behavioral accentuations. Character and character accentuations. See what "character accentuation" is in other dictionaries

They are pointed. One has only to create certain conditions, and conflicts of the same type may arise.

Personality accentuation is a hypertrophied development of some character traits against the background of others, which leads to disruption of relationships with others. In the presence of such a symptom, a person begins to show excessive sensitivity to some factors that cause a stressful state. This is despite the fact that the rest is relatively stable.

Accentuation can be so pronounced that its symptoms will be barely noticeable to loved ones, but its level of manifestation may be such that doctors may think about making such a diagnosis as psychopathy. But the latter disease is characterized by constant manifestations and regular relapses. And it can eventually smooth out and become close to normal.

As practice shows, this symptom is most often found in adolescents and young men (in about 70% of cases). Personality accentuation does not always manifest itself clearly, therefore it can be determined using specially designed psychological tests. During their conduct, people can behave in a specific way, and it is important for the doctor to be able to anticipate such a reaction.

There are such types of personality in psychology, which depend on the degree of manifestation of accentuation:

1. The hyperthymic type is characterized by high spirits, increased talkativeness, contact. People with this form of the disease, as a rule, very often lose the initial thread of the conversation, do not respond to the comments made and deny all kinds of punishment. They are very energetic, mobile, non-self-critical, they love unreasonable risk.
2. Personality accentuation can be of a dysthymic type, which is the exact opposite of the previous one. The representative of this species is constantly depressed, sad and is a closed person. He is burdened by a noisy society, he does not get close to employees, does not like communication. If he becomes a participant in conflicts (which is extremely rare), then he acts as a passive side in them.
3. characterized by frequent mood swings. If it is elevated, the person actively communicates, which becomes similar to a representative of the hyperthymic type. If a person is in a more depressed state, his behavioral reactions resemble people of a dysthymic type.
4. Emotional Accentuation of personality in this case is manifested by excessive sensitivity of character, vulnerability. A person begins to deeply experience even minimal troubles, perceives remarks and criticism very painfully, is sensitive if he fails, therefore he is often in a dull mood.
5. The demonstrative type is always in the spotlight and achieves the goal at any cost.
6. A person of an excitable type is often unrestrained, quick-tempered, prone to rudeness and too conflicting.
7. Stuck type. Representatives are fixated on their feelings and emotions, in conflicts they act as an active party, they are prone to protracted disputes.
8. The pedantic type is characterized by "nerdiness" in everything, from everyday life to professional activities.
9. fear for themselves and for those around them, they are not confident in themselves, they are hard at defeat.
10. The exalted type is characterized by variability of mood, vivid emotions and talkativeness.
11. Schizoid personality accentuation, as a rule, manifests itself in isolation, immersion in oneself, restraint and coldness in communication.
12. The last type in this classification - extroverted - is characterized by an increased degree of talkativeness, lack of personal opinion, disorganization, and lack of independence.

Accentuation of character - too pronounced character traits in a certain person, which are not considered pathological, but are an extreme version of the norm. They arise due to improper upbringing of the individual in childhood and heredity. There are a large number of accentuations, which are characterized by their own characteristics. In most cases, they occur during adolescence.

Character accentuation: what is it?

Accentuation (accentuated personality) is a definition used in psychology. This term is understood as the disharmony of character development, which manifests itself in the excessive severity of its individual features, causing an increased vulnerability of the individual to certain types of influences and making it difficult to adapt to some specific situations. Accentuation of character arises and develops in children and adolescents.

The term "accentuation" was first introduced by the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard. Accentuation of character, he calls overly pronounced individual personality traits that have the ability to move into a pathological state under the influence of adverse factors. Leonhard owns the first attempt to classify them. He argued that in a large number of people, character traits are pointed.

Then this question was considered by A.E. Lichko. Under the accentuation of character, he understood the extreme variants of his norm, when some features are excessively strengthened. At the same time, selective vulnerability is noted, which refers to certain psychogenic influences. Any accentuation cannot be presented as a mental illness.

A.E.Lichko

Causes

An accentuated character arises and develops under the influence of many reasons. The most basic is heredity. The reasons for the occurrence also include an insufficient amount of communication in adolescence, both with peers and with parents.

The social environment of the child (family and friends), the wrong parenting style (hyper-custody and hypo-custody) influence the appearance of pointed character traits. This leads to a lack of communication. Lack of satisfaction of personal needs, an inferiority complex, chronic diseases of the nervous system and physical ailments can also lead to accentuation. According to statistics, these manifestations are observed in people who work in the field of "man-man":

• teachers;
• medical and social workers;
• military;
• actors.

Types and types, main clinical manifestations

There are classifications of character accentuations that were distinguished by A. E. Lichko and K. Leonhard. The first proposed a typology of accentuations, consisting of 11 types, each of which is characterized by specific manifestations that can be observed in adolescence. In addition to types, Lichko distinguished types of accentuation, which differ depending on the degree of severity:

• explicit accentuation - an extreme version of the norm (character traits are expressed throughout life);
• hidden - the usual option (pointed character traits appear in a person only in difficult life circumstances).

Types of accentuations according to A. E. Lichko:

Leonhard identified a classification of character accentuations, consisting of 12 types. Some of them coincide with the typology of A. E. Lichko. He studied the typology of characters in adults. The species are divided into three groups:

1. 1. temperament (hyperthymic, dysthymic, exalted, anxious and emotive);
2. 2. character (demonstrative, stuck and excitable);
3. 3. personal level (extroverted and introverted).

Types of accentuations according to K. Leonhard:

Peculiarities

According to A. E. Lichko, most types are sharpened in adolescence. Certain types of accentuations occur at a particular age. Sensitive arises and develops by the age of 19. Schizoid - in early childhood, and hyperthymic - in adolescence.

Character accentuations are found not only in pure form, but also in mixed forms (intermediate types). Manifestations of accentuation are fickle, they tend to disappear in some periods of life. Character accentuation is found in 80% of adolescents. Some of them, under the influence of adverse factors, can turn into a mental illness at a later age.

In the development of character accentuations, two groups of changes are distinguished: transient and persistent. The first group is subdivided into acute emotional reactions, psycho-like disorders and psychogenic mental disorders. Acute affective reactions are characterized by the fact that such people harm themselves in various ways, there are suicide attempts (intrapunitive reactions). This behavior occurs with sensitive and epileptoid accentuation.

Extrapunitive reactions are characterized by the displacement of aggression on random persons or objects. Characteristic for hyperthymic, labile and epileptoid accentuation. The immune reaction is characterized by the fact that a person avoids conflicts. It occurs with unstable and schizoid accentuation.

Some people have demonstrative reactions. Psycho-like disorders are manifested in petty misdemeanors and offenses, vagrancy. Sexual deviant behavior, the desire to experience a state of intoxication or experience unusual sensations through the use of alcohol and drugs, is also found in individuals of this type.

Against the background of accentuations, neuroses and depressions develop. Persistent changes are characterized by a transition from an explicit form of character accentuation to a latent one. Perhaps the emergence of psychopathic reactions with prolonged exposure to stress and critical age. Persistent changes include the transformation of types of accentuations from one to another due to improper upbringing of the child, which is possible in the direction of compatible types.

Character accentuations are strongly pronounced character traits that are on the border with. With accentuations, certain features are so pronounced in relation to other characteristics that they seem disproportionate to the overall picture of the personality.

For the first time, Leonhard K, a German psychiatrist, spoke about the concept of accentuations, who understood this term as the excessive severity of personality traits that, under adverse conditions, take pathological forms. In domestic practice, Lichko A.E. became the successor of the German school, who, on the basis of the works of Leonhard, developed his own classification of accentuations and introduced the very concept of “character accentuation” into practice.

Of course, any type of accentuation should not be considered a disorder, but it should be borne in mind that accentuation is fertile ground for the development of psychoses, neuroses and psychosomatic disorders.

In truth, the line between “normal” and pathology is so thin that it is extremely difficult to squeeze borderline accentuations between it. It takes a long time to diagnose accentuation.

Accentuations can be conditionally divided into hidden and explicit. An explicit form is just a borderline state that runs like a red thread through a person’s entire life.

The latent form manifests itself only in conditions of a traumatic or stressful situation and, in general, is a normal phenomenon. It is important to note that accentuations are dynamic, they change throughout life, but the same factor remains at the core.

Now consider personality accentuations according to Lichko A.E.:

It is worth noting that Lichko built his classification on adolescents, while his German teacher worked with a wider contingent. Therefore, it seems necessary to classify according to Leonhard:

There is another modification of the Leonhard model, which we will touch on in passing. Shmishek proposed to divide character accentuations into subtypes: in fact, features of character and temperament.

To temperamental he attributed:

• hyperthymia;
• distimity;
• anxiety;
• emotivity;
• cyclothymism;
• exaltation.

As for character accentuations:

• jam;
• pedantry;
• excitability;
• demonstrativeness.

We now turn to the reasons for the formation of these changes in character.

Reasons for development

Accentuations develop due to the influence of many factors, the key role among which is played, most likely, by heredity. The manifestation of such hereditary burden is facilitated by:

The accentuations of character are most pronounced at puberty, when the whole world of a teenager changes. Over time, they often turn into a latent form.

For the most part, it is shown that heredity plays a leading role in the formation of such a character. Social conditions alone cannot turn a person into a hysteroid, although they can teach an overprotective child to use hysterical behavior as a means to achieve goals. In addition, most people with character traits find mixed and dynamic complexes of manifestations, which suggests that accentuations tend to change.

Important Notes

It should be understood that the above classifications are only a supporting structure, an abstraction that rarely really works in practice. Of course, all these accentuations of character exist, but their "pure" forms are not found - except in the case of gross pathologies.

For children in whose behavior traits of changes in character are clearly revealed, it is extremely important to build special conditions for education that level the readiness for the development of explicit forms. Moreover, a clear understanding of the characteristics of character is extremely important in determining the professional affiliation of a person. After all, pronounced accentuations automatically exclude certain types of professions from consideration.

Often, character accentuations are close to psychopathy, so it is extremely important to take into account the only difference: the manifestations of accentuations are not permanent, they are situational and, in principle, predictable. Moreover, most people are aware of their characteristics and seek to control them.

Psychopathies, on the other hand, constantly affect a person’s life, negatively affecting his social contacts, roles in society and close relationships. Psychopathies practically do not smooth out and do not change over time, and even more so - they do not disappear. They are beyond human control.

Accentuated people have the opportunity to reveal the strengths of their character, psychopathic changes are negative and, in principle, have a destructive effect on the personality, and on the social environment.

If we touch on the topic of prevalence among adolescents, then this is a very pressing problem. Approximately 82% of children aged 12 to 18 have problems of this kind. Of course, such features are assessed as related to age, but inadequate responses to them from adults and the education system can “fix” such behavior.

At the same time, the problem of character accentuations can be corrected during this period. Left unchecked, the characteristic features of adolescent behavior, on the contrary, can evolve into serious psychological problems in the future.

Treatment

In principle, unexpressed accentuations do not require treatment. However, the accentuation of character that interferes with leading a full-blooded social life may require some correction.

In particular, it is worth paying attention to people with character accentuations who have suffered head injuries. After TBI, a serious exacerbation of the severity of certain character traits can follow.

If exacerbations are associated with some other diseases (infections, injuries, paralysis), then first of all it is worth treating the primary disease, and then starting psychotherapeutic work.

We also note that accentuations are not considered by psychiatrists as pathologies, but their proximity to psychopathy requires psychotherapeutic treatment. The usual course of therapy is aimed at teaching a person more control over their conditions and literally enlightening about their own characteristics. As a rule, people who understand their behavior better control it more successfully.

Accentuations of character are diagnosed through filling out a battery of tests and talking with a doctor, and sometimes through an additional collection of anamnesis. Treatment is psycho-correctional in nature and is carried out in a group, individual or family form.

Pharmacological agents are extremely rarely used, but their use may indicate an incorrect diagnosis - probably, it concerns psychopathy.

In general, character accentuations lend themselves to psychological correction and are overcome by people.

Accentuations are overly pronounced character traits related to the extreme version of the norm, bordering on psychopathy. With this feature, some traits of a person's character are pointed, disproportionate in relation to the general personality type, leading to a certain disharmony.

The term "personality accentuation" was introduced in 1968 by a German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, who described this phenomenon as overly pronounced individual personality traits that tended to go into a pathological state under the influence of adverse factors. Later, this issue was considered by A.E. Lichko, who, on the basis of the works of Leongrad, developed his own classification and introduced the term “character accentuation” into everyday life.

And although the accentuated character is by no means identified with a mental illness, it is important to understand that it can contribute to the formation of psychopathologies (neurosis, psychosis, etc.). In practice, it is very difficult to find the line to separate "normal" from accentuated personalities. However, psychologists recommend identifying such people in teams, because accentuation almost always determines special abilities and psychological disposition to specific activities.

Classifications

Accentuations of character in terms of severity can be explicit and hidden. Explicit accentuation is an extreme version of the norm, when certain character traits are expressed throughout life. The manifestation of hidden accentuations is usually associated with some kind of traumatic circumstances, which, in principle, is the usual version of the norm. During a person's life, the forms of accentuations can change from one to another under the influence of various external and internal factors.

Lichko classification

The most common and understandable classifications of character types include the aforementioned systems developed by Leonhard and Lichko. Lichko studied character accentuations that can be observed in adolescence to a greater extent, and the following types are distinguished in his classification:

Classification of Leongrad

In many ways, the classification of character types proposed by Leongrad, who studied character accentuations mainly in adults, is similar and identified the following types:

One of the modifications of the Leongarad classification is the Shmishek system, which proposed to divide the types of accentuations into accentuations of temperament and character. So, he attributed hyperthymia, distimism, cyclothymia, anxiety, exaltation and emotiveness to accentuations of temperament. But the author ranked excitability, stuckness, demonstrativeness and pedantry directly as accentuations of character.

Examples

The most striking examples of types of character accentuations can be popular heroes of modern animated films and literary works, endowed with pronounced personal characteristics. Thus, an unstable or dysthymic type of personality is well illustrated in the hero of the famous children's work "The Adventures of Pinocchio" by Pierrot, whose mood is usually bleak and depressed, and his attitude to surrounding events is pessimistic.

The donkey Eeyore from the cartoon about Winnie the Pooh is best suited to the asthenic or pedantic type. This character is distinguished by unsociableness, fear of disappointment, concern for one's own health. But the White Knight from the famous work "Alice in Wonderland" can be safely attributed to an extroverted schizoid type, characterized by intellectual development and unsociableness. Alice herself belongs rather to the cycloid type, which is characterized by alternating increased and decreased activity with corresponding mood swings. The character of Don Quixote Cervantes is revealed in a similar way.

The accentuation of the character of the demonstrative type is clearly manifested in Carlson - narcissistic a character who loves to show off, striving to always be the object of everyone's attention. Winnie the Pooh from the children's book of the same name and the cat Matroskin can be safely attributed to the excitable type. These two characters are similar in many ways, as both are distinguished by an optimistic warehouse, activity and immunity to criticism. An exalted character can be observed in the hero of the modern cartoon "Madagascar" King Julian - he is eccentric, inclined to exaggerate his own emotions, does not tolerate inattention to himself.

The labile (emotional) type of character accentuation is revealed in Tsarevna-Nesmeyana, but the fisherman from A.S. Pushkin "On the Fisherman and the Fish" is a characteristic representative of the conformal (extroverted) type, who finds it easier to adapt to the opinions of others than to defend his own point of view. The paranoid (stuck) type is characteristic of most purposeful and self-confident super-heroes (Spider-Man, Superman, etc.), whose life is a constant struggle.

Formation factors

The accentuated character is formed, as a rule, under the influence of a combination of various factors. There is no doubt that one of the key roles in this is played by heredity, that is, some innate personality traits. In addition, the following circumstances may influence the appearance of accentuations:

• Appropriate social environment. Since character is formed from early childhood, the people around the child have the greatest influence on personality development. He unconsciously copies their behavior and adopts their features;
• Destructive upbringing. Lack of attention from parents and other people around, excessive guardianship or severity, lack of emotional closeness with the child, excessive or conflicting demands, etc.;
• Dissatisfaction of personal needs. With an authoritarian type of management in the family or school;
• Lack of communication in adolescence;
• Inferiority complex, high self-esteem or other forms of disharmonious self-image;
• Chronic diseases, especially those affecting the nervous system, physical disabilities;
• Profession. According to statistics, character accentuations are more often observed in representatives of such professions as actors, teachers, medical workers, military personnel, etc.

According to scientists, the accentuation of character is more often manifested in the puberty period, but as they grow older, it turns into a latent form. As for the genesis of the phenomenon under consideration, a number of previous studies show that, in general, education itself cannot create conditions in which, for example, a schizoid or cycloid personality type could be formed. However, with certain relationships in the family (excessive indulgence of the child, etc.), it is quite possible that the child will develop a hysterical character accentuation, etc. Very often, people with a hereditary predisposition have mixed types of accentuations.

Peculiarities

Accentuations of character are found not only in their "pure" form, easily classifiable, but in a mixed form. These are the so-called intermediate types, which are the result of the simultaneous development of several different features. Taking into account such personality traits is very important when raising children and building communication with adolescents. It is also necessary to take into account the features of an accentuated character when choosing a profession, when identifying a predisposition to a particular type of activity.

Very often, an accentuated character is compared with psychopathy. It is important to take into account the obvious difference here - the manifestation of accentuations is not permanent, since over time they can change their severity, smooth out or even disappear. Under favorable life circumstances, individuals with an accentuated character are even able to reveal special abilities and talents in themselves. For example, a person with an exalted type can discover the talent of an artist, actor, etc. in himself.

As for the manifestations of accentuations in adolescence, this problem is very relevant today. According to statistics, almost 80% of adolescents have character accentuations. And although these features are considered temporary, psychologists talk about the importance of their timely recognition and correction. The fact is that some of the pronounced accentuations under the influence of certain adverse factors can transform a mental illness already in adulthood.

Treatment

Excessively pronounced accentuation of character, leading to a clear personality disharmony, may indeed require some treatment. It is important to emphasize that therapy for the problem under consideration should be inextricably linked with the underlying disease. For example, it has been proven that with repeated craniocerebral injuries against the background of an accentuated character, the formation of psychopathic disorders is possible. Despite the fact that character accentuations themselves are not considered pathologies in psychology, they are quite close to mental disorders in a number of ways. In particular, an accentuated character is one of the psychological problems in which it is not always possible to maintain normal behavior in society.

Explicit and hidden character accentuations are diagnosed during special psychological tests using appropriate questionnaires. Treatment is always prescribed individually, depending on the specific type of accentuation, its causes, etc. As a rule, correction is carried out with the help of psychotherapy in an individual, family or group form, but sometimes additional drug therapy may be prescribed.

The concept of "accentuation" was first introduced by the German psychiatrist and psychologist, professor of neurology at the neurological clinic of the University of Berlin, Karl Leonhard (K.Leonhard). He also developed and described the well-known classification of personality accentuations. In our country, another classification of accentuations has become widespread, which was proposed by the famous child psychiatrist, Professor A.E. Lichko. However, in both approaches, a common understanding of the meaning of accentuation is preserved.

In the most concise form, accentuation can be defined as the disharmony of character development, the hypertrophied severity of its individual features, which causes an increased vulnerability of the individual to certain types of influences and makes it difficult to adapt to some specific situations.

At the same time, it is important to note that selective vulnerability to certain types of influences, which occurs with one or another accentuation, can be combined with good or even increased resistance to other influences. In the same way, difficulties with the adaptation of the personality in some specific situations (associated with this accentuation) can be combined with good and even increased abilities for social adaptation in other situations. At the same time, these “other” situations themselves can be objectively more complex, but not associated with this accentuation.

In the works of K.Leonhard, both the combination of “accentuated personality” and “accentuated character traits” are used. Although, nevertheless, the main thing for him is the concept of “accentuation of personality”. The very classification of K. Leonhard is a classification of accentuated personalities. A.E. Lichko believes that it would be more correct to talk about accentuations of character, because in reality it is about the features of character and typology of character that we are talking about. Most likely, it should be considered that the use of both combinations is fair - both an accentuated personality and an accentuation of character. In Russian psychology, a tradition has developed to clearly, and sometimes sharply, emphasize the difference in the concepts of personality and character. This means that the concept of personality is broader, including orientation, motives, attitudes, intelligence, abilities, etc. Meanwhile, in Western psychology, often speaking "personality" - they mean its characterology. There are certain reasons for this, because character is not only the basis of personality (many people think so, although this is debatable), but also an integrative education. The system of relations of the personality, its attitudes, orientations, etc. find their expression in the character. If we turn specifically to the descriptions of various accentuations (it doesn’t matter in what typology - K. Leonhard or A. Lichko), then it is easy to see that much in them characterizes the personality in its various aspects. In the future, we will equally and equally use both terms - an accentuated personality and an accentuation of character.

One of the common practical mistakes that we would like to warn against is the interpretation of accentuation as an established pathology. Very often such an interpretation can be heard not only in oral presentations and lectures, but even in very solid psychological publications. So, in one (on the whole, in a very good) textbook addressed to school psychologists, we read: “in a public school, among “difficult” teenagers, accentuated ones are no more common than among the rest. From this follows the conclusion that psychopathological (highlighted by me - A.R.) character traits are not a factor that directly causes school difficulties ”(Psychological service of the school. M. 1995). However, the identification of accentuations with the psychopathology of character is wrong. Perhaps this erroneous stereotype has acquired such a noticeable stability and prevalence because the very concept of “accentuation” appeared and at first was used mainly in clinical psychology. However, already in the works of K. Leonhard it was specially emphasized that accentuated people are not abnormal. Otherwise, only average mediocrity should be considered the norm, and any deviation from it should be considered as a pathology (K. Leonhard, 1981). K. Leonhard even believed that a person without a hint of accentuation, of course, is not inclined to develop in an unfavorable direction; but it is just as unlikely that it differs in any positive way. Accentuated personalities, on the contrary, are characterized by readiness for the special, i. both socially positive and socially negative development. Summarizing all that has been said, it can obviously be concluded that accentuation is not a pathology, but an extreme version of the norm.

According to various sources, the prevalence of accentuations in a population varies greatly and depends on many factors. These factors include socio-cultural characteristics of the environment, gender and age characteristics, etc. According to K. Leonhard and his collaborators, the proportion of accentuated personalities in the adult population is approximately 50%. However, the authors specifically emphasize that in other countries the ratio of accentuated and non-accentuated people may be different.

Although, in general, the question of the dynamics of accentuations has not yet been sufficiently developed, it is already definitely possible to speak about the phenomenon of sharpening of the features of an accentuated character in adolescence. In the future, obviously, their smoothing or compensation occurs, as well as the transition of explicit accentuations to hidden ones. According to N.Ya. Ivanov (see Table 1.), the prevalence of accentuations in adolescence, as well as in early adolescence, is different in boys and girls. In addition, the proportion of those who are accentuated varies depending on the type and characteristics of the educational institution.

Usually accentuations develop during the formation of character and smooth out with growing up. Character traits with accentuations may not appear constantly, but only in certain situations, in a certain situation, and almost not be detected under normal conditions. Social maladaptation with accentuations is either completely absent or is short-lived.

With accentuations, violations occur only with a certain kind of mental trauma, in some difficult situations, namely, only when they are addressed to the "place of least resistance", to the "weak link" of this type of character. Other difficulties and upheavals that do not touch this Achilles' heel do not lead to violations and are steadfastly endured. With each type of accentuation, there are "weak points" inherent in it, different from other types.

Accentuations of character are extreme variants of the norm, in which certain character traits are excessively strengthened, as a result of which selective vulnerability is revealed in relation to a certain kind of psychogenic influences with good and even increased resistance to others ...

two degrees of character accentuation are distinguished: explicit and hidden

obvious accentuation. This degree of accentuation refers to the extreme variants of the norm. It is distinguished by the presence of fairly constant traits of a certain type of character ...

In adolescence, character traits are often sharpened, and under the influence of psychogenic factors that address the "place of least resistance", temporary disturbances in adaptation and behavioral deviations may occur. When growing up, character traits remain quite pronounced, but they are compensated and usually do not interfere with adaptation.

hidden accent. This degree, apparently, should be attributed not to the extreme, but to the usual variants of the norm. In ordinary, habitual conditions, the features of a certain type of character are weakly expressed or do not appear at all. Even with prolonged observation, versatile contacts and detailed acquaintance with the biography, it is difficult to get a clear picture of a certain type of character. However, traits of this type can be clearly, sometimes unexpectedly, revealed under the influence of those situations and mental traumas that place increased demands on the "place of least resistance." Psychogenic factors of a different kind, even severe ones, not only do not cause mental disorders, but may not even reveal the type of character. If such features are revealed, this, as a rule, does not lead to noticeable social maladjustment ...

Description of types of accentuations (according to K. Leonhard)

Hyperthymic type

A noticeable feature of the hyperthymic personality type is a constant (or frequent) stay in high spirits. Hyperthymia can be in high spirits, despite the absence of any external reasons for this. Elevated mood is combined with high activity, thirst for activity. Sociability, increased talkativeness are characteristic. They look at life optimistically, without losing optimism even when difficulties arise. Difficulties are often overcome without much difficulty due to their inherent activity and activity.

stuck type

The stuck type of personality is characterized by a high stability of affect, the duration of an emotional response, experiences. Insulting personal interests and dignity, as a rule, is not forgotten for a long time and is never simply forgiven. In this regard, others often characterize them as vindictive and vindictive people. There are reasons for this: the experience of affect is often combined with fantasizing, hatching a plan to respond to the offender, revenge. The painful resentment of these people, as a rule, is clearly visible. They can also be called sensitive and vulnerable, but in combination and in the context of the above.

emotive type

The main feature of an emotive personality is high sensitivity and deep reactions in the field of subtle emotions. Kindness, kindness, sincerity, emotional responsiveness, highly developed empathy are characteristic. All these features, as a rule, are clearly visible and are constantly manifested in the external reactions of the individual in various situations. A characteristic feature is increased tearfulness (“wet eyes”).