The letter w is always hard or soft. Consonant sounds and letters. Always hard sounds in Russian

In Russian, most consonants are soft and hard, this quality is meaningful. Compare words:

• chalk - stranded;
• bank - bathhouse;
• guest - guest

However, there are also those whose hardness is a constant quality, which means that they are always hard.

Consonant sounds: [g]

It occurs in the following words:

• life [zhiz "n"].;
• liquid [zhytk "y];
• honeysuckle [zhimls "t"];
• live [live];
• trembles [tremble];
• guards [starazhyt];
• buzzing [buzzing];
• red [red];
• blessed [blessed].

When comparing spelling and sound, the following conclusion can be drawn: after this consonant, a letter is written And, but the sound [s] is heard. When choosing this spelling, you need to be guided by the rule: ZhI write with the letter I.

To play with a child in order to practice spelling skills, you can use, for example, the following text:

A beetle buzzes over honeysuckle. He lives somewhere near the ground beetle. She guards her home from him. And red hedgehogs run past the puddle. A bush is reflected in its liquid liquid - just like a living one, only turned upside down.

Sound [w]

It is solid in contrast to [zh], which is voiced. This phoneme can be observed in the words:

• breadth [shyr "];
• sew [shit"];
• chiffon [chiffon];
• wardrobe [shyfan "yer];
• mice [mice];
• silence [t "ishyna];
• ruffs [yirshy];
• pennies [grashes];
• in a hurry [sp "ishyt];
• finishes [curls].

Here we are also dealing with the same trend as in the case of the sound [g]: after [w], the letter is written And. The rule, as for the previous spelling: "SHI write with the letter I."

To work out the skill of correctly writing such words, let's turn to the dictation:

Mice rustle under the roof slopes. One of them hears the cat breathing in silence, and hurries to her hole - she has babies there.

Let's sum up, always solid ones serve as identification signs of the spelling "And after Zh and Sh."

Sound [ts]

The last sound, in which hardness is a constant quality, is [ts]. It has more difficulties in terms of spelling. The spelling of vowels after this sound depends on the morpheme. Let's take examples of words with spelling at the root of words:

• digit [number];
• compass [compass "];
• circus [circus];
• citron [citron];
• acacia [akatsyya];
• lecture [lecture];
• section [with "ektsyya];
• sanction [sanction].

Where there is this solid consonant sound in a word, we hear [s] after it, but we designate this phoneme in different ways. In the examples given above, the spelling is regulated by the following rule: after the letter C, it is written AND at the root of the word. But there are exceptions in which you still need to put Y:

• chick-chick-chick;
• on tiptoe;
• chick;
• click;
• Gypsy.

In addition to these exceptions, it is also possible to write Y in suffixes and endings:

• sinitsyn;
• sisters;
• near the hospital;
• without water;
• at the young woman;
• at the girl.

Play with your child to practice spelling words that are spelled with the letter C:

A gypsy performs in the circus, he clicks at the chickens: "Shush!" They hide in the paws of the fox. The girls laugh, stand on tiptoe and greet the fox's kindness with loud ovations.

To summarize: the sounds in the alphabet are always Zh, C, Sh. The following vowels can be written with them: I, Y.

Replacing W with W

The sound [ts] is not hissing. And the other two are called just that. In a weak position (at the end of a word or before voiceless consonants), the sound [g] is replaced by [w]:

• married [zamush];
• already [ush];
• unbearable [nefterpesh];
• spoon [spoon];
• horns [roshk" and].

The text of the dictation on this topic, which will help to carry out interesting training work on this spelling:

This always happens when consonant, voiced, hard sounds in a weak position are replaced by the same, only deaf.

The Golitsyn sisters got married. They are unbearable. And the dowry is ready: spoons, mugs, pillows, boots, tubs, bowls, cups, ladles. And now the droshky appeared on the path, Seryozhka, Alyoshka, Proshka and Olezhka - the sisters' grooms - are riding there. Here the fairy tale ends, and they lived happily ever after.

When put b after Zh and Sh

For the reason that the above consonants are always hard, it is never used with them to indicate softness. However, there are times when you can meet it after the letters Zh and Sh:

• mouse;
• lie;
• shiver;
• brooch;
• nonsense;
• all over;
• do not touch;
• hear.

These examples illustrate the rule of using a soft sign to indicate the grammatical form of words:

1. Nouns 3 folds: silence, whim.
2. Adverb: backhand.
3. Verbs: go, lay down.

We use the following suggestions for training:

It's just a lie that the mouse is scary: don't touch it when you walk by, it won't touch it either.

If the house is quiet, and you don’t scream, don’t jump, don’t bliss, then there’s some kind of catch, you won’t understand right away. What are you doing there, and you yourself are silent?

When b is not put after Zh and Sh

Always hard consonants [g] and [w] are sometimes written with a soft sign, and this depends on their grammatical category. And, conversely, the absence of this letter after them also has a morphological meaning:

1. There are no 3 declensions for nouns: baby, watchman, roof covering.
2. Short adjective: good, comely.
3. Adverbs-exceptions: already, married, unbearable.

Practice text:

My baby is good, handsome and looks like dad. He will be a pilot, he will fly above the roofs, you can’t follow him.

O and Yo after hissing and C

Always solid consonants require special attention to themselves, since the pronunciation of vowels after them does not always correspond to the spelling. This applies not only to the letters I and Y, but also O and Y:

• walked [shol];
• whisper [whisper];
• silk [silk];
• millstones [zhornof];
• acorn [acorn];
• rustle [rustle];
• highway [shose];
• jockey [jock "hey].

The name of this spelling is "Oh and Yo in the root after hissing." Rule: "If you can pick up a word with the letter E in a single-root word, then we write -Yo, if there is none, we write O." Let's check:

• acorn - acorn;
• silk - silks;
• millstones - millstones;
• rustle - cannot be checked;
• jockey - can't be verified.

In suffixes and endings after Zh and Sh, the letter O is written under stress:

• walrus;
• big.

Without stress, you need to write the letter -E:

• orange;
• pear.

After C, the letter E is never written, only O (under stress) or E (without stress).

• basement;
• church;
• end face;
• wrestling;
• slate;
• glossy;
• towel;
• stigma.

Consonant letters denoting a solid sound (Ж, Ш, Ц) require very great attention to themselves. As you can see, a very large number of spellings are associated with them. According to the school curriculum, a test is provided that is related to testing knowledge with precisely these consonants. For example, here is a dictation:

"Once we went hunting and our dogs ran after us.

In the forests in autumn there are many delicious things: cones, pears, honeysuckle berries, blackberries, acorns. Animals eat at this time and get fat.

Here we are in the very thicket of the forest, we hear the barking of dogs and run to that place. We see a fox hole there. The dogs tore open the entrance and dragged her out. We drove the dogs away. The fox red fluffy outfit is slightly wrinkled, but still it is silky and smooth. Yellow circles around the eyes. The breast is white, the paws are black. Good foxes!

We released the poor fellow, she quickly darted into the bushes, and the trail went cold from the sister fox.

Consonants sound differently in different words. Sometimes hard, sometimes soft. In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonants and designate the softness of consonants in writing with the letters I, E, E, Yu, I and L. We will find out which consonants form pairs of hardness-softness, and which are only hard or only soft.

If you ask what can be soft, probably everyone will immediately say: bread, sofa, scarf, pillow. And stone, ice, wood - solid. Yes, but it turns out that the sounds of Russian speech, consonants, can also be hard and soft.

Say the words several times in turn: CAT - KIT.

Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing a sound in the word KIT, the middle part of the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which the air flows narrows and a sound is obtained, which scientists conventionally called soft. And the opposite sound is called - solid.

It is important to listen to the sounds of spoken words. If you say the word HES otherwise - with a solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.

Let's listen and observe the movement of our tongue:

row - sound [p '] - glad - sound [p]

hatch - sound [l ’] - bow - sound [l]

crumpled - sound [m '] - small - sound [m]

Sounds can be written (conditionally) with icons. Musical sounds are recorded in notes, and speech sounds are written in letters, but in special square brackets - in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.

Most consonants form pairs of softness - hardness:

Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not form pairs in hardness / softness:

— Only hard consonants: [w], [w], [c];

— Only soft consonants: [th '], [h '], [u '].

In writing, the hardness of consonants is indicated by vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonants is indicated by vowels E, E, I, Yu, I.

There are words with soft consonants at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonants. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then a soft sign will come to the rescue. Even his name suggests - a sign soft, for soft consonants.

How to act when writing words:

- I hear a solid consonant sound - I write letters after it in place of the vowel sound: A, O, U, Y, E.

- I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel sound - I denote its softness with vowels: E, E, I, Yu, I.

- I hear a soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant - I show softness b.

If you liked it, share it with your friends:

Join us atFacebook!

See also:

Preparation for exams in Russian:

Essentials from theory:

We offer online tests:

“Tell me how to learn with a child hard and soft consonants voiced and deaf? - Mom asked recently, apparently, first-graders.

Answer: no way.

It is not necessary to teach the child hard and soft consonants, voiced and deaf. It is necessary to teach the child to hear them and identify them by different signs. It's just impossible to learn! It is necessary that the child first understands how voiced and deaf, hard and soft consonants are obtained, and knowledge will come after understanding.

How will we teach a child to distinguish consonant sounds?

Let's start with hard and soft consonants.

In Russian, not all consonants can be both hard and soft. Therefore, first it is necessary for the child to memorize the consonants Zh, Sh, Ts, which are always hard and Ch, Shch, Y, which are always soft.

Make such a reminder to the child, pay attention to the child that the letters H, W, Y sit on the pillows, because they are always soft. If this memo is in front of the child's eyes, it will be easier for him to remember these letters. You can print and hang over the table where the child is engaged. You can write on cardboard and put it in a notebook in writing or in Russian.

But the rest of the consonants can be both hard and soft. And they will help determine the hardness and softness of the consonant adjacent letters.

An interesting option for memorizing hard and soft consonants was suggested by our reader Irina: "I figured out how to remember my children three always hard sounds, ("Ж", "Ш", "Ц"), i.e. those that never soften.

Iron, Washer and Cement - Which will be harder? What's the secret?

There are always soft three sounds: "Ch", "Sch", "Y". Here is a funny tongue twister: Bangs Tickle YYY. ("th" will play the sound of laughter)"

If after the determined consonant there is another consonant, then it is solid. For example, in the word "song" after C is H and we mark C as a hard consonant. Despite the fact that in the Russian language there is the concept of assimilation, when sounds are likened to one another, as in this case, but in elementary school we do not climb into such a jungle of phonetics.

If there is a vowel after the consonant, then it is very easy to determine hardness and softness. All vowels are commanders and they command the previous consonant whether the sound should be hard or soft. The only exceptions are 6 letters, which we talked about earlier. Make such a reminder to the child and let it help him in distinguishing between hard and soft sounds.

And, of course, it is necessary to teach the child to hear hard and soft sounds, to distinguish them by ear. To do this, there are many development exercises. And the well-known game can be modified to suit our task and give the child the task of determining hard or soft first consonant in a word.

At first, you need to select words that begin with a consonant: stump, pony, cancer, river, onion, hatch ... Then you can complicate the task and select words where the consonant is no longer the first sound. Since there are several consonants in the word, it is necessary to discuss with the child which consonant you will determine - the first or the last. The child needs to determine by ear the desired consonant in the word and hear its hardness or softness. And this is already a difficult task. For example: about d eealo and o d urvanchik. The first consonant is D, but in these words it denotes sounds of different softness.

Apply all these methods at once and the child will learn to identify without problems. About voiced and deaf next time.

If you have any questions, write in the comments.

Usually, children do not have serious difficulties in understanding the difference between vowels and consonants. But on hard and soft consonants, you should dwell in more detail.

How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft consonants

The very first thing to teach a child is that consonants can be hard and soft, but not letters.

Typical mistake:
Children confuse sound and letter. Remember that a sound is a sound, and a letter is an icon, it is written. A letter cannot be hard or soft, only a consonant sound can be hard or soft in pronunciation.

Sometimes children can easily learn to distinguish between soft and hard sounds by ear.
But it happens that this is difficult, and in this case, signs will come to the rescue by which one can distinguish hard sounds from soft ones.

Distinctive features of soft and hard sounds

What sound comes after the consonant:

• If after the consonant there is a vowel a, o, u, e, s, then the consonant is solid.
• If after the consonant there is a vowel and, e, u, i, then the consonant is soft.

Working with examples:
In the words "mother", "nora" - solid consonants, because after them come "a" and "o".
In the words "fly", "nanny" - consonants are soft, because after them come "e", "and", "I".

• If another consonant sounds after a consonant, then the first consonant will be hard.
• There are sounds that can only be hard and sounds that can only be soft, no matter what sound is heard and what letter is written after them.

Always solid sounds - w, w, c.
Always soft - th, h, u.
A common way to learn these sounds is a simple technique: we write the letters that convey these sounds in a line, and underline "th, h, u". The underline symbolizes the pillow on which soft sounds sit. The pad is soft, so the sounds are soft.

Soft sign and hard sign

• If the consonant is at the end of the word, and after it is the letter “b”, then the consonant is soft.

This rule is easy to apply if the child sees the written word, but it will not help if the child performs the task by ear.

Movement of the tongue when pronouncing soft and hard sounds

When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue moves slightly forward, approaching the palate (or touching it) with its middle.
When pronouncing solid sounds, the tongue does not move forward.

Table of signs of hard and soft sounds

Solid:

1. Before a, o, u, uh, s.
2. At the end of a word before a consonant.
3. Zh, c, sh.

Soft:

1. Before the vowels e, e, i, u, i.
2. If after the consonant there is a soft sign (dust, measles).
3. Y, h, sh.

A picture or just a list of thematic words is shown, and the task is given to choose words with soft or hard consonants. For example:

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There are 11 pairs of voiced/voiced consonants in Russian.
The phonetic difference between voiced and voiceless consonants lies in the tension of the vocal cords. Deaf sounds are pronounced with the help of noise, without tension of the ligaments. Voiced sounds are pronounced with a voice, are caused by the vibration of the vocal cords, because. noisy air comes out of the larynx.

Mnemonic technique for memorizing deaf sounds:
Memorize the phrase: “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? - Fi! All consonants here are deaf.

Examples of tasks for children

Tasks for training the difference of paired consonants can be compiled for each pair according to the following principle (using the example of the D/T pair):

Tasks for the difference between a pair of consonants Г/К

Cards - hard and soft consonants

In continuation of the post "How to teach a child to read by syllables? We make words from syllables," I offer you new material - cards with hard and soft consonant sounds.

Use flashcards to teach your child to tell when consonants are soft and hard.

Blue - solid
Green - soft

Consonants can be soft or hard. For example, in the word "world" a soft consonant sound [m"] is heard, and in the word "poppy" - a hard consonant sound [m]. The softness of a consonant is indicated by adding the symbol ", for example: [m"] to its record.

Remember:
Always soft sounds: [th '], [h '], [u '].
Always solid sounds: [g], [w], [c].

The remaining sounds are soft if they are immediately followed by the vowels e, ё, and, u, i or ь, and hard if they are followed by other vowels and consonants.

Hard and soft consonants differ in the position of the tongue.
When pronouncing soft consonants ([b"], [c"], [d"], [h"], etc.), the entire body of the tongue moves forward, and the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. This movement of the tongue is called palatalization. Palatalization is considered an additional articulation: it is superimposed on the main one associated with the formation of an obstruction.

When pronouncing solid consonants ([b], [c], [d], [h], etc.), the tongue does not move forward and its middle part does not rise.
Consonants form 15 pairs of sounds opposed in hardness / softness. All of them are either hard pairs or soft pairs:
[b] - [b "]
[in] - [in "]
[g] - [g"]
[d] - [d "]
[h] - [h "]
[n] - [n "]
[f] - [f "]
[k] - [k"]
[t] - [t"]
[s] - [s"]
[mm"]
[n] - [n "]
[p] - [p "]
[l] - [l "]
[x] - [x"]