F paired or unpaired. Consonant sounds and letters. Life hack for determining the deafness or sonority of consonants for schoolchildren

The ability to speak orally is very important for social life and the development of the individual. Much attention in the study of the native (or foreign) language is paid to colloquial speech - the correct pronunciation of phonemes. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the organs of speech and sound formation.

Sound production

Sound formation occurs as a result of mental and speech activity of a person. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal and oral cavity, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.

The tongue with the lower lip is actively involved in sound production. Teeth, palate, upper lip remain passive.

The production of sounds (phonemes) includes:

• respiration, breathing
• phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
• articulation - work for sound production.

Noisy (deaf) Russian

There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian language, and much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes consisting of a clear voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.

In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, which is formed as a result of overcoming certain obstacles by the exhaled air flow, which are interacting speech organs.

[k, ], [p, ], [s, ], [t, ], [f, ], [x, ], [h, ], [u, ], [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [w] - deaf consonants.

To learn how to determine which consonant sounds are deaf, you need to know their main features: how and in what place they are formed, how vocal folds are involved in their production, whether there is palatalization during pronunciation.

Formation of noisy consonants

In the process of producing deaf consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close with each other or form a gap.

Deaf consonants are born when the exhaled overcomes these barriers. Depending on the type of obstacles, deaf phonemes are divided into:

• stop plosives [k, p, t, k, p, t];
• occlusive fricatives (affricates) [c, h,];
• slotted (fricative) [s, f, x, u, s, f, x, w].

Depending on the places where barriers are formed, among deaf phonemes there are:

• labial-labial [n, n];
• labio-dental [f, f];
• anterior lingual dental [s, s, t, t, c];
• anterior-lingual palatine-tooth [h, u, w];
• posterior lingual posterior palate [k, x, k, x].

Palatalization and velarization

Noisy phonemes are classified according to the degree of tension in the middle of the language. When, in the process of sound production, the anterior and middle regions of the tongue rise to the hard palate, a palatalized consonant (soft) voiceless sound is born. Velarized (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the posterior region of the soft palate.

6 soft and 6 hard noisy deaf phonemes make pairs, the rest do not have pairs.

Paired deaf consonants - [k, - k], [n, - p], [s, - s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, - x]; [c, h, sh, u,] - deaf unpaired consonants.

Articulation

The combination of all the work of the individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in the pronunciation of phonemes is called articulation.

In order for speech to be understandable, one must be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, sentences. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, work out the pronunciation of phonemes.

Having understood how deaf consonants are formed, how to pronounce them correctly, a child or an adult will master speech much faster.

Sounds [k - k, x - x,]

Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open mouth. Raise the back of the tongue so that it comes into contact with the border zone of the raised soft and hard palate. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [k].

Press the end of the tongue against the lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back of the tongue closer to the middle-posterior region of the hard palate. Exhale - [to,].

In the production of phonemes [x - x,] the organs of speech are arranged similarly. Only between them remains not a link, but a gap.

Sounds [p - p,]

Close the lips, leave the tongue free to lie, slightly move its tip away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. The air jet breaks through the lips - [p].

The lips are the same. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue to the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the labial barrier - [p,].

Sounds [s - s,]

Stretch your lips, almost close your teeth. Touch the end of the tongue to the front teeth of the lower jaw. Bend the tongue, lifting the middle back to the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through the groove formed in the middle of the tongue. Overcomes the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior back of the tongue - [s].

The phoneme [s, ] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front arches more (the groove disappears).

Sounds [t - t,]

Open lips. Rest the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A jet of exhaled air breaks through the barrier with force - [t].

The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of the tongue against the lower incisors. Touch the upper alveolar arch with the front of the tongue, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air jet, an obstacle is overcome - [t, ].

Sounds [f - f,]

Slightly retract the lower lip and press the upper incisors against it. Raise the back of the tongue to the back of the soft palate. On exhalation, the air passes through a flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].

Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue to the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue to the palate. The air flow penetrates through the labio-dental fissure - [f,].

Sound [ts]

Sound is produced in two stages:

1. Stretch slightly tense lips. Press the end of the tongue to the front lower teeth. Raise the front of the tongue, closing with the hard palate (just behind the alveolar arch).
2. The air flow enters the oral cavity. Slightly bend the tongue - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the lateral edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [c].

Sound [h,]

Phoneme formation consists of two phases:

1. Slightly round and push the lips. Press the end and front of the tongue against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
2. Push out the air: at the place of the connection between the tongue and the palate, a gap will be obtained. At the same time, it is necessary to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].

Sound [w]

Push slightly rounded lips. Raise the end of the tongue to form a narrow passage with the palate and the alveolar arch (1st gap). Lowering the middle of the tongue, raise its back (2nd gap). Press the edges to the chewing teeth, forming a bowl. Exhale smoothly - [sh].

Sound [u,]

The lips are slightly extended and rounded. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch, without pressing, so that there is a gap. Raise the tongue to the hard palate (except for the front part), press the edges against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. The tongue tenses - [u,].

In a speech stream, voiceless consonants coexist with other phonemes. If a vowel follows after a noisy phoneme, then the lips assume a position for the articulation of the latter.

Comparison of noisy deaf and voiced phonemes

Voiced are phonemes, in the formation of which both voice and noise are involved (the latter predominates). Some voiced have paired sounds from among the deaf.

Paired deaf consonants and voiced: [k - g], [k, - g,], [p - b], [p, - b,], [t - d], [t, - d,], [s - h], [s, - h, ], [f - c], [f, - c,], [w - g].

Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:

• [d, l, m, n, p, l, m, n, p] - voiced (sonorous);
• [x, h, u, x, c] - noisy deaf.

Designation of noisy phonemes by letters

The ability to write well is just as important as speaking. Mastering written speech is even more difficult, since some sounds on paper can be written in different letters or letter combinations.

Deaf consonants when written are transmitted by similar letters if they are in strong positions.

According to deafness-voicedness: before a vowel, [in - in,], other noisy ones (applicable to paired deaf people!).

By hardness-softness: before a vowel, [b, m, g, k, p, x, b, m, g, k, p, x,] - for sounds [s, s, t, t, ], at the end of a word.

In other cases, to determine the correct letter (or combination of letters) for a deaf consonant phoneme, certain rules of the Russian language must be applied. And sometimes you just need to remember the correct spelling of words (dictionaries).

The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The phonetics of the modern Russian number defines 42 sounds. Sounds are vowels and consonants. The letters ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) do not form sounds.

Vowel sounds

There are 10 vowels and 6 vowels in Russian.

• Vowels: a, i, e, e, o, u, s, e, u, i.
• Vowel sounds: [a], [o], [y], [e], [i], [s].

For memorization, vowels are often written in pairs according to a similar sound: a-z, o-e, ee, u-s, u-yu.

percussion and unstressed

The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in a word: forest - 1 syllable, water - 2 syllables, road - 3 syllables, etc. A syllable that is pronounced with more intonation is stressed. The vowel forming such a syllable is stressed, the rest of the vowels in the word are unstressed. The position under stress is called a strong position, without stress - a weak position.

Iotated vowels

A significant place is occupied by iotized vowels - the letters e, e, u, i, which mean two sounds: e → [y '] [e], yo → [y '] [o], yu → [y '] [y], i → [y '] [a]. Vowels are iotated if:

1. stand at the beginning of the word (spruce, tree, spinning top, anchor),
2. stand after a vowel (what, sings, hare, cabin),
3. stand after b or b (stream, stream, stream, stream).

In other cases, the letters e, e, u, i mean one sound, but there is no one-to-one correspondence, since different positions in the word and various combinations with the consonants of these letters give rise to different sounds.

Consonants

There are 21 consonants and 36 consonants in total. The discrepancy in number means that some letters can mean different sounds in different words - soft and hard sounds.

Consonants: b, c, d, e, g, s, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u.
Consonant sounds: [b], [b’], [c], [c’], [g], [g’], [d], [d’], [g], [h], [h’], [d’], [k], [k’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [p], [n’], [p], [r’], [s], [s’], [t], [t’], [f], [f’], [x], [x’], [c], [h’ ], [w], [w'].

The ‘ sign means a soft sound, that is, the letter is pronounced softly. The absence of a sign indicates that the sound is solid. So, [b] is hard, [b ’] is soft.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There is a difference in how we pronounce consonants. Voiced consonants are formed in a combination of voice and noise, deaf consonants are formed due to noise (the vocal cords do not vibrate). There are 20 voiced consonants and 16 voiceless consonants.

Voiced consonants		voiceless consonants
unpaired	paired	paired	unpaired
th → [th"]	b → [b], [b "]	n → [n], [n"]	h → [h"]
l → [l], [l"]	in → [in], [in"]	f → [f], [f"]	u → [u"]
m → [m], [m"]	g → [g], [g"]	to → [to], [to "]	ts → [ts]
n → [n], [n "]	d → [d], [d "]	t → [t], [t"]	x → [x], [x"]
p → [p], [p "]	f → [f]	w → [w]
	s → [s], [s "]	s → [s], [s"]
9 unpaired	11 doubles	11 doubles	5 unpaired
20 voiced sounds		16 deaf sounds

According to pairing-unpairness, voiced and deaf consonants are divided into:
b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, w-w, s-s- paired by sonority-deafness.
d, l, m, n, p - always voiced (unpaired).
x, c, h, u - always deaf (unpaired).

Unpaired voiced consonants are called sonorants.

Among the consonants, according to the level of "noisiness", there are also groups:
f, w, h, u - hissing.
b, c, d, e, g, h, k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u- noisy.

Hard and soft consonants

hard consonants		Soft consonants
unpaired	paired	paired	unpaired
[and]	[b]	[b"]	[h"]
[w]	[V]	[V"]	[sch"]
[c]	[G]	[G"]	[th"]
	[e]	[d"]
	[h]	[h "]
	[To]	[To"]
	[l]	[l"]
	[m]	[m"]
	[n]	[n"]
	[P]	[P"]
	[R]	[R"]
	[With]	[With"]
	[T]	[T"]
	[f]	[f"]
	[X]	[X"]
3 unpaired	15 doubles	15 doubles	3 unpaired
18 solid sounds		18 soft sounds

Consonant It is formed during the passage of exhaled air from the oral cavity with overcoming obstacles created by the tongue, lips, teeth, and palate. All consonants are made up of the noise that is created when this happens. In some consonant sounds, in addition to noise, a voice is involved, which is created by the vibration of the vocal cords.

Comparison with vowels. Vowel sounds consist only of a voice (tone), while consonants may contain a voice, but they necessarily contain noise in their composition. When vowels are formed, the exhaled air freely passes through the oral cavity, and when consonants are formed, the air overcomes the obstacles created by the organs of speech.

Classification of consonants.

Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. Consonants are different

• according to the degree of participation of voice and noise: sonorants (voice prevails in education with a small amount of noise), noisy voiced (consist of noise and voice) and noisy deaf (consist only of noise);
• at the place of noise formation, depending on where and by what organs of speech an obstacle is formed that the flow of exhaled air overcomes (labial, lingual, etc.).

Consonant sounds differ in a number of ways, but they are most clearly opposed to each other in terms of voicedness / deafness and hardness / softness, which is important when distinguishing words by ear: pond - rod; chalk - chalk.

To designate consonant sounds in writing - 21 consonants: b, c, d, e, f, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, w.

But, there are much more consonant sounds - 36: [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [h], [h '], [d '], [k], [k '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], [p], [r '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [f], [f '], [x], [x ’], [c], [h’], [w], [u’].

The reason for this discrepancy is that the softness of paired consonants is indicated not by a consonant letter, but by a vowel (E, E, Yu, I, I) or b.

Voiced and voiceless consonants.

• voiced
  • formed by voice and noise.
  • letters L, M, N, R, Y denote the most voiced consonant (sonor) sounds that are formed in with a predominance of voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [p], [m '], [n '], [l '], [p '], [th ']. They do not form pairs in sonority / deafness - always sonorous.
  • B, C, D, E, G, Z — noisy voiced [b], [c], [g], [d], [g], [h], [b '], [c '], [g '], [d '], [g '], [h '], consist of noise and voice, have paired sounds in sonority / deafness.
• Deaf (noisy deaf)
  • pronounced only from noise (without voice):
  • P, F, K, T, W, S - [p], [n '], [f], [f '], [k], [k '], [t], [t '], [w], [s], [s '] - deaf, have paired voiced;
  • X, C, H, W - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '] - always deaf, do not have paired voiced / deafness.

In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

In weak positions, which depends on the position of the sound in the word, consonant sounds can change according to voicing / deafness: voiced paired consonants change to the corresponding paired deaf (stunned), and deaf paired ones change to the corresponding paired voiced consonants (voiced). These changes in sounds are usually not reflected in writing. Weak position is a sign of spelling.

Strong positions in voiced/deafness

(as we hear, so we write):

• before vowels: owl [owl], forests [l'esa];
• before sonorants [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], [th ']: light [sv'et] - ringing [ringing], change [sm'ena] - treason [izm'ena], break off [atlamat '] - bummer [bummer], take away [atn'at '] -tray [padnos], remedy [sreztva] - zrazy [zrazy] etc.;
• before [in], [in ']: your [your] - two [two], your [your '] - ringing [ringing];
• for paired voiced consonants, a strong position is before voiced consonants: building [buildings'e];
• for paired deaf people - before deaf consonants: bowl [bowl].

Weak position in terms of voicedness / deafness:

• at the end of a word: mushroom [flu] - flu [flu], fruit [raft] - raft [raft], code [cat] - cat [cat], genus [mouth] - mouth [mouth];
• voiced paired consonants are stunned before voiceless consonants: low [niska], booth [butka];
• deaf paired consonants are voiced before paired voiced consonants (except [in], [in ']): passed [built], threshing [malad'ba], light [light];

Hard and soft consonants.

Soft sounds differ from hard ones in that when they are pronounced, the tongue performs an additional action: its middle part rises to the hard palate.

Strong positions in hardness/softness:

• before vowels: nose - carried, they say [they say] - mel [m'el];
• at the end of a word: chalk [m'el] - chalk [m'el '], blow - hit, corner - coal;
• for sounds [l], [l ’], regardless of position: shelf [shelf] - polka [shelf];
• for sounds [s], [s’], [h], [h’], [t], [t’], [d], [d’], [n], [n’], [p], [p’] before [k], [k’], [g], [g’], [x], [x’], [b], [b’], [p], [n’], [m], [m’]: jar [bank] - bathhouse [bank'ka], snowstorm [blizzard] - earring [ser'ga], hut - carving.

Weak position in hardness/softness:

• Changes in consonant sounds in hardness / softness can be caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
• a hard sound changes to a paired soft one before soft consonants (more often s, s, n, p before any soft consonant):
  • n -\u003e n ', p -\u003e p 'before h ', w ': drummer [drum'sh'ik], lamplighter [fanar'sh'ik];
  • s –> s’ before n’, t’: song [p'es'n'a], bone [kos't'];
  • s –> s’ before n’, d’: life [zhiz'n '], nails [nails'd'i];
  • in some other combinations: door [d'v'er'], ate [s'y'el];
• a soft consonant becomes hard before a hard one: horse - horse

If deaf and voiced sounds are indicated by letters, then hard and soft sounds are indicated by other means.

Designation of softness of paired consonants:

• letters I, E, Yo, Yu : sluggish - cf. shaft, ser - sir, carried - cart, hatch-bow;
• before a letter AND consonants are always soft (except W, W, C): feast, peace, sieve;
  after Zh, Sh, Ts (they are always hard) it is pronounced [s], not [and]: fat [fat], zhito [zhyta], bump [bump].
• soft sign b:
  • at the end of a word: stump, stand - cf. camp, steel - became, fry - heat, reality - was, all - weight, stranded - chalk;
  • softness of the consonant [l ’] before any other consonant: herring, July, polka;
  • softness of a consonant before a hard consonant: earlier, only (cf. sense), bitterly (cf. hill), bathhouse (cf. bank), radish - rarely, dawn - vigilantly, pebble - jackdaw, coals - corners, hemp - foam;
  • The softness of a consonant that stands before other soft ones ([g '], [k '], [b '], [m ']), is indicated by the soft sign b only if, when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft: earrings (soft [p '] before soft [g ']) - earring (soft [p '] before hard [g]), eight - eighth, lights - lights. But, bridge [mos't'ik] - without b, because bridge [bridge] - [c] solid before solid [t], tail - tail, rostik - growth.
• Softness of consonants H, W before other consonants is not indicated, because. H, W are always soft: stove-maker, kidney, power, assistant.

Hardness is indicated

• the absence of a soft sign in strong positions,
• writing after the consonant vowels A, O, U, Y, E
• in some borrowed words, a hard consonant before E: [FanEt'ika].

Other consonant changes

• Simplifying a 3-4 letter consonant group (unpronounceable consonant): co lnts e [co nc uh], tro stn ik [tra s'n‘ik], se RDC e [s'e rc uh, hello vstv wow [healthy stv uy’], le stn itza [l'e s'n' itza] and etc.
• Assimilation (assimilation) of consonants at the place of formation: mid astier [ sch‘ast’y’e], gr zch ik [gr sch' ik], ssh it [ sh yt’], szh at [ and at’], get rid of [and and: yt’] and etc.
• Change —tsya, -tsya in verbs starting with [ ca]:We to be[We ca], my tsya[my'e ca] and etc.
• Change Thu - [pcs] / [h't]: thu o [what], thu oby[shtoby], not thu o [not h't A] and etc.
• Double consonants: wa nn a [wa n: a], tra ss a [tra With: a], mi ll ion [m'i l'and he] and etc.

Sounds can change in several ways at once: counting [patch'sch'ot] - sch-> [u'], d + [u']-> [h'u'].

Spelling consonants.

• At the root of the word:
  • verifiable
  • unpronounceable
  • unverifiable
• Consonants at the end of prefixes:
  • to z (s);
  • to other consonants
• Consonants (except n) in suffixes of nouns and adjectives
  • -schik (-chik);
  • -sk- and -k-;
• Letters -n- and -nn- in suffixes.

References:

1. Babaitseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5 - 9 grade: textbook for in-depth. study Russian language. / V.V. Babaitsev. - 6th ed., revised. - M. Bustard, 2008
2. Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
3. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
4. Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011

In Russian, voiced and voiceless consonants differ in the participation / non-participation of the voice in the formation of a consonant.

The following consonants are voiced: [b], [b’], [c], [c’], [g], [g’], [d], [d’], [g], [h], [h’], [d’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [p], [p’].

The voiced sound is also [zh ’], found in the speech of individuals in the words yeast, reins and some others.

The following consonants are deaf: [ k], [k’], [p], [p’], [s], [s’], [t], [t’], [f], [f’], [x], [x’] [c], [h’], [w], [u’].

To remember which consonants are deaf, there is a mnemonic rule (rule for remembering): in the phrase “Styopka, do you want a shetz?” - "Fi!" contains all voiceless consonants.

There are 11 pairs of consonants opposed by deafness / sonority: [b] - [p], [b '] - [p '], [c] - [f], [c '] - [f '], [g] - [k], [g '] - [k '], [d] - [t], [d '] - [t '], [h] - [s], [h '] - [s '], [g] - [w]. The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced pairs or deaf pairs.

The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. Voiced unpaired ones include [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], to deaf unpaired - sounds [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '].

But the appearance of a voiceless or voiced sound can be predetermined by its position in the word. Such deafness / voicedness turns out to be dependent, “forced”, and the positions in which this occurs are considered weak in terms of deafness / voicedness.

Voiced pairs are deafened (or rather, they change to deaf ones)

1) at the absolute end of the word: pond [rod];

2) in front of the deaf: booth [butka].

Deaf paired consonants in front of voiced ones, except for [c], [c '], [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], are voiced, that is, they change to voiced: threshing [malad'bʹa].

Solid unpaired: [w], [w], [c] .

Soft unpaired: [th"], [h"], [w":].

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

Let's digress from pure phonetics. Consider a practically important question: how is the softness of consonants indicated in writing?

There are 36 consonants in Russian, including 15 pairs of hardness-softness, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants. There are only 21 consonants. How can 21 letters represent 36 sounds?

For this, different methods are used:

iotized letters e, yo, yu, i after consonants except sh, w And c, unpaired in hardness-softness, indicate that these consonants are soft, for example: aunt- [t’o´t’a], uncle -[Yes Yes] ;

letter And after consonants except sh, w And c. Consonants denoted by letters sh, w And c, unpaired hard. Examples of words with a vowel And: nothing- [n’i´tk’i], sheet- [l'ist], Cute- [Cute'] ;

letter b, after consonants except sh, w, after which the soft sign is an indicator of the grammatical form. Examples of soft words : request- [proz'ba], stranded- [m'el'], distance- [gave '].

Thus, the softness of consonants in writing is transmitted not by special letters, but by combinations of consonant letters with letters i, e, e, u, i And b. Therefore, when parsing, I advise you to pay special attention to neighboring letters after consonants.

§8. Place of formation of consonants

Consonants differ not only in the signs you already know:

deafness-voicedness,

hardness-softness

Formation method: bow-slit.

The last, fourth sign is important: place of education.
The articulation of some sounds is carried out by the lips, others - by the tongue, its different parts. So, the sounds [p], [p ’], [b], [b ’], [m], [m ’] are labial-labial, [c], [c’], [f], [f ’] are labial-dental, all the rest are lingual: front-lingual [t], [t ’], [d], [d ’], [n], [n ’], [s], [s ’], [h], [h ’], [w], [g], [w ’:], [h ’], [c], [l], [l '], [p], [p'] , middle lingual [th '] and back lingual [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '].

Positional changes in sounds

Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional vowel changes. Reduction

People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it.
Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, the stressed syllable, the unstressed syllable, the position before the vowel, the position before the consonant - these are all different positions. We will figure out how to distinguish between strong and weak positions, first for vowels, and then for consonants.

Strong position one in which the sounds are not subject to positionally determined changes and appear in their main form. A strong position is distinguished for groups of sounds, for example: for vowels, this is a position in a stressed syllable. And for consonants, for example, the position before vowels is strong.

For vowels, the strong position is stressed, and the weak position is unstressed.
In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and not pronounced as distinctly as under stress. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. Due to reduction, fewer vowels are distinguished in the weak position than in the strong position.

Sounds corresponding to stressed [o] and [a], after hard consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. Normative in the Russian language is recognized as "akanye", i.e. nondiscrimination ABOUT And A in an unstressed position after hard consonants.

Under stress: [house] - [lady] - [o] ≠ [a].

without stress: [d A ma´] -at home´- [d A la´] -dala´ - [a] = [a].

Sounds corresponding to stressed [a] and [e], after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. The normative pronunciation is "hiccups", i.e. nondiscrimination E And A in unstressed position after soft consonants.

under stress: [m'ech '] - [m'ach '] - [e] ≠ [a].

without stress: [m’ich’o´m] - sword´m -[m'ich'o´m] - ball´m - [and] = [and].

What about the vowels [and], [s], [y]? Why was nothing said about them? The fact is that these vowels in a weak position undergo only quantitative reduction: they are pronounced more briefly, weakly, but their quality does not change. That is, as for all vowels, an unstressed position for them is a weak position, but for a schoolchild these vowels in an unstressed position do not present a problem.

[ski'zhy], [in _lu'zhu], [n'i't'i] - both in strong and weak positions, the quality of vowels does not change. Both under stress and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear: [s], [y], [and] and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted.

Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes of consonants

For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before a vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, when doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dacha] - country house,[t'l'iv'i´zar] - TV,[s’ino´n’ima] - synonyms,[b'ir'o´zy] - birches,[karz "and´ny] - baskets. All consonants in these examples are before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.

Strong positions in voicelessness:

before vowels: [there] - there,[ladies] - ladies,

Before unpaired voiced [p], [p '], [l], [l '], [n], [n '], [m], [m '], [th ']: [dl'a] - For,[tl'a] - aphids,

Before [in], [in ']: [own'] - mine,[ringing] - ringing.

Remember:

In a strong position, voiced and deaf consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions in deafness-voicedness:

in front of pairs for deafness-voicedness: [sla´tk’y] - sweet,[zu´pk'i] - teeth.

Before deaf unpaired ones: [aphva´t] - girth, [fhot] - entrance.

at the end of a word: [zoop] - tooth,[dup] - oak.

Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicedness

In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become deaf, i.e. deafened, and the deaf - voiced, i.e. voiced. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants.

Stunning-voicing of consonants

Voiced stunning occurs in positions:

before paired deaf people: [fsta´v'it'] – V put,

at the end of a word: [clat] - treasure.

Voicing of the deaf happens in position:

before paired voiced: [kaz'ba´] – to With bba´

Strong positions in hardness-softness:

before vowels: [mat'] - mother,[m'at'] - crush,

at the end of a word: [won] - out,[out'] - stink,

Before labial-labial: [b], [b ’], [p], [n ’], [m], [m ’] and posterior lingual: [k], [k’], [g], [g’], [x[, [x’] for sounds [s], [s’], [s], [s’], [t], [t’], [d], [d’], [n], [n’], [p], [p’]: [sa´n’k’i] - Sa'nki(genus pad.), [s´ank'i] - sled,[bu´lka] - bun,[bu´l'kat'] - gurgling

all positions for sounds [l] and [l ’]: [forehead] - forehead,[pal'ba] - a shot.

Remember:

In a strong position, hard and soft consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions in hardness-softness and positional changes in hardness-softness.

before soft [t '], [d'] for consonants [c], [h], which are necessarily softened:, [z'd'es'],

before [h '] and [w ':] for [n], which is necessarily softened: [po´n'h'ik] - donut,[ka´m'n'sh': ik] - mason.

Remember:

In a number of positions today, both soft and hard pronunciation is possible:

before soft front lingual [n '], [l '] for front lingual consonants [c], [h]: snow -[s'n'ek] and, make angry -[z’l’it’] and [zl’it’]

Before soft anterior lingual, [h ’] for anterior lingual [t], [d] - lift -[pad’n’a´t’] and [padn’a´t’] , take away -[at’n’a´t’] and [atn’a´t’]

Before soft anterior lingual [t "], [d"], [s "], [s"] for anterior lingual [n]: vintik -[v’i´n "t" ik] and [v’i´nt’ik], retirement -[p'e´n's'iy'a] and [p'e´ns'iy'a]

Before soft labials [c '], [f '], [b '], [n '], [m '] for labials: write in -[f "p" isa't '] and [fp" is'at '], rhyme(dat. pad.) - [r'i´f "m" e] and [r'i´fm" e]

Remember:

In all cases, in a weak position, positional softening of consonants is possible.
Writing a soft sign with positional softening of consonants is a mistake.

Positional changes of consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation

Assimilation of consonants

The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by the likeness of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are close.

Learn the list:

[c] and [w] → [w:] - sew

[h] and [g] → [g:] – compress

[s] and [h '] - at the root of words → [w':] - happiness, account
- at the junction of morphemes and words → [w':h'] - comb, dishonest, with what (a preposition followed by a word is pronounced together, like one word)

[s] and [w':] → [w':] - split

[t] and [c] - in verb forms → [c:] - smiles
- at the junction of prefix and root → [cs] - sprinkle

[t] and [ts] → [ts:] - unhook

[t] and [h’] → [h’:] - report

[t] and [t] and [w’:]←[c] and [h’] - Countdown

[d] and [w ':] ← [c] and [h '] - counting

Distinguishing consonants

Dissimilarity is the process of positional change, the opposite of likening.

[g] and [k '] → [x'k '] - easy

Simplifying consonant clusters

Learn the list:

vstv - [stv]: hello, feel
zdn - [zn]: late
zdts - [sc] : under the bridle
lnts - [nts]: Sun
NDC - [nc]: Dutch
ndsh - [nsh:] landscape
ntg - [ng]: x-ray
RDC - [rc]: heart
rdch - [rh']: heart
stl - [sl ']: happy
stn - [sn]: local

Pronunciation of groups of sounds:

In the forms of adjectives, pronouns, participles, there are letter combinations: wow, him. IN place G they pronounce [in]: him, beautiful, blue.
Avoid spelling. say the words him, blue, beautiful Right.

Letters and sounds

Letters and sounds have different purposes and different nature. But these are comparable systems. Therefore, the types of relationships need to be known.

Types of ratio of letters and sounds:

1. The letter denotes a sound, for example, vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.

2. The letter does not have its own sound value, for example b And b: mouse

3. The letter stands for two sounds, for example, iotized vowels e, yo, yu, i in positions:

o the beginning of a word,

o after vowels,

o after separators b And b.

4. The letter may indicate the sound and quality of the preceding sound, such as iotized vowels and And after soft consonants.

5. The letter may indicate the quality of the previous sound, for example b in words shadow, stump, firing.

6. Two letters can mean one sound, often a long one: sew, squeeze, rush

7. Three letters correspond to one sound: smile - ts -[c:]