and it is impossible to solve them without a fundamental reform of the entire system. However, our situation is aggravated by the fact that in the history of the world we are pioneers of our kind. Accordingly, one cannot take Western countries as a model and blindly adopt their experience. It is necessary to go blind in many respects and deduce the best ways of reforms through trial and error. This is inevitable, because otherwise you can say goodbye to agriculture forever.

No other branch of social production is so connected with the use of natural resources as agriculture. After all, the work of a farmer and livestock breeder is essentially the use of nature, the natural environment around us, to satisfy human needs. Agriculture must be considered as a huge, constantly operating mechanism for the protection and cultivation of living natural resources, and it should be approached from another angle - environmental protection. Therefore, in the conditions of agricultural production, the use of natural resources and, above all, land must be combined with measures to protect the environment. The fruits of human labor on earth are the most necessary prerequisite for the life of every society, no matter what stage of development it is at. In agriculture, land is not only a place of activity and a territorial operational base, but also, above all, serves as a tool and the main means of production.

The relevance of the problem of environmental protection in agriculture is increasing in modern conditions due to the processes of pollution of natural resources used in agricultural production by industrial, construction and other non-agricultural enterprises. These pollutants lead to a decrease in soil fertility and productivity, deterioration in the quality of water and the atmosphere, harm the health and life of, first of all, the rural population, damage crop and livestock production, which leads to a shortage of agricultural products and a deterioration in their quality. Environmental problems today are among the most important and global. Therefore, the topic of the work is important and relevant.

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X ALL-RUSSIAN YOUTH COMPETITION OF RESEARCH AND CREATIVE WORKS ON ISSUES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, ECOLOGY AND LIFE SAFETY

"UNECO"

_______________________________________________________

Section:

HABITAT ECOLOGY

Subject:

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE AND WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM

Scientific adviser:Borovkov Vladimir Fedorovich

Place of work:G(O)BOU SPO "Lebedyansky Trade and Economic College",

Lipetsk region, Lebedyan

2012

1. Introduction

2. Main part

2.2.
2.3. Legal methods for solving environmental problems in agriculture
2.4. System of eventsecological farming

3. Conclusion

4. List of sources used
4.1.Regulatory acts
4.2.Materials of judicial and arbitration practice
4.3.Literature
5. Applications

1. Introduction

1.1. Relevance of the problem of environmental protection in agriculture

No other branch of social production is so connected with the use of natural resources as agriculture. After all, the work of a farmer and livestock breeder is essentially the use of nature, the natural environment around us, to satisfy human needs. Agriculture must be considered as a huge, constantly operating mechanism for the protection and cultivation of living natural resources, and it should be approached from another angle - environmental protection. Therefore, in the conditions of agricultural production, the use of natural resources and, above all, land must be combined with measures to protect the environment. The fruits of human labor on earth are the most necessary prerequisite for the life of every society, no matter what stage of development it is at. In agriculture, the land is not only a place of activity and a territorial operating base, but, above all, it serves as an instrument and the main means of production.

The urgency of the problem of environmental protection in agriculture is increasing in modern conditions due to the processes of pollution of natural resources used in agricultural production, industrial, construction and other non-agricultural enterprises. These pollutions lead to a decrease in soil fertility and productivity, a deterioration in the quality of water, the atmosphere,cause harm to the health and life, especially of the rural population,cause damage to crop and livestock production, which leads to a shortage of agricultural products and a deterioration in their quality. Environmental problems today are among the most important and global. Therefore, the topic of the work is important and relevant.

2. Main part

2.1. The main factors of the impact of agriculture on the environment

For thousands of years, it has been believed that agriculture is nature's friend. It is closer to nature in its essence, makes extensive use of the forces of nature directly in the production process, and, it would seem, more than other sectors of the economy, it is interested in making nature clean, alive, and fruitful. But in the last century, in a short period of time, the situation has changed radically. As a result of the introduction of industrial methods of production into agriculture, the balance of power between nature and the agricultural sector of the economy has changed. The use of complex and heavy machinery, chemicalization and land reclamation, concentration of production, especially in animal husbandry, have made nature very vulnerable to the modern agricultural producer.

In modern conditions of development of agriculture, its negative impact on nature in many cases becomes more serious than the impact of other branches of social production. It is with the development of agriculture that the growing scarcity of water resources in the vast territories of our country, the decrease in the species diversity of flora and fauna, salinization, waterlogging and depletion of soils, the accumulation of a number of especially persistent and dangerous environmental pollutants in soil and water are associated.

It was traditionally believed that the main disturbers of the natural balance were industry and transport, and the possible harmful impact of agriculture on the environment was underestimated. However, back in the 1960s, agriculture came to the fore in terms of pollution. This is due to two circumstances. The first is the construction of livestock farms and complexes, the absence of any treatment of manure-containing waste and their disposal; and secondly, violation of the rules and regulations for the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, which, together with rain streams and groundwater, enter rivers and lakes, causing serious damage to large river basins, their fish stocks and vegetation. Therefore, in the sphere of social production, agriculture, along with industry and transport, is also becoming a serious source of environmental pollution.

The efficiency of agricultural production and its growth rate depend on the condition of the soil, as well as on the proper organization of measures to protect it. However, at present, the condition of the lands of the Russian Federation located in the sphere of agricultural activity remains unsatisfactory. The transformations of land relations carried out in the country, having affected the dynamics of the structure of the land fund, have not led to an improvement in land use, a reduction in adverse anthropogenic impacts on the soil cover, causing processes of soil degradation of agricultural and other lands or contributing to their development.

Fertilizers and pesticides contaminate food through the soil, which affects human health. This ultimately affects the environment as a whole and poses a potential threat to human health. A potential threat to the environment is posed by prohibited pesticides, unsuitable for further use, and objects for storing and using pesticides. Warehouses used for storing pesticides, including those prohibited for use, are often in disrepair or not suitable for these purposes. Over 30% of farms in the Russian Federation do not have specialized areas for refueling equipment, treating seeds and washing vehicles. Of particular danger is environmental pollution resulting from violation of the rules for storage, transportation and use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides.

A number of environmental problems in agricultural production are associated with environmental pollution. Thus, it has been established that about 60% of fertilizers applied to the soil are washed out of it and enter water bodies - rivers and reservoirs. They also receive, often untreated or poorly treated, wastewater from livestock complexes, poultry farms and farms. The result is an excessive enrichment of water bodies with nitrogen and phosphorus, which, instead of increasing crop yields, causes rapid development of microscopic algae, called “water blooms”, a process characterized by the death and decomposition of this excess biomass and deterioration of water quality. Despite intensive research, effective and reliable measures to combat the bloom of water bodies have not yet been developed. Obviously, the main measures here should be reduced to preventing the wash-off of fertilizers and pollution of water bodies. The impact of agriculture on the natural complex begins with the destruction of large areas of the natural vegetation community and its replacement with cultivated species. The next component that is undergoing significant changes is the soil. Under natural conditions, soil fertility is constantly maintained by the fact that substances taken by plants are returned to it again with plant litter. In agricultural complexes, the main part of the soil elements is removed along with the harvest, which is especially typical for annual crops. This situation repeats itself every year, so there is a possibility that in a few decades the supply of basic soil elements will be exhausted. To replenish the withdrawn substances, mineral fertilizers are mainly applied to the soil: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This has both positive consequences - replenishment of nutrients in the soil, and negative ones - pollution of soil, water and air. When applying fertilizers, so-called ballast elements enter the soil, which are not needed by either plants or soil microorganisms. For example, when using potassium fertilizers, along with the necessary potassium, useless, and in some cases harmful, chlorine is added; a lot of sulfur gets in with superphosphate, etc. The amount of the element for which mineral fertilizer is added to the soil can also reach a toxic level. First of all, this refers to the nitrate form of nitrogen. Excess nitrates accumulate in plants and pollute ground and surface waters (due to their good solubility, nitrates are easily washed out of the soil). In addition, when there is an excess of nitrates in the soil, bacteria multiply and reduce them to nitrogen released into the atmosphere.

In addition to mineral fertilizers, various chemicals are added to the soil to combat insects (insecticides), weeds (pesticides), to prepare plants for harvesting, in particular defoliants, which accelerate the shedding of leaves from cotton plants for machine harvesting. Most of these substances are very toxic, have no analogues among natural compounds, and are very slowly decomposed by microorganisms, so the consequences of their use are difficult to predict. The general name of the introduced pesticides is xenobiotics (alien to life).

In order to increase the yield in developed countries, about half of the sown area is treated with pesticides. Migrating along with dust, underground and surface waters, pesticides spread everywhere (they are found at the North Pole and in Antarctica) and pose an increased environmental hazard.

Irrigation and drainage of lands have a deep and long-term, and often irreversible impact on the soil, changing its fundamental properties.

In the 20th century farming areas have expanded significantly: from 40 million hectares to 270 million hectares, of which irrigated land occupies 13% of arable land, and their production exceeds 50% of all agricultural production. Irrigated landscapes are the most transformed of all types of agricultural anthropogenic landscapes. Moisture circulation, the nature of the distribution of temperature and humidity in the ground layer of air and upper layers of soil change, and a specific microrelief is created. Changes in soil water and salt regimes often cause waterlogging and secondary salinization of the soil. The monstrous consequence of ill-conceived irrigated agriculture is the death of the Aral Sea.

Huge amounts of water are withdrawn from natural systems for irrigation. In many countries and areas of the world, irrigation is the main source of water consumption and in dry years leads to water shortages. Water consumption for agriculture ranks first among all types of water use and amounts to over 2000 km3 per year, or 70% of global water consumption, of which more than 1500 km3 is irreversible water consumption, of which about 80% is spent on irrigation.

Cultivation of monocultures is detrimental to ecosystems, causing rapid depletion of the soil and its contamination with phytopathogenic microorganisms. Agricultural culture is necessary, since unreasonable plowing of the soil significantly changes its structure, and under certain conditions can contribute to processes such as water and wind erosion (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 - Causes of soil destruction

Huge areas of the world are occupied by wetlands, the use of which becomes possible only after drainage measures are carried out. Drainage has a very serious impact on the landscape. The thermal balance of territories changes especially dramatically - heat costs for evaporation are sharply reduced, relative air humidity decreases, and daily temperature amplitudes increase. The air regime of soils changes, their permeability increases, and accordingly, the course of soil formation processes changes (organic litter decomposes more actively, the soil is enriched with nutrients). Drainage is also caused by an increase in the depth of groundwater, and this, in turn, can cause the drying out of numerous streams and even small rivers. The global consequences of drainage are very serious - swamps provide the bulk of atmospheric oxygen.

2.2. Current state and environmental and economic problems in agricultural production

In the 50-60s of the 20th century, by decision of the Soviet party bodies, virgin and fallow lands were raised to provide the population with bread and the processing industry with the necessary raw materials, choosing the extensive path of agricultural development. New lands were developed not only in Siberia and the Volga region, in the Southern Urals - or Kazakhstan, pastures and haylands were plowed up in our Black Earth Region. As a result of the plowing of fallow lands around villages in the Lipetsk region, agricultural fields began to closely surround populated areas with their houses and gardens, public buildings and recreation areas. The time had come when personal and public livestock could only be grazed in ravines and ravines, or in river valleys and even in floodplains. Public fields surrounding homes with their vegetable gardens regularly benefited people with their harvests and did not have a detrimental effect on their health and life until a certain time, when physical, mechanical or biological means of controlling weeds, pests and diseases of agricultural crops were widely used.

Recently, other technologies have predominantly begun to be used with a predominance of mineral fertilizers, chemical methods of controlling weeds, biological pests and various diseases in order to increase the yield of cultivated plants with the introduction of non-moldboard tillage. At the same time, the danger of pesticides and agrochemicals has increased to the maximum, both for the health and life of people, and for the environment in which they are forced to live. The fields plowed around populated areas went to large land users, whose management, as a rule, is indifferent to both the health of workers and the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of residents of adjacent villages. Instead of advanced technologies, “dirty technologies” are often used, since it is economically profitable (and with impunity) to poison the rural population rather than comply with the Federal laws: “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population”, “On environmental protection”, “On the safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals", regulatory legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation: "Hygienic requirements for the storage, use and transportation of pesticides and agrochemicals. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10", "Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects. San PiN 2.2.1\2.1.1.1200-03.New edition” dated October 6, 2009, as well as “Rules for labor protection of agricultural workers when using pesticides and agrochemicals” approved by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 899 dated June 20, 2003.

In violation of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation dated October 29, 2004, the majority of Master Plans for rural settlements, which should provide for sanitary protection zones and sanitary gaps from the territory of residential buildings and garden plots, are still missing (clause 2.5 San PiN 2.2.1X2.1.1 .1200-03). These are areas where the use of pesticides and agrochemicals is prohibited to protect the health and life of people, since agricultural poisons are equally dangerous for weeds, pests and diseases that interfere with the development of cultivated plants, and for bees and the population.

According to the current rules and regulations, it is prohibited to use pesticides and agrochemicals in these sanitary protection zones of 300 meters (clause 7.1.1. class III SanPiN 2.2.1\2.1.1.1200-03 and clause 8.3. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10 ).

Moreover, clause 21.2.2. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10 states that areas of agricultural crops that require repeated treatment with pesticides and agrochemicals, such as sugar beets, can be located no closer than 1 km. to a populated area, including residential buildings and vegetable gardens, gardens and ponds, public buildings and recreation areas.

According to clause 2.16. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10 “Before carrying out pesticide treatments, no later than 3 days, those responsible for the work must provide notification of the planned work to the population of nearby settlements, on the border with which the areas to be treated are located, through the media (radio, print media, electronic means and other means of communicating information to the public) about planned work.

At the borders of areas (sites) treated with pesticides, boards (uniform safety signs) are placed indicating “Treated with pesticides”, containing information about precautionary measures and possible dates for entering the specified areas. Safety signs must be installed within visibility from one sign to another, stand out in contrast to the surrounding background and be in the field of view of the people for whom they are intended. They are removed only after the established deadlines for people leaving for field work, harvesting and others.”

In accordance with clause 2.26. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10 “In order to ensure the safety of beekeeping products and protect bees from the effects of pesticides, treatment of areas should be carried out at late hours by spraying with ground equipment with mandatory notification of apiary owners about the need to prevent bees from flying out earlier than the period specified in the Catalog and recommendations for use specific drugs."

Clause 9.8. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10 states that aerial processing of forests is carried out with warning to the population at least 10 days before the start of work.

Based on clause 9.10. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10 “Aerial application of pesticides to areas located closer than 2 km from populated areas is prohibited.”

When applying pesticides by air, the following sanitary regulations must be observed:

From fishery reservoirs, sources of drinking water supply to the population, livestock farms, poultry farms, territories of state reserves, natural (national) parks, reserves - at least 2 km;

From the permanent locations of honey-bearing apiaries - 5 km;

From places where other agricultural work is carried out, as well as from areas under crops of agricultural crops that are eaten as food without heat treatment (onions, parsley, celery, sorrel, peas, dill, tomatoes, cucumbers, fruits and berries and some others), - 2 km.

If these conditions cannot be met, aerial processing is not permitted.”

During aerial processing (clause 9.16.) “Unified warning signs are displayed no closer than 500 m from the boundaries of the treated area. Signs are removed only after the established waiting periods have passed, including possible dates for entering treated forest areas, periods for collecting wild mushrooms and berries, mowing and grazing livestock.”

In accordance with clause 8.1. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10 treatment using tractor sprayers should be carried out in the early morning hours or evening.

The specified requirements of regulatory acts in the Lebedyansky district of the Lipetsk region are constantly violated to please large agricultural producers.

Based on maps and the General Plan of a rural settlement, which have passed through public hearings, urban planning zoning of the territories of municipalities is carried out (Articles 30-40 of the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation).

During zoning, residential, industrial, agricultural, sanitary protection zones are determined, which must be reflected in maps, diagrams, drawings and plans (Article 35 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, paragraphs 3.1.-3.18. SanPiP 2.2.1X2 1.1.1200-03. Design of sanitary protection zones).

In practice, unfortunately, these requirements of regulations in the field of environmental protection are constantly violated. The report of the administration of the Lipetsk region on the environmental situation in the Lipetsk region in 2011 does not reflect these violations. (“Lipetskaya Gazeta” dated 03/01/2012).

District authorities of municipalities, bodies of rural settlements, relying on Federal Law-131 “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government” of October 6, 2003, with the help of the prosecutor’s office, state supervisory services of Rospotrebnadzor and Rosselkhoznadzor, must demand from large agricultural producers strict compliance with the specified requirements of environmental legislation and, in in particular, to remove from agricultural use areas of fields whose lands are included in the territory of sanitary protection zones and sanitary gaps, where the use of pesticides and agrochemicals to the detriment of the health and life of the rural population is prohibited.

The true picture of the environmental situation on the territory of the Lebedyansky district and the actions of authorized officials of state and municipal authorities was revealed through an acquaintance with a resident of the village of Kamennaya Lubna, Lebedyansky district, R.

Over the past few years, he has repeatedly appealed to the management of the agricultural enterprise Rassvet OJSC, whose fields surround the village of K-Lubna, the heads of local executive and legislative municipal authorities, the bodies of Rospotrebnadzor, Rosselkhoznadzhor, the prosecutor's office, the public chamber of the Lebedyansky district on specific facts of violation of environmental legislation . (Appendix 1-7).

Due to the failure to take appropriate measures, R. was forced to turn to the judicial authorities, including the cassation and supervisory authorities, for the protection of his constitutional rights to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to his health by an environmental violation. (Appendix 8.9). His case is currently pending before the European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France. (Appendix 10.11).

2.3. Legal methods for solving environmental problems in agriculture

According to Article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, “The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federalconstitutional statewith a republican form of government."

An analysis of modern literature gives grounds to propose the following formulation of the concept of the rule of law: the functioning of the state in a civil democratic society, the sovereign power of which is based on the recognition of universal human values, the priority of law, and the real provision of the highest status of its citizens.

This formulation reflects the main distinctive features by which a state can be judged as legal. This implies a high level of development of social relations, embodied in a real result - a civil democratic society. In general, this understanding also reflects some features of the society of the future - democracy, the sovereignty of public power based on the sovereignty of the people, the reality and guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Law in this interpretation is understood as an integral social property of an individual, the quality of a person, the scale of social freedom. It is the priority of individual freedom, ensuring its self-determination and connection with society, that presupposes the priority of law.

legal protection of a person, recognition of him as the highest value, the goal of the state, and not a means of solving any state problems;

priority of law, recognition, observance, guarantee and protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a citizen;

unity of law and law, legality in all types of social relations, in all lines of activity of the state, its bodies, officials;

the supremacy and direct effect of the constitution, the effective implementation of constitutional legality;

external and internal sovereignty of the state, social and political stability, territorial integrity;

compliance of national legislation with generally recognized principles and norms of international law, primacy, direct action of international law;

the exercise of all state powers by state bodies only on the basis of the constitution, legal laws;

legal differentiation of activities of various branches of government;

regular, free, democratic elections as a legal and legitimate basis for the formation by the people of state authorities at all levels;

multi-party system, pluralism, lack of monopoly in politics, public control over power;

the presence of antimonopoly mechanisms in the economy, the equality of all forms of ownership, the high standard of living of the entire population, the economic independence of a citizen from the state; the reality of the implementation of the legitimate interests of the individual, the unity of his rights and obligations, the mutual responsibility of the citizen and the state;

a high level of education and legal culture of citizens, the presence of a developed civil society. I believe that building a state of law is the main way to improve the rule of law, including in the field of environmental and environmental legislation.

2.4. System of eventsecological farming

Man has long known that his ability to influence the environment far exceeds his right to do so. During the last decades we have witnessed a development in which serious problems have arisen due to the current way of using land: these problems have necessitated legal restrictions on agricultural activities. Unfortunately, in most cases such regulation was introduced too late to prevent irreversible environmental damage. In addition, it is often unfair and unequal and causes new problems without essentially solving old ones. The progress of biological and chemical processes in nature has greatly expanded the possibilities of agricultural activities. In the interests of each individual and society as a whole, our immediate needs must be brought into conformity with the laws of nature. We must develop individual agriculture as an organism and understand it as a living ecosystem, the model of which is taken from nature itself and which represents an alternative to naked intensification, specialization and chemicalization. If agriculture is carried out in the proper way, it pollutes the environment no more than land left in its natural state. Only in this way can agriculture develop in harmony with nature. In the future, this approach will contribute to the gradual improvement of agricultural conditions.

The only promising opportunity is provided by organic farming. It combines old, tried-and-true principles with the latest scientific knowledge to integrate the agricultural enterprise as part of the ecosystem, so that nature can help the farmer rather than protect himself from his mistakes (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Resource support for the long-term target program “Ecology”

2.5. Fundamental goals of organic farming:

- production of sufficient quantities of food with high nutritional value;

Acting in harmony with the natural ecosystem rather than trying to subjugate it;

Stimulate and strengthen biological cycles in the farming system, including microorganisms, soil flora and fauna, plants and animals;

Preservation and stimulation of long-term soil fertility;

Greater use of renewable resources in local farming systems is possible;

Creation of a closed system for organic matter and nutrients;

Prevention of environmental pollution as a result of agricultural activities;

Preservation of genetic diversity in the agricultural system and its environment, including the protection of wildlife habitats;

Ensuring adequate income for farmers and gardeners;

Consideration of the multiple social and environmental impacts of agriculture.

Figure 3 - Flowchart of ecological farming

3. Conclusion

3.1. System of medical and environmental regulation

Environmental pollution is a complex and multifaceted problem. However, the main thing in its modern interpretation is the possible adverse consequences for the health of both present and subsequent generations, because in a number of cases people have already violated and continue to violate some important ecological processes on which their existence depends.

The system of medical and environmental regulation is based on the assumption that environmental pollution poses a danger to human health. The basis for this is, firstly, numerous complaints from the population living in a polluted environment about unpleasant odors, headaches, general poor health and other uncomfortable conditions; secondly, medical statistics data indicating a tendency towards an increase in morbidity in contaminated areas; thirdly, data from special scientific studies aimed at determining the quantitative characteristics of the relationship between environmental pollution and its effect on the body.

In this regard, assessing the risk to human health caused by environmental pollution is currently one of the most important medical and environmental problems.

Thus, we can conclude that the study of population morbidity helps to determine the risk of the adverse effects of environmental pollution, but not fully. Medical and environmental regulation should not only ensure the prevention of the emergence of diseases among the population, but also contribute to the creation of the most comfortable living conditions.

4.List of sources used

4.1.Regulatory acts
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (taking into account the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2008 No. 6-FKZ, dated December 30, 2008 No. 7-FKZ) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2009. - No. 4. - Art. 445.

2. Land Code of the Russian Federation dated October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended on January 27, 2009) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2001. - No. 44. - Art. 4147.

3. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on December 27, 2009) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 1994. - No. 32. - Art. 3301.

4. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part two) dated January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on July 17, 2009) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 1996. - No. 5. - Art. 410.

5. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part three) dated November 26, 2001 No. 146-FZ (as amended on June 30, 2009) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2001. - No. 49. - Art. 4552.

6. Water Code of the Russian Federation dated June 3, 2006 No. 74-FZ (as amended on December 24, 2009) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2006. - No. 23. - Art. 2381.

7. Federal Law of 04.0.2009 N 5-FZ "On the safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2009. - No. 43. - Art. 381.

8. Federal Law of 04.0.2007 N 5-FZ (as amended on 2.10.2008) “On Environmental Protection” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2008. N 8. Art. 831.

9. Federal Law of June 14, 1994 N 5-FZ (as amended on October 22, 1999) “On the Procedure for Publication and Entry into Force of Federal Constitutional Laws, Federal Laws, and Acts of the Chambers of the Federal Assembly” (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on May 25, 1994) / / Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 1994. N 8. Art. 801.

10. Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation of October 29, 2004. // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2004. - No. 59. - Art. 1552.

11. Federal Law of June 14, 2004 N 5-FZ (as amended on October 22, 2008) “On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population” ”// Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 200. - No. 27. - Art. 2881.

12. Federal Law of June 30, 2006 No. 93-FZ (as amended on July 17, 2009) “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Issue of Simplified Registration of Citizens’ Rights to Certain Real Estate Objects” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2006. - No. 27. - Art. 2881.

13. Federal Law of July 24, 2002 No. 101-FZ (as amended on May 8, 2009) “On the turnover of agricultural land” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2002. - No. 30. - Art. 3018.

14. Federal Law of October 25, 2001 No. 137-FZ (as amended on December 27, 2009) “On the Enactment of the Land Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2001. - No. 44. - Art. 4147.

15. Federal Law of December 21, 2001 No. 178-FZ (as amended on December 7, 2009) // “On the Privatization of State and Municipal Property” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2002. - No. 4. - Art. 251.

16. Federal Law of July 17, 2001 No. 101-FZ (as amended on June 3, 2006) “On the delimitation of state ownership of land” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2001. - No. 30. - Art. 3060.

17. Federal Law of July 21, 1997 No. 122-FZ (as amended on December 27, 2009) “On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions with It” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 1997. - No. 30. - Art. 3594.

18. Federal Law of January 9, 1997 No. 5-FZ (as amended on April 28, 2009) “On the provision of social guarantees to the heroes of socialist labor and full holders of the Order of Labor Glory” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 1997. - No. 3. - Art. 349.19. Law of the USSR of December 13, 1968 No. 3401-VII “On Approval of the Fundamentals of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics” // Vedomosti of the USSR Armed Forces. - 1968. - No. 51. - Art. 485. (Abolished).

20. Law of the RSFSR dated December 24, 1990 N 444-1 “On property in the RSFSR” // Vedomosti SND i VS RSFSR. - 1990. - No. 30. - Art. 417. (Repealed).

21. Law of the RSFSR dated November 23, 1990 No. 374-1 “On land reform” // Gazette of the Council of People's Congresses and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1990. - No. 26. - Art. 327. (Repealed).

22. Law of the RSFSR dated November 22, 1990 No. 348-1 “On Peasant (Farming) Economy” // Gazette of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1990. - No. 26. - Art. 324. (Repealed).

23. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 1991 No. 323 “On urgent measures to implement land reform in the RSFSR” // Gazette of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme Court of the RSFSR. - 1992. - No. 1. - Art. 53. (lost force).

24. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2006 No. 404 “On approval of the list of documents required for state registration of ownership of the Russian Federation, a subject of the Russian Federation or a municipal entity to a land plot when delimiting state ownership of land” // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2006. - No. 28. - Art. 3074.

25. Decree of the Government of the Moscow Region dated October 11, 2002 No. 451/36 (as amended on June 26, 2006) “On the organization of re-registration of rights to land plots, sale or lease of land plots” // Information Bulletin of the Government of the Moscow Region. - 2002. - No. 12. (Repealed).

26. “Rules for labor protection of workers in the agro-industrial complex when using pesticides and agrochemicals” approved by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 899 of June 20, 2003. // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2003. - No. 128. - Art. 374.

27. “Hygienic requirements for the storage, use and transportation of pesticides and agrochemicals. SanPiN 1.2.2584-10" // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2010. - No. 128. - Art. 2274.

28. “Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects. San PiN 2.2.1\2.1.1.1200-03. New edition" dated 10/06/2009 // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2009. - No. 231. - Art. 34.

4.2. Materials of judicial and arbitration practice

29. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated April 23, 2004 No. 8-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of the Land Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the request of the Murmansk Regional Duma” // Bulletin of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. - 2004. - No. 4.

30. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated November 3, 1998 No. 25-P “In the case of verifying the constitutionality of certain provisions of Article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the privatization of housing stock in the Russian Federation” in connection with requests from the Volgograd Regional Duma, the Dmitrovsky District Court of the Moscow Region and complaint of citizen V.A. Mostipanova" // Bulletin of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. - 1999. - No. 1.

31. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated March 24, 2005 No. 11 “On some issues related to the application of land legislation” // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. - 2005. - No. 5.

32. Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Ural District dated December 11, 2006 in case No. Ф09-10167/06-С6 // ATP “Consultant Plus”.

33. Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Moscow District dated April 2, 2007 in case No. KG-A41/13875-06 // ATP “Consultant Plus”.

34. Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Moscow District dated May 25, 2006 in case No. KG-A41/4234-06 // ATP “Consultant Plus”.

35. Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North Caucasus District dated January 17, 2007 in case No. F08-6999/2006 // ATP “Consultant Plus”.

36. Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North Caucasus District dated 06/05/2007 in case No. F08-2433/2007 // ATP “Consultant Plus”.

37. Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Moscow District dated March 20, 2007 in case No. KG-A41/1577-07 // ATP “Consultant Plus”.

38. Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Volga District dated April 24, 2008 in case No. A65-25977/2007.

39. Archives of the Volzhsky District Court of Saratov for 2008. Case No. 2-854/08.

40. Archives of the Volzhsky District Court of Saratov for 2008. Case No. 2-125/08.

4.3. Literature

41. Aksenenok G.A. Land legal relations in the USSR. - M.: Gosyurizdat, 1958. - 211 p.

42. Aksenenok G. A. State ownership of land in the USSR. - M.: Legal literature, 1950. - 289 p.

43. Akhetova O.S. Ownership of land in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of notarial practice. - 2009. - No. 2. - P.44-47.

44. Bogolyubov S.A. Land law of Russia: Textbook. - M.: Prospekt, 2007. - 563 p.

45. Vakhaev M.Kh. Controversial issues of private land ownership in Russia // Journal of Russian Law. - 2006. - No. 5. - P.45-49.

46. Vlasova M.V. Property rights in Russia. - M.: Statute, 2002. - 342 p.

47. Grishaev S.P. Commentary on inheritance legislation. - M.: SPS “Consultant Plus”, 2009. - 453 p.

48. Grishina Y.S., Kartashova Yu.A. All about land plots: grounds and acquisition procedure. - M.: Omega-L Publishing House, 2008. - 231 p.

49. Danilova E.V., Romanovskaya V.B. Legal regulation of land relations during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I // History of State and Law. - 2007. - No. 1. - P.45-48.

50. Daurova T.G., Litsenberger O.A., Perepelkina N.V. and others. Formation of civil society in Russia: Legal aspect / Ed. O.I. Tsybulevskaya. - Saratov: Volga Region Academy of Public Administration, 2002. - 189 p.

51. Erofeev B.V. Land law: Textbook. for universities / Ed. G.V. Chubukova. - M.: Norma, 1998. - 348 p.

52. Ershov V.A. Everything about land relations: cadastral registration, ownership, purchase and sale, rent, taxes, responsibility. - M.: GrossMedia; ROSBUKH, 2009. - 356 p.

53. Land plot: questions and answers / Ed. S.A. Bogolyubova. - M.: Justitsinform, 2009. - 179 p.

54. Ivanov A.A. General (national) property and state property rights // Jurisprudence. - 1990. - No. 5. - P.45-47.

55. Ikonitskaya I.A. Land law of the Russian Federation: theory and development trends. - M.: Statute, 1999. - 208 p.

56. Kozyr O.M. Real estate in the new Civil Code of Russia: Problems. Theory. Practice / Ed. A.L. Makovsky. - M.: Research Center for Private Law, 2005. - 432 p.

57. Krassov O.I. The right of private ownership of land. - M.: Statute, 2000. - 238 p.

58. Brief legal dictionary / Ed. A.N. Azriliyana. 2nd ed., add. - M.: Institute of New Economics, 2007. - 873 p.

59. Commentary on the Land Code of the Russian Federation (item-by-item) / Ed. S.A. Bogolyubova. - M.: St. Petersburg: Peter Press LLC, 2009. - 982 p. 60. Handbook for civil judges / Ed. N.K. Tolcheeva. - M.: Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2008. - 289 p.

61. Oksyuk T. Some aspects of the privatization of state and municipal land plots // Corporate lawyer. - 2008. - No. 2. - P.33-35.

62. Soviet land law / Ed. N. I. Krasnova, V. P. Balezina. - M.: Legal literature, 1977. - 456 p.

63. Starodumova S.Yu. On methods of recognizing ownership of land plots // Advocate. - 2009. - No. 5. - P.44-46.

64. Sukhova E.A. Article-by-article commentary to the Land Code of the Russian Federation. - M.: GrossMedia, ROSBUKH, 2008. - 873 p.

65. Syrodoev N.A. History of land law // Jurisprudence. - 1999. - No. 4. - P. 238−251.

66. Hauke O. A. Peasant land law. - M, 1914. - 232 p.

67. Eiryan G.N. Application of acquisitive prescription to land plots // Advocate. - 2003. - No. 7. - P.22-23.

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