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General information about the USA
United States of America, USA (United States of America, USA) is a state in North America, formed in 1776 by thirteen British colonies that declared their independence. The US Constitution was adopted in 1787. The population, as of 2014, is 320 million people. The United States does not have an official state language, but the majority of the population uses American English.
The state symbols of the USA are the US flag (the number of stars on the flag corresponds to the current number of US states; the modern flag with fifty stars was approved in 1960, after Alaska and Hawaii received statehood), the great seal and the US anthem. The USA also has an official motto: “In God we trust.” The national animal of the United States is the bald eagle.

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about country
The United States of America is a country in North America. Area - 9,518,900 km² (fourth largest in the world in terms of territory). Population - more than 309 million people (third place). The capital is the city of Washington. The United States borders Canada, Mexico, and Russia. Washed by the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Administrative division: 50 states and the Federal District of Columbia; a number of island territories are also subordinate to the United States. The United States was formed in 1776 by the unification of thirteen British colonies that declared their independence. Economy: Currently the largest in the world ($14.2 trillion). The United States has powerful armed forces, including the largest navy, has a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, and is a founding state of the North Atlantic Alliance. The United States has the second largest nuclear potential on Earth.

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Geography
The main territory of the United States (called the continental states) is located on the North American continent and extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. In the south the USA borders with Mexico, in the north with Canada. In addition, the United States includes 2 more states. In the extreme northwest of the continent is the state of Alaska, which also borders Canada. The state of Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean. The border with Russia passes through the Bering Strait. The United States also owns a number of islands in the Caribbean (for example, Puerto Rico) and in the Pacific Ocean (American Samoa, Midway, Guam, etc.). There are several large physiographic regions in the United States.

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Relief
In the east, the Appalachian mountain system stretches along the Atlantic coast. To the west and south of it, the surface levels out, forming low-lying areas through which the largest rivers of the United States flow. Further to the west, the area changes into vast plains and prairies called the Great Plains, which precede the mountainous regions of the Cordillera. Mountain ranges occupy the entire western part of the country and end rather sharply towards the Pacific coast. Most of Alaska is occupied by the northern Cordillera ranges. The Hawaiian archipelago is a series of volcanic islands up to 4205 m high.

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Rivers and lakes
The flow of rivers from the territory of the United States is carried out into the basins of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic. The main watershed (between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans) runs through the eastern part of the Cordillera, and only a small part of the territory of the northern states and Alaska belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin. The meeting point of the three watersheds is located at Triple Divide Peak. The provision of water resources in different parts of the country is uneven - the height of the annual runoff layer in the states of Washington and Oregon is 60-120 cm, and on the internal plateaus and plateaus up to 10 cm. Large lakes are located in the north of the country - the Great Lakes. Smaller, endorheic salt lakes are found in the depressions of the Great Basin. Inland water resources are widely used in industrial and municipal water supply, irrigation, hydropower and shipping. Most of the US river flow belongs to the Gulf of Mexico basin of the Atlantic Ocean. The largest river system is formed by the Mississippi River (length 3,757 km, annual flow 180 km³) and its countless tributaries, the largest of which are the Missouri (length 4,127 km), Arkansas (2,364 km) and Ohio (1,579 km).

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The Great Lakes are a system of freshwater lakes in North America, the United States and Canada. Includes a number of large and medium-sized reservoirs connected by rivers and straits. The area is about 245.2 thousand km², the volume of water is 22.7 thousand km³. The Great Lakes proper include the five largest: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario. Several medium-sized lakes are associated with them. The lakes belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin. St. Lawrence River flow.
Great Lakes

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Niagara Falls is the common name for three waterfalls on the Niagara River, separating the American state of New York from the Canadian province of Ontario. Niagara Falls are Horseshoe Falls, sometimes also called Canadian Falls, American Falls and Veil Falls. Although the difference in height is not very great, the falls are very wide, and in terms of the volume of water passing through it, Niagara Falls is the most powerful in North America. The height of the waterfalls is 53 meters. The foot of the American Falls is obscured by a pile of rocks, which is why its apparent height is only 21 meters. The width of the American Falls is 323 meters, the Horseshoe Falls is 792 meters. The volume of falling water reaches 5700 or more m³/s.
Niagara Falls

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Climate
Since the country is located over a large territory, almost all climatic zones are represented. Most of the United States is located in the temperate climate zone, to the south the subtropical climate prevails, Hawaii and the southern part of Florida lie in the tropical zone, and northern Alaska belongs to the polar regions. The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are classified as semi-deserts, the Great Basin and the areas around it have an arid climate, and coastal areas of California have a Mediterranean climate. The type of climate within the boundaries of one zone can vary significantly depending on the topography, proximity to the ocean and other factors. The main component of the US climate is the high-altitude jet stream - powerful air currents that bring moisture from the north Pacific region. Moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean actively irrigate the western coast of the United States. Frequent tornadoes are a well-known feature of the North American climate, with the United States surpassing any other country in the number of tornadoes. Hurricanes are common in the United States. The East Coast, the islands of Hawaii and especially the southern US states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are most susceptible to this disaster.

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Flora
The slopes of the Cordillera are covered with dense coniferous forests, the Appalachians - with forests of broad-leaved species; There are almost no prairies left. Tundra vegetation is common in northern Alaska. Forests cover about 30% of the country's territory; Alaska's vegetation is predominantly tundra with mosses and lichens, but coniferous and mixed forests grow in the south of the state. In the north of the "continental" part of the USA, dense mixed forests grow: spruce, pine, oak, ash, birch, sycamore. Further south, the forests become smaller, but plants such as magnolia and rubber plants appear, and mangrove forests grow on the Gulf Coast. In the west of the country, semi-arid and arid regions begin with predominantly grass and desert vegetation. In such regions, the most common species are yucca, various shrubs, and in the Mojave Desert - “cactus forests.” In higher areas, pine and ponderosa grow. Chapparral is very common in California, as are numerous fruit trees (mostly citrus). The Sierra Nevada is home to giant sequoia forests. In the north of the east coast there are coniferous and mixed forests: spruce, cedar, pine, larch.

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Fauna
The fauna is also represented according to climatic zones: in the north there are ground squirrels, bears, deer and elk, there are a lot of trout in the rivers, and walruses and seals on the Alaskan coast. The forests of the eastern United States are home to grizzly bear, deer, fox, wolf, skunk, badger, squirrel, and a large number of small birds. On the Gulf Coast you can find such exotic birds as the pelican, flamingo, and green kingfisher. Alligators and several types of poisonous snakes are also found here. The Great Plains was once home to tens of thousands of bison, but now there are very few of them left, mostly in national parks. In the mountainous regions of the western United States you can find such large animals as elk, deer, pronghorn, mountain goat, brown bear, wolf, and bighorn. Desert regions are inhabited primarily by reptiles (including the rattlesnake) and small mammals, such as the marsupial rat.

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Minerals
The United States stands out for its rich and diverse mineral resources. Fuel and energy resources are especially large. There are also large reserves of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores and mining and chemical raw materials. Coal-bearing provinces (Eastern, Interior, Southern, in the north of the Great Plains, in the Rocky Mountains, Pacific) occupy 1/10 of the country's territory. Reliable coal reserves -1.6 trillion. tons. The USA is rich in oil and natural gas (reliably proven reserves are 4.6 billion tons and 5.6 trillion m3, respectively). The United States ranks second in the world in terms of their production. The largest oil and gas reserves are located in Alaska, in the south of the country and on the Pacific coast. The main iron ore resources are located in the lake area. Upper; There are significant resources of molybdenum, tungsten, and precious metals in the deposits of the Mountain States. In terms of lead reserves, the United States is among the world leaders. Lead-zinc ores are concentrated in the states of Idaho, Utah, Montana, and Missouri. Despite the presence of a rich mineral resource base, the United States is still forced to import nickel, manganese, cobalt, bauxite, tin, and potassium salts.

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State structure
The US Constitution, adopted in 1787, defines the powers of government delegated to the US federal government. Powers not defined by the federal government in the Constitution are exercised by the states of the United States. The US Constitution establishes the principle of separation of powers: the federal government consists of legislative, executive and judicial branches that act independently of each other. The highest legislative body is the bicameral US Congress: the lower house is the House of Representatives; the upper house is the Senate. The highest executive body is the President of the United States. The president is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. There is a post of vice president. The highest body of the judiciary is the US Supreme Court. The main political parties are Republican and Democratic. There are many smaller batches.

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US Economy
The US economy was the largest in the world in the second half of the 20th century, and at the beginning of the 21st century, but in recent years, despite the continued growth of US GDP, its contribution to the world economy has been gradually declining. As of 2013, the US GDP is 16.7 trillion. dollars, or 23% of world GDP. High-tech production. Scientific research is developed. The service sector and competitive industry are well developed. Multinational companies such as Ford, General Motors and Exxon. Leading software manufacturer. Good higher education system, especially in the field of high technology. American firms prosper due to the widespread dissemination of American culture throughout the world. The world's largest exporter of goods. Political stability, qualified personnel. Recently, there has been a decline in the number of jobs in industrial production. Globalization, the drain of jobs to countries with cheap labor (in 1945, almost 50% of world production was in the USA; in the 1990s - 25%). Fierce technology competition with East Asian countries and the European Union. The United States has the world's most extensive transportation system. Thus, the USA has the longest network of roads and railways, as well as the largest number of airports and airfields in the world.

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Armed forces
The US Armed Forces include independent branches of the armed forces - the Ground Forces, the Air Force, the Navy, the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard, as well as units and formations of the Reserve, including the National Guard. The US armed forces are one of the largest in the world, numbering about 1.5 million people in regular units of the Armed Forces, as well as about 1.5 million people in reserve formations.

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Population
Indian tribes settled in the United States about 10 thousand years ago, and their descendants remained the predominant ethnic component until the end of the 17th century. Modern residents are descendants of relatively recent (XVII-XX centuries) settlers from Europe (mainly Western) and Africa. It should be noted that only children of immigrants born in the United States receive the full right to be called Americans. The country maintains a clear division between foreigners and natives, between whom there is a significant cultural and linguistic distance. This difference, however, limits the internal division. Americans in the United States are a diverse, heterogeneous nation with a conflicting racial composition. The dominant race in all respects and regions (except for the state of Hawaii) is currently the Caucasian race - people from the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland and other European countries. Then there are African Americans, Latin Americans, Asians, Indians and others, who account for over a third of the population.

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US languages
The most common native language in the United States is English. 215.4 million people out of 293 million Americans (73.5%) speak it as their native language. Spanish is the native language of 28 million US residents (10.7%). Followed by: French (1,606,790), Chinese (1,499,635), German (1,382,615), Turkish (about 1,172,615), Tagalog (1,224,240), Vietnamese (1,009,625), Italian (1,008 370) and Korean (894,065). The Russian language ranks 11th in terms of the number of native speakers in the United States - over 700 thousand (0.24%). The largest number of Russian speakers lives in the state of New York (218,765 people, or 30.98% of all Russian speakers), the smallest in the state of Wyoming (170 people, or 0.02%). The highest proportion of Russian speakers is in Alaska - about 3% understand the Russian language to one degree or another, and about 8.5% of residents profess Orthodoxy. This is a consequence of the former ownership of the territory of the state of Russia. In the state of Hawaii, English and Hawaiian are the official languages. Some island territories also provide official recognition to indigenous languages, along with English.

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Religion
The First Amendment to the US Constitution, adopted on December 15, 1791, proclaims the separation of church and state, which the Founding Fathers understood as a prohibition on the establishment of a state religion, such as that which took place in Great Britain. According to a 2002 study by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, the United States is the only developed country where a majority of the population said religion plays a “very important role” in their lives. The American government does not keep official statistics on religion. According to the CIA World Fact Book for 2007, 51.3% of the US population consider themselves Protestant, 23.9% Catholic, 12.1% unaffiliated, 1.7% Mormon, 1.6% - members of another Christian denomination, 1.7% - Jews, 0.7% - Buddhists, 0.6% - Muslims, 2.5% - other or not specified, 4% - atheists.

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Administrative division
The state consists of 50 states, which are equal federal subjects, the Metropolitan District of Columbia and dependent territories. Each state has its own constitution, legislative, executive and judicial powers. Most state names come from the names of Indian tribes and the names of the kings of England and France. States are divided into districts - smaller administrative units, less than
a state and no less than a city. There are a total of 3,141 districts. The powers of county administrations and relationships with municipal authorities of localities located within their territories vary greatly from state to state. Local life in settlements is governed by municipalities. A special status has been established for unincorporated territories.

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Washington
After the American Revolution, many cities laid claim to the role of capital of the new state. Therefore, in 1790, it was decided to build a new city in the Potomac River area. The capital was named Washington after the first president, George Washington. The first architect to plan and design the city was the Frenchman Pierre Lanfant. Washington has been the capital of the United States since 1800. Washington as a separate city was abolished as a result of administrative reform in 1873, so the capital of the United States is officially called the District of Columbia.
According to the US Constitution and the Residence Law, the District of Columbia has a special status as the capital of a federal state. Area - 0.2 thousand km². Population: Within the federal district there are 602 thousand inhabitants (2010). With suburbs (in the states of Maryland and Virginia) - 5.4 million residents (2010).

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PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC: “USA” Prepared by English teacher, Secondary School No. 5, Timashevsk Kopylova Antonina Romanovna, Timashevsk, 2015

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About the country The United States of America is a country in North America. Area - 9,518,900 km² (fourth largest in the world in terms of territory). Population - more than 309 million people (third place). The capital is the city of Washington. The United States borders Canada, Mexico, and Russia. Washed by the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Administrative division: 50 states and the Federal District of Columbia; a number of island territories are also subordinate to the United States. The United States was formed in 1776 by the unification of thirteen British colonies that declared their independence. Economy: Currently the largest in the world ($14.2 trillion). The United States has powerful armed forces, including the largest navy, has a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, and is a founding state of the North Atlantic Alliance. The United States has the second largest nuclear potential on Earth.

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Geography The main territory of the United States (called the continental states) is located on the North American continent and extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. In the south the USA borders with Mexico, in the north with Canada. In addition, the United States includes 2 more states. In the extreme northwest of the continent is the state of Alaska, which also borders Canada. The state of Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean. The border with Russia passes through the Bering Strait. The United States also owns a number of islands in the Caribbean (for example, Puerto Rico) and in the Pacific Ocean (American Samoa, Midway, Guam, etc.). There are several large physiographic regions in the United States.

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Relief In the east, the Appalachian mountain system stretches along the Atlantic coast. To the west and south of it, the surface levels out, forming low-lying areas through which the largest rivers of the United States flow. Further to the west, the area changes into vast plains and prairies called the Great Plains, which precede the mountainous regions of the Cordillera. Mountain ranges occupy the entire western part of the country and end rather sharply towards the Pacific coast. Most of Alaska is occupied by the northern Cordillera ranges. The Hawaiian archipelago is a series of volcanic islands up to 4205 m high.

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Rivers and lakes Rivers flow from the territory of the United States into the basins of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic. The main watershed (between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans) runs through the eastern part of the Cordillera, and only a small part of the territory of the northern states and Alaska belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin. The meeting point of the three watersheds is located at Triple Divide Peak. The provision of water resources in different parts of the country is uneven - the height of the annual runoff layer in the states of Washington and Oregon is 60-120 cm, and on the internal plateaus and plateaus up to 10 cm. Large lakes are located in the north of the country - the Great Lakes. Smaller, endorheic salt lakes are found in the depressions of the Great Basin. Inland water resources are widely used in industrial and municipal water supply, irrigation, hydropower and shipping. Most of the US river flow belongs to the Gulf of Mexico basin of the Atlantic Ocean. The largest river system is formed by the Mississippi River (length 3,757 km, annual flow 180 km³) and its countless tributaries, the largest of which are the Missouri (length 4,127 km), Arkansas (2,364 km) and Ohio (1,579 km).

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The Great Lakes are a system of freshwater lakes in North America, the United States and Canada. Includes a number of large and medium-sized reservoirs connected by rivers and straits. The area is about 245.2 thousand km², the volume of water is 22.7 thousand km³. The Great Lakes proper include the five largest: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario. Several medium-sized lakes are associated with them. The lakes belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin. St. Lawrence River flow. Great Lakes

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Niagara Falls is the common name for three waterfalls on the Niagara River, separating the American state of New York from the Canadian province of Ontario. Niagara Falls are Horseshoe Falls, sometimes also called Canadian Falls, American Falls and Veil Falls. Although the difference in height is not very great, the falls are very wide, and in terms of the volume of water passing through it, Niagara Falls is the most powerful in North America. The height of the waterfalls is 53 meters. The foot of the American Falls is obscured by a pile of rocks, which is why its apparent height is only 21 meters. The width of the American Falls is 323 meters, the Horseshoe Falls is 792 meters. The volume of falling water reaches 5700 or more m³/s. Niagara Falls

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Climate Since the country is located over a large territory, almost all climatic zones are represented. Most of the United States is located in the temperate climate zone, to the south the subtropical climate prevails, Hawaii and the southern part of Florida lie in the tropical zone, and northern Alaska belongs to the polar regions. The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are classified as semi-deserts, the Great Basin and the areas around it have an arid climate, and coastal areas of California have a Mediterranean climate. The type of climate within the boundaries of one zone can vary significantly depending on the topography, proximity to the ocean and other factors. The main component of the US climate is the high-altitude jet stream - powerful air currents that bring moisture from the north Pacific region. Moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean actively irrigate the western coast of the United States. Frequent tornadoes are a well-known feature of the North American climate, with the United States surpassing any other country in the number of tornadoes. Hurricanes are common in the United States. The East Coast, the islands of Hawaii and especially the southern US states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are most susceptible to this disaster.

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Flora The slopes of the Cordillera are covered with dense coniferous forests, the Appalachians - with forests of broad-leaved species; There are almost no prairies left. Tundra vegetation is common in northern Alaska. Forests cover about 30% of the country's territory; Alaska's vegetation is predominantly tundra with mosses and lichens, but coniferous and mixed forests grow in the south of the state. In the north of the "continental" part of the USA, dense mixed forests grow: spruce, pine, oak, ash, birch, sycamore. Further south, the forests become smaller, but plants such as magnolia and rubber plants appear, and mangrove forests grow on the Gulf Coast. In the west of the country, semi-arid and arid regions begin with predominantly grass and desert vegetation. In such regions, the most common species are yucca, various shrubs, and in the Mojave Desert - “cactus forests.” In higher areas, pine and ponderosa grow. Chapparral is very common in California, as are numerous fruit trees (mostly citrus). The Sierra Nevada is home to giant sequoia forests. In the north of the east coast there are coniferous and mixed forests: spruce, cedar, pine, larch.

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Fauna The fauna is also represented according to climatic zones: in the north there are ground squirrels, bears, deer and elk, there are a lot of trout in the rivers, and walruses and seals on the coast of Alaska. The forests of the eastern United States are home to grizzly bear, deer, fox, wolf, skunk, badger, squirrel, and a large number of small birds. On the Gulf Coast you can find such exotic birds as the pelican, flamingo, and green kingfisher. Alligators and several types of poisonous snakes are also found here. The Great Plains was once home to tens of thousands of bison, but now there are very few of them left, mostly in national parks. In the mountainous regions of the western United States you can find such large animals as elk, deer, pronghorn, mountain goat, brown bear, wolf, and bighorn. Desert regions are inhabited primarily by reptiles (including the rattlesnake) and small mammals, such as the marsupial rat.

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Minerals The US subsoil is rich in reserves of various natural resources, including coal and brown coal, iron and manganese ore. The Cordillera, the Colorado Plateau, the Great Plains and the Mexican Lowland have deposits of copper, zinc, lead, silver, chromite, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, polymetallic, uranium, mercury ores, gold, sulfur, phosphates and other chemical raw materials.

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Government The US Constitution, adopted in 1787, defines the government powers delegated to the US federal government. Powers not defined by the federal government in the Constitution are exercised by the states of the United States. The US Constitution establishes the principle of separation of powers: the federal government consists of legislative, executive and judicial branches that act independently of each other. The highest legislative body is the bicameral US Congress: the lower house is the House of Representatives; the upper house is the Senate. The highest executive body is the President of the United States. The president is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. There is a post of vice president. The highest body of the judiciary is the US Supreme Court. The main political parties are Republican and Democratic. There are many smaller batches.

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US Economy The largest economy in the world. Many natural resources, including energy and raw materials. High-tech production. Scientific research is developed. The service sector and competitive industry are well developed. Multinational companies such as Ford, General Motors and Exxon. Leading software manufacturer. Good higher education system, especially in the field of high technology. American firms prosper due to the widespread dissemination of American culture throughout the world. The world's largest exporter of goods. Political stability, qualified personnel. Recently, there has been a decline in the number of jobs in industrial production. Globalization, the drain of jobs to countries with cheap labor (in 1945, almost 50% of world production was in the USA; in the 1990s - 25%). Fierce technology competition with East Asian countries and the European Union. External debt exceeds US$14 trillion.

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Population Indian tribes settled in the United States about 10 thousand years ago, and their descendants remained the predominant ethnic component until the end of the 17th century. Modern residents are descendants of relatively recent (XVII-XX centuries) settlers from Europe (mainly Western) and Africa. It should be noted that only children of immigrants born in the United States receive the full right to be called Americans. The country maintains a clear division between foreigners and natives, between whom there is a significant cultural and linguistic distance. This difference, however, limits the internal division. Americans in the United States are a diverse, heterogeneous nation with a conflicting racial composition. The dominant race in all respects and regions (except for the state of Hawaii) is currently the Caucasian race - people from the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland and other European countries. Then there are African Americans, Latin Americans, Asians, Indians and others, who account for over a third of the population.

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Languages ​​of the USA The most common native language in the USA is English. 215.4 million people out of 293 million Americans (73.5%) speak it as their native language. Spanish is the native language of 28 million US residents (10.7%). Followed by: French (1,606,790), Chinese (1,499,635), German (1,382,615), Turkish (about 1,172,615), Tagalog (1,224,240), Vietnamese (1,009,625), Italian (1,008 370) and Korean (894,065). The Russian language ranks 11th in terms of the number of native speakers in the United States - over 700 thousand (0.24%). The largest number of Russian speakers lives in the state of New York (218,765 people, or 30.98% of all Russian speakers), the smallest in the state of Wyoming (170 people, or 0.02%). The highest proportion of Russian speakers is in Alaska - about 3% understand the Russian language to one degree or another, and about 8.5% of residents profess Orthodoxy. This is a consequence of the former ownership of the territory of the state of Russia. In the state of Hawaii, English and Hawaiian are the official languages. Some island territories also provide official recognition to indigenous languages, along with English.

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Religion The First Amendment to the US Constitution, adopted on December 15, 1791, proclaims the separation of church and state, which the Founding Fathers understood as a prohibition on the establishment of a state religion, such as that which took place in Great Britain. According to a 2002 study by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, the United States is the only developed country where a majority of the population said religion plays a “very important role” in their lives. The American government does not keep official statistics on religion. According to the CIA World Fact Book for 2007, 51.3% of the US population consider themselves Protestant, 23.9% Catholic, 12.1% unaffiliated, 1.7% Mormon, 1.6% - members of another Christian denomination, 1.7% - Jews, 0.7% - Buddhists, 0.6% - Muslims, 2.5% - other or not specified, 4% - atheists.

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Administrative division The state consists of 50 states, which are equal federal subjects, the Metropolitan District of Columbia and dependent territories. Each state has its own constitution, legislative, executive and judicial powers. Most state names come from the names of Indian tribes and the names of the kings of England and France. States are divided into counties - smaller administrative units, smaller than a state and no smaller than a city. There are a total of 3,141 districts. The powers of county administrations and relationships with municipal authorities of localities located within their territories vary greatly from state to state. Local life in settlements is governed by municipalities. A special status has been established for unincorporated territories.

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Washington Many cities claimed the role of capital of the new state after the American Revolution. Therefore, in 1790, it was decided to build a new city in the Potomac River area. The capital was named Washington after the first president, George Washington. The first architect to plan and design the city was the Frenchman Pierre Lanfant. Washington has been the capital of the United States since 1800. Washington as a separate city was abolished as a result of administrative reform in 1873, so the capital of the United States is officially called the District of Columbia. According to the US Constitution and the Residence Law, the District of Columbia has a special status as the capital of a federal state. Area - 0.2 thousand km². Population: Within the federal district there are 602 thousand inhabitants (2010). With suburbs (in the states of Maryland and Virginia) - 5.4 million residents (2010).

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Presentation - USA: Southern States

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USA: SOUTH
The work was completed by 11th grade students B Zakharova Alexandra, Garanova Ekaterina, Orlova Tatyana

The US South is a large economic-geographical and historical-cultural region of the United States, located in the southeast of the country. States Texas Georgia Virginia North and South Carolina Tennessee Kentucky Arkansas Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Maryland Delaware Florida

EGP
It borders the northeastern, western regions and the midwest. It is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and borders Mexico. This area mainly lies in the subtropical zone, although temperate (Kentucky and Virginia) and tropical (southern Florida and Texas) occur. The South's topography is largely lowland, largely centered around the Mississippi River valley, covering Florida and south and southeast Texas; The Appalachian Mountain System also extends through the states of Tennessee, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, and Virginia. West Texas is desert.

Natural conditions and resources
The United States ranks first in the Western world in reserves of hard and brown coal, as well as uranium, second in reserves of copper and zinc, and sixth in oil and iron ore reserves. The south is rich in oil and gas. It contains large basins - the Gulf of Mexico and the Western Interior (north Texas, Oklahoma), but the trouble with these deposits is that they are being depleted. Brown coal is found only in east Texas in the Texas Basin. Coal is part of the Western Basin in Oklahoma and part of the Appalachian Basin. The rest are in small quantities: phosphorites near Tampa and Lee Creek; aluminum near Little Rock and potash salts in Carlsbad (east Texas).

Water resources are abundant in the South - after all, this is where the country's main river artery, the Mississippi River, flows. It should be noted that the Rio Grande River is, firstly, vital for Texas and, secondly, the border between the United States and Mexico. There is a large proportion of pasture in this region, as well as cultivated land. Only in the very south of Florida the land is not used. Forest reserves are insignificant. Based on the degree of moisture, the South is divided into three zones: humid (east of the Mississippi River Valley), slightly dry (central and eastern Texas) and arid (west Texas). In general, the climate is very favorable and is conducive to the cultivation of heat-loving crops such as cotton, olives, citrus fruits, etc.

The population density in this region compared to the North is quite low: 10 - 50 people per 1 km2. The largest cities are Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, Miami. On average, the ratio between urban and rural residents is 70/30 (in percentage), respectively. Religion: Protestants, Catholics and Baptists. The national composition of the South is very interesting. There are a lot of Mexican-Americans in Texas. In Florida there are Hispanic Americans. Louisiana - purchased from France. Many residents there call themselves French-Americans. We also must not forget about the black population, because in the past many states of the South were slave-owning states.
Population

Industry
As for industry, the following industries are present: food, textiles, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding, electronics (the largest electronics company Texas Instruments), automotive, and chemicals. Previously, during slavery, the cotton and textile industries were the main source of income. Now the textile industry has left the US for third world countries. Although cotton is still grown near El Paso (Texas). The main industrial centers of the South: Dallas, Houston and Atlanta.

The aviation and rocket industry is developed in the east (Huntsville, Atlanta, Orlando, Miami), and rocketry is also in Fort Worth. NASA's Johnson Flight Observation Station is located in Houston. In the south you can find 3 types of power plants - nuclear (NPP), hydro (HPP) and thermal (TPP). It is also interesting that it was in the South, or more precisely in Arkansas, that the first nuclear power plant in the USA was built.

Transport
Speaking about the South, one cannot fail to mention its transport situation, especially the wide network of oil and gas pipelines, because This is where the largest oil and gas basins are located, both onshore and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Also in the South there are quite a lot of railways used for the transportation of coal. Road transport, as throughout the United States, the network of which ranks first in the world, is distributed evenly throughout the South. Finally, the South is an important US seaport, with ports such as Houston, Corpus Christi, South Texas, Beaumont, New Orleans, Tampa; which transport cargo to Europe, Alaska and Mexico.

Agriculture
Most of them are engaged in meat and dairy farming, poultry farming, growing grain crops such as wheat and corn, as well as industrial crops: peanuts, tobacco and cotton. The left bank of the Mississippi is occupied by vegetable growers and gardeners, as well as Florida (citrus growing). The Mississippi Valley itself is used for cotton growing; Sugar cane is grown at the very source of the river. The northeastern states are devoted to tobacco cultivation, which is an important agricultural sector in the United States. Agriculture in the South is represented by the following specializations: sugar cane, cotton, vegetables and fruits (east coast), and corn and soybeans. Four out of nine specializations in one area are a sign of highly developed agriculture in the country.

Miami Beach
A resort town in Florida (USA), a suburb of Miami. Located on an island between Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The bay separates Miami Beach from the city of Miami. Miami Beach is one of the most famous resorts in the USA. Popular primarily among wealthy people. This is one of the largest luxury resorts in the world, and its appearance is shaped in accordance with the needs of a demanding public. Locals call Miami Beach "Billionaire Island." This is the favorite resort of Madonna, Julio Iglesias and other stars.

Atlanta is the capital of the state of Georgia and the center of the largest urban agglomeration in the entire southeastern United States. Atlanta is an important business center in the southeastern United States. The volume of gross regional product exceeds $270 billion. The famous drink Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 in Atlanta. The discoverer of the drink recipe was John Pemberton, a former Confederate Army officer. Two years later, in 1888, Pemberton sold the rights to produce the drink. And in 1892, The Coca-Cola Company, known throughout the world, was founded. Atlanta is a very modern city with a modern downtown filled with skyscrapers and cutting-edge buildings. The tallest skyscraper is the 312-meter Bank of America Plaza.
Atlanta

Houston
The 4th most populous city in the United States and the largest city in Texas. The city received its name in honor of Samuel Houston, a popular politician and general who defeated the Mexican army in April 1836. This success allowed Texas to become independent from Mexico, and Houston became the capital of the Republic of Texas. Residents of Houston "Houstonians" (Houstonians) are big fans of delicious food. The city has more than 11,000 restaurants with different cuisines and of various levels. Houston has an interesting museum district (The Museum District), which houses a wide variety of galleries and exhibitions. One of Houston's most exciting attractions, attracting 1.8 million visitors annually, is the world's largest rodeo, the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, or simply RodeoHouston.

Sea World Orlando is an amusement park and marine zoo-aquarium in Orlando, Florida, USA, opened on December 15, 1973. It is the most popular marine park in America, which presents a rich diversity of inhabitants of the deep seas and oceans. Throughout the day you will be able to watch extraordinary performances and magnificent performances with the participation of dolphins, walruses, killer whales, and also admire the talents of whales (Shamu). These shows attract the attention of not only children, but also adults. Animals that star in many famous Hollywood films, such as “Free Willy” or “Flipper,” are raised and trained in the park.
SeaWorld Orlando

New Orleans
The most remarkable and world-famous Maslenitsa is celebrated in New Orleans. Every year before the start of the Catholic Easter Lent, the city hosts the Mardi Gras carnival, which preserves the spirit of the circus, which, in its ambition, has long been ready to compete with the action in Rio de Janeiro. In fact, Mardi Gras is not only Maslenitsa, but also a grandiose party, the foundations of which were laid back in the 18th century. Much of New Orleans is below sea level, which primarily affects burials. It is not possible to bury the dead in the ground here, because instead of earth you immediately dig up water. Thus, the city has many famous cemeteries in which the deceased are buried above ground: in crypts or simply small elegant objects. The main airport in the region is Louis Armstrong International Airport. Crime is considered a major problem in New Orleans. It is worth noting that the issue is most acute in certain poor areas hidden from the eyes of tourists.

Nashville
Nashville is a large city and the capital of the state of Tennessee. Nashville is considered a "music" city. Firstly, it is the birthplace of country music. Secondly, hundreds of companies whose activities are related to music are concentrated in the city. Nashville is the second largest music production center after New York. The annual turnover of the music industry in the city exceeds $6 billion. Nashville's main attractions: Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, Parthenon (a replica of the Athenian Parthenon), Tennessee State Capitol building, Tennessee State Museum, restored fort Fort Nashborough. Here is one of the most unusual buildings, popularly called Batman. This skyscraper, built in 1994, is the symbol of the city and the tallest building in the state.

CONCLUSION:
To summarize, I would like to say that the South of the United States is the most contrasting economic region, where there are centers of oil and gas production, petrochemicals, factories of the military-industrial complex and aerospace industry. Agriculture, livestock farming, and transport are also developed in the south. There are many large cities here with their own unique culture, national composition, and distinctive features.

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Country area - more than 9.4 million km 2, The total length of the border is 12,248 km, the length of the coastline is 19,924 km

The country's area is more than 9.4 million km2 (9,363,200 km2 (land area - 9,166,600 km2)), and the country ranks fourth in area in the world (after Russia, Canada, China). The total length of the border is 12,248 km, the length of the coastline is 19,924 km)

• main US territory
• Alaska

The country consists of three parts:

1) the main territory of the United States, having the shape of a quadrangle, stretching from east to west for almost 4.7 thousand km, and from north to south for 3 thousand km

3) Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean

The benefits are:

1) access to two oceans at once (and if we take Alaska into account, then in the north the country is also washed by the Arctic Ocean). This has long facilitated trade relations with overseas countries and currently also contributes to the development of intercontinental ties.

2) neighboring position with Canada and Mexico, the borders with which run along conventional lines, rivers and lakes, promoting the development of trade and economic ties. These states are the country's main trading partners and, along with the United States, are members of the NAFTA economic customs union.

(Mexico and the countries of Latin America are economically less developed, due to this the US monopolies exploit their natural and labor resources at great profit).

3) remoteness from sources of international tension (from regions of political conflicts) in Europe and Asia has long guaranteed security. For more than 100 years, there has not been a single destructive war on the territory of the country, as in other parts of the world. She did not have to raise the war-torn economy from the ruins, as the countries of Europe had to do after the Second World War.

4) Favorable natural conditions. Climatic conditions allow the cultivation of not only plants of the temperate zone, but also many subtropical and even tropical plants. Water resources are abundant and varied, and the soils of the prairies and central parts of the country are highly fertile. Forest resources are significant, especially in Alaska and the Cordillera.

And, of course, due to the country’s position on various tectonic structures and a large area, the United States is well endowed with almost all mineral resources.

Conclusion:

Conclusion: The United States occupies a very advantageous EGP, both for the economic and social development of the country, and for exerting economic and political influence on other countries.

Political structure of the country According to the government system, the USA is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. The head of state is the president, elected for a 4-year term. The highest legislative body is the Congress (House of Representatives and Senate). Each state has its own constitution, its own legislative and executive authorities, an elected governor, as well as its own symbols.

Political structure of the country

According to the government system, the USA is a federal republic consisting of 50 states.

The head of state is the president, elected for a 4-year term.

The highest legislative body is Congress (House of Representatives and Senate)

Each state has its own constitution, its own legislative and executive authorities, an elected governor, as well as its own symbols.

In addition, the Federal District of Columbia, on whose territory the capital of the country, Washington, is located, is separately distinguished.

Country symbols(student reports about the symbols of the USA - flag, coat of arms, anthem, Statue of Liberty, etc.)

What has the country achieved during its development? What do you know about the country from the 10th grade course, from the media?

(sample student answers)

The USA is one of the main centers of the world economy;

The USA is a participant in various international integrations (NAFTA, APEC, NATO, UN)

Ranks 1st in the world in terms of the number of scientists and engineers

Leaders in the use of alternative energy sources: geothermal, wind, solar;

1st place in terms of vehicle fleet size;

1st place in the world in terms of air transportation volumes, etc.

In terms of economics, military-industrial complex and politics, the United States is one of the most powerful countries in the world.

Number

1. Number(298.4 million people) – 3rd place in the world

Type of reproduction

The country is at the stage of demographic transition, at its third stage /Topic 3 of the textbook p.64)

However, the country is experiencing population growth.

What is responsible for this increase? (due to immigration, the influx of population into the country from outside)

US demographic policy.

The demographic situation in the United States today looks more favorable than in the rest of the developed countries of the world. This is explained by the country’s dominant position in the world, attractiveness for migrants and the possibility of their selection in the interests of the country.

The bulk of immigrants are people of working and childbearing age.

USA is a multinational country

(the modern American nation is the result of the mixing and merging of settlers from different parts of the world and especially from Europe and Africa)

The USA is a multinational country. How was the American nation formed?

(the modern American nation is the result of the mixing and merging of settlers from different parts of the world and especially from Europe and Africa).

Representatives of more than a hundred ethnic groups live in the United States; they are divided into three main ethnic groups: (Slide 6)

1 – US Americans (descendants of immigrants of different nationalities)

2 - transitional migrants (who recently moved to the United States)

3 - aborigines (indigenous population - Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts)

At the moment, 9/10 of the country's total population are US Americans. They call themselves "Yankees". If you look at the census, 80% of everyone living in the United States comes from Europe:

46 million are British, 49.2 million are German, 40.2 million are Irish, 12.9 million are French, 12.2 are Italian, 2.8 are Russian.

In terms of average population density, the United States ranks 18th in the world - 31 people per 1 km 2

What differences characterize the distribution of population within a country?

(Almost 70% of the US population lives on 12% of the total area of ​​the country. The differences are especially large between the coastal (lake) and mountain states: from 350-400 to 2-5 people per 1 km 2).

Reasons influencing population distribution 1. Natural conditions 2. Historical features 3. Current stage of demographic transition 4. Level of development, prevailing economic structure 5. Internal migration 6. Urbanization

What reasons influence the distribution of the population in the country?

Reasons influencing population distribution:

1. Natural conditions

2. Historical features

3.Current stage of demographic transition

4. Level of development, prevailing structure of the economy

5. Internal migrations

6. Urbanization

In total, the country has a population of 298.4 million people.

In cities - ¾ of the population.

Determine the level of urbanization in the country.

Zvada Maria 11th grade

Presentation for a geography lesson on the topic: "Industry and population of the United States of America"

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United States of America Prepared by Zvada Maria, 11th grade student of MBOU Secondary School No. 25 in Shakhty

The capital of the USA is Washington

Major cities: New York (7,323,000) Los Angeles (3,486,000) Chicago (2,784,000) Racial composition: white 83.4% African American 12.4% other 4.1% Official language - English

The head of state is the president, elected for a 4-year term. The legislative body is Congress (House of Representatives and Senate). The monetary unit is the American dollar.

USA This country is one of the largest countries in the world. In terms of population, the United States occupies a leading place in the world. The majority of the population lives in cities. There is little rural population in the country.

Nature of the USA The development of the economy in the USA was facilitated not only by its geographical location, but also by natural resources. The nature of the country is very diverse.

The main territory of the United States is located in the northern temperate and subtropical climate zones. In the east there are mainly lowlands, as well as the Appalachian mountain system. About half the country's population lives here. There are many convenient bays and bays on the coast. In the central part of the country there is a vast region of the Central and Great Plains, crossed by the Mississippi River. The western part is occupied by the Cordillera mountain system. The southern part of the Pacific coast of the United States with its favorable climate attracts many vacationers. The famous Disneyland is located here.

In the central part of the country, warm, long and humid summers create very good conditions for agriculture. The forests are cleared, the prairies are plowed. Wheat and corn are grown in many places in the country, but they are especially abundant here. In the southern part, in a dry subtropical climate, there are many citrus plantations and vineyards.

Industry The United States ranks first in the world in industrial output. The main role in industry belongs to monopolies. Their factories produce a wide variety of products. A significant part of the products is exported to other countries.

The development of industry in the United States was facilitated by natural resources, including minerals. In the depths of the country there are large reserves of fuel - coal, oil, natural gas. Also various ores - iron, non-ferrous metal ores.

Wildlife USA Armadillo Bullfrog

Ibis Pelican

Mississippi alligator Possum

Jaguar Puma

Flora of the USA White oak Sequoia

Beech Sugar Maple

True chestnut Tulip tree

Brooklyn Bridge One of the oldest suspension bridges in the USA

The Statue of Liberty, a symbol of America, is located on Ellis Island, where there was once an immigration checkpoint.

Manhattan Island, once purchased from the Manna-Hatta Indians for $24, and now densely built up with skyscrapers.

Sears Tower The tallest skyscraper in the world - 110 floors, height 443 meters.

Yellowstone National Park Yellow Stone is one of the largest national parks in the United States with 200 geysers, gorges and steam-emitting sulfur springs.

Stupid laws in the USA - these laws were passed a long time ago, but continue to apply to this day. In the city of Lafayette in California, it is considered a crime to spit within a meter of other people. In the city of Columbus, Georgia, it is illegal to chop off the heads of chickens on Sundays. In Honolulu, Hawaii, it is a crime to pester birds in city parks. In Oklahoma City, you can't walk backwards on the streets while eating a hamburger. The city of Bexley, Ohio, bans slot machines in restrooms. In Atlanta, a special ordinance prohibits tying giraffes to telephone poles or street lights.

Thank you for your attention