Herbivorous birds. Biology at the Lyceum According to specialization, bird nutrition is divided into

On this basis, four groups are distinguished. Representatives of each of them eat a certain type of food:

Insectivorous birds (such as tits or pikas) have thin, pointed beaks, thanks to which they can pull their prey off leaves or out of thin crevices.

Herbivorous birds, including granivores (for example, greenfinches) have a powerful beak, thanks to which they can break through the dense shells of fruits. And the sharp ends of the beak help us pull out seeds from the cones of various trees.

Birds of prey (such as the eagle) feed on a variety of small birds. They have strong legs with powerful claws, thanks to which they grab prey.

Omnivorous birds (such as magpies) have a cone-shaped beak that helps them feed on different types of food.

Insectivorous tits, pikas, kinglets, and warblers have thin, pointed beaks that allow them to get insects from crevices in the bark, grab them from leaves, and remove them from the scales of cones. Sharp claws and long fingers allow these birds to stay on branches.

A unique group of birds that forage in the air are swallows and swifts. They spend almost their entire lives in the air, hunting for insects from morning to evening. They have long sickle-shaped wings. The beak is small, and the mouth opening is huge, the corners of the mouth go behind the eyes. With their mouths wide open, they catch flying insects, while the size of the oral funnel is increased by the bristles located at the corners of the mouth. In good dry weather, insects rise high above the ground, and when air humidity rises, the wings of insects get wet and they fly low above the ground. Swallows and swifts follow them, so the flight of swallows and swifts predicts the approach of rain.

Granivorous birds – greenfinches, bee-eaters, grosbeaks. They have a powerful beak, which is used to split the dense shells of fruits. This is how the grosbeak successfully breaks apart the strong fruits of bird cherry and cherry. The sharp ends of the crossing beak of crossbills allow them to deftly extract seeds from pine and spruce cones.

Predators have common characteristics. They have large, strong legs armed with sharp claws and a hook-shaped beak. Diurnal birds of prey, owls, and even shrikes, which are classified as songbirds, have such characteristics. The prey of many predators are small animals, which they look out for from great heights, flying over the fields. Other predators catch small birds, feed on fish and large insects. Birds of prey are excellent fliers, including long-swing birds, such as buzzards, eagles and vultures. Falcons chase prey in the air, and then, diving on it, can reach speeds of up to 300 km/h. They have sharp, crescent-shaped wings that enable fast flight.

To environmental groups by habitat (Fig. 180) unite birds that have the most characteristic adaptations (adaptations) to life in certain conditions, for example in forests, open spaces, reservoirs, their coasts, swamps. In this case, not only the structure, but also the behavior is taken into account.

Often the ecological groups of birds determine by nesting sites : crown nesters, shrub nesters, ground nesters, hollow nesters, burrowers.

Ecological groups of birds are distinguished and by food type : herbivores (including granivores), insectivores, carnivores, omnivores, carrion eaters.

Birds from different, sometimes distant from each other, systematic groups often fall into the same ecological group, since taxonomy is built on the basis of genetic proximity, degree of relationship, and common origin.

Birds of the forest. Most modern birds are associated with forests. Everyone knows our forest birds: tits, woodpeckers, thrushes, hazel grouse, black grouse, wood grouse, well adapted to life in forests. They have short, rounded wings and long tails. This allows the birds to quickly take off and maneuver between trees.

Among forest birds there are herbivores (granivores), insectivores, predators and omnivores (Fig. 181).

Depending on the nature of food, birds have differently developed beaks and limbs. So, insectivores tits, pikas, wrens, warblers They have thin pointed beaks that allow them to get insects from crevices in the bark, grab them from leaves, and remove them from the scales of cones. Sharp claws and long fingers allow these birds to stay on branches.

Granivorous birds – greenfinches, bee-eaters, grosbeaks. They have a powerful beak, which is used to split the dense shells of fruits. So grosbeak successfully breaks the strong fruits of bird cherry and cherry. Sharp ends of crossed beak crossbills allow them to deftly extract seeds from pine and spruce cones.

Large forest birds - hazel grouse, black grouse, wood grouse– spend a lot of time on the ground. With strong legs armed with large claws, they rake the forest floor, selecting seeds of plants, insects, and earthworms. With strong beaks they bite buds, young shoots of trees and shrubs, and feed on juicy blueberries, blueberries, and lingonberries.

They have a typical appearance for forest birds magpie And goshawk(Fig. 182): relatively short rounded wings and a long tail. These birds maneuver beautifully among forest trees and have nimble flight. However, due to the use of different foods, their legs and beaks are developed differently. Hawk – predator: its prey is various small birds. With strong legs armed with powerful claws, the hawk grabs its prey and dismembers it with its curved predatory beak. The magpie has a small cone-shaped beak, which helps it eat a variety of foods (be omnivore ): collect fruits and seeds from the ground, grab insects, worms, a large beetle, and even catch a small mouse.

Birds of open spaces They live in meadows, steppes, and deserts. They spend a lot of time on the ground, looking for food among plants. They have strong legs and a long neck, allowing them to detect enemies at great distances. One of the typical representatives of the steppe regions of our country is bustard(see Fig. 179, 6 ). This is a large bird weighing 15-16 kg, feeds mainly on plant foods. Possessing a protective coloring, it often hides among vegetation, becoming completely invisible. The nest is made on the ground, in areas of virgin steppe. Brood type chicks. Due to the plowing of virgin steppes, the number of bustards has sharply decreased, and it is included in the Red Book of Russia.

Typical birds of open spaces are ostriches.

Waterfowl They swim well, many dive. They have a flattened, boat-shaped body, webbed feet, and legs set far back. They move along the ground, clumsily waddling, with a duck's gait. The plumage is thick and has water-repellent properties: the feathers are prevented from getting wet by the secretions of the coccygeal gland, with which the birds thoroughly lubricate the plumage. Representatives of waterfowl – ducks, geese(Fig. 183) , swans.

A typical representative of waterfowl - mallard duck(see Fig. 179, 9 ), feeding in shallow water. Along the edges of its flattened wide beak are horny denticles . When the jaws are not fully closed through the lattice formed by the teeth, the ducks filter the water, leaving food objects in the mouth: crustaceans, insect larvae, small fish, vegetative parts of plants. The mallard feeds at shallow depths. Sometimes, lowering its head into the water, turning over and exposing the back of its body from the water, it collects food from the bottom and strains it. Mallards make nests on the ground among plants. The nest is lined with its own downy feathers plucked from the chest and belly. There are 8-14 eggs in a clutch. Brood type chicks.

Birds of the coasts of reservoirs and swamps They live on the banks of reservoirs and in swamps and have many common structural features. They have long thin legs and neck, a large beak (see Fig. 179, 5, 10 ). In swampy places, their body, raised high above the ground, does not get wet. They feed on frogs, fish, insects, worms, and mollusks. Moving through swamps and coastal shallows, they use their beaks, like tweezers, to grab prey. These are storks, herons, waders. Many of them nest on the banks, not far from the water, others make nests in trees. Storks have long lived next to humans. People take care of them by creating platforms for nests.

Seabirds – guillemots, puffins, gulls– form bird colonies on steep cliffs. They are adapted to hover over the sea surface (Fig. 184).

Ecological groups of birds according to feeding methods. A peculiar group of birds that forage in the air - swallows And swifts(Fig. 185 and 180, 1 ). They spend almost their entire lives in the air, hunting for insects from morning to evening. They have long sickle-shaped wings. The beak is small, and the mouth opening is huge, the corners of the mouth go behind the eyes. With their mouths wide open, they catch flying insects, while the size of the oral funnel is increased by the bristles located at the corners of the mouth. In good dry weather, insects rise high above the ground, and when air humidity rises, the wings of insects get wet and they fly low above the ground. Swallows and swifts follow them, so the flight of swallows and swifts predicts the approach of rain.

Predators have common characteristics (Fig. 186 and 180, 3 ). They have large, strong legs armed with sharp claws and a hook-shaped beak. They have such signs diurnal carnivores birds, owls and even shrikes, related to songbirds. The prey of many predators are small animals, which they look out for from great heights, flying over the fields. Other predators catch small birds, feed on fish and large insects. Birds of prey fly beautifully, among them there are those that soar for a long time, for example buzzards, eagles And vultures. Falcons chase prey in the air, and then, diving on it, can reach speeds of up to 300 km/h. They have sharp, crescent-shaped wings that enable fast flight.

The size of the bird, its strengths and abilities, as well as the abundance of food, needs and competitors.

Most bird species can be divided into 3 categories based on their diet:

Carnivores or birds of prey

This group includes birds whose diet consists mainly of meat, insects, other birds, and. Birds of prey may hunt their prey or eat dead carcasses. Some carnivorous birds include hawks, falcons, eagles, ospreys, vultures, owls, etc.

This is a general term used to describe a diet of animal meat, however there is a more specialized diet that requires birds to eat a specific type of meat, including:

Piscivores, or ichthyophages

The diet of ichthyophages consists mainly of fish, but may also include aquatic insects, and. Many birds in this category have specialized beaks and strong claws that help them capture their prey. Some bird species that are classified as piscivores include ospreys, terns, cormorants, albatross and. Herons, pelicans and gulls are also considered to be partially piscivorous.

Insectivores

Insectivores are various species of birds whose diet primarily consists of insects such as: aquatic insects, flying insects, grasshoppers, caterpillars, dragonflies, butterflies and many others. These insects are an important source of protein for most birds and especially for young chicks.

There are many birds that are considered insectivores, although they eat more than just insects, as their diet is dominated by these. Some species choose to feed exclusively on insects at certain times of the year when other food is not available. Birds that are predominantly insectivorous throughout their lives include bluebirds, flycatchers, swallows, warblers, woodpeckers and wrens.

Carnivores

The diet of poultry eaters consists mainly of meat from small birds. Both and small birds of prey can eat other birds. They are agile flyers with strong legs and claws that are capable of catching and holding their prey. Examples of such birds are peregrine falcons and hawks.

Molluscivores

The diet of these birds consists of eating large quantities of shellfish such as snails, oysters, mussels and slugs. Many molluscivores have sharp beaks and strong jaws that help them find and capture prey and crack hard shells. Birds that feed on shellfish include oystercatchers and kites, and occasionally ducks, coots, dippers and spoonbills.

Snake-eaters

The diet of serpent eaters consists mainly of snakes. Such birds have quick reflexes and sharp claws for catching snakes. Snake-eating birds include: the secretary bird, black snake-eater, heron and representatives of the raven family.

Herbivores

Unlike carnivores, the diet of birds consists of products of plant origin, including vegetables, fruits, berries, seeds, grains, nectar, etc. Depending on their food preferences, herbivorous birds can be divided into the following groups:

Frugivores

Their diet consists mainly of fruits such as bananas, apples, pears, oranges, and berries. Frugivorous birds often have specialized beaks that help effectively cut fruit and remove skins. This group includes waxwings, thrushes, starlings and many other birds that feed exclusively on fruits.

Granivores

Granivores feed mainly on seeds and grains. These include large birds with thick, strong beaks capable of splitting hard shells and smaller birds with thin beaks for extracting seeds from pine cones and flowers. Many granivorous birds may also consume insects as an additional source of protein. Examples of granivores include galliformes, passerines and finches.

Nectarivores

The diet of nectarivorous birds consists mainly of nectar. They may also consume small amounts of fruit, insects and juice. These birds have specialized beaks that provide access to flower nectar. The most famous nectarivorous birds are hummingbirds, cauliflowers and honeyeater tanagers.

Omnivores

Birds eat plants and animals. Preferred food sources include insects, fish, lizards, crustaceans, rodents, seeds, grains, grasses, nectar and fruits. The diet may vary depending on the season and the abundance of food. Most species of hummingbirds, ducks, woodpeckers and eagles are examples of omnivorous birds.

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GOALS:

• arouse interest in the surrounding world, form realistic ideas about nature;
• reveal the features of the bird world in the Arctic;
• to develop students' environmental literacy.

Slide 2. For more than two hundred years, ornithologists have been studying the bird population of the Kola Peninsula. The list is constantly updated and now the list of birds includes 270 species. Of these, 178 species nest in the region; 71 species fly into our region. The rest are found either during spring and autumn migrations, or during migrations.

Slide 3. All registered birds belong to 17 orders. The most numerous orders are: Passeriformes (101 species), Charadriiformes (60 species), Anseriformes (33 species) and Birds of Prey (17 species).

Slide 4. Birds are representatives of numerous orders.

Slide 5. All birds are divided into 3 groups: sedentary, migratory And nomadic.

Slide 6. SEDIENT BIRDS:

• live all year in one place;
• They often stock up for the winter.

Crow. A large bird, twice the size of a pigeon, black with a bluish tint. The bird's beak is sharp and strong. The raven walks along the ground slowly and importantly. He is very careful, he looks closely at everything. Raven eats everything. Usually, others flock to the prey that one raven finds and all eat it together. Crows live in old coniferous forests.

Sparrow. It is difficult to imagine this bird separately from a person. It is found wherever there are people. Sparrows feed on seeds, earthworms and insects. Sparrows are very cunning. They like to steal a piece from someone without being noticed. And when someone takes something that is not theirs, they shout after him: “Beat the thief!” Sparrows are caring parents. They have “kindergartens”. In places where many sparrow families nest, slightly older chicks gather in flocks, sit in the bushes, chirp, and the old sparrow - the “educator” - watches them from a high branch - in order to notice the danger in time and warn. He sees, shouts “chirr” and the entire “kindergarten” instantly flies up and flies away. Sound.

Magpie. A relative of the raven, but its size is smaller. The head, neck, back and long tail are black. The abdomen and stripe on the shoulders are white. Magpies have a sharp, peculiar voice; they make “check-check” sounds and sharp, frequent chirping, for which they nicknamed them “ratchet”. The magpie is a keen and attentive bird. She is the first to notice the approach of a large predator or person and announces this to the entire forest with a loud chirping.

Slide 7. MIGRATORY BIRDS:

• They fly away to warm countries in the fall, because insectivorous birds will not survive the winter: there is too little food.

Before migrating, birds form flocks of thousands. Apparently, from birth they know where to fly and at what time. In order to stay on course on a long journey, they navigate by the sun, stars and, above all, by the magnetic field. Returning back, having flown several thousand kilometers, the birds arrive at their old nest, in the place where they lived before the flight. They must probably have some special qualities. But, despite the most thorough research by scientists, no one has yet reliably explained these extraordinary abilities.

Bean man. Slightly larger than a goose. The plumage is brownish-gray, the lighter edges of the feathers on the back form a scaly pattern. The beak is quite long, black with an orange band, the legs are orange-pink. Breeds in separate pairs in areas rich in lakes and rivers. The nest is built on the ground. There are 4-6 white eggs in a clutch. The voice is a loud cackle.

Gogol. A little smaller than a duck. The head is large, the neck is short and thin. The eyes and paws are yellow, the beak is gray. Nest near rivers and lakes with forested banks. The nest is made in tree hollows, often high above the ground. The clutch contains 5-12 greenish-bluish eggs. The flight is fast and maneuverable. Dives well and stays underwater for a long time. The voice is hoarse and croaking.

Teal-whistle. The size of a crow. The male has a chestnut head, with a black-green shiny stripe on the sides. The female is brown above with reddish streaks, whitish below, with streaks on the sides. They live in shallow bodies of water. The nest is built on the ground. The clutch contains 8-12 slightly buffy eggs. The male's voice is a short, abrupt and low whistle, the female's is a high-pitched, shrill quacking.

Slide 8. NOMADING BIRDS:

• joining in flocks, they fly from place to place in search of food;
• do not have specific wintering areas.

Bullfinch. The birds have a black cap and a short, thick black beak. The male has bright plumage: red on the chest and gray-bluish on the back, while the female has modest gray plumage. Bullfinches come to us only in winter. And they call them that because they appear with us along with the snow. Bullfinches easily learn to whistle different melodies (if you take them young, straight from the nest). The owner of the bird must whistle the melody to the bullfinch many times, then he will remember and be able to repeat it. Sound.

Waxwing. The birds are quite beautiful. Their thick fluffy plumage has a delicate smoky color with chestnut shades, and the top of the head is crowned with a large pinkish-gray crest. But the most characteristic feature is the bright red, shiny horny plates at the ends of the long wing feathers. Because of this feature, the British call the waxwing “waxwing”. The presence of waxwings is immediately revealed by their voice - the high, murmuring trills “sviririri”, for which the birds received their Russian name.

Slide 9. According to the method of feeding, birds are divided into: carnivores, herbivores And insectivores.

Slide 10. PREDATOR BIRDS.

They eat other animals. Depending on what time of day the bird hunts and gets its food, birds of prey are divided into daily And night. Diurnal predators belong to the order Falconiformes, and nocturnal birds of prey - to the order Owls.

Diurnal predators .

Golden eagle. The bird is listed in the Red Book of Russia. A large eagle with a wingspan of 190 - 227 cm, dark brown in color. Young birds have a white tail, with a wide dark stripe along the edge, while old birds have only a whitish base of the tail. Builds a massive nest on inaccessible rocks and trees. The clutch contains 1-2 white eggs with bright red-brown streaks. The voice is rough and hoarse. A very careful bird. It feeds on birds and medium-sized animals, the remains of animals killed by predators.

Night predators.

Owl. The eagle owl differs from all other owls in its very large size. The color can be from dark to light. The chest is red, on the sides and abdomen there is a thin dark transverse pattern. The eyes are red-orange. There are feathers on the head like ears. The legs are strong, all covered with down, and even claws with sharp edges like knives. The eagle owl hears very well, which is why it hunts at night. The voice is a dull loud “hoo-hoo.”

Slide 11. HERBIVOROUS BIRDS.

Birds need plant food.

Crossbill. Crossbill, slightly larger than a sparrow. The name of this bird comes from the old Russian word “klestit”, which means “to squeeze, squeeze.” The beak of the crossbill is bent, its ends cross crosswise and overlap each other. Thanks to this beak, the crossbill very deftly bends back the scales on the cones and takes out tasty seeds. The color of males is bright red-cherry, while that of females is yellowish-gray. Crossbills live in taiga and mountain coniferous forests.

Black grouse. Black grouse live in small forests. They love berry fields and dry places. The bird's plumage is black, with a metallic tint. Only under the tail are white feathers and white stripes are visible on the wings. Above the eyes are bright red eyebrows. The tail resembles a musical instrument - a lyre. And the outer feathers on it seem to be curved for two months. Because of this tail, similar to the scythes used to mow grass, the black grouse is sometimes called a braided grouse. In spring, birds exhibit their characteristic display. For currents, as a rule, elevated areas of pine forests and moss swamps are selected. For birds, the breeding ground is a place of love songs and mating games, as well as a place for tournament fights of males.

Slide 12. INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS.

They eat insects.

Starling. The starling's plumage is black with a bright metallic tint. Looking for food on the ground, starlings walk with long strides, sticking their long beaks everywhere to grab a beetle or caterpillar. In autumn, berries and fruits are added to their diet. Eating a large number of different harmful insects, starlings bring undoubted benefits. The starling's song is loud and cheerful in spring. In addition, they are skillful mockingbirds: in their song you can hear excerpts from the songs of other birds, the croaking of frogs and even the barking of dogs. Starlings also imitate the human voice, and in captivity they easily learn to pronounce words, and sometimes even entire phrases.

Tit. The plumage of tits is bright: the breast is yellow, the wings are blue. Some species have white cheeks, others have a black cap on their heads. Listen to how the titmouse talks. “Si-si-si” the bird squeaks, as if calling itself. When settling down for the night, tits huddle together in a dense group. Birds sitting on the edges gradually climb into the middle. So this dense lump of warmth and life moves all night. In a large flock it is easier to endure frosts. Sound.

Slide 13 . Birds live in different places: in a swamp, on reservoirs, in a forest, on the sea coast.

Slide 14 . SWAMP Dwellers.

Gray crane. Larger than a goose. The plumage is gray, the ends of the wings are black. The back and sides of the neck are white, the back of the crown and the back of the head are bare and red. Legs are black. Young birds do not have red on their heads. Migratory bird. The nest is built on the ground. The clutch contains 2 brownish or greenish olive eggs. The flight of the gray crane is straight, even, with deep wing beats, the neck and legs are extended in one line. The voice is a ringing, trumpet-like, rumbling cry.

Short-eared owl. The bird is slightly smaller than a crow. The back is yellowish-brown, the belly is lighter, and longitudinal dark streaks are scattered throughout the body. The tufts of feathers in the form of “ears” are very small. The eyes are yellow. Migratory, nomadic, and sometimes sedentary bird. The nest is built on the ground. There are 3-5 white eggs in a clutch. The voice is a dull “boo-boo-boo.”
Slide 15 . WATERBIRDS.

Mallard. The mallard is the size of a domestic duck, brownish in color. The male has a black head with a green tint, a black rump, a yellow beak, and orange paws. Nests are built on overgrown lakes and in wet grassy meadows and swamps, and maybe not far from water in dense thickets of grass, in bushes. The bottom of the nest is lined with down. The clutch contains 7-12 eggs with a greenish or olive tint. The drake's voice is a dull croak, the female's is like that of a domestic duck.

Red-throated loon. A little smaller than a goose. The upperparts are grayish-brown with white speckles. A chestnut spot is clearly visible on the front of the throat and neck. Migratory bird. Inhabits water bodies in the north of the forest zone and tundra. The nest is built on the shore of the lake, always close to the water. The clutch consists of 2 brownish-olive eggs with dark spots. The bird dives well and can stay under water for a long time. In its habitat, the bird is easily recognized by its characteristic moaning or croaking calls. During flight, she often makes a rather loud cackle.

Slide 16 . FOREST RESIDENTS.

Warbler warbler. A small (much smaller than a sparrow) active bird. The color of the plumage is dominated by a greenish-lemon color. They live in various forests and live in trees. Migratory bird. It builds a hut-shaped nest on the ground. The clutch contains 4-8 white eggs with brownish spots. The willow warbler's song is quite long, not very loud, with gentle whistles that gradually fade towards the end.

Grouse. A small bird with a crest on its head, a black spot under its beak and a red stripe above its eyes. The plumage is motley. How many black, brown, red, gray and white spots and stripes he has! It is not for nothing that he was nicknamed Ryabchik for such plumage. Hazel grouse love to have tree crowns above them. Where they live there should be berry fields, water, sand and deciduous trees. The male and female always live in pairs. The female is easy to distinguish from the male. She doesn't have a crest on her head. In summer, birds hide among dense trees at night. But in winter - in snow holes. If the frost hits harder, the hazel grouse burrow deep into the snow. Like moles in the ground, they make their long snowy passages.

Slide 17 . BIRDS OF THE SEA COASTS.

Dead end. The bird is small, its length is 30-35 cm. Thanks to its bright red and yellow beak, the puffin received the nickname “sea parrot” or “sea clown”. The color of the bird's plumage is black above, white below, the sides of the head and throat are gray, and the legs are orange. The puffin moves on the ground with caution, but flies very quickly. In addition, the puffin is a wonderful swimmer: it pursues its prey under water, sometimes bringing up to 10-12 fish, which hang funny like mustaches from the bird’s beak. Puffins mate for life, and both parents incubate a single egg for 35 days. It is very large, white, sometimes with purple specks.

Slender-billed guillemot. The size of a crow. The head, neck and dorsal side are chocolate brown, the chest and abdomen are white, and there are dark spots on the sides. The legs and beak are dark. The birds are nomadic. Inhabits rocks from the Murmansk coast to the Shantar Islands. It nests in huge colonies on steep rocky cliffs. Guillemots are especially interesting because they lay one egg at a time directly on bare ledges. The eggs of guillemots are of very varied colors, expanded at the bottom and do not fall when pushed, like a roly-poly toy. The voice is a dull, hoarse croak.

Kittiwake gull. Slightly larger than a pigeon. The head, neck and belly are white, the back is light gray, the wings have black tips, and the beak is yellow. Young birds have a black collar on the neck and a black diagonal stripe on the wing. Migratory bird. Breeds in large colonies. Nests are placed on rock ledges. The clutch consists of 2-3 ocher eggs with dark spots. The voice is a ringing cry of “kitty-way... kitty-way” or “ya-ya-ya.”

Slide 18 . The nature of the Far North is fragile and vulnerable, so thoughtless human activity can cause irreparable damage to it. Back in the 20s of the last century, scientists began to say that on the territory of the Kola Peninsula, as a result of predatory extermination, the number of many animal species was declining. To preserve them, it was necessary to identify areas where economic activity would be limited or completely prohibited. Nature reserves are one of the specially protected natural areas.

Reserve - a protected place where rare valuable plants, animals, and areas of nature are protected and preserved.

Three nature reserves have been created in the Murmansk region.

To the west of Monchegorsk, the natural complexes of the northern taiga and mountain tundra are protected. Settled here Lapland State Nature Reserve.

Kandalaksha Nature Reserve occupies islands in the Kandalaksha Bay, on the islands of the White and Barents Seas, where a large number of “bird colonies” are located.

The youngest reserve in our region is "Pasvik" formed as a result of cooperation between ecologists from Russia and Norway. It got its name from the Pasvik River (Pasvik, Patsojoki), along the right bank, which it stretches from north to south.

Slide19 . LAPLAND RESERVE.

Year of creation: 1930.

Purpose of creation: preservation of the northern taiga and mountain tundra of the Kola Peninsula, protection of wild reindeer.

Number of birds: 176 species.

In the reserve you can find wood grouse, hazel grouse, tundra and white partridge, crossbill, dipper, brambling, snow bunting and others. Rare birds listed in the Red Book nest here - peregrine falcon, osprey, gyrfalcon, white-tailed eagle, etc.

The capercaillie is the largest bird in our forests. The size of a turkey. Black, with a red stripe above the eyes.

In early spring, calling the female, the male begins to display. The capercaillie walks on the ground, waddles, spreading its tail like a fan, and clicks its beak, as if two sticks are knocking against each other. And he ends the song as if he were sharpening a knife on a whetstone. At this time, the bird becomes as if deaf and does not pay attention to anything, which is why it was called the wood grouse.

Slide 20 . KANDALAKSHA RESERVE.

Year of creation: 1939.

Purpose of creation: the need to protect the eider, as well as the protection and study of the flora and fauna of sea islands and coasts, and the seabed.

Number of birds: about 200 species.

The common eider is the symbol of the reserve. The most valuable bird of the north. The eider is a large sea duck. Lives on small islands. The fluff remaining in the nests is collected. This light and delicate fluff is used to insulate sleeping bags and clothing of polar explorers, climbers, geologists, and astronauts. Thanks to strict protection, the number of this bird has increased.

Bird markets- this is one of the most amazing bird populations known on the coast and islands of the Murmansk region. Several million birds gather here to breed their chicks. They inhabit rocks with extreme density. The birds literally huddle together, covering almost the entire surface of the rocks with their bodies.

This is basically guillemots. The largest bazaar is located on Kuvshin Island.

Slide 21 . PASVIK RESERVE.

Year of creation: 1992.

Purpose of creation: preservation of a section of the Pasvik River, protection and study of forests on the northern border of the forest zone, conservation of reservoirs and swamps, study of birds.

Number of birds: 122 species.

On the territory of the reserve you can see birds that are listed in the Red Book - these are the lutok, whooper swan, osprey, merlin, golden eagle, great gray owl, and white-tailed eagle.

Among the wading birds you can find: the ringed common bird, the goldfinch, and the crane. In the forest there are kukshu and waxwings.

Osprey is the most interesting predator on our planet. The lifestyle of this bird is very unusual. The fact is that the osprey is a fish-eating predator, which is why it is called a fisherman. The bird's vision is excellent and it looks out for prey in flight. An osprey can hover above the water: to do this, it flaps its wings very often (this is a fluttering flight - one of the most difficult for birds - when the movements of the wings resemble the work of helicopter rotors!) From this position, it throws itself down like a stone and plunges its claws into the fish. At the same time, sometimes he plunges completely into the water, with his head! But with the help of its wings, the bird instantly emerges to the surface.

, wintering birds, migratory birds, mammals and their tracks,
4 pocket field determinant, including: inhabitants of reservoirs, birds of the middle zone and animals and their traces, as well as
65 methodological benefits And 40 educational and methodological films By methods carrying out research work in nature (in the field).

Guide to Ornithology*

Textbook sections (separate pages):
1. Anatomy and morphology of birds
2. Bird nutrition
3. Bird breeding
3.1. Sexual dimorphism
3.2. The egg and its features
3.3. Mating behavior
3.4. Territorial behavior
3.5. Nest building
3.6. Variety of nests
3.7. Classification of nests
4. Migrations
5. Variety of birds

2. Bird nutrition

The nature and conditions of nutrition are important in the life of birds. They influence them placement in space, seasonal movements, reproduction and mortality rates, interspecific and intraspecific relationships etc.

Feed composition birds in general are very diverse. A huge number of plants and animals inhabiting the globe serve as objects of their nutrition. The range of food available to many individual bird species is also significant. Yes, y white partridge In the Timan tundra, the food ration includes over 40 species of plants and animals, hazel grouse in the Primorsky Territory, the number of their species exceeds 80. The total number of plant and animal species eaten by birds throughout their entire range is much greater.
You should pay attention to one of the characteristics of birds - light switchability from one food to another. One cannot but agree with Peterson (1973), who writes that thanks to this feature, probably not a single bird has ever completely destroyed the source of its food - after all, by doing so it would have doomed itself. Usually, when one type of food becomes scarce, the bird looks for another within its diet. It collects surpluses, rarely causing significant damage to the underlying “capital”. However, only a few predominate in the significant volume of food consumed. Therefore, most birds occupy an intermediate position between stenophagy and omnivory and have a well-defined specialization in their feeding patterns.

Nutritional patterns and variability.
Based on the nature of their diet, birds are conventionally divided into three groups: herbivores , carnivores and with mixed nutrition (birds that consume both plant and animal food). Among our birds, in terms of the number of species, the last group is the most numerous, which is associated with seasonal changes in the food supply. The appearance of new food (berries, seeds) in the fall and the reduction of animal food in winter forces a significant number of birds to switch completely or partially from animal food to plant food, and in the spring - vice versa.
Within these groups there are ecological subgroups, reflecting a well-defined narrower feeding specialization in birds. Thus, in the group of herbivorous birds we can call granivores , frugivores , in the group of animal-eaters - insectivores , myophages (feeding on mouse-like rodents), ichthyophages (eating fish).
The ratio of animal and plant food in birds with a mixed diet varies within very wide limits. The noted narrow food specialization in most birds is not absolute. For example, granivorous and frugivorous birds in the summer not only feed on insects themselves, but also feed their chicks with them. Many insectivorous birds switch to plant food in winter, myophages switch to birds, etc. Nevertheless, it well reflects the predominance of food eaten by birds.
By diversity feed eaten by birds is divided into stenophages (birds with a narrow range of food) and polyphages or omnivores (birds with a wide range of feed). However, there are, in essence, few omnivorous birds: each natural group is characterized by a certain specialization in the choice of food and in the methods of obtaining it. This specialization is characteristic of each species and even of individual groups within a species that have adapted to a specific type of nutrition.
It largely depends on the nature of the diet geographical distribution birds. Omnivorous birds, as a rule, have very extensive ranges. For example, family corvids, most species of which are omnivores, have populated almost the entire globe. Crow spread throughout almost the entire northern hemisphere. Conversely, stenophages (bird species with a narrow range of food) have limited habitats. So, nutcracker, feeding on cedar seeds for a significant part of the year, lives only where this plant is found. Spruce crossbill feeds mainly on spruce seeds, with the distribution of which it is closely related. The vulture eagle feeds mainly on the fruits of one type of palm tree and lives only where this palm tree is found in Africa. A remarkable example of monophagy is the slug-eating kite living in Florida, which feeds only on snails of one species. Widespread in South America, the guajaro is the only “vegetarian” in the order of nightjars. Unlike its relatives, who feed on animal food, mainly insects, the guajaro feeds on tree fruits. Spending the day in deep mountain caves, with the onset of darkness he begins to fly over the tropical forest and pick fruits mainly from palm trees and laurel trees. In addition to acute vision, a well-developed sense of smell helps him find food (the fruits he eats, as a rule, have a strong groin). Particularly associated with the spread of certain types of plants are those birds in whose nutrition flower nectar plays an important role (loris parrots, hummingbirds, etc.).
The wide food specialization of birds is beyond doubt. At the same time, in a number of respects this issue has not been sufficiently studied, in particular with regard to the specific features of the chemical composition of feed. Meanwhile, it is some specific substances that birds absorb regularly or periodically that are extremely important for their body. Yes, for some grouse a necessary condition for normal existence is the ingestion of pine needles, which apparently serve as a means of cleansing the intestines of worms. For the normal development of young birds of prey ( falcon , hawk etc.) it is necessary to introduce bones into the diet, which dissolve in their stomach. The absence of bones, even with abundant meat feeding, causes rickets and disruption of the normal development of plumage in young birds of prey. This shows that when there is quite a variety of food, some of its constituent parts can be decisive.
Regardless of whether a bird eats a variety of foods or the same type of food, the composition of its food usually varies depending on time of year. Seasonal changes in the environment cause a change in feeding conditions, and consequently, the nutritional regime. The seasonal change of food is pronounced in birds of northern and temperate latitudes. Very often, a change in the economic importance of a particular bird species depends on a change in feed. For example, starlings in summer they feed mainly on insects, in autumn and winter - on fruits and berries, being pests in Central Asia and especially in North Africa at this time. The ability to switch in winter to feeding on new foods available at this time of year is an important biological adaptation that allows them to live sedentary or limit themselves to nomadism.
A special type of seasonal changes in the composition of food has been found in birds that feed their chicks with food different from what they feed themselves. Thus, some, predominantly herbivorous, birds (for example, grouse , finch , linnet etc.) feed their chicks only with insects. However pigeons, which are also herbivorous, feed their chicks with seeds, supplementing this food with a special secretion, the so-called “pigeon milk”, formed in the wall of the crop. It is rich in proteins and its formation is stimulated by the hormone prolactin. Sometimes birds feed their chicks ( big tit and pied kingfisher) pick up smaller prey. In addition, the kingfisher selects juvenile salmon and brown trout for its chicks, while it itself feeds on three-spined stickleback.
Some species exhibit significant dietary changes in different years. So, long-eared owl in normal years it usually feeds mainly on voles, but when there are few voles, it eats significant quantities of other animals, including passerines. This is observed both in summer and winter.
There is also geographic variability of food composition. Naturally, a bird that feeds on a certain food substrate in one area can switch to another in those places where it is absent. Yes, in Finland great spotted woodpecker in winter it feeds mainly on the seeds of coniferous trees, while in England it feeds mainly on insects from the trunks of broad-leaved trees. Kedrovka in Siberia and Switzerland it feeds mainly on cedar and spruce seeds, and in the Baltic region it mainly lives on hazel seeds. Gyrfalcon on the Arctic coast it eats mainly seabirds, and in the northern forests it eats partridges.
Despite the possible change of feed, the birds are very specialized in food composition. So, yellow-headed wren eats representatives of all main groups of insects found in the habitats of these birds, but gives preference to beetles, mosquitoes and sawfly larvae and, if possible, avoids hay eaters, ants and some others. In the diet tits the largest percentage are sawfly larvae, butterfly and aphid caterpillars, although their prevalence in nature is the lowest compared to other types of insects.
Food preferences have been studied in detail in tits feeding their chicks with caterpillars and sawfly larvae in the pine forests of Holland. Tits choose prey according to their size, except when they carry food to newly hatched chicks. Moreover, in the food of birds, some forms of insects make up a larger percentage than others. In addition, different individuals prefer different species: some, for example, specialize in small butterflies, others eat larger specimens.
Food specialization in individuals and populations within a species is a common phenomenon. And there is every reason to believe that such specialization is acquired by inheritance. For example, the offspring of falcons whose parents specialized in feeding on pigeons also feed mainly on pigeons and pay less attention to other bird species; duckling falcon chicks also become ducklings. There are falcon families that from generation to generation specialize in hunting gulls, etc. Similar food specialization of individual families also occurs in other species, in particular passerines.
To feed on certain poultry feeds are accustomed from a very early age, the chicks also learn the methods of obtaining them from their parents in the same way. Young birds eat the same food and obtain it in the same ways as their parents. This circumstance opens up the prospect of targeted influence on birds in terms of their choice of this or that food. Raising birds “accustomed” to eating the most dangerous or highly multiplied pests may be promising in combating them in agriculture and forestry.

Methods of obtaining food and associated morphological features of birds
Birds' methods of obtaining food are very diverse. The simplest of them is picking up food from the ground with its beak- typical for pigeons , starlings , larks , skates etc., and such a method as plunging beak into soft soil, common to many waders . Chicken birds are looking for food, digging in the ground, according to which they have highly developed tarsus, fingers and claws. At catching prey in the air birds either lie in wait for her and then rush after her ( flycatchers etc.), or actively and for a long time pursue their prey in the air ( swallows , swifts , falcons). Woodpeckers hammering a tree and look for insects in the recesses of bark and wood. pikas , nuthatches , tits Also pulled out with beak insects hiding in the crevices of the bark. Many birds cut off shoots and buds (black grouse , capercaillie , white partridge), peck fruits and berries (blackbirds , grosbeaks).
There are various ways for birds to obtain food from the water. Some types pick up food from the surface of reservoirs, other - from surface layers of water, the third - from deep and bottom layers, or from the bottom of reservoirs. Seagulls For example, when swimming or flying, they take food from the surface of the water. Swans , geese , dabbling ducks(not diving), paddled with their feet, immerse their head, neck and front parts of the body into the water, taking a more or less vertical position. Diving ducks They're diving for real. Finally, the loons toadstools , cormorants, guillemots, mergansers They not only dive, but also swim underwater for several seconds, and sometimes they can stay underwater for 2-3 minutes. Some dive passively, rushing into the water while flying and using only their own weight to dive and move underwater. This is what they do when getting food. terns , kingfishers, gannets and some other birds.
When searching for food, the main importance for birds is vision, partly hearing (in nocturnal and forest species), and sometimes touch (some waders, ducks, and flamingos have highly developed tactile corpuscles in their beaks). Most birds forage for food on the ground or plants, a minority - in water or air (on the fly).

Methods of obtaining food: 1 - feeding snipe ;
2 - diving gannet; 3 - feeding mallard

Due to the variety of ways birds obtain and grasp food, they have different arranged beak, tongue and paws.
So, for example, many ducks beak wide, flat-convex at the top, with a characteristic claw-edge at the anterior end. Towards the edges of the beak there are rows of horny plate-like denticles: when the beak is closed, the denticles of the upper part of the jaw are inserted into the spaces between the denticles of the lower. The large, fleshy tongue has a cornea along the edges with rows of teeth. The system of denticles on the edges of the tongue and the sides of the jaws forms a sieve through which food entering the beak (silt, small larvae, worms, mollusks) is filtered. One more characteristic feature of the duck tongue and beak should be noted: they have numerous nerve endings and a system of nervous tactile bodies. As a result, the beak and tongue turn into a very delicate tactile apparatus: during night feeding, the duck, without looking, takes small prey into its mouth. In addition, it is interesting to note that a duck, while under water, can open its beak wide and not choke due to one anatomical feature - its respiratory slit is located far back (almost to the line of articulation of the jaws). When the beak is wide open, the thick base of the tongue blocks water from reaching the internal openings and the slit of the windpipe.

Different beak structures of birds:
1 - golden eagle ; 2 - goshawk ; 3 - gyrfalcon ; 4 - nightjar ; 5 - pika ; 6 - song thrush ; 7 - woodpecker ; 8 - hoopoe ; 9 - pigeon ; 10 - oatmeal ; 11 - grosbeak ; 12 - crossbill; 13 - pelican; 14 - merganser ; 15 - Shoveler ; 16 - red-necked grebe ; 17 - woodcock

The beak of a flamingo is very peculiar: it is bent down at an obtuse angle and its height is greater than its width. The upper jaw is much smaller than the lower jaw, it is narrow and very flat, covered with soft skin at the base, and hard at the end. Along the edges of the mandible and mandible there are small horny plates and denticles, forming a filtering apparatus reminiscent of that of anseriformes. A huge thick pink-red tongue fills the entire gap between the jaws; the upper side of the tongue is covered with rows of long, thick, sharp papillae. Flamingos eat in a special way. Standing in fairly deep water on its long legs, the flamingo lowers its head on its long neck deep into the water and turns it with its crown down. In this case, the flat upper part of the jaw touches the bottom. By moving its head from the periphery towards itself, the bird, through its half-open beak, captures liquid sludge from the bottom and filters it through a filter apparatus, as a result of which small crustaceans, snails, and worms remain in the mouth. There are numerous nerve endings on the beak and tongue, thanks to which this bird, like ducks, catches prey by touch.
We find other devices for catching prey in waders (for example, woodcocks , snipe , great snipes). These birds have long beaks with somewhat rough thickenings at the very tips. Beak tip woodcock in a longitudinal section and with significant magnification, it slightly resembles a honeycomb (a whole network of small depressions). Nerves associated with special tactile bodies approach each such fossa. As a result, a very thin tactile apparatus is created at the end of the beak. Woodcocks reach for prey in moist forest soil and litter. They plunge their beak vertically, almost to the base, into the soil and, with the help of their subtle sense of touch, feel for larvae and worms, which they grab with the end of their beak and pull out.
In the avocet sandpiper, the end section of the beak is very thin, pointed, and raised upward in an awl-like manner. The layer of water in brackish reservoirs where the sandpiper lives is negligible and filled with invertebrates. The avocet collects them, using its uniquely designed beak. At the same time, it does not raise silt from the bottom and does not muddy the water.
The beak is designed differently and adapted for other purposes. oystercatcher. This beautiful bird has a dense and strong beak that is sharply compressed from the sides and has the shape of an elongated knife or dagger. Observations show that oystercatchers at the seaside are especially willing to feed on bivalves and mussels. Waders search for mollusks at low tide in shallow water. Having found a mollusk, the sandpiper delivers a strong blow between the half-open valves, and then confidently repeats it several times, makes a strong circular movement with its beak, separates the mantle from the shell and tears the closing muscles.
A completely different example of beak construction can be seen in crossbills. These birds have the end of one jaw crosses with the end different. The end of the lower jaw in different individuals is located either to the left or to the right of the upper jaw. The peculiar structure of the beak of crossbills has a special purpose - to remove seeds lying under the scales of spruce and pine cones. Due to the peculiar structure of the beak, crossbills have unevenly developed muscles that control the action of the jaws. Thus, on the left side the muscles that attract the jaw are extremely developed; on the right side the cervical muscles are unevenly and strongly expressed. How does the peeling mechanism occur? The crossbill momentarily brings its beak into such a position that the ends of the jaws stand one against the other; the beak takes on the shape of a crowbar. With a quick movement, the beak wedges itself between the scales of the cone; the next moment, with the movement of the lower jaw, the ends of the beak move apart to a width of at least 6 mm. As a result, a gap is formed between the scales, into which the crossbill plunges its long tongue, ending like a shovel, and easily extracts the seeds.
The beak is especially massive and strong pine crossbill. Pine cones have scales that are placed stronger and more densely than spruce cones, and more force is required to decompress them.
Very interestingly adapted to obtaining food woodpeckers. The ability of these birds with great strength hammer The bark of trees is associated with a number of special adaptations in the structure of the skull. The bones of the skull are relatively massive; The foramen magnum is pushed back into the lower part of the skull, so the latter is located at right angles to the line of the vertebrae of the neck (like a hammer on a handle). The upper jaw is tightly strengthened; between the eye sockets there is a strong bone septum.
Their unusually long length is of great importance for the nutrition of woodpeckers. language. It is thin and worm-shaped. U green woodpecker, for example, the tongue can protrude from the beak at a distance of up to 10 cm. The end part of the tongue in most woodpeckers has horny spines, which are either directed back or stick out to the sides in the form of thin edges. These formations make it possible to retain small insects and their larvae, which many woodpeckers feed on. In all species of woodpeckers, in addition, terminal nerve buds develop at the end of the tongue, turning the tongue into a very delicate organ of touch. In the back of the tongue you can see the beginning of the hyoid apparatus, the arched horns of which protrude backward and are located on top under the skin of the skull, reaching the interorbital region. In woodpeckers, whose tongue is capable of throwing out especially far, these horns with their endings enter the corresponding tubular canals in the walls of the upper jaw (beak). We see this structure of language in gray-headed And green woodpeckers; in these birds, in addition, arched horns hanging downwards descend under the skin to the shoulder area. Special muscles press on the horns, causing the tongue to be thrown far out of the mouth. The muscles put pressure on the highly developed salivary glands. Abundant saliva wets the tongue and makes it sticky. Green and gray-headed woodpeckers need such a tongue to catch ants and to obtain the cocoons of these insects (the so-called ant eggs), which these species of woodpeckers feed on.
The hatchet and puffin have special adaptations for catching prey. These peculiar birds dive into shallow waters and catch small fish - gerbils. The bird tries, if possible, to push the caught fish across the body to the corner of its mouth. Then she presses the fish to the palate with her tongue: this frees the lower jaw, with the help of which the bird, diving, can grab new prey.
Pelicans and cormorants the language is in a rudimentary state. The pelican has a huge beak. The upper jaw is strongly flattened and has a curved hook at its apex. The lower half of the beak consists of very weak, thin and flexible branches of the lower jaw, connected to each other only at the apex and bearing a highly extensible skin bag. There is no doubt that this bag helps the pelican hold fish in its beak, which it swallows whole, while raising its beak. The water that is collected in the bag is poured out with the beak slightly open and lowered. A relative of the pelican - an excellent diver - cormorant the tongue is also almost undeveloped, but at the end of the beak it has a sharp tooth. Diving for a fish, the cormorant hits it with a strong blow to the side with its beak. Having emerged with a stunned fish in its beak, the cormorant intercepts its body under the gill covers and, thus damaging the gills, almost kills the fish. Then, with a sharp movement of its head, the cormorant throws the fish up to grab it from its head again.
The beak is also interesting upon close examination. house sparrow. Like other birds, the sparrow's upper and lower jaws are covered in dense horny sheaths with pointed cutting edges. In this case, the lower jaw is covered by the edges of the upper jaw. In the middle of the palate there is a longitudinal horny protrusion, and on its sides there are two depressions. A severely keratinized tongue is spoon-shaped on the upper side. With the help of such a tongue and depressions, the bird easily captures and holds grains, which the tongue transfers to the cutting edges of the beak, where they are crushed. The beaks of other passerine bird species are also constructed according to this type, with some deviations, for example siskins , goldfinches , oatmeal. The beak of the