Process management is an idea of ​​automatic and automated. Summary of a lesson in computer science on the topic: “Process management. Introduction to automatic and automated control systems. ACS for various purposes, examples of their use

Topic 2.3. “Process management. Concept of automatic and automated systems” Lecture No. 7. Process management. ACS Plan 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Management. Automated control system Functions of the automated control system Control questions Management. Management is the most important function, without which the purposeful activity of any socio-economic, organizational and production system (enterprise, organization, territory) is unthinkable. A system that implements control functions is called a control system. The most important functions implemented by this system are forecasting, planning, accounting, analysis, control and regulation. Information process is the process of receiving, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing and using information. Information systems are systems in which information processes occur. If the supplied information is extracted from any process (object), and the output is used to purposefully change the same object, then such an information system is called a control system. Types of control systems: manual, automated (man-machine), automatic (technical). 2. Automated control systems. An automated control system or ACS is a complex of hardware and software designed to control various processes within the framework of a technological process, production, or enterprise. ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. The term automated, in contrast to the term automatic, emphasizes the retention of certain functions by the human operator, either of the most general, goal-setting nature, or not amenable to automation. An automated process control system (APCS) is a set of software and hardware designed to automate the control of technological equipment at enterprises. A process control system is usually understood as a comprehensive solution that provides automation of basic technological operations in production as a whole or in some section of it that produces a relatively completed product. Here it is important to emphasize the word “automated”. This means that the control system is by no means completely autonomous (independent), and requires the participation of a person (operator) to implement certain tasks. In contrast, automatic control systems (ACS) are designed to operate without any human control and are completely autonomous. It is very important to understand this fundamental difference between automated control systems and self-propelled guns. The components of the process control system can be separate automatic control systems (ACS) and automated devices connected into a single complex. As a rule, the process control system has a unified operator control system for the technological process in the form of one or more control panels, processing facilities and

archiving information about the progress of the process, typical automation elements: sensors, controllers, actuators. Industrial networks are used for information communication of all subsystems. 3. ACS functions. Functions performed by automated process control systems. Automated process control system is intended for:  automated system; increasing management efficiency, efficiency and operational reliability; reducing indirect costs for operating remote facilities; timely coordination of the actions of enterprise divisions; providing managers and engineering personnel with the information necessary to make effective management and planning decisions; providing optimal solutions for the operation of technological equipment; full logging of all normal and emergency situations, as well as      actions of automated workplace operators. The automated process control system ensures the performance of all functions of modern automated systems: information-measuring functions; information and calculation functions; technological protection and blocking functions; automatic control functions; remote control functions; programmological control functions; functions of testing and diagnostics of automated process control equipment. Classification of control systems by information functions 1. Automatic decentralized monitoring and control systems, in which monitoring the progress of the technological process and performing individual control operations is carried out from the local control panel. The technological process of production of any product, considered as a control object, in accordance with the direction of material and energy flows, is divided into separate sections, formed into workshops or departments. When developing decentralized control and process control systems, a separate control system is provided for each such section, not functionally connected with the control systems of other workshops and departments. 2. Centralized control systems with the transfer of information about the process to the central control point (CPU). When developing this type of control systems, all information about the technological process from the start of production to the receipt of the final product is sent to a single centralized control and management system, where it is processed, after which control actions are generated. 3. Automated process control systems (APCS), which, depending on the information functions they perform, can solve the problems of calculating technical and economic indicators of production, the problem of collecting, primary processing and transmission of information, the problem of analysis, summarizing information about the process and predicting the course of the technological process. ACS is a man-machine system that provides automated collection and processing of information necessary to optimize management in various areas of human activity. Automated process control system – automated control system for the development and implementation of control actions on a technological control object in accordance with the selected control criterion. The external functions of the automated process control system include functions for monitoring the current state of the object and control functions, which include the determination of control actions and their implementation. The internal functions of the process control system cover: 2

organizing communication with other control systems, in particular with the enterprise automated control system and with other process control systems; monitoring the correct functioning of the system; organizing servicing of queues of applications for solving control problems on a digital computer; distribution of load of individual nodes and blocks of the control system; tracking time and counting time intervals. Each automated process control system implements only those functions that are relevant for a specific control object. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Test questions What is management? what is a control system? what types of control systems exist? what is an automated control system? What functions does an automated control system perform? 3

Process management. ACS

Management is the most important function, without which the purposeful activity of any socio-economic, organizational and production system (enterprise, organization, territory) is unthinkable.

A system that implements control functions is called a control system. The most important functions implemented by this system are forecasting, planning, accounting, analysis, control and regulation.

Information process is the process of receiving, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing and using information.

Information systems are systems in which information processes occur.

If the supplied information is extracted from a process (object), and the output is used to purposefully change the same object, then such an information system is called a control system.

Types of control systems: manual, automated (man-machine), automatic (technical).

An automated control system or ACS is a set of hardware and software designed to control various processes within a technological process, production, or enterprise. ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. The term automated, in contrast to the term automatic, emphasizes the retention of certain functions by the human operator, either of the most general, goal-setting nature, or not amenable to automation.

An automated process control system (APCS) is a set of software and hardware designed to automate the control of technological equipment at enterprises.

A process control system is usually understood as a comprehensive solution that provides automation of basic technological operations in production as a whole or in some part of it that produces a relatively completed product. Here it is important to emphasize the word “automated”. This means that the control system is by no means completely autonomous (independent), and requires the participation of a person (operator) to implement certain tasks. In contrast, automatic control systems (ACS) are designed to operate without any human control and are completely autonomous. It is very important to understand this fundamental difference between automated control systems and self-propelled guns.

The components of the process control system can be separate automatic control systems (ACS) and automated devices connected into a single complex. As a rule, the process control system has a unified operator control system for the technological process in the form of one or more control panels, means for processing and archiving information about the process, and standard automation elements: sensors, controllers, actuators. Industrial networks are used for information communication of all subsystems.

Functions performed by automated process control systems.

The automated process control system is intended for:

• · increasing the efficiency of management, efficiency and reliability of the automated system;
• · reduction of indirect costs for operating remote facilities;
• · timely coordination of the actions of the enterprise divisions;
• · providing managers and engineering staff with the information necessary to make effective management and planning decisions;
• · providing optimal solutions for the operation of technological equipment;
• · complete logging of all normal and emergency situations, as well as the actions of automated workplace operators.

The automated process control system ensures the performance of all functions of modern automated systems: information and measuring functions; information and calculation functions; technological protection and blocking functions; automatic control functions; remote control functions; program logic control functions; functions of testing and diagnostics of automated process control equipment.

Classification of control systems by information functions

1. Automatic decentralized monitoring and control systems, in which monitoring the progress of the technological process and performing individual control operations is carried out from the local control panel.

The technological process of production of any product, considered as a control object, in accordance with the direction of material and energy flows, is divided into separate sections, formed into workshops or departments. When developing decentralized control and process control systems, a separate control system is provided for each such section, not functionally connected with the control systems of other workshops and departments.

• 2. Centralized control systems with the transfer of information about the process to the central control point (CPU). When developing this type of control systems, all information about the technological process from the start of production to the receipt of the final product is sent to a single centralized control and management system, where it is processed, after which control actions are generated.
• 3. Automated process control systems (APCS), which, depending on the information functions they perform, can solve the problems of calculating technical and economic indicators of production, the tasks of collecting, primary processing and transmission of information, the tasks of analysis, summarizing information about the process and predicting the course of technological processes process.

ACS is a human-machine system that provides automated collection and processing of information necessary to optimize management in various areas of human activity.

Process control system - automated control system for developing and implementing control actions on a technological control object in accordance with the selected control criterion.

The external functions of the automated process control system include functions for monitoring the current state of the object and control functions, which include the determination of control actions and their implementation.

The internal functions of the process control system cover:

• - organizing communication with other control systems, in particular with the enterprise automated control system and with other process control systems;
• - monitoring the correct functioning of the system;
• - organizing servicing of queues of applications for solving control problems on a digital computer;
• - distribution of load of individual nodes and blocks of the control system;
• - tracking time and counting time intervals.

Each automated process control system implements only those functions that are relevant for a specific control object.

1. Information process - the process of receiving, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing and using information.

Information systems are systems in which information processes occur.

If the supplied information is extracted from any process (object), and the output is used to purposefully change the same object, then such an information system is called a control system.

2. Types of control systems:

· manual,

· automated (man-machine),

· automatic (technical).

Automated system is a system consisting of personnel and a set of automation tools for their activities, implementing automated technology for performing established functions.

An automated control system or ACS is a complex of hardware and software designed to control various processes within the framework of a technological process, production, or enterprise.

ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc.

The term automated, in contrast to the term automatic, emphasizes the retention of certain functions by the human operator, either of the most general, goal-oriented nature, or not amenable to automation.

Concept “ Automated control system” began to be used in Russia in the 50s of the twentieth century. Intensive use of such systems began in the 1970s–1980s. It was aimed mainly at facilitating routine operations.

The emergence of automated control systems is due to the need to improve the organizational structure of management of an enterprise, organization, institution, etc. Nowadays it is a necessary element of many branches of knowledge and the country’s economy. An automated control system is a combination of a team of people and a complex of software and hardware, i.e. is a human-machine system based on economic and mathematical management methods and the use of computer tools.

Automation is based on the widespread use of computer technology (CT) and the software necessary for it. As technical means of automatic control systems, multi-machine, multi-processor complexes have been used, forming distributed information processing systems with the help of computers and information networks. When implementing automated control systems, automated workstations and areas are usually used.

The tasks solved in the automated control system are divided into tasks that require an immediate response and allow for a certain delay in execution time.

Basically, the following modes of operation of the automated control system are distinguished: parallel processing, time quantization for batch processing, online processing, real time and teleprocessing of information and data. In mode time quantization Each application program is allocated a time slice, after which control is transferred to the next program. Increasing the speed of the system response to the user is achieved by operational(online, direct) data processing. When combining a multi-program computer operating mode with time slicing and direct access mode, a time sharing mode. Real time mode designed for tasks that require an immediate response. It is characterized by remote information processing ( teleprocessing). The teleprocessing mode can be used in other cases, for example, for batch data processing.

Automation can significantly reduce the time for creating new types of equipment, products, etc., as well as servicing users, significantly increase the level of their service, transforms and modifies individual technological processes, and sometimes all the main traditionally used technologies. Although automated systems were initially intended to automate complex production processes, it was not without reason that they were called automated control systems. Management of any processes is associated with the implementation of management functions themselves, i.e. interaction between people in the process of performing any work. In this case, the activity of the administrative and managerial apparatus is activated and document flow is improved. An important place in such processes has always been given to information circulating in the organization.

ACS are flexible integrated systems with elements of artificial intelligence. They are focused on implementing paperless, unmanned facility management with adjustment to changing external conditions and resources. The implementation of such tasks is based on the use of computers connected by an information network or networks with other computers.

For functional tasks that have fairly formalized solution algorithms (financial and accounting, logistics, personnel, etc.), the introduction of automated control systems has significantly improved reporting, documentation control, timely decision-making, and in many cases this has provided a significant economic effect .

Consequently, for the successful functioning of automated control systems, there is a need to automate information processes, and hence the creation of automated information systems (AIS). That's how it was in the beginning. As a result, information systems have emerged that make it possible to automatically carry out processes related to production management and various types of activities, as well as office work. In Russia, these processes begin in the second half of the 20th century.

Then it became obvious that AIS can be used not only to improve the management of production processes, but also to improve the quality of created information products and services, improve the quality and efficiency of user service, etc. Information automated control systems have the ability to present information in a form convenient for subsequent use, processing in a computer, as well as transmitting it through communication channels.

2. Automated information systems
Automation of information processes, helping to eliminate many routine operations, increasing comfort and at the same time efficiency of work, providing users with new, previously unknown, opportunities to work with information, also creates new problems, the solution of which can only be carried out through the use of general scientific methods and new information technologies. At each stage of development of society, they reflect the inherent level of high technology.

The main goal of AIS is to store, ensure efficient search and transfer of information according to relevant requests to most fully satisfy the information requests of a large number of users.

TO basic principles of automation of information processes include: payback, reliability, flexibility, safety, friendliness, compliance with standards.

Payback means spending less money to obtain an effective, reliable, productive system with the ability to quickly solve assigned problems. It is believed that the payback period of the system should be no more than 2–5 years.

Reliability is achieved using reliable software and hardware, and the use of modern technologies. The purchased products must have certificates and (or) licenses.

Flexibility means easy adaptation of the system to changing requirements for it, to new functions introduced. This is usually achieved by creating a modular system.

Safety means ensuring the safety of information, regulating work with the system, using special equipment and encryption.

Friendliness is that the system should be simple, easy to learn and use (menus, tips, error correction system, etc.).

There are four types of AIS:

1. Covering one process (operation) in one organization.

2. Uniting several processes in one organization.

3. Ensuring the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations.

4. Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

When creating an AIS, it is advisable to unify the organized systems (subsystems) as much as possible for the convenience of their distribution, modification, operation, as well as training of personnel to work with the appropriate software. The development of an AIS involves identifying processes that are subject to automation, studying them, identifying patterns and features (analysis), which helps determine the goals and objectives of the system being created. Then the necessary information technologies are introduced (synthesis). To successfully carry out design and organizational work, it is recommended to identify several prototypes of the designed object and the software and hardware installed on it. Based on them, develop several options. Then alternative ones are selected, from which finally the best solution is chosen.

AIS can be represented as a complex of automated information technologies that make up an information system designed to provide information services to consumers. AIS usually uses automated workstations (AWS) based on personal computers, distributed databases, and end-user-oriented software.

The main purpose of automated information systems is not just to collect and store electronic information resources, but also to provide user access to them. One of the most important features of AIS is the organization of data search in their information arrays (databases). Therefore, AIS are practically automated information retrieval systems (AIRS),

AIPS can be factual or documentary.

Factual AIPS Usually they use tabular relational databases with a fixed data structure (records).

Documentary AIPS characterized by uncertainty or variable data (document) structure. AIS shells are usually used for their development.

Examples of numerically controlled equipment.

Numerical control (CNC) refers to a computerized control system that reads the instructions of a specialized programming language (for example, G-code) and controls the drives of metal, wood and plastic working machines and machine tools.

Machine tools equipped with numerical control are called CNC machines. In addition to metal-cutting equipment (for example, milling or turning), there is equipment for cutting sheet blanks and for pressure processing.

The CNC system translates programs from the input language into control commands for the main drive, feed drives, and control controllers of machine components (turn on/off cooling, for example). To determine the required trajectory of movement of the working body (tool/workpiece), the part processing trajectory is calculated in accordance with the control program.

Information transmission scheme:

Processes that do not take into account the state of the control object and provide control via a direct channel (from the control system to the control object) are called open.

A system in which a control object receives information about the real state of the control object via a feedback channel, based on which it performs the necessary control actions via a direct control channel, is called closed system control or feedback system.

Questions:

1. What is an automated control system.
2. Purpose of ACS.
3. What functions are performed by the automated control system?
4. Give examples of automated control systems.

Homework: Come up with 1 example of a closed-loop and an open-loop control system.

The term “automated control systems” (ACS) first appeared in the 60s of the last century in connection with the introduction of production management systems at machine-building enterprises in our country.

The concept of “system” is widespread both in general scientific and specialized literature, and in everyday life. It is usually used as a synonym for aggregate, a complex of specific real objects. Transferring a system from one state to another by influencing the parameters of its elements is system management. The general definition of management can be formulated as follows: system management- this is a purposeful impact on it, transferring the system from one state to another.

Management functions include:

• - development of control information corresponding to the control program;
• - transferring it to the control object;
• - receiving and analyzing information from the control object characterizing its actual behavior;
• - adjustment or development of new control information in order to optimize the functioning of the control object.

Control system they call a system in which the specified control functions are carried out and in which at least two subsystems can always be distinguished - the control (subject) and the controlled (object). The influence of the subject of management on the object of management must be purposeful.

Management tasks can be different both in nature and in scope. The area of ​​management is also very important. Typically there are three main areas of management:

• - control of tools, machine systems, production and other processes that occur with the purposeful influence of man on objects of labor and natural processes;
• - management of the activities of teams solving a particular problem;
• - process management.

Modern industrial production in any field of industry combines a complex set of engineering and technical means, communications, and technological chains consisting of mechanical equipment with various types of drives (for example: electric drive, pneumatic drive). At the same time, one technological process can be provided by up to several dozen different devices, mechanisms and systems, each performing its own function. The task of the automation system is to ensure the most rational (optimal) interaction of all equipment included in the technological chain of the production process. Thanks to automation of production processes, the following is achieved:

• - saving energy resources;
• - optimization of operating modes of technological equipment, increasing its service life;
• - prevention of emergency situations and reduction of equipment accident rates;
• - ensuring the safety of process personnel;
• - optimization of the number of technological personnel, creation of unmanned technologies.

The concept of “process management” can be considered as an activity to ensure a given quality, usually of a product. In the simplest case, the technological process is an object (Fig. 84), the input of which is the variable x(t), which characterizes the property of some raw material, and the output is the variable y(t), which represents the property of the finished product.

Rice. 84.

However, in real life, a technological process is a complex multidimensional object, which is influenced by numerous properties of the raw material and its characteristics, as well as process parameters that characterize the conditions of its occurrence: temperature, speed, pressure, etc. As a result, the characteristics of the product are also multidimensional - chemical composition, quality, cost, quantity.

Due to the fact that a complex technological process is a chain of operations, it becomes necessary to determine the functions that should preferably be performed by a person and the functions that should preferably be performed by a computer or other technical devices. In this regard, the term is introduced "automated system" that is, a system whose functions are divided between man and technology.

The purpose of creating an automated control system is to ensure the fullest use of the potential capabilities of the control object to solve the tasks assigned to it. The effectiveness of the automated control system is determined by comparing the results from the functioning of the automated control system and the costs of all types of resources necessary for its creation and development.

According to GOST 24.104-85 “Unified system of standards for automated control systems. Automated control systems. General requirements" The automated control system, to the required extent, must automatically perform:

• - collection, processing and analysis of information (signals, messages, documents, etc.) about the state of the control object;
• - development of control actions (programs, plans, etc.);
• - transfer of control actions (signals, instructions, documents) for execution and its control;
• - implementation and control of control actions;
• - exchange of information (documents, messages, etc.) with interconnected automated systems.

ACS software must have the following properties:

• - functional sufficiency (completeness);
• - reliability (including restoreability, availability of error detection tools);
• - adaptability;
• - modifiability;
• - modularity of construction;
• - ease of use.

Term automatic emphasizes the ability of control devices to interact with the controlled object independently, without human intervention.

Control systems can be classified according to the following criteria:

• - degree of automation of control functions;
• - degree of complexity of the system;
• - conditionality of action;
• - type of control object, etc.

IN dependencies on the degree of automation of the control function distinguish between: manual, automated and automatic control.

For example, metal-cutting machines are equipped with a mechanism, usually consisting of slides, spindles, lead screws and tables with transverse and longitudinal movement, which allows the tool to move relative to the workpiece. When manually operating the machine The processing program is set by the worker after studying the drawing of the part. It determines the order of transitions when processing various surfaces, the number of working strokes, the necessary tool in its shift, the cutting mode, etc.

In automated machines Individual elements of the work cycle are automated, for example, the feed movement, the movement of cutting the grinding wheel into the workpiece, dressing the grinding wheel, etc. Automated machines can be specialized or special. Specialized machines are designed to perform certain operations when processing structurally and technologically similar products and similar geometric shapes, but of different sizes within a certain range. Special machines are used only in mass production; they are designed to perform one operation when processing a product of one type.

During automatic (programmed) processing on machines With computer numerical control (CNC), operator actions during the manufacturing process of the part are reduced to a minimum. Accordingly, negative factors that occur during manual control (fatigue of the worker, distraction of his attention by external influences) are excluded.

Another advantage of using CNC technology is that the part can be manufactured more accurately. Once a debugged control program can be used on a CNC machine to produce two, ten or a thousand absolutely identical parts, while fully complying with the requirements for accuracy and interchangeability.

Finally, another benefit of using any CNC machine is flexibility. Program control means that the production of different parts is reduced to a simple replacement of the control program. A previously tested control program can be used any number of times and at any time intervals. In turn, this is also another advantage, namely the ability to quickly change over equipment. Since such machines are easy to set up and run, as well as load control programs into them, this can significantly reduce machine setup time.

Examples of numerically controlled equipment

Milling and engraving equipment. Scope of application: high-precision production of complex profiles, wood carving, advertising production, stone and glass engraving, drilling, cutting sheet materials, production of molds and molds, numbers, badges, medals.

Metalworking. A CNC milling machine will help you quickly and efficiently create a high-tech product or technological equipment that requires processing of steel and other metals.

Art objects. CNC machines are used to create souvenir products, interior elements, palace and artistic parquet. Jewelry, church utensils, funeral services are also the sphere of their capabilities.

By degree of difficulty systems are divided into simple and complex. A simple system does not have a branched structure and contains a small number

Rice. 85.

interacting elements and performs simple functions. As simple automated control system One can give an example of a system that collects data about a technological process (see Fig. 85).

The sensors generate signals in the form of voltage levels, which are converted into digital form and stored in the computer's storage device. Such data is important for the process engineer, who, based on them, is able to change the mathematical model of technological production management. U complex system there is a branched structure and a significant number of interconnected and interacting elements (subsystems), which are united by common operational goals.

In Fig. 86 shows the technological process in a typical energy center designed to generate thermal and electrical energy.

The center's automated control system provides:

• - collection and display of process parameters (temperature, pressure, level);
• - display of the state of technological equipment (operation, accident, position of valves, etc.);
• - automatic and manual control of the heat recovery system;
• - technological signaling of accidents and parameters exceeding maximum permissible values;
• - control of process valves and dampers;
• - archiving of process parameters and alarm messages.

Controllers, communication equipment and software collect data on the state of equipment and parameters of the energy complex, as well as transfer it to the operator’s automated workstation.

Rice.

Rice.

According to the conditionality of the action all systems are divided into systems with deterministic action (deterministic systems) and systems with random (probabilistic or stochastic) action (random systems).

Deterministic system It is customary to call a system in which its constituent elements and the connections between them interact in such a way that if the initial state of the system and the program for its transition to another state are known, then it is always possible to accurately describe what this new state of the system will be. An example is the aircraft autopilot system. During flight, the autopilot continuously monitors the values ​​of the roll and pitch control channels (the angular movement of the aircraft). If both channels are in the middle position (the pilot has released the controls), the autopilot takes control and brings the aircraft to a horizontal position.

Random (probabilistic, stochastic) system they call a system in which its constituent elements and the connections between them interact in such a way that it is impossible to make an accurate, detailed prediction of its behavior, or to state the sequence of states. Such a system always remains uncertain, and predictions about its future behavior never leave the framework of the probabilistic categories with which this behavior is described. For example, complex software systems contain errors (if not their own, then induced by the subroutine libraries used). The programmer can control the behavior of the system at control points and boundary values.

Often it is the incorrect processing of boundary values ​​that leads to problems. In order to improve such a system, it is necessary to bring it to a level where the reliability of the system is ensured.

Reliability is quantitatively determined by the probability of failure-free operation. Probability of failure-free operation is the probability that, when operated under specified conditions, a system will perform satisfactorily for a specified period of time.

By type of control object ACS are divided into:

• - ACS for technological processes (APCS);
• - Automatic control system for production workshop (ASUP);
• - automated control systems for enterprises;
• - ACS for sectors of the national economy (for example, industry, communications, transport), etc.

Main functions ACS for technological processes are the following operations:

• - automated control of main production equipment during start-up, shutdown and long-term operation with maintaining technological parameters within specified limits;
• - automated control of auxiliary equipment;
• - providing operational personnel with information about the condition of process equipment;
• - the ability for the operator to set automatic mode parameters and remote control of executive bodies, including emergency remote shutdown of process equipment;
• - regulation of technological parameters using software controllers in accordance with the design specifications;
• - warning and emergency signaling of deviations in process parameters and task status;
• - registration and archiving of the values ​​of technological parameters, operator actions and other events in the system, generation and printing of protocols (automatically and at the request of the operator);
• - protection against unauthorized access to settings and stored data;
• - measurement, calculation and archiving of gross emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere.

Standard projects for the implementation of automated process control systems have been developed for various industries.

For energy- automated temperature control systems for generators; subsystems of power, steam and hot water boilers of high power; automated control and dispatch systems for boiler houses. The developed automatic control systems make it possible to ensure the transfer of boiler houses to the co-combustion of two types of fuel (gas and fuel oil), provide automation of auxiliary production (chemical water treatment, fuel supply, etc.), allow for commercial accounting of energy resources, as well as the integration of local automated process control systems into unified dispatch control and management system.

For the chemical and petrochemical industry- automated process control system for the production of sulfuric, phosphoric and weak nitric acid; dosing and weighing of finished products and intermediate materials; control, management and emergency protection in the production of ammonium nitrate, karbofos and nitric acid.

For metallurgical and mining industries- ACS

technological line for the production of refractory materials; control of furnace thermal processes; main technological processes of mining and processing plants: crushing, flotation, drying; kilns; energy sector

For the food and processing industry- ACS for elevator technological equipment; grain complex; grain cleaning production; floor storage warehouse; weighing installations; general and emergency ventilation; fire extinguishing of the production building. At processing industry enterprises, systems for stabilizing grain moisture and systems for predicting self-heating of grain have been widely used.

For housing and communal services- ACS of district thermal stations; boiler rooms; automated dispatching and control systems for boiler houses.

Automated workshop production management system is usually an integral part of the plant's automated control system.

Complex automated production generates an abundance of information. The number of components produced by each line, workpieces, diagnostic messages about parameter deviations, the nature of faults, downtime (with reasons), products produced and shipment - this is not a complete list of the data that dispatchers and shop managers must promptly receive.

We list in order of increasing complexity the main tasks of the shop management system:

• - monitoring of the technological process;
• - diagnostics of technological equipment;
• - production management in the context of the release of several product modifications.

Modern automated control systems in the workshop include automated workstations(ARM). An automated workplace is a specialist’s workplace equipped with a computer and special software that form a single information and computing complex. The entire production process can be displayed on the monitor screen of the workstation in the form of a mnemonic diagram, while some parameters are displayed in real time through animated images that change their color depending on the state of the corresponding parameter.

In addition to the functions of visualizing the state of the technological process, such systems provide registration and archiving of the values ​​of process parameters, and the issuance of alarms, visual and audio.

Archived accounting data will be useful to the workshop accounting department, as they will provide reliable information about the quantity, brands of the product produced and the raw materials used. In a small workshop, thanks to an automated workplace, all processes in the workshop can be controlled by one operator from one place.

A special case of an automated control system can be automated enterprise management system- a set of software, technical, information, linguistic, organizational and technological tools and actions of qualified personnel, designed to solve problems of planning and managing various types of enterprise activities.

The implementation of MRP (Material Requirements Planning) and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) methodologies is usually classified as an automated control system.

MRP systems allow, based on data on inventories, components, volume of finished products, to ensure the availability of the required materials in the warehouse, production premises, and also to assess the need for new purchases. Thus, the basic idea of ​​MRP systems is that any accounting unit of materials or components required to produce a product must be available at the right time and in the right quantity.

There is no point in using MRP systems widely where there is uniform demand, large batch sizes of materials and manufactured product items. They are rarely used in areas such as services, oil refining, retail, transportation, etc.

MRP is most effective in systems that have long processing cycles and complex multi-stage production, since in this case planning the production process and inventory management are very complex.

ERP systems serve to automate planning, accounting, control and analysis of all major business processes and solving business problems on an enterprise (organization) scale. An ERP system helps to integrate all departments and functions of a company into a single system, while all departments work with a single database and it is easier for them to exchange various types of information with each other.

Typically, an ERP system includes various functional modules, such as accounting and tax accounting, warehouse management, transportation, treasury, personnel records, customer relationship management. Various software modules of a unified ERP system allow you to replace outdated disparate information systems for managing logistics, finance, warehouse, and projects. All information is stored in a single database, from where it can be retrieved upon request at any time.

Examples of ERP systems include:

• - Microsoft Dynamics (http://www.microsoft.com/rus/dynamics/default.mspx)
• - Galaktika ERP (http://galaktika.ru/);
• - Flagship (http://infosoft.ru/ru/).

Until the 90s of the last century in our country, a promising direction for the development of automated control systems was the creation of a National Automated Control System (OGAS), which provided for the mutual connection of the management of all administrative, industrial and other facilities of the country in order to ensure optimal proportions for the development of the national economy. This plan failed to come true, but currently automated control systems have been introduced into all sectors of the national economy, for example, industry, communications, transport, etc.

Integrated automation of food, chemical, pulp and paper, metallurgical, oil, gas, etc. production has made it possible to optimize such important indicators as the level of personnel safety, environmental protection, and compliance with quality control standards. The introduction of automation of technological processes in industry leads to a reduction in production costs, as well as a maximum increase in the efficiency of production of consumer goods.

Using the example of food industry automation, it can be noted that the expansion of the functionality of modern microprocessor systems in this industry is associated with the emergence of a significant number of different types (systems) of displaying technological information; using dynamic mnemonic diagrams; obtaining graphs of changes in technological parameters for any period of time.

Automated control systems have been created and successfully operate in the sugar, baking, yeast, grain, dairy, meat, and fat-and-oil industries of the food industry.

Automation in various modes of transport, first of all, facilitates and speeds up all types of labor-intensive work in ports, piers, stations and airfields. The efficiency of dispatch services, traffic safety and regularity, the quality of service are increased, the use of transport units is improved, and operating costs are reduced.

For example, trial operation of an automated control system for specialized municipal transport in Yaroslavl showed that with its help it is possible:

• - automatic determination of the location of vehicles and their display on the dispatcher’s monitor with reference to the plan (map) of the area;
• - automatic tracking of deviations from the route and traffic schedule with the delivery of results to the dispatcher;
• - provision to the dispatcher of all data about any serviced vehicle, including the coordinates of its location, course and speed;
• - fuel consumption control, etc.

In the workshop we will look at several examples of automated control systems used in transport.

• 1. Formulate a general definition of the concept of “system management”. What is the system?
• 2. What are the functions of management?
• 3. What is called a control system?
• 4. Name the three main areas of management.
• 5. What is achieved through automation of production processes?
• 6. Describe the technological process as an object.
• 7. Explain the difference between automatic and automated systems.
• 8. What is the purpose of creating an automated control system?
• 9. What should the automated control system do in accordance with existing GOSTs?
• 10. What properties should ACS software have?
• 11. What types of control are distinguished depending on the degree of automation? Give examples.
• 12. Explain the difference between simple and complex systems.
• 13. Explain the difference between deterministic and stochastic systems.
• 14. List the functions of automated control systems for technological processes.
• 15. Give examples of typical projects for implementing automated process control systems.
• 16. What main tasks of the shop management system do you know?
• 17. For what purposes are automated workstations used?
• 18. Based on what methodologies are automated enterprise management systems implemented? Give examples.
• 19. Tell us about the implementation of automated control systems in various sectors of the country’s national economy.

Workshop

ACS for various purposes, examples of their use

The first domestic automated control system, designed for mass passenger service in real time, began operating in 1972 under the name “Express-1”.

If the Express-1 system was intended for complex automation of ticket and cash desk operations in large railway junctions, then the Express-2 automated control system (1982) managed the sale of tickets and passenger transportation on the scale of regions allocated to the railway network. The network region served by one Express-2 automated control system included the territory of one or more railways.

Through the Express-2 automated control system, all ticket sales management processes were automated, taking into account transit trains, and the sale of seats was organized through the telephone ordering bureau. The ES computers used in Express-2 by the mid-1990s. could no longer meet modern requirements. The development of computer technology and the Internet set the railway workers the task of modernizing the Express computer network. This problem was successfully solved, and since 2002, the Express-3 system began operating on the railways.

Four subsystems have been developed and implemented on the basis of the Express ACS:

• - the automated reference and information system “Ekasis” is designed to provide all users of the “Express” system with reference information on all issues related to passenger travel by rail;
• - automated baggage management system "ESUBR" solves problems related to the automation of registration of transportation and cargo-luggage documents;
• - the automated management system for the operation and repair of the passenger car fleet "ASUPV" includes tasks for entering and adjusting data on the passenger car fleet, analyzing and planning repairs of the passenger car fleet;
• - the ASUL passenger transportation management system provides information on the implementation of key indicators related to passenger transportation.

Thus, the Express automated control system in the passenger sector is not only a system for selling tickets and reserving seats, but also a mechanism with which you can solve a wide variety of problems in the field of passenger transportation management.

Let's go to the ACS "Express" website at http://express-3.ru/. The main page of the site is shown in Fig. 88.

Rice. 88.

Let's check the availability of seats on the Moscow-Orel route. To get acquainted with the program's capabilities, it is not necessary to register as a subscriber; you can enter the login demo and password demo. So the fields From And Before fill in according to Fig. 89.

Pressing the button Request, we get through the window Seat availability, where you should fill in the fields according to Fig. 90.

As a result of the search query, we received information about the number of seats in two trains (Fig. 91) traveling to the city of Donetsk, but making a stop in the city of Orel. As you can see from the query, in the first train there are only 48 upper seats in the compartment, there are no lower seats, and in the second train there are 26 lower seats in the compartment.

Rice. 89.

Rice. 90.

Rice. 91.

The user can obtain more detailed information by clicking on the link indicating the train number - 009M. The window shown in Fig. will open. 92, from which you can obtain information about the type of carriage, the cost of the ticket, as well as information for each carriage about the availability of lower and upper seats.

Rice. 92.

Using the Express-3 automated control system, which operates on the Russian Railways (RZD) website at http://rzd.ru/, you can not only view information about the availability of seats on various railway routes, but also make a ticket order.

Let's go to the Russian Railways website and click on the link “Schedule, availability, ticket prices.” A window will open Schedule and ticket availability shown in Fig. 93.

Fill out the form yourself and click the button Schedule. On

Rice. 93.

Let's return to the main form and, indicating the train departure date, click on the button Seat availability. To view more detailed information and fares, select a train from the proposed list and press the button Continue. The query result is shown in Fig. 95.

Rice. 94.

Rice. 95.

As can be seen from the query results, we are fully informed not only about the fare, but also about the number of upper and lower seats in a compartment or reserved seat.

Next, you should agree with the rule that we are familiar with the features of issuing a travel document via the Internet by checking the appropriate box and clicking the button Checkout. Then, after completing the registration process on the Russian Railways website, we will be able to order a ticket to the desired destination.

Test questions and assignments

• 1. Tell us about the evolution of the Express automated control system.
• 2. What subsystems based on the Express ACS have been developed and implemented? What problems do they solve?
• 3. Using the website http://express-3.ru/, check the availability of seats on one of the directions of passenger transportation indicated by the teacher. Take screenshots of all actions. Send the result to the teacher's email address.
• 4. Using the Russian Railways website http://rzd.ru/, make a virtual order of a ticket for a specific direction indicated by the teacher. Do not complete the last step leading to the actual order. Take screenshots of all actions. Send the result to the teacher's email address.
• 5. Using the Internet, find examples of implementation of automated control systems that can significantly facilitate a person’s daily life. Describe the process of action with the found automated control systems.