Introduction

Social psychology as an independent branch of scientific knowledge began to take shape at the end of the 19th century, although the concept itself began to be widely used only after 1908.

The study of socio-psychological scientific problems proper began in the 19th century, when sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, literary critics, ethnographers, physicians began to analyze the psychological phenomena of large social groups and the characteristics of human mental processes and behavior depending on the influence of people around them. The problems posed were difficult to study only within the framework of the then existing sciences. The integration of sociology and psychology was necessary, since psychology studies the human psyche, and sociology studies society.

Social psychology studies social groups in society. These are, first of all, the psychological characteristics of groups, the problems of intragroup dynamics, intragroup relations, intergroup relations, etc.

This review will address the following questions:

Interaction - as a process of people's influence on each other (concept, forms of manifestation, dynamics, levels of interaction).

Applied research in social psychology.

Non-verbal communication.

The methodological basis of the research is such general scientific research methods as analysis and synthesis.

When writing the control work, scientific works in the field of social psychology of such domestic authors as Krysko V.G., Andreeva G.M., Melnikova N.A., and others were used.

Interaction - as a process of influence of people on each other

Society does not consist of separate individuals, but expresses the sum of those connections and relations in which these individuals are with each other. The basis of these connections and relationships is the interaction of people.

The interaction of a person with the world around him is carried out in the system of objective relations that develop between people in their social life. Any production presupposes the unification of people. But no human community can carry out a full-fledged joint activity if contact is not established between the people included in it, and a proper mutual understanding is not reached between them.

Interaction is a process of direct or indirect influence of objects (subjects) on each other, giving rise to their mutual conditioning and connection.

It is causality that constitutes the main feature of interaction, when each of the interacting parties acts as the cause of the other and as a consequence of the simultaneous reverse influence of the opposite side, which determines the development of objects and their structures. If the interaction reveals a contradiction, then it acts as a source of self-movement and self-development of phenomena and processes.

In interaction, the relation of a person to another person as to a subject who has his own world is realized. The interaction of a person with a person in society is also the interaction of their inner worlds: the exchange of thoughts, ideas, images, the impact on goals and needs, the impact on the assessments of another individual, his emotional state.

Interaction in domestic social psychology, in addition, is usually understood not only as the influence of people on each other, but also as the direct organization of their joint actions, which allows the group to realize common activities for its members. The interaction itself in this case acts as a systematic, constant implementation of actions aimed at causing an appropriate reaction from other people. Joint life and activity, in contrast to the individual, at the same time has more severe restrictions on any manifestations of activity-passivity of individuals. This forces people to build and coordinate the images of "I - He", "We - They", to coordinate efforts among themselves. In the course of real interaction, adequate ideas of a person about himself, other people, and their groups are also formed. The interaction of people is the leading factor in the regulation of their self-assessments and behavior in society.

Usually distinguish between interpersonal and intergroup interaction.

Interpersonal interaction is accidental or intentional, private or public, long-term or short-term, verbal or non-verbal contacts and connections between two or more people, causing mutual changes in their behavior, activities, relationships and attitudes.

The main features of such interaction are:

the presence of an external goal (object) in relation to the interacting individuals, the achievement of which involves mutual efforts;

explicitness (accessibility) for observation from outside and registration by other people;

situationality - rather strict regulation by specific conditions of activity, norms, rules and intensity of relations, due to which interaction becomes a rather changeable phenomenon;

reflexive ambiguity - the dependence of its perception on the conditions of implementation and assessments of its participants.

Intergroup interaction is the process of direct or indirect influence of multiple subjects (objects) on each other, giving rise to their mutual conditionality and the peculiar nature of relations. Usually it takes place between whole groups (as well as their parts) and acts as an integrating (or destabilizing) factor in the development of society.

The basis of intergroup interaction is the functioning of the phenomena "we" and "they". Any community of people, any relationship between them arise, strengthen and function only as long as the awareness of the feeling of “we”, i.e. while all people (or most of them) consider themselves to belong to this group, identify themselves with it. "We" is nothing but a reflection in the consciousness of a particular social community of the fact of the objective Conditions for the coexistence of its representatives.

But for the stability of the “we” phenomenon, the “they” phenomenon must inevitably exist, i.e. another group, not similar, different from us. It is the realization that there are "they", in turn, gives rise to the desire to self-determine in relation to "them", to separate from "them" as "we". The “they” phenomenon, just like the “we” phenomenon, has its own real basis: if the objective conditions of life and activity of people, the psychological reflection of which are the “we” and “they” phenomena, coincide, turn out to be the same, then the opposition of one community the other one will fade away sooner or later. Nevertheless, "we" have always endowed ourselves with more merit than "they." People tend to overestimate the virtues of "their" nation and, conversely, downplay the strengths of others. As for the shortcomings, the opposite is true here. The well-known proverb that “a speck is visible in someone else’s eye, but you won’t notice a log in your own” just clearly characterizes this pattern.

"Our" ideas, views, feelings, behavior are more correct, more just than "theirs". In this case, we are not talking about a real comparison, i.e. not about what is better, based on common sense and worldly logic. A simple person usually does not make such a comparison. “Alien” seems “bad” not because for some reason it is worse than “ours”, but because it is “foreign”.

The dynamics of human interaction.

Beginning of interaction. At the first stage (initial level), interaction represents the simplest primary contacts of people, when there is only a certain primary and very simplified mutual or one-sided “physical” influence on each other for the purpose of exchanging information and communication, which, for specific reasons, can not achieve their goal, and therefore not receive comprehensive development.

The main thing in the success of initial contacts is the acceptance or rejection of each other by partners in the interaction. At the same time, they do not constitute a simple sum of individuals, but are some completely new and specific formation of connections and relationships, which is regulated by real or imaginary (imagined) difference - similarity, similarity-contrast of people involved in joint activity (practical or mental). Differences between individuals are one of the main conditions for the development of their interactions (communication, relationships, compatibility, workability), as well as themselves as individuals.

Any contact usually begins with a concrete sensory perception of the external appearance, features of the activity and behavior of other people. At this moment, as a rule, emotional-behavioral reactions of individuals dominate. Acceptance-rejection relations are manifested in facial expressions,

Of particular importance in interpersonal interaction are the age and gender differences of partners.

The second (upper) level of homogeneity-heterogeneity (the degree of similarity-contrast of participants in interpersonal interaction) is the ratio (similarity-difference) of opinions in the group, attitudes (including likes and dislikes) to oneself, partners or other people and to the objective world (in including joint activities). The second level is subdivided into sublevels: primary (or initial) and secondary (or effective). The primary sublevel is the initial ratio of opinions given before interpersonal interaction (about the world of objects and their own kind). The second sublevel is the correlation (similarity-difference) of opinions and relationships as a result of interpersonal interaction, the exchange of thoughts and feelings between participants in joint activities.

An important role in the interaction at its initial stage is also played by the effect of congruence, i.e. confirmation of mutual role expectations, a single resonant rhythm, the consonance of the experiences of the participants in the contact.

Congruence implies a minimum of mismatches in the key moments of the lines of behavior of the participants in the contact, which results in stress relief, the emergence of trust and sympathy at a subconscious level.

As a result of congruence and effective initial contacts, feedback is established between people, which is a process of mutually directed responses that serves to maintain subsequent interaction and during which there is also an intentional or unintentional communication to another person of how his behavior and actions (or their consequences) are perceived. or experienced.

There are three main feedback functions. It usually acts as: 1) a regulator of human behavior and actions; 2) the regulator of interpersonal relations; 3) a source of self-knowledge.

Feedback can be of different types, and each of its variants corresponds to one or another specificity of interaction between people and the establishment of stable relations between them. Feedback can be: a) verbal (transmitted in the form of a voice message); b) non-verbal, i.e. carried out through facial expressions, posture, intonation of voice, etc.; c) expressed in the form of an action focused on manifestation, showing another person understanding, approval, and expressed in joint activity. Feedback can be immediate or delayed in time.

Development of interaction. At the middle stage (level) of people's interaction, which is called productive joint activity, gradually developing active cooperation finds more and more expression in the effective solution of the problem of combining the mutual efforts of partners.

Three forms, or models, of organizing joint activities are usually distinguished:

1) each participant does his part of the overall work independently of the other;

2) the common task is performed sequentially by each participant;

3) there is a simultaneous interaction of each participant with all the others.

Their real existence depends on the conditions of activity, its goals and content.

The common aspirations of people, however, can lead to clashes in the process of coordinating positions. As a result, people enter into a relationship of “agreement-disagreement” with each other. In case of agreement, partners are involved in joint activities. At the same time, the distribution of roles and functions between the participants in the interaction is carried out. These relations cause a special orientation of volitional efforts in the subjects of interaction. It is associated either with a concession or with the conquest of certain positions. Therefore, partners are required to show mutual tolerance, composure, perseverance, psychological mobility and other volitional qualities of the individual, based on the intellect and a high level of consciousness and self-awareness of the individual.

At the same time, at this time, the interaction of people is actively accompanied or mediated by the manifestation of complex socio-psychological phenomena, called compatibility-incompatibility (or workability-non-workability). Just as interpersonal relationships and communication are specific forms of interaction, so compatibility and synergy must be considered its special constituent elements. Interpersonal relations in the group and compatibility (physiological and psychological) of its members give rise to another important socio-psychological phenomenon, which is commonly called the "psychological climate".

There are several types of compatibility. Psychophysiological compatibility is based on the interaction of temperamental characteristics, the needs of individuals. Psychological compatibility involves the interaction of characters, intellects, behavioral motives. Socio-psychological compatibility provides for the coordination of social roles, interests, value orientations of participants. Finally, socio-ideological compatibility is based on the commonality of ideological values, on the similarity of social attitudes (in intensity and direction) regarding the possible facts of reality associated with the implementation of ethnic, class and confessional interests. There are no clear boundaries between these types of compatibility, while the extreme levels of compatibility, such as the physiological, socio-psychological and socio-ideological climate, have obvious differences.

The regulators of the mutual influence of people on each other are the mechanisms of suggestion, conformity and persuasion, when under the influence of opinions, relations of one partner, opinions, relations of another partner change. They are formed on the basis of a deeper property of living systems - imitation. Unlike the latter, suggestion, conformity and persuasion regulate interpersonal norms of thoughts and feelings.

Suggestion is such an influence on other people that they perceive unconsciously. Conformity - in contrast to suggestion, is a phenomenon of a conscious change in opinions, assessments. Persuasion, on the other hand, is a process of long-term influence on another person, during which he consciously learns the norms and rules of behavior of partners in interaction.

The highest level of interaction. The final stage (the highest level) of interaction is always an extremely effective joint activity of people, accompanied by mutual understanding. Mutual understanding of people is such a level of their interaction at which they are aware of the content and structure of the present and possible next actions of the partner, and also mutually contribute to the achievement of a common goal. For mutual understanding, joint activity is not enough, mutual assistance is needed. An essential characteristic of mutual understanding is always its adequacy. It depends on a number of factors: on the type of relationship between partners (relationships of acquaintance and friendship, friendship, love and marital relations), comradely (essentially business relations), on the sign or valency of relations (likes, dislikes, indifferent relations); on the degree of possible objectification, the manifestation of personality traits in the behavior and activities of people (sociability, for example, is most easily observed in the process of interaction of communication). Important in adequacy, as accuracy, depth and breadth of perception and interpretation, are the opinions, assessments of other more or less significant people, groups, authoritative persons.

What determines whether people enter into contact with each other or not, continue it or interrupt it?

There are several theories of interpersonal interaction (Table 7.1):

• exchange theory (J. Homans, P. Blau);
• the theory of symbolic interactionism (J. Mead, G. Bloomer);
• the theory of impression management (E. Hoffman);
• psychoanalytic theory (3. Freud), etc.

Interpersonal interactions

The dependence of people on each other as a problem of human relationships is the core of human existence. Each of us has a strong need to enter into long-term close relationships with other people that guarantee positive experiences and results.

It is due to biological and social causes and contributes to human survival. Our ancestors were bound by a mutual guarantee that ensures the preservation of the group: both in hunting and in the construction of dwellings, ten pairs of hands better than one.

Table 7.1

Theories of the interpersonal interactions

Exchange theory (Homans, Deutsch, Blau, Tibbo)	The Theory of Symbolic Interactionism (Mead)	attraction theory
A) People interact, exchanging information with each other, some benefits. If a person receives the necessary benefits from the interaction, then the contact continues. B) A person strives for “maximum gain” (the sum of benefits must exceed the sum of costs, and so that the other person does not benefit more than you). B) The law of aggression: if a person does not receive the reward he expected, then aggression becomes more valuable to him than interaction. D) "The law of saturation": the more often a person received a certain reward, the less valuable the repetition of this reward will be for him. E) “Principle of least interest”: a person who is less interested in the continuation of a given social situation of exchange and communication, has a greater ability to dictate his terms of exchange, receives power. E) "Principle of monopoly": if a person has a monopoly right to a certain reward that other participants in the exchange want to receive, then he imposes his will on them (power relations). G) People strive for a symmetrical exchange so that the rewards of the participants are proportional to the costs.	A) People observe, comprehend each other's intentions, put themselves in the place of another person, adjust their behavior to expectations and the actions of other people. B) People realize social expectations - "inspections" of each other, norms of behavior, rights and obligations of their social role. B) A person realizes social roles through "imitation" (in childhood), "performance" and "choice" of those roles and groups where this person is valued.	A) People interact with each other if they experience mutual sympathy, location, attraction. B) Sympathy occurs if there are a number of conditions: contacts are frequent; obvious physical attractiveness; one is equal to the other in attractiveness, intelligence, status; noticeable similarity of interests, opinions; there is a common origin; complementarity is important for the continuation of relations; we like those who like us; like those who are friendly and attentive to us, understand us; there is a sexual attraction.

Theory of Ethnomethodology (Garfinkel)	Psychoanalytic theories	Theory of the dramatic approach (Hoffmann)
A) The interaction of people is regulated by laws, norms, rules, values ​​- this is the center of social interaction. B) People themselves strive to establish agreement, some rules.	A) When people interact, their childhood experience is reproduced (they obey the leaders of the group, just as they obeyed their father in childhood; they conflict with people if they protested against their parents in childhood).	A) People, like actors, play roles, want to make a good impression on others, hide their shortcomings. Human interaction is a theatrical play.
Balance theories (Hydre, Newcomb)	Transactional theory (E. Bern)	Conflict Theory (Park, Rex)
A) The interaction of people depends on how balanced their opinions, attitudes are towards each other and third objects (objects, people). B) Continuation of relations with a balance of people's opinions: "Friends of my friends are my friends"; "The enemies of my enemies are my friends." B) It is possible to break relations between people with a dissonance of their opinions (for example, “the husband loves his car, his wife does not love the car” - a dissonance that can lead to misunderstanding, cooling and breaking off relations).	A) The interaction of people depends on the psychological positions they take in the process of communication. B) A person can take the position of an Adult, Parent or Child in a particular situation of interaction. B) Different forms of human interaction are characterized by specific positions of the participants. D) Allocate forms of interaction: rituals, operations, pastime, games, manipulations, care, competition, conflict.	A) The driving force behind the development of human interaction is competition, which can lead to conflict. Competition, competition - conflict - adaptation - assimilation (fading of the conflict, transformation of personalities under the influence of close contacts). B) Causes of conflicts: the presence of conflicting interests and goals, opinions of people.

Social relationships between children and adults raising them also increase the resilience of both. Having found a kindred “soul”, a person who supports us, whom we can trust, we feel happy, protected, resilient. Having lost a soul mate, people experience jealousy, loneliness, despair, pain, anger, deprivation, and withdraw into themselves.

A person is a social, social being living in conditions of interaction and communication with other people.

The unit of interaction is called transaction.

Eric Berne wrote:

People, being together in the same group, will inevitably talk to each other or show their awareness of the presence of each other. The person to whom the transactional stimulus is addressed will say or do something in response. We call this response a transactional response. A transaction is considered additional if the stimulus leads to the expected response.

This psychologist highlights positionsParent, Adult, Child,that create a real process of interaction. The position of the Parent implies a tendency to dominance, competition, to the manifestation of power and a sense of high self-worth, to teaching and critical condemnation. Position of the Adult - a tendency to equal cooperation, recognition of oneself and others of equal rights and responsibility for the outcome of interaction. The position of the Child is a tendency to submit, to seek support and protection (“obedient child”) or to emotional impulsive protest, rebellion, unpredictable whims (“rebellious child”).

It is possible to distinguish variousforms of interpersonal interaction:attachment, friendship, love, competition, withdrawal, pastime, operation, game, social influence, submission, conflicts, ritual interaction, etc. They are characterized by specific positions.

One of the common forms isritual interaction,which is built according to certain rules, symbolically expressing real social relations and the status of a person in a group and society. The ritual acts as a special form of interaction invented by people to satisfy the need for recognition. In this case, the relationship "Parent-Parent" dominates. Thanks to this interaction, the value of the group is revealed, people express what affects them most, constitutes their social value orientations.

The English scholar Victor Turner, considering rituals and ceremonies, understands them as prescribed formal behavior, as "a system of beliefs and actions performed by a special cult association." They are important for maintaining continuity between different generations in an organization, for preserving traditions and transferring accumulated experience through symbols.

Ritual interaction is both a kind of holiday that has a deep emotional impact on people, and a powerful tool that maintains stability, strength, continuity of social ties, a mechanism for uniting people, increasing their solidarity. Rituals, rituals, customs are able to be imprinted on the subconscious level, providing deep penetration of certain values ​​into the group and individual consciousness, into the tribal and personal memory.

Mankind has developed many customs: religious rites, palace ceremonies, diplomatic receptions, military rituals, secular customs, holidays and funerals. Rituals include numerous norms of behavior: receiving guests, greeting acquaintances, addressing strangers, etc.

Ritual - this is a rigidly fixed sequence of transactions, and they are made from the position of the Parent and addressed to the position of the Parent, allowing people to feel recognized.

If a person's need for recognition is not realized, then aggressive behavior begins to develop. The ritual is precisely designed to remove this aggression, to satisfy the need to be recognized at least minimally.

For other types of interactions, operations - the transaction is carried out from the position of "Adult-Adult". We meet with him every day: at work, at school, when we cook food, repair an apartment, etc. Having successfully completed an operation, a person is established in his competence and receives confirmation from others.

Labor interaction, distribution and performance of professional, family functions, skillful and efficient implementation of these duties - these are the operations that fill people's lives.

Competition- a form of social interaction when there is a clear goal that needs to be achieved, and all the actions of various people are correlated with this goal in mind so that they do not conflict. At the same time, a person does not come into conflict with himself, adhering to the attitude of another team player, although he has an inherent desire to achieve better results than other team members. Since a person accepts the attitudes of other people and allows him to determine what he will do in accordance with some common goal, to the extent that he becomes an organic member of his group, society, accepting its morality and becoming its significant member.

In a number of cases, being with other people in the same room and performing seemingly joint activities, a person mentally stays in a completely different place, talks with imaginary interlocutors, dreams about his own. This specific interaction is called leaving. This is a common and natural form of interaction, but still more often resorted to by people who have problems with interpersonal interaction. If a person does not have other forms of interaction, except for care, then this is already a pathology - psychosis.

The next type of approved fixed interactions ispastime,providing at least some pleasant sensations, signs of attention from partners.

pastime- a fixed form of transactions designed to satisfy people's need for recognition.

If this form is realized from the position of "Parent-Parent", then most often it is expressed as follows: everything that deviates from the norm (children, women, men, power, television, etc.) is discussed and condemned. Or such is the discussion of the topics “Things” (comparison of cars, televisions, etc. in possession), “Who won yesterday” (football and other sports results), is a pastime for men; "Kitchen", "Shop", "Clothes", "Children", "How much does it cost?", "Do you know what it is..." - topics for women. In the process of this, the partners and the prospects for developing relations with them are evaluated.

The stable interaction of people can be due to the appearance of mutual sympathy, attractions. Close relationships that provide support and companionship (i.e., we feel loved, approved, and encouraged by friends and loved ones) are associated with feelings of happiness. Studies have shown that such positive relationships improve health, reduce the likelihood of premature death. “Friendship is the strongest antidote for all misfortunes,” said Seneca.

Factors that contribute to the formation of attraction (attachment, sympathy):

1. The frequency of mutual social contacts, geographical proximity (most people begin to make friends and marry those who live in the neighborhood, study in the same class, work in the same company, i.e. with those who live, study, work nearby; people can partly meet, find similarities in each other, exchange signs of attention). Physical attractiveness (men tend to love women for their appearance, but women also like attractive men - they like beauty).
2. The phenomenon of "equal" (people tend to choose their friends and especially marry those who are equal in intellectual level and as attractive as they are). E. Fromm wrote: “Love is often nothing more than a mutually beneficial exchange between two people, in which the participants in the transaction get the most out of what they can count on, taking into account their value in the personality market.” In couples where partners differed in their degree of attractiveness, the yielder usually has a compensatory quality. Men offer status on their part, trying to find attractiveness, and women do rather the opposite, so young beauties often marry older men who occupy a high position in society.
3. The more attractive a person, the more likely it is to attribute positive qualities to him (this is a stereotype of physical attractiveness: what is beautiful is good). People unconsciously believe that other things being equal, the more beautiful are happier, sexier, more sociable, smarter and luckier, although they are not at all more honest or caring towards other people. People who are attractive have more prestigious jobs and earn more.
4. Attraction is negatively affected by the “contrast effect”: for example, men who have just looked at magazine beauties, ordinary women and wives seem less attractive; after watching pornographic films, sexual satisfaction with a partner decreases.
5. "Enhancement Effect": When we find traits in someone that are similar to ours, this makes the person more attractive to us. The more two people love each other, the more physically attractive they find each other and the less attractive all other people of the opposite sex seem to them.
6. The similarity of social origin, interests, views is important for establishing relationships ("We love those who are like us and do the same as we do," Aristotle pointed out).
7. To continue relations, mutual complementation, competence in a field close to our interests is necessary.
8. We like those who like us.
9. If a person's self-esteem was hurt in some previous situation, then he will like a new acquaintance who kindly pays attention to him (this helps to explain why sometimes people fall so passionately in love after they were previously rejected by another, thereby affecting their ego ).
10. Reward theory of attraction: according to it, we like those people whose behavior is beneficial to us, or those with whom we associate events that are beneficial to us.
11. The principle of mutually beneficial exchange or equal participation: what you and your partner receive from your relationship should be proportional to what each of you invests in it.

If two or more people have a lot in common, a closeness factor is formed. With the strengthening of relationships, when people do something nice for each other, sympathy is formed. When they mutually discover dignity and recognize the right for themselves and others to be as they are, respect is formed.

Forms of interaction such as friendship and love satisfy people's need for acceptance. They look like a pastime, but in these cases the partner is fixed, and sympathy arises towards him. Friendship includes sympathy and respect, love differs from it in an enhanced sexual component, that is, it is sexual attraction + sympathy + respect. In the case of falling in love, there is only a combination of sexual attraction and sympathy.

These forms of interaction differ from all others in that they necessarily contain hidden Child-Child transactions expressing mutual recognition and sympathy. People can discuss any problems they want, even at a completely adult and serious level, but in their every word and gesture will be read: "I like you." Some features are characteristic of all friendships and love attachments: mutual understanding, self-giving, pleasure from being with a loved one, care, responsibility, intimate trust, self-disclosure (discovery of innermost thoughts and experiences in front of another person). (“What is a friend? This is a person with whom you dare to be yourself,” remarked F. Crane.)

E. Bern studied such interactions between people asgame manipulation.The game is a distorted way of manifesting the Self, because all the interpersonal needs of a person are transformed into one - control: a person resorts to force if he wants recognition or acceptance. Regardless of the originality of the need and the life situation, the game offers only a forceful solution.

Games (or "games", from English. game) - this is a stereotypical series of interactions leading to a predictable result, this is a series of manipulations that are designed to change the behavior of another person in the way that is necessary for the initiator of transactions

side without considering the wishes of the other. Games, in contrast to rituals, pastimes, operations, friendship, love, are dishonest interactions, since they include traps, tricks, and retributions.

Games differ from other ways of structuring time in two ways:

• hidden motives;
• having a win.

Each participant in the game, even the one who has been defeated, receives a win, but it is extremely specific - in the form of negative feelings of resentment, fear, guilt, hatred, suspicion, humiliation, contempt, arrogance, which serves as a kind of confirmation of the correctness of the life position of these people, according to which "people are bad I'm bad, life is bad.

Berne pointed out that many people play these unconscious games with specific negative gains, since this is an important part of a person's unconscious life plan or script. Each game begins with a bait that the active participant, the initiator, offers to the passive one, taking into account the characteristics of the character and the “weakness” of that one. This is followed by a series of double transactions, which invariably lead to a pre-planned result. Once you start a game, it is almost impossible to get out of it, especially if you are a passive participant, resulting in a payoff or a win.

In order not to become a victim of other people's manipulations, it is important to turn double transactions into open, direct ones, since the game is possible only if there is a hidden subtext in words, transactions.

An analysis of manipulations shows that, despite all the differences, they have much in common, and this makes it possible to build a fairly reliable protection against them.

It can be done according to the following flowchart:

1. Show no weakness(do not fall for the bait, realize what your weakness is being exploited). All scams - from the smallest to the largest - are built, as a rule, on the use of people's greed, the desire to get rich quickly. The thirst for easy profit is so strong that it paralyzes the most elementary caution. Another human weakness is curiosity, in particular the desire to know one's future, destiny. This weakness has been successfully exploited by fortune-tellers and seers for many centuries. The other is a thirst for thrills. It is realized in gambling. It affects mainly the strong sex. The desire to impress, to show off is also used by manipulators.
2. Realize that you are being manipulated. A sign of manipulation is a feeling of discomfort: you don’t want to do something, say something, but you have to - otherwise it’s uncomfortable, you will “look bad”. It is enough to say to yourself: “Stop, manipulation!”
3. Apply passive or active protection.It is recommended to use the first one if you do not know what to do, how to answer the manipulator. Don't say anything. Pretend that you did not hear, did not understand, or even ask about something else.
4. With active defense, “dot the z” or resort to countermanipulation.
5. countermanipulation.The manipulator usually exploits our desire to look good, so do not be afraid to look bad: “I'm afraid you greatly exaggerate my virtues” (generosity, opportunities, abilities) - these words relieve you of all obligations and open up unlimited scope for improvisation.

So, if you decide on active protection, then do not hesitate to say what bothers you in the partner's proposal.

If this is an optional borrower, it is enough to tell him, for example, about your uncertainty that he will repay the debt on time, that he himself is to blame for this.

The meaning of countermanipulation is to pretend that you don’t understand that they are trying to manipulate you, start a counter game and end it with a sudden question showing the manipulator your psychological superiority.

For example, he says: “Are you weak ...?” and suggests something dangerous or criminal. The answer is: “Can you do it yourself? Do It!"

Sometimes, feeling that we are being manipulated, we can succumb to the manipulator. This is advisable when the damage from this is less than from the deterioration of relations with the manipulator, or if it is obvious how other actions can compensate for your loss.

It is difficult to resist the manipulations that occur between people during family, industrial, domestic interactions, but it is even more difficult when professional fraudsters who have turned manipulation into a way of life, a way of existence, are involved in the matter. It is sad, but it is necessary to recognize the objective fact that now in Russia the number of fraudsters is growing rapidly, capturing wide social strata - from government circles and "rich Russians" to criminals and the homeless.

The fraudulent manipulator does three things at the same time:

• finds in people their weak point, a tendency to "naive manipulation" (greed, faith "in miracles", the desire to get ahead of others, outwit them);
• inspires confidence in himself, skillfully hiding his goals;
• successfully deceives people by creating "plausible lies" and the right situation.

And if these three factors are implemented, then the fraudster achieves his goal, usually it is obvious: to appropriate someone else's property, finances, benefits, etc.

People interact with each other, and the result of their joint joint activity is society. Society is a product of the interaction of people and exists where and when people are connected with each other by common interests.

Society (in the narrow sense) is a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity.

Society is a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.

Society (in the broadest sense) - this is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, consisting of individuals with will and consciousness, and also includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.

Society is a complex multi-level phenomenon of people's lives which is characterized by structural and functional coherence, stability, dynamism.

Society is the habitat of man where he is formed as a person. Society is the way people interact interpersonal, intergroup levels, as well as people in various forms and types of social associations.

Society is a condition for the creation of material, spiritual values ​​and social norms that qualitatively characterize society itself.

Society advocates way of interaction between man and nature, where man. Separated from nature, it acts as a creative, changing part, and nature in relation to man is a natural condition for his existence.

The concept of nature is used in two basic values:

1. Nature is a system of all material formations, including society.

2. Nature - this is a part of the material world, which is a necessary condition for the emergence, emergence, existence and development of society.

In nature, distinguish:

1. Physical and geographical environment - "first nature", existing outside and independently of man.

2. Economic and geographical environment - "second nature", directly involved in the sphere of human activity.

Nature has an impact on society, acting as the basis and necessary environment for its existence. . Nature can speed up or slow down the process of development society, creating favorable or unfavorable conditions.

nature can destroy the fruits of civilization through natural disasters. Nature governs the resettlement of mankind, the distribution of productive forces, the social division of labor, the specifics of agriculture. Nature conditions cyclical production processes.

The relationship between society and nature is a unity of two tendencies:

1. Increasing dominance of man over nature and the increasing involvement of natural resources in the sphere of production activity.

2. The growing contradiction in the relationship between nature and society. And the destruction of the natural basis of human existence.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. some thinkers, considering the relationship between nature and society, put forward the idea of ​​the formation of the noosphere.

Noosphere (sphere of mind) - the highest stage of development of the biosphere, which includes human society and everything created by it, where all processes are regulated with the help of reason, necessarily taking into account the interests of both man, society and nature.

Society appears, develops as a result of the material and spiritual activity of people. Having arisen as a result of labor, society is still organized and develops thanks to labor. Labor satisfies material and spiritual needs of people, and also forms society as a system of social ties and relationships between people.

Society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system . Such a system, changing all the time, retains its essence.

Society as a complex system, consists of subsystems as elements. Such subsystems are called areas of public life. Allocate 4 the main areas of society:

1. Economic sphere , which includes material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production, material goods, their exchange and distribution.

2. Political sphere , including politics, the state, law in their relationship and functioning.

3. Social sphere , consisting of social groups, social. layers, classes, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other.

4. spiritual realm , covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which in real life form a spiritual culture.

Each sphere of society's life is interconnected with others and determine each other. The boundaries between the spheres of life are rather conditional.

In the course of their life, people enter into various relationships with each other.

Public relations - these are the diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections and relationships between social groups or within them.

For the existence of its goals, society forms the appropriate social institutions.

Social institutions - public formations that serve to streamline and regulate relations between people: institutions, norms, cultural patterns, ways of behavior.

Communication as interaction

In the course of communication, it is important for the participants not only to exchange information, but also to organize an “exchange of actions”, to plan a common strategy. Interacting with others on various occasions, we usually choose behavior strategies that correspond to the situation. Human interaction is varied. Therefore, scientists strive to streamline the diverse types of interaction, to create a holistic picture that models the richness of communication.

The dichotomous division turned out to be the most common: cooperation and competition, agreement and conflict, adaptation and opposition. The selection of polar types of interaction, although it implies the presence of intermediate ones, gives a somewhat simplified picture of human communication.

R. Bales combined the observed patterns of interaction into an integral system. The figure below illustrates the main strategies of behavior in the process of interaction.

If, when interacting with other people, a person focuses only on his own goals without taking into account the goals of communication partners, then he enters into opposition or competition. Compromise is realized in the private achievement of the goals of partners for the sake of conditional equality. Cooperation is aimed at the full satisfaction of the participants in the interaction of their needs (cooperation). Compliance involves sacrificing one's own goals in order to achieve the goals of a partner (altruism). Avoidance is a withdrawal from contact, the loss of one's own goals to exclude the gain of another (individualism).

Communication as people's perception of each other

The process of perception by one person of another acts as an obligatory part of communication and constitutes what is called Perception. . Since a person always enters into communication as a person, he is perceived by his communication partner in the same way. According to the external side of behavior, we, according to S. L. Rubinshtein, seem to “read” another person, decipher the meaning of his external data. The impressions that arise in this case play an important regulatory role in the process of communication.

First, when recognizing the other, the cognizing individual himself is formed.

Secondly, the success of organizing coordinated actions with him depends on how accurate the “reading” of another person is.

However, at least two people are included in the communication processes, and each of them is an active subject. Consequently, comparison with the other is carried out, as it were, from two sides: each of the partners likens himself to the second. This means that when building an interaction strategy, everyone has to take into account not only the needs, motives, attitudes of the other, but also how this other understands the needs, motives, attitudes of the first. As a result, awareness of oneself through the prism of another includes two sides - identification and reflection.

What makes it difficult to perceive people correctly?

There are some factors that make it difficult to perceive and evaluate people correctly. The main ones are:

1. Availability preset settings, evaluations, beliefs that the observer has long before the process of perception and evaluation of another person actually began.
2. Availability already formed stereotypes, in accordance with which the observed people belong to a certain category in advance and an attitude is formed that directs attention to the search for traits associated with it.
3. Striving to do premature conclusions about the identity of the person being assessed before comprehensive and reliable information is obtained about him. Some people, for example, have a “ready-made” judgment about another immediately after they first meet or see him.
4. Unaccountable personality structuring another person is manifested in the fact that only strictly defined features are logically combined into a holistic image, and then any concept that does not fit into this image is discarded.
5. Halo effect (see above).
6. The specifics of the "projection" effect lies in the fact that another person is attributed by analogy with their own qualities and emotional states. A person, perceiving and evaluating people, tends to logically assume the following: "All people are like me" or "Others are opposite to me." A stubborn suspicious person will see the same qualities of character in a communication partner, even if they are objectively absent. Kind, sympathetic, honest, on the contrary, can perceive a stranger through “rose-colored glasses” and make a mistake. Therefore, if someone complains about how, they say, everyone around is cruel, greedy, dishonest, it is possible that he judges by himself.
7. "Effect of primacy" It manifests itself in the fact that the first heard or seen information about a person or event is very significant and unforgettable, capable of influencing the subsequent attitude towards this person. And even if later you receive information that refutes the primary one, you will still remember and take into account that one more. Perception is also influenced by the mood of the person himself: if it is gloomy (for example, due to poor health), then negative feelings may prevail in the first impression of another person. To make it fuller and more accurate, it is important to positively "tune in to it."
8. Lack of desire and habit listen to the opinions of others people, the desire to rely on their own impression of a person, to defend it.
9. No change in perceptions and assessments people occurring over time for natural reasons. This refers to the case when once expressed judgments and opinions about a person do not change, despite the fact that new information about him is accumulating.
10. "Latest Information Effect" It manifests itself in the fact that if the latest data about this person is negative, they can cross out all previous opinions about him.

Feedbackin communication

Society does not consist of separate individuals, but expresses the sum of those connections and relations in which these individuals are with each other. The basis of these connections and relationships is the interaction of people.

Interaction- this is the process of direct or indirect influence of objects (subjects) on each other, generating their mutual conditioning and connection.

It is causality that constitutes the main feature of the interaction, when each of the interacting parties is high. blunts as the cause of the other and as a consequence of the simultaneous reverse influence of the opposite side, which determines the development of objects and their structures. If the interaction reveals a contradiction, then it acts as a source of self-movement and phenomena and processes.

Interaction in domestic social psychology is usually understood not only as the influence of people on each other, but also as the direct organization of their joint activities, which allows the group to realize common activities for its members. The interaction itself in this case acts as a systematic, constant implementation of actions aimed at causing an appropriate reaction from other people.

Usually distinguish between interpersonal and intergroup interaction.

Interpersonal interaction- accidental or intentional, private or public, long-term or short-term, verbal or non-verbal contacts and connections of two or more people, causing mutual changes in their relationships and.

The presence of an external goal in relation to interacting individuals, the achievement of which involves mutual efforts.

Explicit (accessibility) for observation from outside and registration by other people.

Situation is a rather strict regulation by specific conditions of activity, norms, rules and intensity of relations, due to which interaction becomes a rather changeable phenomenon.

Reflexive ambiguity - the dependence of perception on the conditions of implementation and assessments of its participants.

Intergroup interaction- the process of direct or indirect influence of multiple subjects (objects) on each other, giving rise to their mutual conditionality and the peculiar nature of the relationship. Usually it takes place between whole groups (as well as their parts) and acts as an integrating (or destabilizing) factor in the development of society.

Currently, in Western science there are many points of view explaining the reasons for the interaction of people.

The process of human interaction is divided into three main stages (levels).

At the first stage (initial level), interaction is the simplest primary contacts of people. Between them there is only a certain primary and very simplified mutual or one-sided influence on each other for the purpose of exchanging information and communication. For specific reasons, it may not achieve its goal and not receive further development.

The success of initial contacts depends on the acceptance or rejection of each other by the partners in the interaction. Differences between individuals are one of the main conditions for the development of their interaction (communication, relationships, compatibility, workability), as well as themselves as individuals.

Any contact usually begins with a concrete sensory perception of the external appearance, features of the activity and behavior of other people. At this moment, as a rule, emotional-behavioral reactions of individuals dominate. Acceptance-rejection relations are manifested in facial expressions, gestures, posture, gaze, intonation, the desire to end or continue communication. They indicate whether people like each other or not. If not, then mutual or unilateral reactions (gestures) of rejection follow.

The contact is terminated.

And vice versa, people turn to those who smile, look straight and open, turn around in full face, respond with a cheerful and cheerful intonation; to someone who deserves trust and with whom it is possible to develop further cooperation on the basis of joint efforts.

Of course, the acceptance or rejection of each other by partners in interaction has deeper roots.

The first (lower) level is the ratio of individual (natural) and personal parameters (temperament, intelligence, character, motivation, interests, value orientations) of people. Of particular importance in interpersonal interaction are the age and gender differences of partners.

The second (upper) level of homogeneity - heterogeneity (the degree of similarity - contrast of participants in interpersonal interaction) is the ratio (similarity - difference) of opinions in the group, attitudes (including likes and dislikes) towards oneself, partners or other people and to the objective world (in including joint activities). The second level is subdivided into sublevels: primary (or initial) and secondary (or effective). The primary sublevel is the initial ratio of opinions given before interpersonal interaction (about the world of objects and their own kind). The second sublevel is the correlation (similarity - difference) of opinions and relationships as a result of interpersonal interaction, the exchange of thoughts and feelings between participants in joint activities.

An important role in the interaction at its initial stage is played by the effect of congruence, i.e. confirmation of mutual role expectations, a single resonant rhythm, the consonance of the experiences of the participants in the contact.

Congruence implies a minimum of mismatches in the key moments of the lines of behavior of the participants in the contact, which results in stress relief, the emergence of trust and sympathy at a subconscious level.

Congruence is enhanced by the feeling of complicity caused by the partner, interest, search for mutual activity based on his needs and life experience. Congruence may appear from the first minutes of contact between previously unfamiliar partners, or may not arise at all. The presence of a congruence indicates an increase in the likelihood that the interaction will continue. In this sense, one should strive to achieve congruence from the first minutes of contact.

The feeling of belonging that arises:
- when the goals of the subjects of interaction are interconnected;
- when there is a basis for interpersonal rapprochement;
- in case the subjects belong to one . Empathy (emotional empathy with the interlocutor) is realized:
- when establishing emotional contact;
- with the similarity of behavioral and emotional reactions of partners;
- in the presence of the same feelings for some subject;
- when attention is drawn to the feelings of partners (for example, they are simply described).

Identification (projection of one's views on the interlocutor), which is enhanced:
- with a variety of behavioral manifestations of the interacting parties;
- when a person sees traits of his character in another;
- when partners seem to change places and discuss from each other's positions;
- when referring to previous cases;
- with a commonality of thoughts, interests, social roles and positions.

As a result of congruence and effective initial contacts, feedback is established between people, which is a process of mutually directed responses that serves to maintain subsequent interaction, during which both intentional and unintentional communication of another person is carried out, how his behavior and actions (or their consequences ) are perceived or experienced.

Feedback can be of different types, and each of its variants corresponds to one or another specificity of interaction between people and the establishment of stable relations between them.

Feedback can be immediate or delayed in time. It can be bright, emotionally colored and transmitted as a kind of experience, or it can be with a minimal experience of emotions and behavioral responses (Solovyova O.V., 1992). In different options for joint activities, their own types of feedback are appropriate. The inability to use feedback significantly complicates the interaction of people, reducing its effectiveness. Thanks to feedback in the course of interaction, people become similar to each other, bring their state, emotions, actions and actions in line with the unfolding process of relationships.

At the middle stage (level) of people's interaction, which is called productive joint activity, gradually developing active cooperation finds more and more expression in the effective solution of the problem of combining the mutual efforts of partners.

Three forms, or models, of organizing joint activities are usually distinguished:
- each participant does his part of the overall work independently of the other;
- the general task is performed sequentially by each participant;
- there is a simultaneous interaction of each participant with all the others. Their real existence depends on the conditions of activity, its goals and content.

The common aspirations of people, however, can lead to clashes in the process of coordinating positions. As a result, people enter into an agreement-disagreement relationship with each other. In case of agreement, partners are involved in joint activities. At the same time, the distribution of roles and functions between the participants in the interaction is carried out. These relations cause a special direction of volitional efforts among the subjects of interaction, which is associated either with a concession or with the conquest of certain positions. Therefore, partners are required to show mutual tolerance, composure, perseverance, psychological mobility and other volitional qualities of a person, based on intelligence and a high level of personality.

At the same time, at this time, the interaction of people is actively accompanied or mediated by the manifestation of complex socio-psychological phenomena, called compatibility - incompatibility (or workability - incompatibility). As interpersonal relationships and communication are specific forms of interaction, so compatibility and workability are considered its special constituent elements (Obozov N.N., 1980). Interpersonal relations in the group and compatibility (physiological and psychological) of its members give rise to another important socio-psychological phenomenon, which is commonly called the "psychological climate".

Psychophysiological compatibility is based on the interaction of temperamental characteristics, the needs of individuals.
Psychological compatibility involves the interaction of characters, intellects, behavioral motives.
Socio-psychological compatibility provides for the coordination of social roles, interests, value orientations of participants.
Socio-ideological compatibility is based on the commonality of ideological values, on the similarity of social attitudes (in intensity and direction) regarding the possible facts of reality associated with the implementation of ethnic, class and confessional interests. There are no clear boundaries between these types of compatibility, while the extreme levels of compatibility, for example, the physiological, socio-psychological and socio-ideological climate, have obvious differences (Obozov N.N., 1980).

In joint activities, control on the part of the participants themselves is noticeably activated (self-control, self-check, mutual control, mutual check), which affects the performance part of the activity, including the speed and accuracy of individual and joint actions.

At the same time, it should be remembered that the engine of interaction and joint activity is, first of all, the motivation of its participants. There are several types of social motives for interaction (i.e., motives for which a person interacts with other people).
Cooperation - maximizing the total gain.
Individualism - maximizing your own gain.
Competition - maximizing the relative gain.
Altruism - maximizing the gain of another.
Aggression - minimizing the gain of the other.
Equality-minimization of differences in payoffs (Bityanova M.R., 2001).

The mutual control over each other carried out by the participants in joint activities can lead to a revision of individual motives for activity if there are significant differences in their direction and level, as a result of which individual people begin to coordinate.

During this process, there is a constant coordination of thoughts, feelings, relationships of partners in joint life. It is clothed in various forms of influence of people on each other. Some of them encourage the partner to act (order, request, suggestion), others authorize the actions of partners (consent or refusal), and others cause discussion (question, reasoning). The discussion itself can take place in the form of coverage, conversation, dispute, conference, seminar and a number of other types of interpersonal contacts.

However, the choice of forms of influence is more often dictated by the functional-role relationships of partners in joint work. For example, the supervisory function of the manager encourages him to more frequent use of orders, requests and sanctioning answers, while the pedagogical function of the same leader requires more frequent use of discussion forms of interaction. Thus, the process of mutual influence of partners in interaction is realized. Through it, people "process" each other, striving to change and transform the mental states, attitudes and, ultimately, the behavior and psychological qualities of partners in joint activities.

Mutual influence as a change in opinions and assessments can be situational when circumstances require it. As a result of repeated changes in opinions and assessments, their stability is formed, convergence of positions leads to behavioral, emotional and cognitive unity of the participants in the interaction. This, in turn, leads to convergence of interests and value orientations, intellectual and character traits of the partners.

Under their influence, opinions and relations of partners in interaction change. Regulators of mutual influence are formed on the basis of a deep property of the psyche - imitation. Unlike the latter, suggestion, conformity and persuasion regulate interpersonal norms of thoughts and feelings.

Suggestion is such an influence on other people that they perceive unconsciously.
Conformity - a conscious change of opinions, assessments. Situationally and consciously, conformity allows you to maintain and coordinate ideas (norms) about the events taking place in people's lives and activities. Of course, events have varying degrees of significance for those who are forced to evaluate them.
Persuasion is a process of long-term influence on another person, during which he consciously learns the norms and rules of behavior of partners in interaction.

Convergence or change in mutual points of view and opinions affects all spheres and levels of interacting people. In the conditions of solving specific current problems of life and activity, and especially communication, their convergence-divergence is a kind of regulator of interpersonal interaction. If the convergence of assessments and opinions forms a single "language", group norms of relations, behavior and activities, then their divergence acts as the driving force behind the development of interpersonal relations and groups.

The final stage (the highest level) of interaction is always an extremely effective joint activity of people, accompanied by mutual understanding. Mutual understanding of people is such a level of their interaction at which they are aware of the content and structure of the present and possible next actions of the partner, and also mutually contribute to the achievement of a common goal. For mutual understanding, joint activity is not enough, mutual assistance is needed. It excludes its antipode - mutual opposition, with the appearance of which misunderstanding arises, and then misunderstanding of man by man. At the same time, mutual misunderstanding is one of the essential prerequisites for the breakdown of human interaction or the cause of a wide variety of interpersonal difficulties, etc.

An essential characteristic of mutual understanding is always its adequacy. It depends on a number of factors:
- type of relationship between partners (relationships of acquaintance and friendship, friendship, love and marital relations);
- friendly (essentially business relations);
- sign or valence of relations (sympathies, dislikes, indifferent relations);
- the degree of possible objectification, the manifestation of personality traits in the behavior and activities of people (sociability, for example, is most easily observed in the process of interaction of communication).

In adequacy, as accuracy, depth and breadth of perception and interpretation, an important role is played by the opinion, assessment of other more or less significant people, groups, authoritative persons.

For a correct analysis of mutual understanding, two factors can be correlated - sociometric status and the degree of similarity according to it. In this case, it is necessary to take into account:
- people who have different socio-psychological statuses in the team interact (befriend) with each other;
- reject each other, i.e. experience interpersonal rejection, heifers who are similar in status and it is not high enough for them.

Thus, interaction is a complex multi-stage and multifaceted process during which communication, perception, relationships, mutual influence and mutual understanding of people are carried out.

Interaction, as already emphasized, is diverse. An indicator of this is its typology.

Usually there are several ways of interaction. The most common dichotomous division is cooperation and competition (consent and conflict, adaptation and opposition). In this case, both the content of the interaction (cooperation or rivalry) and the degree of expression of this interaction (successful or less successful cooperation) determine the nature of interpersonal relations between people.

Additional interaction - partners adequately perceive each other's position.
Intersecting interaction - partners, on the one hand, demonstrate the inadequacy of understanding the positions and actions of another participant in the interaction, and on the other hand, they clearly show their own intentions and actions.
Hidden interaction - includes two levels at the same time: explicit, verbally expressed, and hidden, implied. It implies either a deep knowledge of the partner, or greater sensitivity to non-verbal means of communication - tone of voice, intonation, facial expressions and gestures, since they convey the hidden content.

Interaction is always present in the form of two components:
Content - determines around what or about what this or that interaction is deployed.
Style - indicates how a person interacts with others.

We can talk about productive and unproductive styles of interaction. Productive style is a fruitful way of contact between partners, contributing to the establishment and extension of relationships of mutual trust, the disclosure of personal potentials and the achievement of effective results in joint activities.

In other cases, having exhausted the adaptation resources available to them, having achieved some balance and trust in the first stages of development of interaction, people cannot maintain effective relationships. In both cases, they speak of an unproductive style of interaction - an unproductive way of contact between partners, blocking the realization of personal potentials and the achievement of optimal results of joint activities.

The unproductive style of interaction is usually understood as a specific embodiment in the situation of interaction of the unfavorable state of the existing system of relations, which is perceived and recognized as such by at least one of the participants in the interaction.

The nature of activity in the position of partners:
- in a productive style - "next to the partner", i.e. active position of both partners as partners in the activity;
- in the unproductive - "above the partner", i.e. the active position of the leading partner and the complementary passive position of subordination of the follower.

The nature of the proposed goals:
- in a productive style - partners jointly develop both close and distant goals;
- in the unproductive - the dominant partner puts forward only close goals, without discussing them with the partner.

Nature of responsibility:
- in a productive style, all participants in the interaction are responsible for the results of activities;
- in unproductive - all responsibility is assigned to the dominant partner.

The nature of the relationship that arises between partners:
- in a productive style - benevolence and trust;
- in unproductive - aggression, resentment, irritation.

The nature of the functioning of the mechanism and isolation:
- in a productive style - optimal forms of identification and alienation;
- in the unproductive - extreme forms of identification and alienation.