Conversation on the topic "edible and inedible mushrooms." Consultations for parents on the topic “mushrooms”.docx - conversation with parents on the topic “mushrooms Be careful mushrooms and insects conversation

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Consultation for parents

“Caution, poisonous mushrooms!!!”

Another mushroom season has arrived.Baskets and camping clothes were recovered from secluded places. Mushroom picking is an activity that carries a certain risk. Alas,Mushroom poisoning is not that rare. What are the symptoms of poisoning?Most often they occur 6-12 hours after eating mushrooms. These include profuse salivation, severe colicky abdominal pain, uncontrollable vomiting, and intestinal upset. Due to the large loss of fluid, the victim develops excruciating thirst. Severe pain in the liver is accompanied by the rapid development of jaundice. Often there are convulsions, difficulty breathing, and the face takes on a bluish tint. With each passing hour the patient weakens and falls into oblivion. And in a day or two a tragic outcome may come.

Unlike adults, poisoning from poisonous mushrooms and plants in children is more severe because:

• All organ systems are still immature.
• Low resistance of the body to poison.
• Characterized by faster penetration of poison into the body.

The tendency of the child’s body to toxicosis and exicosis(dehydration).

Prevention of poisoning from poisonous plants and mushrooms consists of precautions.

Dear parents! Teach your children the following:

You cannot taste unknown berries, leaves, plant stems, fruits, seeds, mushrooms, no matter how attractive they look.

You should not even touch unfamiliar plants, as you may get a burn or an allergic reaction.

Poisonous plants contain poisons that can cause poisoning both when inhaling volatile aromatic substances released by the plants and when the juice gets on the skin.

The most severe poisoning can be obtained by ingesting the toxin with berries, leaves, and roots.

Myths and truth about mushrooms.

1. Mushrooms are needed in the diet, because in Rus' since ancient times they were collected and eaten. Statements about “the food of our grandmothers” do not suit modern people at all. Our ancestors lived in an ecologically clean time. Berries and mushrooms have not yet been fully poisoned by industrial waste. In ancient Rus', peasants worked up to seven sweats; such work implied huge expenditures of energy, so the body was able to digest heavy food. Our life cannot be called exhausting.

Since ancient times, mushrooms were not boiled or fried; they were prepared raw, so

This way the mushrooms retained all the nutrients. Nowadays mushrooms(due to bad environment)you have to boil it; at a temperature of 100 degrees, almost all the benefits are destroyed.

2. To protect questionable mushrooms, they must first be frozen.

Minus 18 is not a low enough temperature to stop the activity of pathogenic microbes and fungi. Mushrooms in the freezer

continue to accumulate toxic substances. A more or less reliable method is cooking. All this is suitable for edible mushrooms: if there is a toadstool lying around in a pile, it cannot be boiled or frozen. Its poison is considered the most powerful plant poison in nature.

3 Mushrooms can be identified by their smell. The same pale toadstool does not smell of anything.

4 Insects do not eat poisonous mushrooms. Very willing, especially slugs.

5 A head of onion or garlic placed in a pan will turn brown due to

presence of at least one poisonous mushroom, and the silver spoon will darken.

In fact, the browning of onions and garlic occurs under the action of the enzyme tyrosinase, which is found in both edible and poisonous mushrooms. The darkening of silver occurs under the influence of amino acids containing sulfur, which is also found in all mushrooms.

6 Only inedible mushrooms are dangerous. Any mushroom, even edible one, contains several dangerous toxic elements. In edible mushrooms, poisons were found in microdoses, a certain amount of which is lethal - oxalic, hydrocyanic, gelvic acids, arsenic. Do not pick mushrooms in very hot weather; heat causes more than half of edible mushrooms to become poisonous.

7 If nothing bad happened on the first day after the mushroom dinner, then everything is fine. Toxins acquire their killing properties by undergoing various changes in the liver, and poisoning develops 6-35 hours after a mushroom dinner.

8 In case of mushroom poisoning, it is enough to drink a loading dose of sorbent.

Mushroom poisoning never goes away on its own, therefore, after providing first aid, immediately call"ambulance".

Remember that childhood poisoning with edible mushrooms is always very difficult, with complications. There are no easy cases!

Nina Shimbereva

Target:

Introducing children to mushrooms(what they look like, what are their properties and how they differ, clarification of the conditions necessary for growth and development mushrooms, benefit and significance mushrooms in the life of humans and animals, enrichment of vocabulary.

Tasks:

1. develop a caring attitude towards nature;

2. continue to introduce the features of appearance mushrooms and the place of their growth;

3. teach to be careful with unknown objects, cultivate a caring attitude towards nature;

4. teach children to listen carefully and answer the teacher’s questions, encourage children to participate in conversation and to coherent statements;

5. teach children to correctly name objects, their qualities, colors, name sizes (big-small, learn to form nouns using suffixes;

6. consolidate the understanding of concepts « mushrooms» ;

Verse:

Under the birch, under the aspen,

He's always so handsome.

And the chanterelle and the morel,

Mushroom sticks out like a piglet.

Hat, leg, we all know

Let's find the mushroom, we won't lose.

We can fry, salt,

Surprise your mom with the taste.

Conversation and viewing pictures from mushrooms and berries:

Questions:

Educator:

"Which mushrooms you know?»

Volnushki, milk mushrooms, russula, boletus mushrooms (white mushrooms, boletus, boletus, milk mushroom. boletus, chanterelles, saffron milk caps

Educator:

"Where they grow mushrooms?»

Children: In the woods

Educator:

But mushrooms Not only do they have a name like ours, they also have something very interesting!

We live in cities and houses, and we have an address. Ask your child what city he lives in and what his address is? Why do you need to know your address by heart?

If you received parcels or parcels, letters, then show them where the address is written. Why did they write the address on them?

It turns out that there are mushrooms... your address! At this address you can always find a mushroom. But this one « mushroom address» Not everyone knows, but only the most - the most attentive people to nature.

Now we will try to guess this address!

every mushroom"loves" his own tree and his own forest and lives only at his own address.

For example, what can we find under a pine tree? Of course, butter or white mushrooms - boletus.

Borovik is the king among all mushrooms. Their legs are thick - like a potato. The cap is brown, the flesh is white, strong, tasty. White mushrooms- boletus mushrooms - dried, boiled, and fried. The address of these mushrooms: "Pinery". You can find them there.

And under the birch, on lawns and in mown meadows, there are boletus mushrooms. Boletus mushrooms usually do not grow alone. Next to one there is always another growing.

Under the aspens there are boletuses.

Honey mushrooms live and grow on stumps.

In pine and spruce forests there are many butterflies with shiny caps.

Where do they live? mushrooms Foxes - friendly sisters who always grow up next to each other as families? In mixed forests.

Saffron milk caps love coniferous forests - spruce and pine forests.

Interesting about "address" mushrooms: by autumn mushrooms change theirs a little "address", that is, they are moving. True, they are moving very close - to a warmer place. If earlier in the summer in July - early August they huddled close to the trees and often grew on the cooler northern side, now they can be found in an open clearing, path, and near clearings. Where it's warm and sunny.

"For what mushrooms and berries in the forest» -they are useful and necessary for people, animals, birds, and plants that grow next to them in forest: Mushrooms- true friends of trees!

"What do we know about poisonous mushrooms and berries?»

Eat edible mushrooms, and there are poisonous ones. Therefore, in the forest, children must always ask adults if they can pick up something found in the forest or in the park. mushroom. If you don't know mushroom, then it’s better to leave it in the forest and not take it.

“What is safety in the forest?”

Do not go into the forest alone, only with adults;

Take a phone with you to contact relatives;

You need to return from the forest before dark;

Don't go deep into the forest;

You should not enter the forest by vehicle, this will harm the vegetation;

It is forbidden to light a fire without adults, because fire is dangerous both for humans and for the inhabitants of the forest, it is very difficult to stop its spread;

Do not burn dried grass or leaves;

Don’t throw garbage, you can’t pollute nature, this is a home for animals and birds;

Do not break the glass, you will injure yourself and harm the inhabitants of the forest;

- you can’t make noise in the forest: shouting, listening to loud music, this behavior causes anxiety among forest dwellers;

Do not offend wild animals, they are dangerous in an angry state, if there is a danger of attack, do not show fear and do not stand with your back, it is better to slowly stand and wait for the animal to leave;

Finger gymnastics " Mushrooms" "This finger"

this finger went into the forest, this finger found a mushroom,

I began to clean this finger, I began to fry this finger,

This finger ate everything, that’s why it got fat.

(Massage the fingers one by one, starting with the little finger)

"By mushrooms»

One two three four five!

We will look for mushrooms.

First boletus mushroom, Get into the basket!

The aspen boletus is standing

On a high leg.

The boletus was found

Right under the birch tree.

And the oiler hides, That’s how stubborn he is!

(Children take turns massaging their fingers)

A walk through our forest on the territory of the children's playground hell

Game exercise.

« Mushroom pickers»

The teacher says: “Now one of you will mushroom picker, and the rest mushrooms. Every mushroom will find a place in the forest, and mushroom will look carefully and remember. After that mushroom picker and mushrooms dancing when the music ends, the mushroom picker will turn away, A mushrooms will take their place. Then the mushroom picker will check Are you sitting down correctly? mushrooms.

Low mobility game

“And we walked through the forest”

And we walked through the forest,

Under the bush found fungi

Boletus, boletus, boletus

CONVERSATION WITH PARENTS
ON THE TOPIC "MUSHROOMS"
Mushrooms
Another mushroom season has arrived. Baskets and
hiking clothes.
Mushroom picking is an activity that carries a certain risk. Alas, poisoning
mushrooms are not so rare.

Who has not heard about the extreme poisonousness of the pale grebe? And yet this
a mushroom, masquerading either as a champignon or as a russula, no, no, and it will get to
to an inexperienced mushroom picker.
One summer day, a five-year-old girl went for a walk in the forest.
with her twelve-year-old sister, found a mushroom and tried it. Through
For several hours she began to feel nausea and vomiting. She was urgently hospitalized.
The hospital did gastric and intestinal lavage. After that
The girl's health became so good that her parents, despite
On the advice of the doctor, they rushed to take her away from the clinic. And a few hours later
The child's condition worsened, and soon the girl died. As it was
The cause of death was determined to be poisoning by toadstool.
This is exactly how children are poisoned in most cases when they are
left without proper supervision.
The pale grebe has long gained notoriety for its poisonousness.
Every year hundreds of people around the world suffer because of it, many of them
die. Such a high mortality rate is explained not only by strong
the action of the poison that is part of these mushrooms, but also its unusual
properties. The main role in the mechanism of poisoning by toadstool plays
amanitotoxin. 2530 milligrams of this poison contained in one mushroom
pale toadstool is quite enough to cause fatal poisoning.
In addition, amanitotoxin is completely insoluble in water and retains
its toxicity even after 20 minutes of boiling. And, once in the body, the poison
makes itself known not immediately, but several hours later. When they appear
signs of poisoning, then it is already difficult to save a person: a mushroom toxin,
once it enters the bloodstream, it is difficult to remove from the body. Therefore, treatment is not always
gives reliable results.
What are the symptoms of poisoning? Most often they occur after 612 hours
after eating mushrooms. This is profuse salivation, strong
colicky abdominal pain, uncontrollable vomiting, intestinal upset.
Due to the large loss of fluid, the victim develops painful
thirst. Severe pain in the liver is accompanied by the rapid development of jaundice.
Often there are convulsions, difficulty breathing, the face takes on
bluish tint. With each passing hour the patient weakens and falls into oblivion. A
in a day or two a tragic outcome may come.
To avoid a dangerous encounter with poisonous mushrooms, you need to know
distinctive features of mushrooms. Some people seriously think that
poisonous mushrooms somehow signal their toxicity: unpleasant
smell or taste, the fact that they are not touched by worms and snails. Whatever it is

It’s sad, but such views are a dangerous delusion. Poisoned,
for example, the pale grebe was often spoken of with great praise
taste, and its smell is very reminiscent of the smell of champignons. What then
Is this mushroom different from champignon? Pale grebe on the underside
the legs always have a tuberous swelling covered with a membranous cover. IN
the upper part of the leg - a membranous ring of white, greenish or pale
yellow color. The plates on the lower surface of the cap are frequent, white, not
changing their color. At the same time, the champignon has these plates - from
pale pink to dark brown tones, rings, tuberous thickenings on
the leg and films are missing. As for russula, the main difference is
the same: this mushroom does not have a tuberous swelling with a membranous cover and a ring
on a stalk, characteristic of the pale grebe.
A thorough knowledge of the “portrait” of the pale grebe will help you avoid dangerous
consequences. Of course, kids are not able to remember all this, so
they need, as they say, an eye and an eye.
At first glance, talking about fly agaric poisoning represents only
theoretical interest: fly agaric, especially red, is difficult to confuse with what
some edible mushroom. And yet, even red fly agarics are poisoned.
But there are also gray pink and panther fly agarics, which
more modest in appearance.
And yet fly agaric poisoning is extremely rare. The toxicity of fly agarics
greatly exaggerated. Fatal poisonings are very rare and only occur
when eating a large number of fly agarics. This is explained simply. I
fly agaric has only a functional effect on the nervous system
the victim and does not cause damage to internal organs.
The chemical composition of fly agaric venom and the mechanism of its action on the body
humans are now well studied. The main poisonous principle of fly agarics is
muscarine Despite the name ("muska" translated from Greek "fly"),
muscarine is completely safe for insects, but very harmful to
person. 35 milligrams of this poison can kill the poisoned person.
It is generally accepted that this amount of muscarine is contained in 3 or 4
fly agarics.
The fly agaric owes its name to other substances that actually
kill flies. They are called toxoalbumin.
Symptoms of red fly agaric poisoning usually develop after 3040
9 minutes, less often every 12 hours). The victim usually sweats and begins to
drooling, intestinal upset with abdominal pain, constricted pupils,
The heartbeat slows down, blood pressure drops, and suffocation occurs.

If a person eats a panther fly agaric, a disorder of the central nervous
systems are revealed more sharply.
Fly agaric poisoning is most severe in children. Let's bring
a fairly typical example under the circumstances.
In one of the Siberian villages, two boys aged three and four years
ate dried red fly agarics, which my parents saved for
preparing poison for flies. Half an hour later, both boys developed
vomiting and intestinal upset, then profuse sweating and
salivation. In the evening, convulsions appeared, the pulse became poor
palpable, both children lost consciousness.
Luckily, medical help arrived in time and it was all over.
safely. Already on the fifth day the children were discharged completely healthy.
from the hospital.
And this story happened in one of the dacha villages. Three years old girl
walking along the edge of the forest near the house. I found a red fly agaric and decided
try it. Fortunately, as it turned out later, she only ate part of it.
mushroom. Therefore, not severe poisoning developed. However, the girl had to
put in hospital.
As you can see, in both cases the parents are to blame for leaving without
supervision of small children. But such carelessness and carelessness with
on the part of adults could cost the lives of the children! Adults are obliged in every possible way
strive to protect children from unwanted encounters. To this end
it is necessary to organize throughout the summer period a widespread
morning viewing of lawns, places for children to walk and play in institutions and on
dachas, in order to promptly remove noticed poisonous plants and
mushrooms. During forest walks, parents, teachers and other adults
must exercise the strictest supervision with all children and especially with
those who collect flowers, mushrooms and herbs and taste them. It shouldn't be the same
forget about careful control over the use of mushrooms collected for food
older children.
To carry out these events, both parents and childcare workers
institutions themselves should be well aware of the essence of this issue. Not out of place
also stock up on special literature, colorful tables, booklets
and posters. As they say, every mushroom is picked up, but not every mushroom is taken into account.
the box is placed. Every adult. Who is entrusted with the health of children,
should know well which mushroom to take and which to throw away.

So, in order to avoid poisoning from poisonous mushrooms, you need
collect only those that you know well.
The health, and even the life of a person poisoned by mushrooms, largely depends on
how promptly he will receive medical assistance. It should be remembered
that in case of any mushroom poisoning, even if it is not severe at first glance,
you must consult a doctor immediately. But even before the doctor arrives, you need to
act quickly and decisively. In case of poisoning with any of the poisonous mushrooms
you should try to remove toxic substances from the body: take
laxative, rinse the stomach with a solution of potassium permanganate.
The injured child must remain in bed; it is harmful for him to walk and
sit.
Any mushroom poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and intestinal upset,
causing dehydration and excruciating thirst. To
to alleviate the condition of a sick child, you need to give him cold, slightly
salted water, iced tea, coffee, milk.
Mushroom poisoning is usually treated only in hospitals. To the doctor
it was easier to understand the causes of poisoning, the remains of mushrooms should be
save for laboratory research

Goal: to teach children to be attentive to plants in nature, to understand that some of them may be poisonous; consolidate the ability to distinguish mushrooms and berries from pictures and the signs given in riddles; teach caution and develop curiosity.

Progress of the game:

Old man - Lesovichok: Hello, kids! I came to you to invite you to my wonderful forest to pick mushrooms and berries. Do you like picking mushrooms and berries? Now let's check if you know mushrooms.

Game “Say the Word” (accompanied by showing pictures)

If they are found in the forest,

They will immediately remember the fox.

Red-haired sisters

They are called... (chanterelles)

Strong, dense, very stately,

In a brown and smart hat.

This is the pride of all forests!

The real king of mushrooms! (Porcini)

The brothers are sitting on a stump.

All with freckles, like boys.

These friendly guys

They are called... (honey mushrooms)

Their heads are like oil

And they can hide cleverly.

Very nice guys -

Golden... (Butter).

Guys, be careful with mushrooms in the forest, otherwise uninvited guests will get into your basket. Guess which ones?

Look how good it is!

Red polka dot hat

Lace collar -

He's not new to the forest! (Amanita)

In a pale hat with a thin stem,

You can’t put it in a basket.

Dangerous mushroom, decoy mushroom,

This is a pale...(toadstool).

We will collect edible mushrooms and leave the poisonous ones in the forest. But remember, guys: leave mushrooms that you don’t know in the clearing, don’t trample them, don’t knock them down. All the mushrooms in my forest are needed. Who eats mushrooms in the forest? That's right, either a squirrel will eat the fungus, or a hedgehog, and moose are treated with fly agarics.

Game “Collect mushrooms in a basket”

Children collect mushrooms in two baskets: with a picture of a fly agaric - poisonous, and in a basket with a picture of a white mushroom - edible.

Old man - Lesovichok. Guys, tell me, is it possible to eat mushrooms raw? How can you cook mushrooms so that you can eat them (children's answers). Mushroom picking is an exciting activity, but one that involves a lot of risk. Many people are hospitalized every year due to mushroom poisoning, sometimes there are even deaths. Therefore, guys, let's remember poisonous mushrooms well again. (look at the pictures).

Guys, it also happens that mushrooms grow not only in the forest, but also in the garden, in the park, in the garden, in the kindergarten area. Remember: mushrooms in the garden, even if they are edible, are dangerous because they contain many harmful substances. Therefore, if you find mushrooms in the garden, trample it or show it to adults.

Not only mushrooms grow in my forest, but also berries. What wild berries do you know? Berries contain many vitamins and other useful substances. Doctors are sure: the more berries a person eats, the less sick he gets. But be careful - there are also poisonous berries in the forest.

Game "Four Wheel"

Poisonous berries are named and shown.

If it happens that you suddenly ate an unfamiliar berry, quickly tell an adult about it. If you are poisoned by mushrooms or berries, you should immediately consult a doctor or call an ambulance.

Now sit down in the clearing and watch a performance called “Caution, Poisonous!” (on flannelgraph)

Animals appear in the clearing.

Bunny: Where are you in a hurry, little fox?

Little Fox: To the clearing where the hare's ears grow!

Bunny: What? Can my ears grow in the forest?

Little Fox: So look, bunny ears!

Bunny: Ha ha ha! Are these ears? This is a real forest lily of the valley!

Little Fox: But they are also called bunny ears. Look, each plant has two long leaves, like your ears.

Old Lesovichok: Time passed, and at the end of summer the animals came running to that same clearing again. But instead of flowers, the lily of the valley had orange berries hanging on its stems. The little hare picked several berries.

Little Fox: Drop it! Lily of the valley berries are poisonous and can cause poisoning. Let them fall and new lilies of the valley will grow from them.

Old man - Lesovichok: Guys, lily of the valley is listed in the Red Book, because this plant is disappearing. How can we protect the lily of the valley?

Children: Don’t pick bouquets, admire them in the forest.

Old man - Lesovichok: Guys, you learned that in the forest even the most beautiful plants and berries can be poisonous. We must remember this. Listen to what the animals in the clearing were talking about next.

Little Fox: Bunny, have you seen how interesting the raven's eye grows?

Crow: Ka-ar-r! Little fox, do you think my eyes are growing? I've had the same ones for several years now!

Little Fox: No, your eyes don’t grow, Aunt Crow, but the plant is a crow’s eye. Let me show you. (The little fox points to the plant)

Crow: Kar! This plant really looks like my black eyes!

Bunny: The plant is beautiful, but very poisonous. Neither the stems, nor the leaves, nor the berries can be eaten.

Old man - Lesovichok: Guys, do you remember which plants are edible and which are inedible? Now you can collect full baskets of mushrooms and berries.

Conversation on the topic “Poisonous mushrooms and berries of Crimea”

Target: introduce students to poisonous berries, mushrooms, first aid for poisoning

Plan

1. Poisonous mushrooms of Crimea

Panther fly agaric

Death cap

Amanita toadstool

Amanita stinking (white, white toadstool)

2. Poisonous berries

Nightshade bittersweet (red)

Belladonna

Calla lily (calla lily) marsh

Euonymus

Privet (Wolf Berries)

Elderberry herbal (smelly)

Wolfberry, daphne

Black Voronets or Actea spicata

Red-fruited crow (red; spiky red)

Crow's eye

Lily of the valley

3. First aid for poisoning with berries and mushrooms

1. Poisonous mushrooms of Crimea

There are about 45 poisonous, inedible, and hazardous to health types of mushrooms on the Crimean peninsula. Among them, different groups of mushrooms are distinguished according to their toxicity.

Fifth, group- this includes gray poisonous entoloma, tiger row, flat-capped champignon - symptoms of poisoning appear 0.5-5 hours after eating. Gastrointestinal disorders, mild poisoning are detected, and malaise persists for up to 7 days.

TO 4 group include shaggy and inky dung beetles . Poisoning will occur if you consume these mushrooms with alcohol. To avoid unpleasant consequences, you should not drink alcoholic beverages for 3 days after eating mushroom food.

3 group- signs of poisoning appear 15-60 minutes after eating. In the worst case, isolated deaths are possible. These mushrooms include reddish, waxy, pale and orange-red talkers .

To the second group turned on panther and red fly agaric . Poisoning can result in death.

Panther fly agaric

The mushroom can be confused with the red fly agaric. They are distinguished by the color of their flesh. In the panther fly agaric it is white and does not change at the break, but in the reddened fly agaric it turns pink in this place

First group - extremely deadly poisonous mushrooms. Green, white spring fly agaric (pale toadstool), brown cherry silverfish . Symptoms appear within 8 to 40 hours. Several methods for identifying poisonous mushrooms at home have come from folklore. First of all, it is believed that poisonous mushrooms smell unpleasant. In fact, a young toadstool, for example, smells like a champignon, or has no smell at all.

Death cap

The hat is greenish-olive in color. Diameter - 12 cm. Leg is fawn. The mycelium contains up to 3-4 mushrooms. The pulp and plates are white. It can be confused with the common champignon, but it should be taken into account that the latter has pink plates. False champignon has a characteristic smell of carbolic acid, and when cut, the flesh has a specific yellow color.

Amanita toadstool

The hat has a diameter of up to 10 cm, hemispherical shape and white color. Gradually it acquires a flat-convex shape of a yellow-green color with white-gray flakes. Slightly sticky to the touch. The pulp is thick, white, soft. Under the skin it has a yellowish tint. The smell is unpleasant, reminiscent of stale potatoes. The mushroom stalk has a diameter of about 2 cm and a length of 10 cm. At its base there is a tuberous thickening. The mushroom is often found in coniferous and deciduous forest zones from July to October. Unlike the pale toadstool and the stinking fly agaric, the mushroom has white flakes on its cap.

Amanita stinking (white, white toadstool)

Hat with a diameter of up to 12 cm. Color white. Slightly sticky to the touch. When dry it is shiny. The pulp is white. The smell is unpleasant. The cap plates grow to the stem of the mushroom. The color is also white. The leg is up to 7 cm long and about 1.5 cm thick. It thickens towards the base.

There is also an opinion that insects are not interested in poisonous mushrooms. This statement is also not true; naked slugs and some insects happily feast on any type of mushroom that they encounter along the way. Testing mushrooms during cooking, by adding an onion or silver to a vessel, a priori cannot give the correct answer about the toxicity of mushrooms. The bulb may turn brown from a reaction with the enzyme tyranosinase, which is found in varying quantities in both poisonous and edible mushrooms. Silver darkens when it reacts with amino acids, which are also present in all mushrooms.

ATTENTION !

It is prohibited to use taste testing for mushrooms, since this does not allow one to determine the degree of danger of a particular species. The toxins contained in them have no antidote. If you are not sure that the green dish is completely harmless, do not eat it under any circumstances. In the old days they wrote: “Some lips, whoever accepts them without knowing them, dies in vain.” Therefore, you should adhere to the main commandment of a mushroom picker: if you don’t know a mushroom, if you’re not sure, don’t take it!

When selecting mushrooms for food consumption, you should not use “folk methods” to determine their safety: dipping a silver spoon or lunette, as well as heads of onion and garlic into the broth. In both cases, their color may change when preparing safe mushrooms.

A dangerous misconception is that allegedly insect larvae and snails do not infect only poisonous mushrooms.

You shouldn't be guided by smells either. For example, the aroma of the deadly poisonous toadstool is no different from the smell of edible champignon.

Using milk to determine the quality of mushrooms can also lead to serious errors. It may turn sour when edible mushroom is placed in it.

1. Poisonous berries

Poisonous berries can not only cause poisoning, but also lead to death. Therefore, it is extremely important to know what poisonous berries in Russia look like. Before going into the forest, look at pictures of poisonous berries so as not to make a mistake. You can take a photo with you, then the poisonous berries will be definitely identified. Be sure to tell your children about poisonous wild berries, explain what they shouldn’t eat in the forest, and what poisonous plants to be careful of. Show them pictures or photos of poisonous berries. Poisoning from poisonous berries can be very serious; it is important not to eat unfamiliar fruits, no matter how tempting they may look. Very often it is the red berries and black berries that are poisonous. Our short guide to poisonous berries will help you avoid trouble.

Nightshade bittersweet (red)

Bittersweet nightshade is a subshrub with a long curly stem (up to 2 m, and in favorable conditions more), with a woody base.
The leaves are ovate-pointed.
The flowers are purple, in drooping racemes.
Blooms from late May to September.
The fruits are red, bittersweet, poisonous berries that ripen in June - October.

Distribution of Red Nightshade

Red nightshade is widespread in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia and the Far East along the banks of reservoirs, damp places, and among bushes. Often found in populated areas, on the outskirts of villages, between vegetable gardens, and on garbage heaps. Bittersweet nightshade is often grown in garden plots as an ornamental vine.

Poisonous parts of Red Nightshade
The leaves, stem and fruits of nightshade are poisonous. As they ripen, the toxic properties of the berries of bittersweet nightshade, unlike black nightshade, do not disappear, since in addition to the poisonous glycoalkaloid solanine, which disappears when the berries ripen, there are also other toxic substances, in particular solidulcine and dulcamarin.

Symptoms of poisoning
Symptoms of poisoning with bittersweet nightshade are the same as for poisoning with other plants containing solanine and similar glycoalkaloids - abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, depression of motor and mental activity, difficulty breathing, cardiovascular failure. First aid is gastric lavage.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - red nightshade

Belladonna

Also known under the names belladonna, belladonna, sleepy stupor, crazy berry, crazy cherry (Atropa belladonna) - a plant of the nightshade family. A perennial herbaceous plant 1-2 m high with an erect, thick green or violet-colored stem, forked-branched at the top. The leaves are petiolate, broadly lanceolate, alternate, but close in pairs, and one is always much larger than the others. Belladonna flowers are solitary, drooping, emerging from the axils of the upper leaves, bell-shaped, dirty purple (sometimes yellow) in color. Blooms from June to late autumn. Fruit - a shiny black-blue poisonous berry, flattened-spherical, juicy, sweet and sour, the size of a cherry.

Spread of Belladonna

Belladonna is widespread in the Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Carpathians. Found in clearings, forest edges, and shady meadows.

Poisonous parts of Belladonna

All parts of the plant are poisonous. Poisoning more often occurs in children who are attracted to the poisonous belladonna berries that resemble cherries or grapes (even 2-3 berries can cause severe poisoning in a child). They, as well as other parts of the plant, contain very poisonous alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, etc.

Symptoms of poisoning

Signs of poisoning appear within 10-20 minutes. In case of mild poisoning, dryness and burning in the mouth and throat, difficulty swallowing and speaking, rapid heartbeat. The voice becomes hoarse. The pupils are dilated and do not react to light. Near vision is impaired. Photophobia, flickering of spots before the eyes. Dryness and redness of the skin. Excitement, sometimes delirium and hallucinations. In severe poisoning, complete loss of orientation, sudden motor and mental agitation, and sometimes convulsions.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - belladonna

Calla lily (calla lily) marsh

Swamp whitewing is a succulent, thick-rhizomatous, creeping hydrophyte (a plant that grows half in water) 20-40 cm high with large shiny round-heart-shaped leaves (15-20 cm) on long petioles. The cob-shaped inflorescence is surrounded by a white (green on the reverse side) leaf-shaped blanket.

The fruits are juicy red poisonous berries collected in clusters.

It blooms in May and June, the fruits ripen from the end of June.

Distribution of Whitefly

The marsh whitewing is widespread throughout Russia in swamps and marshy banks of reservoirs.

Poisonous parts of the Whitefly

The entire plant is poisonous, especially the poisonous berries and rhizomes. Calla contains pungent saponin-like compounds, as well as volatile substances such as aroin with irritating properties.

Symptoms of Whitefly Poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, shortness of breath, tachycardia, convulsions. First aid is gastric lavage and laxatives.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - marsh whitewing

Euonymus

Euonymus is a deciduous shrub (sometimes a small tree) 3-4 meters tall, with “classic” elongated leaves, greenish small inconspicuous flowers.
Euonymus blooms in May-June. The fruits fully ripen in September-October.
The fruits are beautiful bright pink four-part capsules containing usually black seeds inside, covered (sometimes not completely) with fleshy orange or red pulp. As they ripen, the boxes open up.

Spread of Euonymus

Euonymus is found in the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, some species grow in the Far East (up to Eastern Siberia), Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands.

Poisonous parts of Euonymus

Everything about the euonymus is poisonous - roots, bark, leaves, but the greatest danger is posed by the poisonous berries, which attract with their bright appearance.

Symptoms of Euonymus poisoning

Eating poisonous euonymus berries causes vomiting and diarrhea; large doses of berries can cause intestinal bleeding.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - euonymus

Privet (Wolf Berries)

Privet is a genus of rather heat-loving shrubs of the olive family. Common privet is a deciduous shrub up to 5 meters high.

The leaves are simple, opposite. The inflorescences are white, similar to lilac flowers, also collected in panicles.

The fruit is a black berry. Privet blooms in May-July, after the leaves appear on it. Privet

The berries are poisonous, ripen in September–October and do not fall off for a long time.

Distribution of Privet
On the territory of the former USSR, common privet occurs naturally. Its distribution area is the southwestern part of Russia, the Caucasus, Ukraine and Moldova.

Poisonous parts of Privet

The leaves and berries of the plant are poisonous. It is unlikely that anyone will eat the leaves, but the berries are quite similar to bird cherries.

Symptoms of Privet poisoning

After eating poisonous privet berries, diarrhea, colic, weakness, loss of coordination, convulsions occur within 1-2 hours, and in severe cases, death is possible.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - privet

Elderberry herbal (smelly)

Elderberry is a herbaceous perennial of the honeysuckle family with an unpleasant odor, with a thick creeping rhizome, a thick grooved (sometimes sparsely pubescent) stem 60-170 cm high. Leaves with stipules, large (17-25 cm), pinnate from 7-11 pointed leaflets, pubescent along the veins. The inflorescence of the grass elder is an umbrella-shaped panicle. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, white or reddish. Elderberry blooms in May - June.

The fruits of the grass elder are small black berry-shaped drupes with 3-4 seeds and red juice. The herbaceous elderberry bears fruit in August - September.

Distribution of Elderberry herbal

Elderberry is widespread in the southern part of Russia in the foothills and mountains, along the edges of forests and subalpine meadows. Often found as a weed.

Poisonous parts of Elderberry herbal

Elderberry leaves and flowers are poisonous. Unripe elderberry berries are especially poisonous.

Symptoms of Elderberry poisoning

The main symptoms of poisoning by poisonous elderberry berries are dizziness, headache, weakness, sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting. Typically, the mucous membranes are stained blue as a result of the accumulation of oxyhemoglobin in the venous blood. Tachycardia gives way to bradycardia in the later stages. There is shortness of breath with a delay in exhalation, convulsions are possible. Death occurs from respiratory arrest due to acute heart failure.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - herbal elderberry

Wolfberry, daphne

Daphne - a low shrub is popularly called wolf's bast or wolfberry. In April, daphne branches are a meter and a half high, almost completely covered with bunches of bright pink flowers, very similar to the color of lilac. A delicate, unique aroma spreads from flowering plants. Daphne leaves are narrow and dark green. The poisonous berries are oval, first green, then red, ripen in late July-August.

Distribution of Wolfberry

Wolfberry grows in the north of the European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia, and the Caucasus. Prefers coniferous and mixed forests. It is also found in deciduous forests.

Poisonous parts of Wolfberry

Wolfberry flowers are poisonous. When inhaling daphne pollen, irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and respiratory tract is observed. Not only the flowers are poisonous, but the entire plant. It is not for nothing that one of the names of daphne is deadly wolfberry.

Wolf bark has an unusually bitter taste and, when ingested, causes a burning and scratching sensation. Subsequently, blisters and ulcers form on the mucous membranes. Touching the wet bark of daphne or wolfberry to the skin can lead to the formation of ulcers.

The juice of the leaves and poisonous berries of wolf bast is no less pungent. Getting wolfberry juice into your eyes is extremely dangerous. This threatens the formation of difficult-to-heal corneal lesions.

Symptoms of Wolf Bast poisoning

After eating poisonous berries, you experience a burning sensation in the mouth, pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting, weakness, and possible convulsions. But wolf bast contains not only meserein, which is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, but also other toxic substances, in particular several types of coumarins, which cause increased bleeding.

Poisonous berries picture, photo - wolfberry

Black Voronets or Actea spicata

Voronets spica is a perennial poisonous herbaceous plant up to 80 cm high, with a thin branched stem, with large, long-stalked, double and triple pinnate leaves. The edges of the leaves are coarsely toothed.

The flowers are white or cream, small, collected in a fluffy panicle.

The berries are initially green, when ripe they are black, glossy, large, oval-cylindrical with a clearly visible trace of the perianth. The berries are collected in a brush.

Distribution of Black Voronets

Black spicate crow grows in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Western Siberia, and Altai, but is quite rare. Prefers shady, damp places in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests. Usually grows in thickets of bushes and trees. The black raven does not like open spaces. It blooms in May-June, the berries ripen in July-August.

Poisonous parts of Voronets spica

The entire plant is very poisonous. The berries of the black crow are especially poisonous.

Symptoms of Voronets spica poisoning
The sap of the plant is irritating to human skin, leading to the formation of blisters. And even a small amount of poisonous berry pulp is enough to cause severe gastrointestinal upset.

Poisonous berries, photo - black crow

Red-fruited crow (red; spiky red)

Red-fruited crowberry is a perennial herbaceous plant. The stems are thin, up to 70 cm high.

The leaves are usually triply pinnate and serrated along the edges. In appearance, the red-fruited crow is very similar to the spicate crow, but differs from it, first of all, in the color of the fruits, slightly smaller berries, and also in the lighter color of the leaves.

The flowers are small, white, collected in a vertical panicle.

The berries of the red crow are elongated-oval, medium in size, green at first, turning white as they ripen and then turning red. Located on a vertical brush.

Distribution of Red-fruited Voronets

The red-fruited crow grows in coniferous and mixed forests in the Far East, Siberia and the north of the European part of Russia.

Poisonous parts of Voronets redfruit

All parts of the plant are poisonous. The most toxic are the berries of the red crow. Eating just two poisonous berries for a child can end tragically. But accidental poisoning from the berries of the red crow is hardly possible, since the plant has an unpleasant odor and the berries are very bitter.

Symptoms of poisoning

Signs of poisoning by red crow berries are nausea, dizziness, increased heart rate, severe gastrointestinal upset.

Poisonous berries, photo - Red Voronets

Crow's eye

Crow's eye is a perennial plant with a very characteristic appearance. A low stem framed by spreading, usually four (less often, as in the photo, five) wide leaves ends in one single inconspicuous greenish flower that blooms in July-June. Then the raven's eye turns the flower into one berry, which turns black by autumn. The raven's eye is also known as cross-grass.

Spread of Crow's Eye

Crow's eye grows in shady, damp places of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests throughout the temperate zone of Russia from Europe to the Far East. Crow's eye is considered a medicinal plant, but it is better not to collect or use it yourself, since raven's eye is a poisonous plant.

Poisonous parts of the Crow's Eye

The crow's eye berry, like other parts of the plant, is poisonous. The plant contains saponins and cardiac glycosides.

Symptoms of Crow's Eye Poisoning

Poisoning with poisonous berries or other parts of the crow's eye causes irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, a sharp drop in heart rate to 60-40 or less beats per minute, cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular flutter and cardiac arrest.

Poisonous berries, photo - Crow's eye

Lily of the valley

Distribution of Lily of the Valley
Lily of the valley grows mainly in damp shady places, in forest areas, in oak groves, and in floodplain forests.

Poisonous parts of Lily of the Valley
The entire lily of the valley plant is poisonous. Lily of the valley berries are especially poisonous. The beautiful red berries are poisonous and should not be picked, much less eaten.

Symptoms of Lily of the Valley poisoning
The most characteristic signs of poisoning by poisonous lily of the valley berries are headache, tinnitus, rare pulse, and constriction of the pupils. Convulsions are possible.

Poisonous berries, photo – Lily of the Valley

3. First aid for poisoning with berries and mushrooms

If symptoms of poisoning occur, such as fever, diarrhea, vomiting, convulsions, etc., seek medical help immediately. While the doctor is on his way to you, do not sit idly by.

The most first aid for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms and berries consists of stimulating vomiting - this procedure will free the stomach from toxic contents. To do this, the victim needs to be given 2-4 glasses of water (you can add activated carbon to it - 2 tablespoons per 500 ml, salt - 1 teaspoon per 500 ml or potassium permanganate). In case of poisoning by poisonous berries, the procedure will have to be carried out several times. Among the medications, it is recommended to give the patient activated carbon, tannin, as well as any laxative and cardiac medicine. If you have seizures, you will have to use chloral hydrate. If there is no first aid kit, you can give the patient black crackers, starch solution or milk. It would also not hurt to do an enema (if possible). A victim of poisoning from poisonous berries should be wrapped warmly and taken to a doctor.

ATTENTION!

Never pick or taste berries that you do not know.

If you come to the forest with a child, then do not leave him unattended for a minute. Keep an eye on what berries he eats.

If you come to an area unknown to you and the nature there is not entirely familiar to you, be sure to make inquiries with local residents, study the literature, look at websites on the Internet and find out what poisonous plants are typical for this area.

Poisonous berries are actually dangerous only for those who do not know them by sight.