Offers with separate applications. Separate applications, circumstances and examples §4. Standalone Add-ons

1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often - in front of it), for example: The mother, the lady with gray hair, spoke more (Turgenev); A good-natured old man, a hospital watchman, immediately let him in (L. Tolstoy); The miners, immigrants from the central Russian provinces and Ukraine, settled in the farmsteads of the Cossacks and became related to them (Fadeev).

Constructions in sentences like: The editor-in-chief, who is also the deputy director of the publishing house, spoke about the plans of the publishing house.

2. A single uncommon application, standing after a common noun, is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it, for example: He left the horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, the deacon (Turgenev); One girl, a Polish woman (Gorky), looked after me.

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single qualified noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from intonationally merging with the qualified word, for example: Father, a drunkard, fed herself from an early age (Gorky); And our enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death (Fadeev).

Note 1. A single application is usually attached to the qualified common noun by means of a hyphen, for example: hero city, oil geologists, teenage girls, winter sorceress, melancholy villain, research engineer, single canoe, cornfield nurse, astronaut pilot, frost -voivode, operator-programmer, deceased father (but: father is an archpriest), noble gentlemen (but: master hetman), bird-song, worker-innovator, plane-bomber, giant slalom, neighbor-musician, old watchman , excellent student, physiologist, French teacher, organic chemist, battle painter.

Note 2. In some cases, a hyphenated spelling is also possible in the presence of an explanatory word (definition), which in meaning can relate either to the entire combination (famous experimenter-inventor, dexterous acrobat-juggler), or only to the word being defined (demobilized super-conscript soldier, original artist- self-taught, my neighbor is a teacher), or only to the application (a female doctor with extensive experience). However, in these cases, double punctuation is possible; Wed: The lecture will be given by a famous chemist professor. - The lecture will be given by a famous professor, chemist; The assignment was given to one philology student. - The assignment was given to one student, a philologist.

A hyphen is also written after a proper name (most often a geographical name, acting as an appendix to a generic name), for example: Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Kazbek Mountain, Astrakhan City (but without a hyphen in reverse word order: Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Mount Kazbek, the city of Astrakhan; expressions such as Mother Rus', Mother Earth have the character of stable combinations). After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only if the defined noun and the appendix merge into one complex intonational and semantic whole, for example: Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.

The hyphen is not written:

• a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to the definition of an adjective, for example: a handsome man (cf.: handsome man), an old father, a giant factory (but when rearranging the words: a giant factory), a poor tailor, a strong horseman, a baby an orphan, a predator wolf, a skilled cook;
• b) if in a combination of two common nouns, the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific concept, for example: magnolia flower, baobab tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver steel, carbon gas, floss threads, fastener “zipper”, tweed fabric, Roquefort cheese, kharcho soup. But if such a combination is a compound scientific term (in which the second part does not serve as an independent species designation), the name of a specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written, for example: brown hare, goshawk, stag beetle, hermit crab , field mouse, cabbage butterfly, therapist, tool maker;
• c) if the defined noun or application itself is written with a hyphen, for example: female surgeons, civil engineer designer, mechanical designer, Volga Mother River; but (in separate terms): rear admiral engineer, captain-lieutenant engineer;
• d) if with the defined noun there are two uncommon applications connected by a conjunction And, for example: students of philology and journalists, conservative and liberal deputies; the same if with two defined nouns there is a common application, for example: students and graduate students of philology;
• e) if the first element of the combination is the words citizen, master, comrade, our brother, your brother (in the meaning “I and those like me”, “you and those like you”), for example: citizen judge, Mr. Envoy, Comrade Secretary, our brother student.

3. The application relating to a proper name is isolated if it comes after the defined noun, for example: My brother Petya, a teacher, sings wonderfully (Chekhov); Sergei Ivanovich, the head of the family, a tall, stooped man who shaved his head, was a good carpenter (Soloukhin).

Before a proper name, the appendix is ​​isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: A famous intelligence officer, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was at their first meeting (Kazakevich) (cf.: “although he was a famous intelligence officer” - with a concessional meaning). But: Lieutenant of the tsarist army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland... (Fedin) (without additional circumstantial meaning).

4. The proper name of a person or the name of an animal acts as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (before such an application you can insert the words “and his name”, “namely”, “that is” without changing the meaning), for example : Daria Mikhailovna’s daughter, Natalya Alekseevna, might not have liked her at first glance (Turgenev); At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father’s favorite greyhound dog, Milka (L. Tolstoy); And Ani’s brothers, Petya and Andryusha, high school students, tugged at his [father’s] tailcoat from behind and whispered in confusion... (Chekhov).

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory connotation of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:

• a) Only one Cossack, Maxim Golodukha, escaped from the Tatar hands along the way (Gogol); Elizaveta Alekseevna went to visit her brother, Arkady Alekseevich (she has only one brother; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, her own name should not be isolated); He reminded my son, Borka (the same reason);
• b) His sister Maria came in; Today my friend Valentin and I are leaving for Moscow; The head of the course, Dima Shilov, reported; Mathematics teacher Ivan Petrovich Belov appeared in the corridor.

5. Union Annex How(with an additional meaning of causality), as well as words, etc., is usually isolated if it is at the beginning or middle of a sentence, for example: Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush in and redo everything himself (Goncharov); As a high-ranking person, it is not proper for me to ride a horse... (Chekhov); As an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold decoration (Sholokhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by); ...A little dark-haired lieutenant named Zhuk led the battalion to the backyards of that street... (Simonov) (pay attention to the intonation of isolation).

Note. Union-joined application How with the meaning “as”, as well as the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc., is not isolated if it is at the end of a sentence, for example: The response received is considered as consent (Azhaev); The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist (Fedin); He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (Paustovsky); We met a German doctor named Schultz (without the intonation of isolation).

6. The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant? (Pushkin); A doctrinaire and somewhat pedant, he loved to instruct instructively (Herzen); Tears of humiliation, they were caustic (Fedin); Here it is, the explanation (L. Tolstoy).

In sentences like the last example, double punctuation is possible, depending on the nature of the intonation, the presence or absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in the demonstrative function) with a preceding particle here (there); compare:

• a) Here they are, a hare’s dreams! (Saltykov-Shchedrin); Here they are, the workers! (Troepolsky);
• b) This is reality (Sukhovo-Kobylin); This is pride (Gorbunov); This is the triumph of virtue and truth (Chekhov).

It is not placed in such sentences when a demonstrative particle with a pronoun follows a noun, for example: Spring is over there, in the yard (B. Polevoy).

7. A separate application can refer to a word missing in a given sentence if the latter is suggested by the context, for example: And as for before lunch - I, brother, have a court waiter in mind: so, the dog, he will feed you that you just won’t get up (Gogol) ; Everything is getting smarter, the devil... (Gorky. The Artamonov Case: Peter about Alexei).

The missing pronoun can be suggested by the personal form of the predicate verb, for example: Never, sinner, do I drink, but on such occasion I will drink (Chekhov).

8. Instead of a comma when separating applications, a dash is used:

• a) if the words “namely” can be inserted before the application without changing the meaning, for example: The new state flag of the Russian Federation has been approved - a three-color cloth with white, blue and red longitudinal stripes;
• b) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given, for example: I don’t like this tree too much - aspen (Turgenev); We drove around some old dam, drowned in nettles, and a long-dried pond - a deep ravine, overgrown with weeds taller than a man (Bunin); Nearby there was a closet - a storage room for catalogs (Granin); It was a wonderful April day - the best time in the Arctic... (Gorbatov). Wed. single application after a common proper name: Welcome to the capital of Ukraine - Kyiv!
• c) to highlight on both sides applications that are explanatory in nature (usually in artistic speech), for example: Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network ... (Gogol); Light convulsions - a sign of strong feelings - ran across his wide lips... (Turgenev); The caretaker of the shelter - a retired soldier from Skobelev's times - walked behind the owner (Fedin).

The second dash is omitted:

• 1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application, for example: Using a special device for breathing a person under water - scuba gear, you can dive to a depth of tens of meters;
• 2) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding defined word has a more general meaning, for example: At the meeting of the leaders of the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, current problems of economic development were considered;
• 3) if in such a construction the application precedes the word being defined, for example: The most deceitful, hypocritical and most influential of all “teachers of life” - the church, preaching “love for your neighbor as yourself,” in the past burned tens of thousands of people at the stake, blessed “religious” wars (Gorky); One of the outsiders of the national championship - the athletes of the Fili club won their third victory in a row (From the newspapers);

  3.a to clarify, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table. The second dash is not placed in these cases; cf.: I began to talk about conditions, about inequality, about people - the victims of life and about people - the rulers of it (Gorky);

  3.b to separate prepositive (standing in front) homogeneous applications from the word being defined, for example: The author of wonderful works for children, a brilliant translator, poet and playwright - Marshak took a prominent place in Russian literature;

  3. in designs like: Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable. Compare: Ernani - Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker (from a letter from A.P. Chekhov).

A21, B5. Dedicated Applications

APPLICATION is a definition that is expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it other name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. The application is always used in the same case, the same as the noun to which it refers. The application may be undistributed(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) walked to the sleigh. railway worker(I.p.).(application railway worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), tough guy(I. p.), was not happy about either the guests or the profit.
(application tough guy common, refers to a noun master)

Some applications may be used with the conjunction HOW.

For example: Like any literary innovator Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.

Cases of separation.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:

a) if it's worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (before such an application you can insert a conjunction namely)
For example: Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf Swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members to avoid mixing the application with a homogeneous member:
For example: The mistress of the house and her sister were sitting at the table. my wife's friend, two strangers to me, my wife and me.

c) to highlight with two sides of applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence is raging in the forests.

Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotes, are NOT separate!

For example: Girls- teenagers On the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched the ballet "Swan Lake".

A21, B5. Separate Consensus Definitions

Separate definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.
Definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
Definitions there are CONSENTED and DISAGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participial phrase (Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Pleased with your success, he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS WITH UNION HOW

Separation is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. An isolated component expresses an independent event. This is a generally polypropositive sentence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sashka sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.

Separate addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;

a common definition expressed by the phrase: the girl, excited by the news she received,...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She, excited, could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although. To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example: Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.(additional meaning of reason) Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.(additional value of concession).

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) what is the definition expressed by, 4) does it express additional adverbial meanings.

Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the fidget, tormented everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tormented everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain: And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

What is a SEPARATE DEFINITION?

A standalone definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.

Definitions answer the questions WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.

Definitions are either CONSENTED or UNAGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:

· participle phrase (A path overgrown with grass led to the river.)

· adjective with dependent words (Satisfied with his successes, he told me about them.)

· single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)

· homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

What is an APPLICATION?

Application is a definition that is expressed by a noun.

The application characterizes the item in a new way, gives it a different name or indicates the degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age, etc.

The appendix is ​​always used in the same case as the noun to which it refers.

A clause can be common (consisting of a single noun) or common (consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:

Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.), a railway worker (I.p.), walked to the sleigh. (the railway worker application is not common, it refers to the noun Sapozhkov)

The owner (I. p.), a stern man (I. p.), was not happy with either guests or profit.

(the stern man application is widespread,

refers to the noun owner)

Some applications can be used with the conjunction AS.

For example: Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was tightly bound by the traditions of his great predecessors.

Cases of application segregation

Separated:

1. A common application relating to a common noun is always isolated (regardless of the place in relation to the word being defined): 1) Misfortune’s faithful sister, hope in a dark dungeon will awaken joy and fun... (A. Pushkin). 2) And the raven, a smart bird, sat down and sat on a tree near the fire (N. Nekrasov). 3) The wind, the breaker of silence, makes noise, sliding in the darkness along the wall (M. Lermontov). 4) So, two respectable men, the honor and adornment of Mirgorod, quarreled among themselves!.. (N. Gogol).

3. A common application relating to a proper name is isolated if it comes after it: 1) Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva... (A. Pushkin). 2) Kornev brought his cousin Moiseenko, a university student (N. Garin-Mikhailovsky), to Berenda. 3) Ksyusha, the youngest girl, handed him a clean long towel (I. Bunin).

3. An application (common or uncommon), expressed by a proper noun and standing after a common noun, is isolated if it serves for clarification. In this case, it can be attached using the words first name, last name, nickname, nickname, etc.:

1) My father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Minich (A. Pushkin). 2) He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (K. Paustovsky). 3) I had a long friendship with the eldest, Verochka (I. Bunin). 4) The owner himself, Philip Ivanovich, nicknamed Uncle (A. Chekhov), lives on the ground floor with his family.

4. An uncommon application expressed by a common noun is isolated in the following cases:

a) if it refers to a proper noun and comes after it: There was a captain, a lieutenant, and Onisim Mikhailovich, sergeant major (L. Tolstoy); Following Deev, Sapozhkov, a railway worker (S. Krutilin), walked to the sleigh;

b) if it refers to a common noun, common in dependent words: Here on the wide street I met General Zhukov’s chef, an old man (A. Chekhov); My owner, the doctor, was an always busy, silent man (Yu. Kazakov); Her father, a botanist, was sent to the Canary Islands... (M. Gorky).

5. Applications joined by the union as are isolated if they have an additional meaning of reason, for example:

1) Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was tightly bound by the traditions of his great predecessors (K. Chukovsky) (= since he was an innovator).

2) As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic means for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry (V. Belinsky) (= being a true artist). 3) Pierre, as a legitimate son, received everything (L. Tolstoy).

But: Applications with the conjunction as, meaning “in quality, in role,” are not isolated: Krylov wrote very remarkable comedies, but his fame as a fabulist could not help but overshadow his fame as a comedian (V. Belinsky).

6. Instead of a comma when separating applications, a dash is used in the following cases:

a) before the application, which stands at the end of the sentence and is an explanation of what has been said (as a rule, before such an application you can insert a conjunction, namely): 1) At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father’s favorite greyhound dog, Milka (L. Tolstoy ). 2) Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse - an old deaf Swede, a former skipper (K. Paustovsky). 3) My path went past the Berdskaya settlement - Pugachev’s refuge (A. Pushkin);

2) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse the application with a homogeneous member: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table;

3) to highlight applications from both sides that have explanatory meaning: 1) My grandmother - a devout, somewhat romantic Catholic - loved to visit cemeteries in different cities and then talked about them (K. Paustovsky). 2) Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network (N. Gogol);

4) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: The cruelest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests (I. Krylov).

Applications are not isolated in the following cases: 1. If the application comes before a proper name (in this position it is isolated only when it has an additional adverbial meaning): On the eve of the difficult and great twentieth century, I met a dear eccentric and poet Andersen and taught me to believe in victory of the sun over darkness... (K. Paustovsky).

2. If a one-word application and the noun it defines are nouns, then a hyphen is placed between them, for example: 1) Most often I met with a grumpy grandfather-basket-man (K. Paustovsky). 2) The snake street winds (V. Mayakovsky). 3) Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already performing round dances (L. Tolstoy). 4) Wave-walls rose all around, fell, foamed again... (N. Gumilyov).

3. A hyphen is also placed in the case when a common noun comes after a proper name and closely merges with it in meaning, for example: 1) Go to the courtyard hut, or else to Agrafena the housekeeper (I. Turgenev). 2) Stenka Razin went to Astrakhan-city (A. Pushkin). 3) Vladimir recognized Arkhip the blacksmith (A. Pushkin). 4) ...I came from Moscow to the Neva River (A. Pushkin). (But: Neva River.)

4. No hyphen is used:

a) after the words comrade, citizen, master, etc., for example: Citizen financial inspector! Sorry to bother you (V. Mayakovsky);

b) if the application preceding the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root qualitative adjective, for example: And they dream of a beautiful, clear beauty of spring in the smiles of the sun (S. Yesenin).

But: Ippolit struck with his extraordinary resemblance to his beautiful sister (L. Tolstoy) (the appendix comes after the noun being defined);

5. Inconsistent applications (names of newspapers, magazines and books, enterprises, etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks, for example: the magazine “Science and Life”, the ballet “Swan Lake”, work at the “Chaika” plant.

The application can be separated not only by a comma, but also by a dash:

a) if it stands at the end of a sentence and is an explanation of what was said (you can insert a conjunction before such an application, namely)

For example: At the lighthouse there lived only a watchman - an old deaf Swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse the application with a homogeneous member:

For example: The mistress of the house, her sister - my wife’s friend, two strangers to me, my wife and I, were sitting at the table.

c) to highlight applications on both sides that have explanatory meaning

For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests.

Attention!Applications written with a hyphen and enclosed in quotation marks are separated THEY ARE NOT!

For example: Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already performing round dances. We watched the ballet “Swan Lake”.

Questions regarding separate applications are found quite often in exam tasks for the Unified State Exam and State Examination, and many examinees are unable to answer them correctly. How can you learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly identify it?

What is an application?

An application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the word being defined. The application can indicate completely different qualities of objects, provide information about profession, nationality, age and many other characteristics of a person or object.

There are stand-alone applications and non-stand-alone applications. The first should be studied more carefully, as for the second, here we can talk about proper names that are combined with common nouns, as well as cases when common nouns are followed by proper names.

Standalone application: example and analysis

Common applications that are expressed by a noun with dependent words and which themselves belong to a common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located after the word being defined and very rarely in front of it. For example: “The father, the man with gray sideburns, joked more.”

In this case, the application “man with gray sideburns” refers to a common noun, so it is separated by a comma. Constructions of the following type can also stand out: “The engineer spoke, he is also one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky.”

Single application

An uncommon application can be isolated if it is located behind a common noun, and if this noun has attached to itself a number of additional explanatory words. They appear much less often in speech, so separate applications with examples are much easier to find.

Even more rarely, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is found with a single noun, and is used to enhance the semantic role of another application, without allowing merging with the defined words, for example: “Father, a disabled person, fed and clothed from an early age , and himself."

Applications with hyphens

A separate common application, examples of which can be found in a large number of reference books, can be attached to a common noun using a hyphen: mother-heroine, teenage boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenated writing becomes possible if there is a definition that explains the general essence of the sentence, it may refer to the entire utterance or to just one word.

Hyphenation is possible after proper names (very often this happens when indicating geographical names), for example: Moscow River. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after a proper name; this is possible when the application together with the name is able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.

When should you not use a hyphen when using applications?

There are cases when the application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it is equated in its lexical meaning to. Another principle is also used if, when combining two common nouns, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other - a specific one (with the exception of terms).

If the appendix or qualified noun itself is written with a hyphen, no additional separation is needed. Next to the defined noun there can be two uncommon clauses at once; in this case they will not be separated either.

Offers with separate applications: examples

Those applications that relate to a proper name can be separated on both sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: “This morning Kataev, the driver of the first bus, talked about yesterday’s incident.” If the application comes before a proper name and has an additional adverbial lexical meaning, it will also stand out: “Confident, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations.”

A separate application, an example of which may look like the proper name of a person or animal, has a place in a sentence if it is explanatory in nature or is used to clarify a common noun: “Masha’s dog, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect from them your mistress." Quite often, double punctuation is possible here; everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.

Application + alliances

A stand-alone application, the example sentences with which often baffle inexperienced native speakers, is actually not particularly complex. So, it can be joined using the conjunction “as” and combinations such as “by last name”, “by nickname”, etc. For example: “Katya, as a smart girl, wanted to get an ideal groom.”

If a conjunction has the lexical meaning “as something,” then the phrase that will be attached with the help of it cannot be considered an application, much less separated from all others by commas. Also, applications with the conjunction “how” are not isolated if they characterize an object from only one side. A separate application, an example of which can be found in the sentence “He was never able to get used to her as an actress,” will not be separated by commas.

Application + pronoun

A separate agreed application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, is always distinguished by commas next to the pronoun. In these cases, various separation options are possible. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after pronouns.

The comma may not be placed in those sentences where, together with the pronoun, they are located after the noun, but before the application. Writing in this case is controversial; now the largest linguists studying the issue are trying to come to some kind of consensus.

Complex cases

Even if you know what a standalone application is (the example sentences with it don't scare you), be prepared for the fact that various kinds of exceptions will appear. For example, the application may refer to a word that is not in the sentence at all, but is implied by the context.

Most often this happens when there is no pronoun in the sentence; it, as a rule, is suggested either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: “Bitch, I always don’t drink, but for such an occasion I’ll definitely drink.” Using the form of the verb, you can guess that the pronoun “I” is missing in the sentence.

Dash instead of comma when separating

In some cases, a separate application, example sentences with which you need to study in preparation for the Unified State Exam, may be highlighted in writing not with commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when any word can be inserted before the application without changing the overall meaning of the sentence.

Also, a dash is placed before the application located at the end of the sentence, provided that the nature of the application is explained with the help of a punctuation mark. A dash may be used for explanatory purposes. For example: “Some boring picture - the creation of a sad artist - covered a hole in the wallpaper.”

A dash is used if the separate application is followed by a comma. For example: “With the help of special diving equipment - scuba gear, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed.”

A separate application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading experts - heads of departments spoke at the meeting” - in this case expresses the specific meaning of the defined word, which has a more general meaning, from which it is impossible to conclude who exactly is being discussed.

Sentences with separate applications, examples of which may look like this: “The main person of the department, Tatyana Petrovna, said that we will not go anywhere today,” are constructed in such a way that the application is located before the word being defined. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool for isolating the application.

A dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of the sentence, clarifying its meaning. For example: “Father, mother, their daughter Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner.” complicated by a separate application, examples of which are very conservative, does not have a second dash.

Also, a dash can be used to separate similar applications located before the word being defined from each other. For example, “The author of hundreds of books, scripts, stories and fables, Alexey Petrovich suddenly decided to change his activities and became interested in skydiving and diving.”

Also, a dash can be used in constructions of the following type: “Pushkin - Bezrukov was magnificent.” In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a clarifying element with the subject. From the sentence it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was performed by an equally famous actor.

Conclusion

The stand-alone app, an example of which can help with a difficult exam question, is actually not too difficult to understand. If necessary, any student can use reference materials on the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what an application is and how to correctly highlight it within any structure.