Oral folk art: types, genres of works and examples. Russian oral folk poetry Tales from the section oral folk art

Funny and sad, scary and funny, they are familiar to us from childhood. Our first ideas about the world, good and evil, about justice are connected with them.

Fairy tales are loved by both children and adults. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Based on fairy tales, performances and films are staged, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales have come to us from ancient times. They were told by poor wanderers, tailors, retired soldiers.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Artistic narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.

A fairy tale is a work in which the main feature is "an orientation towards revealing the truth of life with the help of conditionally poetic fiction that elevates or reduces reality."

A fairy tale is an abstract form of local lore, presented in a more concise and crystallized form: The original form of folklore tales are local lore, parapsychological stories and stories of miracles that arise as ordinary hallucinations due to the intrusion of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious.

The authors of almost all interpretations define a fairy tale as a kind of oral storytelling with fantastic fiction. The connection with myth and legends pointed out by M.-L. Von Franz takes the fairy tale beyond the limits of a simple fantasy story. A fairy tale is not only poetic fiction or fantasy play; through the content, language, plots and images, it reflects the cultural values ​​of its creator.

Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people. Fantasy intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. It is no coincidence that A. S. Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!

Fairy tale composition:
1. Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state they lived, they were ...”).
2. The main part.
3. Ending. (“They began to live - to live and make good” or “They made a feast for the whole world ...”).

Any fairy tale is focused on a socio-pedagogical effect: it teaches, encourages activity and even heals. In other words, the potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its ideological and artistic significance.

The fairy tale differs from other prose genres in its more developed aesthetic side. The aesthetic beginning is manifested in the idealization of positive characters, and in the vivid image of the "fantastic world", and the romantic coloring of events.

The wisdom and value of a fairy tale is that it reflects, reveals and allows you to experience the meaning of the most important universal values ​​and life meaning in general. From the point of view of everyday meaning, the fairy tale is naive, from the point of view of life meaning, it is deep and inexhaustible.

The child willingly believes the fairy tale, trustingly follows it. But with such empathy, a deeper comprehension of the fairy tale is inevitable, extracting from it one's own childish wisdom, which contributes to a clear emotional difference between good and evil principles.

Works created by different authors and passed from mouth to mouth, having undergone various changes resulting from joint folk art, are called folklore (from English folklore - folk knowledge, folk wisdom). Folklore reflects both the wisdom of the ages and the actual problems of the present. It has been a companion of the history of the people since ancient times, when people did not yet know how to write. His works reflect the centuries-old experience of the people, folk customs, worldview, ideas about morality and traditions of education.

Folklore

Oral folk art is a true storehouse of folk wisdom. Reflecting all the vicissitudes of the life of the people, their joys and sorrows, dreams and aspirations, folklore became the basis for the subsequent development of written literature.
Over the centuries, such main genres as fairy tales, songs, charms, proverbs and sayings, riddles, baits, nursery rhymes, munajats, legends and legends, dastans-epics, etc. have been formed in Tatar folklore.
Now we will take a closer look at one of the forms of Tatar oral folk art.

Fairy tales

Fairy tales are one of the most widespread and entertaining genres of folklore. Fairy tales are familiar to everyone from early childhood. In a fascinating way, they tell about the adventures of fictional characters in a fantasy world.
However, fairy tales not only entertain, they can teach us a lot. They reflected people's ingenuity, resourcefulness, wisdom and examples of high morality. They teach perseverance in overcoming difficulties, in the fight against evil. Fairy tales condemn evil, injustice, laziness and other negative qualities of people and exalt brave and fearless heroes fighting for justice and for the realization of their bright dreams. Generosity, honesty, kindness and ingenuity - that's what brings victory to the heroes of fairy tales. In a fairy tale, good always triumphs over evil, this is how people's eternal dream of a more perfect, just world is expressed in them.

When and how did fairy tales appear?

Their origin dates back to ancient times, to a primitive society dominated by myths. Feeling their powerlessness in the face of the powerful forces of nature, people sought to explain in their own way the causes of such natural phenomena as rain, thunder and lightning, as a manifestation of higher supernatural forces. Gradually, with the development of human society, when myths began to lose their former significance, fairy tales began to grow out of them. Fairytale fiction is a kind of reflection of real life. Changing over the centuries, fairy tales have absorbed the originality and color of various historical eras.

According to the content of the tale, there are three main types: tales about animals, fairy tales and everyday tales.

Animal Tales

Tales about animals are the most ancient representatives of this genre. Their main characters are various domestic and wild animals, birds and other living creatures. Ancient people believed that animals also had human feelings and qualities, which were credited with the ability to speak and think, like themselves. In such fairy tales, special properties and roles were attributed to different animals: a horse is always a hardworking, faithful assistant to a person, a goat is resourceful, a wolf is angry and stupid, a lion is strong, a fox is cunning, a bear has a difficult character. In such fairy tales as "The Sly Fox", "The Naked Wolf", "The King Rooster", as a rule, those animals are depicted that were closer and more familiar to people.

The traditional beginning of such fairy tales is very short and simple: “In ancient, ancient times…”, “Once upon a time…”, “Once…” Such fairy tales are usually built on dialogue and rivalry between heroes (wolf and sheep, man and animals) .

Fairy tales

Fairy tales are the most common and beloved by children and adults from fairy tale genres. They are rich in imagination, captivating, exciting story.

Fairy tales of this type (“White Wolf”, “Tanbatyr”, “Golden Apple”, “Kamyr Batyr”, “Three Doves”, etc.) tell about the adventures of heroes who encounter magical objects, supernatural forces that help them perform incredible feats : defeat evil demons, dragons, descend into the underground and underwater kingdoms in the blink of an eye, cross dark forests and endless oceans, build delightful palaces.

As a rule, such tales begin with special ornate beginnings: “In ancient times, when grandfather and grandmother were not yet born, but we were alone with my father, then an old man lived with an old woman ...” (“Kamyr Batyr”). Fairy tales are built on a similar plot: the future batyr, having matured, sets off to travel the world and experiences many magical adventures. He saves a beautiful princess from the captivity of a diva or dragon, or, having completed all the difficult tasks of the ruler, marries his daughter and becomes the ruler of the state himself. In all fairy tales, one can find a positive image of a brave, brave and kind hero and a beautiful girl with whom he is in love. To cope with all the difficulties, the hero is helped by magical animals and people with extraordinary qualities, whom the hero himself had previously rescued from trouble. So the fairy tale teaches us mutual assistance, only together, by joining forces, can we cope with the greatest difficulties and hardships and defeat evil.
In fairy tales of different peoples, similar plots and characters are often found. So, the plot of the fairy tale "Kamyr batyr" is also in the fairy tales of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example, in the Mari fairy tale "Nonchyk batyr". And the evil witch Ubyr from the Tatar tales in the Mari tales is known under the name of Vuverkuva.
One of the many customs of ancient people, reflected in fairy tales, was the custom of initiation - a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood. Its echoes are often found in many fairy tales: young men who reached maturity were collected in special
at home (usually in the thicket of the forest) and prepared for an important test for a long time, revealed to them the secrets and secrets of their tribe, told sacred myths, taught them to perform religious rites. Only a young man who passed all the ritual tests, proved his fearlessness and courage, could be considered an adult man, an equal member of his tribe.

Household fairy tales

Household tales tell about the everyday life of ordinary people. There is no magic, miracles and fantastic heroes in them, real people act in them: a husband, a wife, their own children and stepchildren, a master and a worker.

In such fairy tales as "Shombay", "Greedy and generous", "Stepdaughter", "Gulchachak", it is said how, thanks to their mind and ingenuity, the main characters can correct obstinate wives or lazy husbands, teach stupid and greedy owners, envious neighbors. They condemn laziness, selfishness, greed, ignorance, envy, rudeness, cruelty and any manifestations of injustice. In such tales, as a rule, ordinary people (peasants, artisans, soldiers) are portrayed with sympathy and sympathy, and their dishonest and rude owners are condemned and ridiculed. Thus, in a fairy-tale form, the people expressed their thirst for justice. These tales are usually very short and full of folk humor.
Folklore works reflect historical memory, life experience and worldly wisdom, good customs and traditions of our people in a peculiar and fascinating form.

Oral folk art is a vast layer of Russian culture that has been formed over many centuries. The works of Russian folklore reflect many of the feelings of the people and their experiences, history, serious thoughts about the meaning of life, humor, fun and much more. Most of the works of oral folk art exist in poetic form, which made it possible to memorize them well and pass them on from generation to generation orally.

Small genres of folklore include works of small volume: ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, proverbs, riddles, lullabies, fables, tongue twisters. Sometimes they are referred to children's folk art, because in ancient times a person's acquaintance with these works occurred at an age when he did not even speak. These works are interesting for their brightness, accessibility, understandable form for everyone.

Small genres of Russian folklore:

Russian folk proverbs

Russian proverbs and sayings - are a short, rhythmically organized, figurative folk statement, often instructive, instructive content, these are a kind of folk aphorisms. They often consist of two parts, supported by rhyme, have rhythm, characteristic alliteration and assonances.

Russian folk rhymes

Folk rhymes are rhymed short stories, songs and rhymes, combined with simple movements, designed to entertain the child, train his memory, develop fine motor skills of hands and coordination of movements, harmonious development of the child as a whole, through an unobtrusive play form.

Russian folk jokes

Jokes or amusements are small, funny, often rhyming works that tell in a bright, entertaining way about interesting events that happened to its heroes. They are distinguished by dynamic content, energetic actions of the characters, designed to interest the child, develop his imagination, bring positive emotions.

Russian folk tales

Russian folk tales are small fairy tales, sometimes presented in a rhymed form, the plot of which is built on meaningless, illogical events. Their task is to amuse the listener, instill in the child a sense of humor, logic, imagination and develop the whole process of thinking as a whole.

Russian folk tongue twisters

Russian tongue twister is a short humorous phrase built on a combination of hard-to-pronounce sounds, invented by our ancestors for entertainment and now used to correct problems with speech and diction.

Oral folk art is the verbal creativity of the people, who do not write down their compositions, but are orally transmitted (by word of mouth) from generation to generation. Oral folk art is also called in one word - folklore.

Folklore (English folk-lore - “folk wisdom”) is not only the oral verbal creativity of the people, but also musical.

In this article we will talk about oral folk art, which was created over many centuries.

By the way, oral folk art is studied in the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 7th grades of the school. However, if you love, then it will also certainly be interesting to you.

Features of Russian folklore

For a long time, many legends were created that were invented by the people during reflections on certain problems.

From time immemorial, people have thought about what is good and what is bad; like , and .

Also, oral folk art comprehended the problem of a comprehensive, trying to give important advice on how to become wise.

As a result of this, a mass of instructive tales, sayings and, helping a person to get answers to a variety of questions of interest to him, appeared.

Genres of oral folk art

The genres of folklore are epics, fairy tales, songs, proverbs, riddles and other things that we learned about from our ancestors.

Over time, many expressions have changed, due to which the meaning of this or that saying has become deeper and more instructive.

Often, works invented by the people rhymed and formed into poems and songs that were easy to remember. Thanks to this method, Russian folklore was passed from mouth to mouth for many centuries.

Works of oral folk art

So, let's list the works of oral folk art in order to form a clear list of the types of folklore available.

• epics
• Fairy tales
• Songs
• Proverbs and sayings
• Puzzles
• legends
• Lullabies
• Pestushki and nursery rhymes
• jokes
• Game sentences and refrains

These are the main types of works that are created not by one person, but directly by the whole people.

Stone at the fork in the road

Oral folk art of Russia

Well, we will consider oral folk art, since we are interested in this particular topic. At the same time, it must be said that other nations have very similar genres of folklore.

Songs

Among the people, songs were one of the most popular ways to express. Despite the fact that they were significantly inferior in volume to fairy tales and epics, people tried to lay deep and meaningful meaning in them.

Thus, the songs reflected the love experiences of a person, reflections on life and the future, social and family problems, and many other things.

It is worth noting that songs from oral folk art may differ in style and manner of performance. Songs are lyrical, laudatory, dance, romantic, etc.

In oral folk art, the technique of parallelism is very often used, which helps to feel the nature of the mood of a particular character.

Historical songs were dedicated to various outstanding personalities or events.

It is worth noting that they originated in the 9th century. A striking example is the epics about heroes who possessed incredible strength, beauty, courage and bravery. The most famous Russian heroes were Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich.

As a rule, historical characters or events are described in epics in an embellished and even fantastic style.

Three heroes

In them, national heroes can single-handedly destroy entire enemy troops, kill various monsters and travel long distances in the shortest possible time.

Heroes of epics never experience fear of the enemy and are always ready to defend their homeland.

Fairy tales

Fairy tales play an important role in oral folk art. In this genre there are elements of magic and wonderful heroism.

Fairy tales often feature completely different classes: from kings to simple peasants. You can meet workers, soldiers, kings, princesses, jesters and many other characters in them.

However, a fairy tale is not just a fictional and beautifully composed story for children. With the help of fairy tales, people tried to educate children, laying deep morality in them.

As a rule, all fairy tales have a happy ending. In them, good always triumphs over evil, no matter how strong and powerful it may be.

legends

In oral folk art, legends mean oral false stories about the facts reality. They colorfully display the events of the past.

There are many legends about the origin of peoples, states, and the exploits of fictional heroes.

This genre was especially popular in Ancient Greece. Many myths have come down to us that tell about Odysseus, Theseus and other characters.

Puzzles

Riddles are metaphorical expressions in which one object is depicted with the help of another that has some resemblance to it.

On this basis, a person needs to guess this or that object through reflection and ingenuity.

In fact, it is very difficult to imagine oral folk art without riddles, which were often presented in a rhymed form. For example, known to all children "Winter and summer - one color." Of course, you know it's a tree.

Thanks to fairy tales, both children and adults can develop their logical thinking and ingenuity. An interesting fact is that in fairy tales there are often riddles that are usually successfully solved by the main character.

Proverbs and sayings

Proverbs and sayings play one of the key roles in oral folk art. A proverb is a short figurative saying with instructive overtones, carrying some generalized idea or allegory with a didactic (moralizing) bias.

A proverb is a figurative saying that reflects some phenomenon of life. However, it is not a complete statement. Often sayings can be humorous.

Proverbs and sayings are usually attributed to small genres of oral folk art.

In addition to them, jokes, lullabies, game sentences, riddles, pestles and nursery rhymes can be classified as such a genre. Further, we can consider in more detail all these varieties of folklore.

Lullabies

In oral folk art, lullabies are often called tales, since the root of this word “bait” is “to tell”.

With the help of them, parents tried to lull their children who could not sleep. That is why various lullabies began to appear among the people, listening to which the child quickly fell asleep.

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Pestle and nursery rhymes in folklore were used to educate a growing child. Pestushki come from the word "nurse", that is, "nurse" or "educate." Previously, they were actively used to comment on the movements of the newborn.

Gradually, the pestles turn into nursery rhymes - rhythmic songs sung while the child plays with his toes and fingers. The most famous nursery rhymes in oral folk art are "Magpie-Crow" and "Ladushki".

Interestingly, they also trace a certain morality. Thanks to this, the baby from the first days of life learns to distinguish between good and evil, as well as good or bad qualities of a person.

jokes

When the kids grew up, they began to sing the so-called jokes, which were already of a deeper content and were not associated with games.

In their structure, they resembled short fairy tales in verse. The most famous jokes are "Ryaba Hen" and "Cockerel - Golden Scallop".

Most often, jokes describe some bright event that corresponds to the mobile life of the child.

However, since it is difficult for kids to focus on one topic for a long time, jokes have a very short plot.

Game sentences and refrains

Since ancient times, game sentences and refrains have been very popular among the people. They were used during the games. They talked about the possible consequences of breaking the rules.

Basically, sentences and refrains included various peasant activities: sowing, reaping, haymaking, fishing, etc. After their frequent repetition, children from an early age learned the correct manners and learned the generally accepted rules of behavior.

Types of oral folk art

From all of the above, we can conclude that oral folk art consists of many components. Briefly, to consolidate students of grades 2, 3, 5 and 7, we recall its types:

• epics
• Fairy tales
• Songs
• Proverbs and sayings
• Puzzles
• legends
• Lullabies
• Pestushki and nursery rhymes
• jokes
• Game sentences and refrains

Thanks to all this, the people were able to skillfully convey in a short form the deep thoughts and traditions of their ancestors, while maintaining good traditions and folk wisdom.

Now you know, what is oral folk art and folklore. If you liked this article, please share it on social networks. If you like interesting facts in general, and in particular, subscribe to the site. It's always interesting with us!

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Funny and sad, scary and funny, they are familiar to us from childhood. Our first ideas about the world, good and evil, about justice are connected with them.

Fairy tales are loved by both children and adults. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Based on fairy tales, performances and films are staged, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales have come to us from ancient times. They were told by poor wanderers, tailors, retired soldiers.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Artistic narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.

A fairy tale is a work in which the main feature is "an orientation towards revealing the truth of life with the help of conditionally poetic fiction that elevates or reduces reality."

A fairy tale is an abstract form of local lore, presented in a more concise and crystallized form: The original form of folklore tales are local lore, parapsychological stories and stories of miracles that arise as ordinary hallucinations due to the intrusion of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious.

The authors of almost all interpretations define a fairy tale as a kind of oral storytelling with fantastic fiction. The connection with myth and legends pointed out by M.-L. Von Franz takes the fairy tale beyond the limits of a simple fantasy story. A fairy tale is not only poetic fiction or fantasy play; through the content, language, plots and images, it reflects the cultural values ​​of its creator.

In Russian fairy tales, there are often repeated definitions: a good horse; Gray wolf; red girl; good fellow, as well as combinations of words: a feast for the whole world; go wherever your eyes look; hung his wild head; neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen; soon a fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done; long, short...

Often in Russian fairy tales, the definition is placed after the word being defined, which creates a special melodiousness: my dear sons; the sun is red; written beauty...

Short and truncated forms of adjectives are characteristic of Russian fairy tales: the sun is red; hung his wild head; - and verbs: seize instead of grab, go instead of go.

The language of fairy tales is characterized by the use of nouns and adjectives with various suffixes, which give them a diminutive - petting meaning: little-y, brother-etc, cockerel-ok, sun-yshk-o ... All this makes the presentation smooth, melodious, emotional . Various amplifying-excretory particles also serve the same purpose: that, that's what, ka ... (That's a miracle! I'll go to the right. What a miracle!)

Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people. Fantasy intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. It is no coincidence that A. S. Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!

Fairy tale composition:

• 1. Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state they lived, they were ...”).
• 2. The main part.
• 3. Ending. (“They began to live - to live and make good” or “They arranged a feast for the whole world ...”).

Any fairy tale is focused on a socio-pedagogical effect: it teaches, encourages activity and even heals. In other words, the potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its ideological and artistic significance.

From a socio-pedagogical point of view, the socializing, creative, holographic, valeological-therapeutic, cultural-ethnic, verbal-figurative functions of a fairy tale are important.

It is necessary to use the listed functions in the practice of everyday, pedagogical, artistic and other types of use of a fairy tale.

Socializing function, i.e. when communicating new generations to the universal and ethnic experience accumulated in the international world of fairy tales.

Creative function, i.e. the ability to identify, form, develop and realize the creative potential of the individual, his figurative and abstract thinking.

The holographic function appears in three main forms:

• - the ability of a fairy tale to show great things in small things;
• - the ability to represent the universe in three-dimensional spatial and temporal dimensions (sky - earth - underworld; past - present - future);
• - the ability of a fairy tale to actualize all human senses, to be the basis for the creation of all types, genres, types of aesthetic creativity.

Developing - therapeutic function, i.e. education of a healthy lifestyle, protection of a person from harmful hobbies, addictions.

Cultural-ethnic function, i.e. familiarization with the historical experience of different peoples, ethnic culture: life, language, traditions, paraphernalia.

Lexico-figurative function, i.e. the formation of the language culture of the individual, the possession of ambiguity and the artistic and figurative richness of speech.

The fairy tale differs from other prose genres in its more developed aesthetic side. The aesthetic beginning is manifested in the idealization of positive characters, and in the vivid image of the "fantastic world", and the romantic coloring of events.

Fairy tales have been known in Rus' since ancient times. In ancient writing there are plots, motifs and images reminiscent of fairy tales. Telling fairy tales is an old Russian custom. Even in ancient times, the performance of fairy tales was available to everyone: men, women, children, and adults. There were people who cherished and developed their fabulous heritage. They have always been respected by the people.

In the first half of the 17th century, 10 tales were written down for the English traveler Colling.

In the XVIII century, several collections of fairy tales appeared, which included works with characteristic compositional and stylistic fairy-tale features: "The Tale of the Gypsy"; "The Tale of the Thief Timashka".

The all-Russian collection of A.N. Afanasyev "Folk Russian Tales" (1855 - 1965): it includes fairy tales that existed in many parts of Russia. Most of them were written down for Afanasyev by his closest correspondents, of which V.I. Dahl. In the late XIX - early XX centuries, a number of collections of fairy tales appeared. They gave an idea about the distribution of works of this genre, about its state, put forward new principles for collecting and publishing. The first such collection was a book by D.N. Sadovnikov "Tales and legends of the Samara region" (1884). 124 works were placed in it, and 72 were recorded only from one storyteller A. Novopoltsev. Following this, rich collections of fairy tales appeared: "Seven fairy tales", "Great Russian fairy tales of the Perm province" (1914). The texts are accompanied by explanations and indexes. In Russian fairy tales, wealth has never had its own value, and the rich man has never been a kind, honest and decent person. Wealth had meaning as a means to other ends and lost that meaning when the most important values ​​of life were achieved. In this regard, wealth in Russian fairy tales was never earned by labor: it accidentally came (with the help of fairy-tale assistants - Sivka-Burka, the Little Humpbacked Horse ...) and often accidentally left.

The images of the Russian fairy tale are transparent and contradictory. Any attempts to use the image of a fairy-tale hero as an image of a person lead researchers to the idea of ​​the existence of a contradiction in a folk tale - the victory of a foolish hero, a "low hero". This contradiction is overcome if we consider the simplicity of the "fool" as a symbol of everything that is alien to Christian morality and its condemnation: greed, cunning, self-interest. The simplicity of the hero helps him to believe in a miracle, to surrender to his magic, because only under this condition is the power of the miraculous possible.

Another important feature of folk spiritual life is reflected in folk tales - catholicity. Labor acts not as a duty, but as a holiday. Sobornost - the unity of deeds, thoughts, feelings - in Russian fairy tales opposes selfishness, greed, everything that makes life gray, boring, prosaic. All Russian fairy tales, personifying the joy of work, end with the same saying: "Here, in joy, they all started dancing together ...". The fairy tale also reflects other moral values ​​of the people: kindness, as pity for the weak, which triumphs over selfishness and manifests itself in the ability to give the last to another and give life for another; suffering as a motive for virtuous deeds and deeds; victory of spiritual strength over physical strength. The embodiment of these values ​​makes the meaning of the tale the deepest, as opposed to the naivety of its purpose. The affirmation of the victory of good over evil, order over chaos determines the meaning of the life cycle of the living being. The meaning of life is difficult to express in words, it can be felt in oneself or not, and then it is very simple.

Thus, the wisdom and value of a fairy tale lies in the fact that it reflects, reveals and allows one to experience the meaning of the most important universal values ​​and life meaning in general. From the point of view of everyday meaning, the fairy tale is naive, from the point of view of life meaning, it is deep and inexhaustible.

This study focuses on the psychological mechanism of meaning-sacrifice in the process of perception and experience of a fairy tale by a child. There is no consensus among experts on this matter. V.A. Bakhtina argues that a child can be occupied only with the external narrative associated with the hero - joy, emotion, fear. But the very possibility of empathy when confronted with the conditional world of a fairy tale takes place because the fairy tale transfers the most incredible events as if they constantly take place in reality. And the child willingly believes the fairy tale, trustingly follows it. But with such empathy, a deeper comprehension of the fairy tale is inevitable, extracting from it one's own childish wisdom, which contributes to a clear emotional difference between good and evil principles.

The mechanism of meaning cognition in the process of perception and experience of a fairy tale by a child is studied by A.V. Zaporozhets. He wrote about the existence of a special kind of emotional cognition, in which a person reflects reality in the form of emotional images. In children, the generation of images of this emotional cognition often occurs in the process of perceiving a work of art. Under the influence of listening, the child develops sympathy for the hero and develops an emotional image of perceived events and relationships. Under certain conditions in children, emotional images begin to anticipate what should happen to the hero.

The emotion of the image reflects the internal changes that occur in the depths of the essential characteristics of a person. In the child's mind, the external picture of the situation reflected in the fairy tale is combined with the picture of the unrest that this situation causes in the child. Empathy for the hero of a fairy tale is first formed as an external expanded reality of participation in directly perceived and experienced events. Only then does it pass into the inner plane - the plane of emotional imagination. In the formation of a premonition of the results of the action of another person and the emotional anticipation of the consequences of one's own actions, the images of verbal description and visual depiction of events, as if modeling their meaning for the child himself and people close to him, are of great importance. These expressive means have a social origin.

Thus, a fairy tale for a child is not just a fantasy, but a special reality that helps to establish for itself the world of human feelings, relationships, the most important moral categories, in the future - the world of life meanings. The fairy tale takes the child beyond the framework of everyday life and helps to overcome the distance between worldly and life's meanings.

The process of self-comprehension of a fairy tale by a child leaves him at the level of worldly meaning and does not tell their true moral essence. It is obvious that a child cannot do this work without the help of adults. Intellectualization of emotions occurs in the process of effective cognitive activity in the interpretation of life meanings reflected in a fairy tale. This process is not discovered by the child, but is formed along the path of social inheritance.