The Tale of Bygone Years presentation for a history lesson (6th grade) on the topic. Presentation on the topic "ancient Slavs" Slavs at the beginning of the Christian era

Slide 3

"The Tale of Bygone Years" about the origin of the Slavs

“The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor the Chronicler has always attracted the attention of those who studied the ancient history of the Slavs.
rice. Vasnetsov V.M. Nestor the Chronicler

Slide 4

About the origin of the Slavs

The great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711–1765) in his essay “Ancient Russian History” says that “according to the legends of our reliable chroniclers,” the Slavs are known “as ancient inhabitants of Russia.”
rice. M.V. Lomonosov,L.S. Miropolsky

Slide 5

The pagan Slavs preserved the memory of the past thanks to oral tradition. "Tradition" means "transmission" or "handed down."
rice. Vasnetsov V.M. Accordion

Slide 6

Ancient Slavic legends were passed down from generation to generation about where the Slavic tribes settled and what their nicknames were, which heroes and princes became famous for defending their people, who was a formidable avenger for enemies, what customs the ancient Slavs had.
rice. Boris Olshansky. Prophetic legend.

Slide 7

But Nestor the Chronicler knew not only oral folk traditions. He also knew sacred biblical and world history, and he also used the works of Greek historians.

Slide 8

Unity of the human race

The chronicler Nestor begins his “Tale of Bygone Years” with a biblical story about the settlement of peoples across the earth after the global flood. In Old Church Slavonic, peoples were called “tongues.”
rice. global flood

Slide 9

Seventy-two peoples settled across the earth, and “from these same seventy-two the language came from the Slavic people.” The Slavs, according to Nestor, come from the tribe of Noah’s son Japheth, who inherited the northern countries.
rice. Noah

Slide 10

Peoples are settling all over the earth, like shoots blossoming from a single trunk: one of these branches is the Russian land. Here is the chronicler’s first answer to the question: “Where did the Russian land come from?”

Slide 11

Describing the Russian land and listing the non-Russian peoples who give tribute to Rus' and speak their own languages, Nestor the Chronicler claims that they too are “the descendants of Japheth living in the northern countries.”
rice.Jan Brueghel the Elder, Construction of the Tower of Babel

Slide 12

Consequently, all these peoples - Chud, Merya, Ves, Muroma, Cheremis, Mordovians and others - come from the same root as the Slavs, like different branches of the same tree.

Slide 13

Slavs at the beginning of the Christian era

Many scientists previously treated with distrust the information in The Tale of Bygone Years that related to the ancient history of the Slavs. But now, more and more comprehending the meaning of what Nestor the chronicler wrote, scientists are amazed at the depth of his historical knowledge.

Slide 14

For example, academician Boris Aleksandrovich Rybakov in “The Tale of Bygone Years” and in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” finds references to the “Trajan Ages”. The Roman Emperor Trajan reigned from 98 to 117.

Slide 15

Consequently, ancient Russian writers knew world history so well that they could freely compare the ancient history of the Slavs with the history of the Roman Empire in the first centuries of Christianity.

Slide 16

One of the most interesting references to the ancient Slavs is precisely in that part of the Tale of Bygone Years, where ancient Russian history is associated with the times of the first Christians. Nestor the chronicler claims that one of the great apostles of Jesus Christ, the Apostle Andrew, reached the Moravian Slavs.
rice. The arrival of the Apostle Andrew with his disciples to the site of the founding of Kyiv

Slide 17

“The Apostle Andrew also reached the Moravians and taught there; Illyria is also located there, to which the Apostle Andrew reached and where the Slavs originally lived. That is why the teacher of the Slavs is the Apostle Andrew, and we, Rus', are from the same Slavs.” Thus, the inquisitive gaze of the ancient Russian chronicler extends into the very depths of centuries.

Slide 18

What did other peoples call the Slavs?

Although the Slavic family comes from ancient times, under the name of the Slavs our ancestors became known to Greek and Roman historians around the 6th century after the birth of Christ.

Slide 19

It is possible that before this time the Slavs called themselves differently, or the peoples surrounding the Slavs called them not Slavs, but something else.

Slide 20

Perhaps the Sarmatians and Wends, known to ancient historians, were the ancestors of the Slavs or peoples related to the Slavs?

Slide 21

Perhaps the famous ancient Greek historian Herodotus, speaking about the Scythians of the Northern Black Sea region, simply does not distinguish them from the Slavs who lived even further north than the Scythians?

Slide 22

In any case, according to M.V. Lomonosov, “the many different lands of the Slavic tribe are true proof of the greatness and antiquity” of the Slavs.

Slide 23

Assumptions about the origin of the naming of the Slavs

There are different assumptions about the origin of the name “Slavs”. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov names the Slavs from the word “famous,” that is, “famous for their exploits.”

Slide 24

After the names of their glorious heroes, the people were first called that within the country. “Then, through the glory of his deeds, he established for himself a glorious name, which, although it spread throughout the world late, was in use for a long time.”
rice. Svyatogor and the Blacksmith of Fate

Slide 25

Academician Boris Aleksandrovich Rybakov suggests that the word “Slavs” is a compound one. It is composed of two parts: “sly”, which in the ancient Russian language meant “ambassadors”, and “Vene” - “representatives of the Vene people”, that is, Wends. Consequently, the Slavs are the ambassadors of the Wends.

Slide 26

In addition, there is another interesting opinion about the origin of the name “Slavs”. The Slavs became widely known among other peoples due to their settlement in Europe in the 6th–10th centuries.
rice. A. Safonov. “Let us not disgrace the Russian land”

Slide 27

“To be reputed” or “to be reputed” means “to be or become known, to be famous or to become famous.” Perhaps the name “Slavs” comes from the word “to be known” - “to be famous”? This is close to M.V.’s guess. Lomonosov about the origin of the name of the Slavs.
rice. Volga Vseslavovich

Slide 28

How the Slavs became famous in Byzantium

The first mention of the Slavs (Sclavins), “who are found beyond the Istrom River,” is given in the “History of Wars” by the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea.

Slide 29

“These tribes are not ruled by one person, but since ancient times they have lived in democracy, and that is why their profitable and unprofitable affairs are always conducted together.
Ancient Slavs divide slaves and other booty after returning from a long campaign

Slide 30

Settlement of the Slavs

“And they live in miserable huts, they have a single language..., and in appearance they are no different from each other, for they are all tall and very strong...”

Slide 31

“The way of life is rough and unpretentious... They are least of all insidious and malicious, but even in their simplicity they retain the Hunnic character.”

Slide 32

Describing the wars of Emperor Justinian (527–565), Procopius also talks a lot about the Slavs. They take the famous fortresses of Justinian in battle and bravely fight the imperial troops in the open field.

Slide 33

Squads of Slavs travel throughout the empire and sometimes spend the winter on Byzantine soil. Being only five days' journey from the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople, the Slavs carry with them "countless booty of people, all kinds of livestock and valuables."

Slide 34

Slavic princes capture the banners of Byzantine commanders and threaten the suburbs of Constantinople.

Slide 35

Settlement of the Eastern Slavs

“The Tale of Bygone Years” introduces us to the Slavic world by listing a whole group of Slavic peoples who, according to the chronicler, did not immediately begin to be called by special names, but at first they were all “of Slovenian descent.”

Slide 36

Talking about the Eastern Slavs, Nestor the Chronicler says that some of them “came and sat down along the Dnieper, and called themselves Polyans.”
Sculptural monument to the founders of Kyiv - the brothers Kiy, Shchek and Khoryv, as well as their sister Lybid

Slide 37

“...and others were Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests...”

Slide 38

“...and others sat down between Pripyat and Dvina and called themselves Dregovichs...”

Slide 39

“...others settled along the Dvina and were called Polotsk residents, after the river flowing into the Dvina, named Polota, from which they received the name Polotsk residents...”

Slide 40

“The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - Slavs, and built a city and called it Novgorod.”
The remains of the Rurik settlement, excavated by archaeologists in the vicinity of the city of Novgorod on Lake Ilmen.

Slide 41

“And others sat along the Desna, and the Seim, and the Sula and called themselves northerners.”

Slide 42

“And so the Slavic people dispersed, and the Slavic charter was named after him.”

Slide 43

Chronicle information about the settlement of Slavic tribes is confirmed by various archaeological finds.

Slide 44

Among all the East Slavic tribes, Nestor singles out the tribe of the Polyans, who, according to the great chronicler, were superior to other Slavic tribes in their good morals. Possessing a quiet and meek disposition, the glades became the core of the nascent state - Rus'.

Slide 45

The chronicler wrote: “The glades are now called Russia.” The main city of the glades - Kyiv - became the capital of the Old Russian state. M.V. Lomonosov wrote that among the Slavic tribes “the Polans were more noble than the others, not so much in military affairs as in the trading that was carried out with the Greeks.”
rice. Kyiv XII - XIII centuries. Reconstruction by Yu. S. Aseev

Slide 46

Scientific debate about what the original history of the Slavs is will continue. But it is undeniable that the Slavs have a rich and glorious history.
rice. V. Vasnetsov. Bogatyrs

Slide 47

Beliefs of the pagan Slavs

From the Tale of Bygone Years we know about the morals and some everyday customs of various Slavic tribes who lived in the pre-Christian era in Rus'. But, in general, the ancient Slavic spiritual culture remains little known.

Slide 48

How they looked at the world and themselves, how they believed and what religious customs our distant pagan Slavic ancestors had - all this often became the subject of guesswork.

Slide 49

Scientists made guesses about the beliefs of the ancient Slavs either by comparison with the beliefs of other peoples, or by literary monuments of the 19th–20th centuries (folk songs, sayings, superstitious spells).

Slide 50

There is no doubt that the ancient Slavs were pagans. They idolized forests, water sources and the elements, tried to appease the spirits who, according to their beliefs, moved these elements, bowed and made sacrifices to idols.

Slide 51

Not knowing God the Creator, they idolized the material and animal world. But this was characteristic of all pagans, and not just the pagan Slavs. Has any information been preserved about the pagan beliefs of the ancient Slavs? Yes, they have been preserved.

Slide 52

Arabic sources about the prayer of the Slavs

The 10th century Arab writer Ibn Dasta recorded the prayer of the ancient pagan Slavs. “All of them (Slavs) are idolaters. Most of all they sow millet. During the harvest, they take millet grains in a ladle, raise them to the sky and say: “Lord, you who have provided us with food (until now), provide us with it now in abundance.”

Slide 53

Ibn Dasta does not indicate which Slavic tribe this prayer belonged to. Perhaps such a prayer was used by different Slavic tribes. But in any case, such a prayerful appeal to heaven and hope for heavenly help speaks of the deep religious quest of the pagan Slavs.

Slide 54

Information from Byzantine sources about paganism among the ancient Slavs

When the name of the Slavs for their belligerence had already become famous in the Greco-Roman world, then the historian Procopius of Caesarea wrote the following about the Slavs who lived in the 6th century on the banks of the Danube: “The lords profess one god, the creator of thunder and the whole world. They offer him oxen and other sacrifices.”
rice. Genus - existing, one, the progenitor of the gods and the creator of the world

Slide 55

In the middle of the 10th century, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus wrote a book for his son, “On the Administration of the Empire.” In this book, the crowned writer also used the information that he learned from Russian ambassadors and traders who came to Constantinople. During the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Russian merchants regularly traveled to the capital of Byzantium.

Slide 56

In June, as indicated in the book of Emperor Constantine VII, Russian ships departed from Kyiv and descended the Dnieper. Approaching the Dnieper rapids, the merchants unloaded their boats and dragged goods along the shore. The warriors guarding the merchants and goods vigilantly watched to see if the Pechenegs were approaching. When the Russians finally reached the island of Khortitsa (the Greeks called it the island of St. George), here under a giant oak tree they made sacrifices to the pagan gods.

From "The Tale of Bygone Years" « Settlement of the Slavs", "Cue, Shchek and Horeb", "Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh"

Extracurricular reading lessons.

7th grade

• About a thousand years ago, the first manuscripts began to appear in Rus', the authors of which were mainly monks - a small army of literate people.
• One of them, “The Tale of Bygone Years,” contains a description of the history of the Slavs.

• and ends with 1117 (in the 3rd edition).
• The dated part of the history of the Old Russian state begins in the summer of 6360 (852).
• The name of the collection gave rise to the first phrase “The Tale of Bygone Years...” or in part of the lists “Behold the Tale of Bygone Years...”

• The first stories of “The Tale...” are similar to legends and traditions

• “And God confused the nations, and divided them into seventy and two nations, and scattered them throughout all the earth. From these same seventy-two the language and the Slavic people originated.”

• because they sat in the forests, and also others sat down between the Pripyat and Dvina and were called Dregovichi, others sat along the Dvina and were called Polochans, after the river flowing into the Dvina, named Polota, from which they received the name Polotsk.
• The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - Slavs, and built a city and called it Novgorod. And others sat along the Desna, and the Seim, and the Court, and called themselves northerners.
• And so the Slavic people dispersed, and after their name the letter was called “Slavic”.

• Which East Slavic tribal unions are listed in the passage? What territories did they occupy?
• What does the chronicle say about the ancestral home of the Eastern Slavs?

• KIY, CHECK, KHORIB, LYBED - three legendary brothers and sister, who, according to chronicle evidence, in ancient times founded the city and named it Kiev in honor of their elder brother.

• Kiy sat on the mountain where Borichev now rises, and Shchek sat on the mountain that is now called Shchekovitsa, and Khoriv on the third mountain, which was nicknamed Khorivitsa after his name.
• And they built a city in honor of their elder brother, and called it Kyiv.”

• “There was a forest and a large forest around the city, and they caught animals there, and those men were wise and sensible, and they were called polyans, from them the glades are still in Kyiv.”

• Who, according to legend, founded the city of Kyiv?
• How does the chronicler characterize Kiya and his brothers?
• The legend names two possible occupations of Prince Kiy. Which of them, according to the chronicler, is more truthful?
• Do you think the story about Kiy, Shchek, Khoriv and Lybid is true or fictitious?

• “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” is a literary monument of the 12th century, written by the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh.
• This work is called the first secular sermon.
• The tradition of discussing ethical issues in Russian literature begins with the “Instruction”.

• “My children or anyone else, when listening to this letter, do not laugh, but whichever of my children loves it, let him accept it in his heart and not become lazy, but work.”

• Do not be lazy in your home, but watch everything yourself; Do not rely on the tiun or on the youth, lest those who come to you laugh at your house or at your dinner.
• When you go to war, do not be lazy, do not rely on the commander; do not indulge in drinking, eating, or sleeping; Dress up the guards yourself and at night, placing guards on all sides, lie down near the soldiers, and get up early; and do not take off your weapons in a hurry, without looking around out of laziness, because suddenly a person dies.

• Wherever you go through your lands, do not let the youths harm either your own or strangers, or villages, or crops, so that they do not curse you.
• Wherever you go and where you stop, give drink and food to the beggar, but most of all honor the guest, no matter where he comes to you, whether he is a commoner, or a noble, or an ambassador; if you cannot honor him with a gift, then with food and drink: for as they pass, they will glorify a person throughout all lands, either good or evil.

• give to the orphan and justify the widow yourself, and do not let the strong destroy a person.
• Visit the sick, see off the dead, for we are all mortal.
• Don’t let a person pass without greeting him, and say a kind word to him.
• Love your wife, but don’t give them power over you.
• Kill neither the right nor the guilty, and do not order him to be killed.

• What does Vladimir Monomakh teach his children? What life advice does he give?
• What moments of his life does the prince remember?

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Scans of some slides. An enlarged image opens in a separate window by clicking on the image:

Ancient Slavs

"The Tale of Bygone Years" about the origin of the Slavs
“The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor the Chronicler has always attracted the attention of those who studied the ancient history of the Slavs. The great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) in his essay “Ancient Russian History” says that “according to the legends of our reliable chroniclers,” the Slavs are known “as ancient inhabitants of Russia.” The pagan Slavs preserved the memory of the past thanks to oral tradition. "Tradition" means "transmission" or "handed down." Ancient Slavic legends were passed down from generation to generation about where the Slavic tribes settled and what their nicknames were, which heroes and princes became famous for defending their people, who was a formidable avenger for enemies, what customs the ancient Slavs had. But Nestor the Chronicler knew not only oral folk traditions. He also knew sacred biblical and world history, and he also used the works of Greek historians.

Unity of the human race
The chronicler Nestor begins his “Tale of Bygone Years” with a biblical story about the settlement of peoples across the earth after the global flood. In Old Church Slavonic, peoples were called “tongues.” Seventy-two peoples settled across the earth, and “from these same seventy-two the language came from the Slavic people.” The Slavs, according to Nestor, come from the tribe of Noah’s son Japheth, who inherited the northern countries. Peoples are settling all over the earth, like shoots blossoming from a single trunk: one of these branches is the Russian land! Here is the chronicler’s first answer to the question: “Where did the Russian land come from?” Describing the Russian land and listing the non-Russian peoples who give tribute to Rus' and speak their own languages, Nestor the Chronicler claims that they too are “the descendants of Japheth living in the northern countries.” Consequently, all these peoples - Chud, Merya, Ves, Muroma, Cheremis, Mordovians and others - come from the same root as the Slavs, like different branches of the same tree.

Slavs at the beginning of the Christian era
Many scientists previously treated with distrust the information in The Tale of Bygone Years that related to the ancient history of the Slavs. But now, more and more comprehending the meaning of what Nestor the chronicler wrote, scientists are amazed at the depth of his historical knowledge. For example, academician Boris Aleksandrovich Rybakov in “The Tale of Bygone Years” and in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” finds references to the “Trajan Ages”. The Roman Emperor Trajan reigned from 98 to 117. Consequently, ancient Russian writers knew world history so well that they could freely compare the ancient history of the Slavs with the history of the Roman Empire in the first centuries of Christianity. One of the most interesting references to the ancient Slavs is precisely in that part of the Tale of Bygone Years, where ancient Russian history is associated with the times of the first Christians. Nestor the chronicler claims that one of the great apostles of Jesus Christ, the Apostle Andrew, reached the Moravian Slavs. “The Apostle Andrew also reached the Moravians and taught there; Illyria is also located there, to which the Apostle Andrew reached and where the Slavs originally lived. That is why the teacher of the Slavs is the Apostle Andrew, and we, Rus', are from the same Slavs.” Thus, the inquisitive gaze of the ancient Russian chronicler extends into the very depths of centuries.

What did other peoples call the Slavs?
Although the Slavic family comes from ancient times, under the name of the Slavs our ancestors became known to Greek and Roman historians around the 6th century after the birth of Christ. It is possible that before this time the Slavs called themselves differently, or the peoples surrounding the Slavs called them not Slavs, but something else. Perhaps the Sarmatians and Wends, known to ancient historians, were the ancestors of the Slavs or peoples related to the Slavs? Perhaps the famous ancient Greek historian Herodotus, speaking about the Scythians of the Northern Black Sea region, simply does not distinguish them from the Slavs who lived even further north than the Scythians? In any case, according to M.V. Lomonosov, “the many different lands of the Slavic tribe are true proof of the greatness and antiquity” of the Slavs.

Assumptions about the origin of the naming of the Slavs
There are different assumptions about the origin of the name “Slavs”. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov names the Slavs from the word “famous,” that is, “famous for their exploits.” After the names of their glorious heroes, the people were first called that within the country. “Then, through the glory of his deeds, he established for himself a glorious name, which, although it spread throughout the world late, was in use for a long time.” Academician Boris Aleksandrovich Rybakov suggests that the word “Slavs” is a compound one. It is composed of two parts: “sly”, which in the ancient Russian language meant “ambassadors”, and “Vene” - “representatives of the Vene people”, that is, Wends. Consequently, the Slavs are the ambassadors of the Wends. In addition, there is another interesting opinion about the origin of the name “Slavs”. The Slavs became widely known among other peoples due to their settlement in Europe in the 6th-10th centuries.

How the Slavs became famous in Byzantium
The first mention of the Slavs (Sclavins), “who are found beyond the Istrom River,” is given in the “History of Wars” by the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea. “These tribes are not ruled by one person, but since ancient times they have lived in democracy, and that is why their profitable and unprofitable affairs are always conducted together... “And they live in miserable huts, they have a single language..., and they are friendly in appearance They are no different from each other, for they are all tall and very strong...” “The way of life is rude and unpretentious... They are the least insidious and malicious, but even in their simplicity they retain the Hunnic character.” Describing the wars of Emperor Justinian (527-565), Procopius talks a lot about the Slavs. They take the famous fortresses of Justinian in battle and bravely fight the imperial troops in the open field. Squads of Slavs travel throughout the empire and sometimes spend the winter on Byzantine soil. Being only five days' journey from the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople, the Slavs carry with them "countless booty of people, all kinds of livestock and valuables." Slavic princes capture the banners of Byzantine commanders and threaten the suburbs of Constantinople.

Settlement of the Eastern Slavs
“The Tale of Bygone Years” introduces us to the Slavic world by listing a whole group of Slavic peoples who, according to the chronicler, did not immediately begin to be called by special names, but at first they were all “of Slovenian descent.” Talking about the Eastern Slavs, Nestor the Chronicler says that some of them “came and sat down along the Dnieper, and called themselves Polyans.” “...and others - Drevlyans, because they settled in the forests...” “... and still others settled between Pripyat and Dvina and were called Dregovichs...” “... others sat along the Dvina and were called Polotsk, after a river flowing into the Dvina, named Polota, from her the Polotsk people got their name...” “The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - Slavs, and built a city and called it Novgorod.” “And others sat along the Desna, and the Seim, and the Sula and called themselves northerners.” “And so the Slavic people dispersed, and the Slavic charter was named after him.” Chronicle information about the settlement of Slavic tribes is confirmed by various archaeological finds. Among all the East Slavic tribes, Nestor singles out the tribe of the Polyans, who, according to the great chronicler, were superior to other Slavic tribes in their good morals. Possessing a quiet and meek disposition, the glades became the core of the nascent state - Rus'. The chronicler wrote: “The glades are now called Russia.” The main city of the Polyans - Kyiv - became the capital of the Old Russian state. M.V. Lomonosov wrote that among the Slavic tribes “the Polans were more noble than the others, not so much in military affairs as in the trading that was carried out with the Greeks.” Scientific debate about what the original history of the Slavs is will continue. But it is undeniable that the Slavs have a rich and glorious history.

Beliefs of the Slavs - pagans
From the Tale of Bygone Years we know about the morals and some everyday customs of various Slavic tribes who lived in the pre-Christian era in Rus'. But, in general, the ancient Slavic spiritual culture remains little known. How they looked at the world and themselves, how they believed and what religious customs our distant pagan Slavic ancestors had - all this often became the subject of guesswork. Scientists made guesses about the beliefs of the ancient Slavs either by comparison with the beliefs of other peoples, or by literary monuments of the 19-20 centuries (folk songs, sayings, superstitious spells). There is no doubt that the ancient Slavs were pagans. They idolized forests, water sources and the elements, tried to appease the spirits who, according to their beliefs, moved these elements, bowed and made sacrifices to idols. Not knowing God the Creator, they idolized the material and animal world. But this was characteristic of all pagans, and not just the pagan Slavs. Has any information been preserved about the pagan beliefs of the ancient Slavs? Yes, they have been preserved.

Arabic sources about the prayer of the Slavs
The 10th century Arab writer Ibn Dasta recorded the prayer of the ancient pagan Slavs. “All of them (Slavs) are idolaters. Most of all they sow millet. During the harvest, they take millet grains in a ladle, raise them to the sky and say: “Lord, you who have provided us with food (until now), provide us with it now in abundance.” Ibn Dasta does not indicate which Slavic tribe this prayer belonged to. Perhaps such a prayer was used by different Slavic tribes. But in any case, such a prayerful appeal to heaven and hope for heavenly help speaks of the deep religious quest of the pagan Slavs.

Information from Byzantine sources about paganism among the ancient Slavs
When the name of the Slavs for their belligerence had already become famous in the Greco-Roman world, then the historian Procopius of Caesarea wrote the following about the Slavs who lived in the 6th century on the banks of the Danube: “The lords profess one god, the creator of thunder and the whole world. They offer him oxen and other sacrifices.” In the middle of the 10th century, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus wrote a book for his son, “On the Administration of the Empire.” In this book, the crowned writer also used the information that he learned from Russian ambassadors and traders who came to Constantinople. During the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Russian merchants regularly traveled to the capital of Byzantium. In June, as indicated in the book of Emperor Constantine VII, Russian ships departed from Kyiv and descended the Dnieper. Approaching the Dnieper rapids, the merchants unloaded their boats and dragged goods along the shore. The warriors guarding the merchants and goods vigilantly watched to see if the Pechenegs were approaching. When the Russians finally reached the island of Khortitsa (the Greeks called it the island of St. George), here under a giant oak tree they made sacrifices to the pagan gods. The book “On the Administration of an Empire” contains rare and therefore important evidence of ancient Russian pagan rituals. The Russians “on this island,” writes the Byzantine emperor, “perform their sacrifices, since a great oak tree grows there. They sacrifice live roosters, stick arrows all around, and others (bring) pieces of bread, meat, and whatever else everyone has, as their custom requires. As for the roosters, they cast lots - whether to slaughter them (as a sacrifice), or eat them, or let them go alive.” This is not the only news from Byzantine sources about sacrificial roosters among the Eastern Slavs. The Greek historian Leo the Deacon reports that the warriors of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav, besieged in the Derestre fortress in the early summer of 971, performed pagan sacrifices in the waters of the Danube and drowned roosters in the water.

"The Tale of Bygone Years" about idolatry among the Slavs
The pagan Slavs erected idols, around which they not only made sacrifices, but took oaths and held ritual feasts. Nestor the Chronicler lists the names of the pagan idols that Prince Vladimir, while still a pagan, placed on the hill behind the Grand Duke's mansion: “a wooden Perun with a silver head and a golden mustache, Khors, Dazhbog, Stribog, Simargl and Mokosh. And they made sacrifices to them, calling them gods, and brought their sons and daughters to them.” The pagan Eastern Slavs, unlike some surrounding peoples, did not make human sacrifices to their idols. The story of Nestor the chronicler in The Tale of Bygone Years about the Kiev Varangian martyrs Theodore and John, who were killed by pagan Kievans because the Varangian Theodore refused to give up his son John to die as a sacrifice to Perun, suggests that human sacrifices were not ordinary phenomenon in Rus'. Old Russian chronicles do not know any other similar examples. Perhaps this failed sacrifice forced the meek glades to embrace Christianity more quickly.

We ask questions based on the article in the textbook “From the Literature of Ancient Rus'” For what purposes was writing used in Rus' in the 10th century? When did the need to distribute books become necessary? What did ancient books look like? Where was the first printed book published? Who is the creator of the Slavic alphabet?

Message 1 Writing in the pre-Christian period Discoveries made by the Novgorod expedition of the Academy of Sciences and Moscow University indicate that in pre-Christian Rus' the Cyrillic alphabet was used in everyday life. The older birch bark documents date back to the first half - mid-11th century. However, two bone writing tools were found in Novgorod, which date, according to archaeological data, to the time before the baptism of Rus': one - gg., and the other - gg. Such writing instruments on birch bark or a tablet with wax are a metal or bone rod with a point at one end and a spatula at the other for erasing what is written. In Ancient Rus' they were called writing. - What were writing instruments called in Ancient Rus'? - To what time do the oldest birch bark writings among those discovered date back to?

Message 2 Baptism of Rus' and its meaning Baptism of Russia introduction of Christianity as a state religion in Kievan Rus, carried out at the end of the 10th century by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Sources give conflicting indications about the exact time of baptism. Traditionally, following the chronicle chronology, the event is usually attributed to 988 and is considered the beginning of the official history of the Russian Church. Many historians date the baptism of Vladimir himself to 987. The adoption of Christianity contributed to the development of architecture and painting. The spread of Cyrillic writing and the book tradition was especially important: it was after the baptism of Rus' that the first monuments of ancient Russian written culture arose. - Name the date of the baptism of Rus'. - Why did this historical event happen?

Message 3 Iconography, painting, architecture, book miniatures of the 10th – 12th centuries. The Baptism of Russia introduced Christianity as the state religion in Kievan Rus, carried out at the end of the 10th century by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Sources give conflicting indications about the exact time of baptism. Traditionally, following the chronicle chronology, the event is usually attributed to 988 and is considered the beginning of the official history of the Russian Church. Many historians date the baptism of Vladimir himself to 987. The adoption of Christianity contributed to the development of architecture and painting. The spread of Cyrillic writing and the book tradition was especially important: it was after the baptism of Rus' that the first monuments of ancient Russian written culture arose.

Illustration in the textbook “Nestor the Chronicler”, sculptor M.M. Antokolsky. The appearance of a wise old man, the first historian of his people, is full of simplicity and nobility, detachment from worldly vanity. In the Near Caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, among the holy remains of the venerable fathers, the holy and incorruptible relics of Nestor the Chronicler are kept.

“Eastern Slavs” - Answers to test No. 2 Answers: 1. a), b), d), f), h), i), l), m), p), y), x) 2. c) , n); 3. j), o), t), f); 4. g), c); 5. d), p). Tribal nobility. VIII - first half of the 9th century - formation of military democracy. The emergence of a state among the Eastern Slavs. Indicate which tribal union occupied the territory.

“Religion of the Slavs” - Religion. Mokosh (Makosh) is a female deity that still remains not fully understood. Stone and wooden idols - figures of gods - are found in Slavic settlements. The month and stars that were in a “kinship” relationship with the Sun were also deified. The Sun God was called Hore (Khoros) or Yarilo.

“The first Slavs” - Nomads - the Khazars demanded tribute from the Slavs - farmers, which had to be paid. 1. What is “pedigree”? Khazar warrior. What do the names of Slavic tribes mean? 4. Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs: Khazars and Varangians. Varangian warrior. 5. What did the word “Rus” mean among the Slavs? Genealogy of our country or “Where did the Russian land come from?”

“Life of the Slavs” - By the river. The main god of the Slavs. Veles. Why? Gods. Water. Belarusians worked together. Russians. On the hill. Beliefs of the Slavs. Hunting. Settlement of the ancient Slavs. Sewing. Men. Perun. Eastern. Perfume. Ukrainians. Mermaids. Life of the Ancients. Agriculture. Slavs. Brownie. Beekeeping. Slavic activities. Slavs

“Life of the ancient Slavs, grade 4” - Slavic Thunderer - Perun. The most famous and magical of the pagan holidays, which has survived to this day. The sun god is Yarilo. Origin of the ancient Slavs. The hut was heated in black, without a chimney. The world around us 4th grade. Settlement of the ancient Slavs. The day of Ivan. Trinity. Maslenitsa Maslenitsa is the celebration of the meeting of the Sun at the end of February.

“Neighbors of the Eastern Slavs” - Carefully read the information cards lying on your table. A neighbor is... 3. 5. Colonization (one of the meanings) - settlement, development of empty lands. Consider the contents of the envelope. Alas! What kind of relations can there be between peoples and states? 6.

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