Hamza denotes a voiceless plosive consonant sound, represented in transcription by a comma [‘]. There is no similar sound in the Russian language, however, some similarity to the Arabic consonant ['] can be observed in Russian words like “cooperation”, “message”, if you pronounce the vowels [oo] separately, making a short pause between them: “co-operation”, “ message". But even in that case, this explosion in the Russian language turns out to be very weak, whereas in Arabic the sound [‘] is a consonant phoneme and is pronounced clearly.

The consonant hamza is formed by closing the vocal cords followed by a pause, after which, under the pressure of a stream of air, they instantly open and the air exits through the oral cavity. The soft palate is raised and the passage for air through the nasal cavity is closed. When the vocal cords open, a sharp explosion occurs, similar to the sound of a slight cough.

To depict a hamza in writing, the symbol ء is used, which, depending on the position in the word, is written above or below the line. As part of a word, it can be depicted either independently or with a so-called stand. The function of the hamza stand is performed by letters that serve to depict weak letters:

ا ، و ، ي

The letters و ، ي serve as a stand for the hamza, do not express any sound and are only a graphic device for its design. It should be noted that ي as a stand is written without diacritics. As for the letter ا, on its own it does not express any sound at all.

At the beginning of a word, the stand for the hamza is always ا, and the hamza voweled by fatha or damma is written above the “alif”, and the hamza voweled by the kasra is written under the “alif”. For example:

أَخَذَ (take) ; أُكْتُبْ (write) ; إِجْلِسْ (sit down)

At the same time, it is important to note that the initial hamza (أ) is of two types: - dividing ( هَمْزَةُ الْقَطْع ) and connecting ( هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْل ).

The dividing hamza is indicated by "alif" with the symbol hamza أ and is pronounced in all cases, for example:

أَبْ ، أَخْ ، أَرْضْ

The peculiarity of the connecting hamza is that it is indicated by “alif” without the hamza symbol and is pronounced only at the beginning of a sentence, for example:

اِسْمُ ، اِبْنُ ، اِثْذَيْنِ .

Unlike the dividing one, the connecting hamza is not pronounced when it is located inside a sentence. In this case, a special icon called “waslya” (ٱ) is placed above the “alif”, and this process is called “waslying”, for example:

عِذْدَ ٱ بْنِ .

When a connecting hamza is placed between two words, it itself is not pronounced, but serves as a connection of words and continuous reading. Moreover, if it is preceded by a long vowel, then it is not lengthened.

At the beginning of the spoken speech, the connecting hamza reads as follows:

With kyasra:

− at the beginning of a verb, the third letter of which is voweled by fatha, for example:

ٱ(اِ)سْتَسْقَى ، ٱ(اِ)عْلَمُوا

− at the beginning of a verb, the third letter of which is voweled by kasra, for example:

ٱ(اِ)ضْرِ بْ بِعَصَاكَ ، ٱ(اِ)كْشِفْ عَنَّا

− at the beginning of a name that is not defined by the article اَلْ, for example:

ٱ(اِ)سْمُ ، ٱ(اِ)بْنُ ، ٱ(اِ)ثْنَيْنِ

− at the beginning of a verbal name, for example:

ٱ(اِ)خْرَ اجًا ٫ ٱ(اِ)سْتِكْبَارًا

With fatha:

In the definite article اَلْ, for example:

ٱ(اَ)لْحَمْدُ لِلهِ ، ٱ(اَ)لرَّحْمٰنِ

With damma:

− at the beginning of a verb, the third letter of which is voweled by a damma, for example:

ٱ(اُ)نْظُرُوا ، ٱ(اُ)عْبُدُو ا اللهَ

Exercise No. 1.

Read the following sound combinations:

أَبْ ، إِبْ ، أُبْ ، أَخْ ، إِخْ ، أُخْ

أَسْ ، إِسْ ، أُسْ ، أَطْ ، إِطْ ، أُطْ

أَلْ ، إِلْ ، أُلْ ، أَهْ ، إِهْ ، أُهْ

بَأَبَ ، ثَئِبَ ، بَؤُلَ ، سَئِبَ ، لَؤُمَ

Exercise No. 2.

Read and copy the following words in your notebook

أَخَذَ ، يَأْخُذُ ، أَمَرَ ، يَأْمُرُ

قَرَأَ ، يَقْرَأُ ، سَأَلَ ، يَسْأَلُ

مُؤْمِنْ ، بِئْسَ ، بِئْرُ ، لُؤْلُؤْ

أَدْرُسُ ، قُرِئَ ، إِقْرَأْ ، فَؤُلَ

Exercise No. 3.

Read the words, paying attention to the distinctive features of the use of dividing and connecting hamza:

أَهْلُ ، أَخَذَ ، أَلَمُ ، اِبْنُ ، أَسَدُ

اُخْرُجْ ، إِلْفُ ، اُمْرُؤُ ، أَرْنَبُ

عِنْدَ أَبْ ، عِنْدَ أَخْ ، وَ أَرْضُ ، عِنْد ٱبْنِ

وَ ٱثْنَيْنِ ، بِرُّ أَهْلِهِ ، وَ أُمُّهُ ، مَعَ أَمَلِهِ

“GRAMMAR LESSON No. 13 Hamza Hamza denotes a dull plosive consonant sound, represented in transcription by a comma [’]. There is no similar sound in the Russian language, but there is some similarity..."

Chapter first

GRAMMAR

Hamza denotes a voiceless plosive consonant sound,

depicted in transcription by a comma [’]. In Russian

there is no similar sound in the language, but some resemblance to the Arabic consonant [’] can be observed in Russian

words like “cooperation”, “message”, if pronounced

vowels [oo] separately, making a small one between them

pause: “co-operation”, “message”. But even in this case

this explosion in Russian is very weak,

whereas in Arabic the sound [’] is a consonantal phoneme and is pronounced distinctly.

The consonant hamza is formed by closing the vocal cords followed by a pause, after which, under the pressure of a stream of air, they instantly open and the air exits through the oral cavity. The soft palate is raised and the passage for air through the nasal cavity is closed. When the vocal cords open, a sharp explosion occurs, similar to the sound of a slight cough.

To depict a hamza on a letter, an icon is used, which, depending on the position in the word, is written above or below the line. As part of a word, it can be depicted either independently or with a so-called stand. The function of the hamza stand is performed by letters that serve to depict weak letters:.

The letters, serving as a stand for the hamza, do not express any sound and are only a graphic device for its design. As for the letter, it does not independently express any sound at all.

The choice of the desired stand depends on the position of the hamza in the word and is determined by the following rules:

1) At the beginning of a word, the hamza always serves as a stand, and the hamza, voweled by fatha or damma, is written above “alif,” and voweled by kasra, under “alif.”

For example: (take); (write); (sit down).

2) In the middle of a word, the stand for the hamza can be one of three weak letters. Moreover, as a support it is written without diacritics1.

The choice of a stand for a hamza in the middle of a word is determined by the rule of “precedence of vowels.”

According to this rule, vowels are distributed in the following order: the “senior” vowel is [i] - kasra, followed by the vowel [u] - damma and, finally, the vowel [a] - fatha. The last one is “older” only than Sukuna. The vowels correspond to the stands: [i] –, [u] –, [a] –.

The “major” vowel is chosen from two: the hamza vowel and the vowel preceding it. For example, in the word

– hamza vowel [and] “older” than the previous one Diacritic sign – a superscript or subscript sign of a letter, indicating the peculiarities of its pronunciation. See: Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, p. 257.

vowel [u], therefore the base for the hamza is the letter corresponding to the vowel [i] - the vowel [u] of the letter is “older” than the vowel hamza [a], therefore the base for the hamza is the letter corresponding to the vowel [u].

It should be noted that after the long vowel [a]1, the hamza, voweled by fatha, is written in the middle of the word without a stand. For example:.

Observe the following examples of spelling hamza in the middle of a word:

3) At the end of a word, the choice of stand for the hamza is determined by the nature of the vowel sound preceding it:

1. If the final hamza is preceded by a short vowel, then the letter corresponding to this short vowel serves as a stand for it. For example:

2. If the final hamza is preceded by a long vowel or sukun, then the hamza is written without a support. For example:

–  –  –

Exercise 2

Exercise 3 Read the following words and explain the spelling of hamza:

LESSON No. 14 Washling The initial hamza () can be dividing () and connecting ().

The dividing hamza is pronounced in all cases and is indicated by “alif” with the hamza symbol, for example:

The connecting hamza is pronounced only at the beginning of a sentence and is indicated by “alif”, for example:

Unlike the dividing one, the connecting hamza is not pronounced when it is located inside a sentence. At the same time, a special icon called “waslya” () is placed above the “alif”, and this process is called “waslying”. For example:

At the beginning of the spoken speech, the connecting hamza reads as follows:

1. With kasra:

at the beginning of a verb whose third letter is voweled by fatha, for example:

at the beginning of a verb whose third letter is voweled by kasra, for example:

at the beginning of a name that is not identified by an article, for example:

at the beginning of a verbal name, for example:

2. With fatha:

in the definite article, for example:

3. With damma:

at the beginning of a verb whose third letter is voweled by a damma, for example:

Exercise 1 Read the words, paying attention to the distinctive features of the use of separating and connecting hamza:

Exercise 2 Read and copy the following phrases into your notebook, paying attention to the correct pronunciation of the hamza within the sentence:

LESSON No. 15 Long vowels As already noted, the main feature of Arabic vowels, in comparison with Russian ones, is that they differ in length and shortness of sound. The length and shortness of vowels have a distinctive meaning.

There are a total of 6 vowel phonemes in Arabic. Of these, three are short: [a], [i], [y], which are indicated by vowels, and three are long: [a], [i], [y].

Arabic short phonemes [a], [i], [u] are similar to the corresponding Russian phonemes. As for long phonemes, they, while qualitatively coinciding with short ones, differ from the latter in being longer (about 2 times).

To denote long vowels, so-called weak letters are used:

Long vowel [a].

The main means of conveying long [a] is the combination of the letter “alif” () with the vowel “fatha” above the previous letter:. For example:.

This type of long vowel [a] is called “alif mamduda”, i.e. elongated “alif”.

Another means of conveying long [a] in writing is to combine a letter with the vowel “fatha” above the previous letter. This type of long [a] is called “alif maksura”, i.e. shortened “alif”. For example:.

It should be borne in mind that if a combination with fatha is used to convey [a] in all syllables of a word, then a combination with fatha can only be used in the final syllable.

Long vowel [i].

Long [i] is expressed by combining the letter “ya” () with the vowel “kyasra” under the previous letter:. For example:.

Long vowel [y].

The long [y] is expressed by combining the letter “uau” () with the vowel “damma” above the previous letter:. For example:.

It should be noted that, along with the mentioned combination of letters and vowels, the condition for the formation of long vowels by means of weak letters is the absence of vowels above them. Otherwise, they will be used as consonants.

For example:

In some words of the Arabic language, when rendering the long [a], “alif” is omitted. Instead of the missing “alif”, a vertical fatha is placed. For example: instead of is written, instead.

When the letter “lam” () is combined with “alif” (), the following ligature is formed1:

when writing independently: ;

when connecting on the right:.

In this ligature, in the absence of a vowel above or below the “alif”, it serves to convey the long vowel [a]. If there is a vowel, it serves as a stand for the hamza.

Exercise 1 Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation of the long vowel [у]:

Exercise 2 Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation of the long vowel [i]:

Ligature is the representation of two or more letters in one written sign. See: Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, p. 496.

Exercise 3 Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation of the long vowel [a]:

Exercise 4 Read the words vertically, paying attention to the difference between a long vowel and a hamza:

–  –  –

In Arabic, doubling one of the consonant sounds in a word plays a semantically distinctive role and is one of the important means of word formation and formation. So, for example, the verb means “to know,” and when the letter “lam” is doubled, a verb is formed with the meaning “to teach.”

In Arabic, doubling consonants is achieved by the same means as in Russian.

When fricative1 consonants are doubled, the time of exhalation of air through the gap formed between the mobile and stationary organs of speech is lengthened.

To double plosive consonants, the moment of exposure should be extended, i.e. the second beat of articulation, when the organs of speech are closed before being separated from each other.

The sonorant2 consonant [p] is doubled by increasing the time and number of vibrations of the tip of the tongue.

The doubling of a consonant is indicated by a symbol called a shadda. The shadda is placed above the letter whose consonant sound is doubled.

Moreover, if a doubled consonant is followed by a vowel [a] or [y], then the corresponding corresponding fricative is placed above the shadda - a consonant sound formed by the friction of air in a narrow passage between the close organs of speech; slotted. See: Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, p. 1435.

specifically fatha or damma. If a double consonant is followed by a vowel [and], then the shadda is placed above the letter, and the kasra is placed under the letter or under the shadda. For example:

[sabba], [sabbu], [sabby].

Exercise 1

Read and copy the following words in your notebook:

Exercise 2 Read the following words vertically, paying attention to changes in pronunciation when the consonant is doubled:

Exercise 3 Read the following words vertically, paying attention to the length and shortness of vowel sounds:

–  –  –

A name in Arabic can be used either in a definite or indefinite form. It depends on the certainty (familiarity) or uncertainty (unknown) of the object or phenomenon in question. One of the means of expressing the uncertainty of an Arabic name is the so-called tanwin ending.

The tanwin ending is not written as a separate letter, but is indicated by a special symbol and is pronounced in speech as the letter “nun” with sukun.

Depending on the case of the name1, three tanvin endings are distinguished:

Tanvin damma Tanvin damma is written above the last letter of the name in the form of two dammas, which can have different configurations, for example the following:, for example:.

Tanvin damma is pronounced [un] and is the main feature of the nominative case of a name.

–  –  –

the ending is pronounced [in] and is the main sign of the genitive case of the name.

Tanvin fatha Tanvin fatha is written above the last letter of the name in the form of two fathas, which are accompanied by “alif”1:

For example:. As an exception, “alif” is not added to those names that end in “ta-mar”

–  –  –

preceded by “alif”, for example:. Tanvin fatha is pronounced [an] and is the main feature of the nominative case.

Exercise 1 Read the following words with the tanvin ending [un] at the end:

The letter “alif” accompanying the tanvin ending at the end of the word is only written, but not pronounced.

See p. for more details. 101.

Exercise 2 Read the following words with the tanvin ending [in] at the end:

Exercise 3 Read the following words with the tanvin ending [an] at the end:

Exercise 4 Read and copy the words into a notebook, distributing them into three columns according to the ending:

LESSON No. 18 Definite article The main morphological means of expressing the certainty (familiarity) of a name is the definite article [-al]. This article is common to all names (regardless of gender and number), is added to the beginning of the word and is written together with it.

When adding a definite article, the tanvin ending is omitted and only the vowel (expressed by vowel) remains, symbolizing the case ending of the name, for example:

–  –  –

When adding a definite article, in addition to omitting the tanvin ending, changes occur within the word depending on its first letter.

The letters of the Arabic alphabet are divided into so-called “solar” and “lunar”.

The following 14 consonants are solar consonants:

If a word starting with a solar consonant is defined by the article [-al], then the sound of the letter “lam” of this article is not pronounced, and the first solar letter of the word being defined is doubled, for example:

Indefinite form Definite form

–  –  –

The remaining consonants are lunar:

When attaching an article to a word that begins with a lunar consonant, the letter “lam” of this article is pronounced with a sukun, for example:

Uncertain state Certain state

–  –  –

It should be noted that “alif” in the definite article is a substitute for the connecting hamza, which is not pronounced within the sentence.

The definite article does not carry independent verbal stress, but receives secondary stress.

The definite article can be used to formalize names denoting well-known or one-of-a-kind objects, phenomena or concepts, for example, (Moon), (Islam), as well as being generalizations of a whole kind, class of objects,

–  –  –

In addition to names defined by the article, names in a specific form are considered:

1. All pronouns (they do not take the definite article), for example, (I), (he).

2. Proper names, for example, (Muhammad), (Mecca).

Exercise 1 What is the function of the article [-al]?

Exercise 2 What changes occur in a word when the article [-al] is added to it?

–  –  –

Arabic nouns have two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. The main morphological indicator of belonging to the feminine gender is “ta-marbuta” (literally: “bound t”), which is written in the form of a letter with two dots at the top: and pronounced as a simple one. This letter, which is not specifically distinguished as part of the alphabet, received its name because it is a graphic version of the usual one, called “ta-mamduda”, i.e. stretched. By connecting the ends of the stretched [t] to each other, we get “ta-marbuta”.

“Ta-marbuta” is written only at the end of a word and can have two styles:

– without connection: for example, ;

– when connecting from the right: e.g.

Names that do not have this ending are considered masculine names, with some exceptions1.

This principle is violated in a number of cases, because the belonging of a name to one gender or another in Arabic can be associated not only with the form, but also with the meaning of the word.

Exercise 1

Read and copy the following words in your notebook:

Exercise 2

Read and write the following words in your notebook:

Exercise 3

Similar works:

",. Editor-in-Chief E.V. Shlyakhto E. Shlyakhto Deputy Chief Editor of Vice-editors A.O. Konradi A. Konradi M.A. Karpenko M. Karpenko Secretary Secretary N.G. Avdonina N. Avdonina Members of the editorial board Editorial board E.I. Baranova (St. Petersburg) E. Baranova (St. Petersburg) E.R. Barants..."

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

T A D J V I D

The Science of Reciting the Qur'an

Studying the Koran is one of the main needs of believers in religion. The science of reading the Quran (tajweed) is one of the greatest knowledge associated with the highest Book sent by the Almighty for humanity. By studying the science of reciting the Qur'an, a believer receives an honorable place in religion

The lexical meaning of the word tajwid is improvement

Scientific meaning - providing each letter with its proper place and method of articulation, nasalization, brevity, length and other rules for reading the Qur'an

Voicing letters, amplifying sound

28 Arabic letters are pronounced with three vowels:

- Fatha: َ (slash above the letter) means opening - the sound produced by moving the lips, opening the mouth, is the vowel sound “ A ", for example: فَتَحَ - Kasra:ِ (the slash below the letter) means breaking - the sound produced by stretching the lips is the vowel sound " And » بِسْمِ

- Damma: ُ (comma above the letter) means release – the sound produced by pursing the lips is a vowel sound "y" بُوقٌ - Sukun: ْ (circle above the letter) means peace - lack of lip movement when pronouncing the succumbed letter أنْعَمْت

- Shadda: ّ a sign indicating that the letter is repeated, the sound is intensified due to the merging of two identical letters, the first of which is succumbed, the second is vowelized إنَّكَ

*****

Long vowels (madda - lengthening of sound)

Madda - lengthening of the sound occurs with three vowels:

1. Sukunized “alif” (unvocalized “alif”) ا ى

in front of it is a letter with “fatha” كِتَابٌ - قَصِرتٌ - فَنَادَى

2. Sukunized “uau” (بُو) – the letter in front of it is voiced “damma”هُودُ - يُوسُفُ

3. Sukunized “ya” (بِي) – before it the letter is voweled “kasra” بَنيِنَ - أَبِي

Sukuna sign ( ْ ) is not indicated on long vowels. Longitude of lengthening of the sound - two vowels (one vowel is equal to the time of compression and release of the finger)

Sukunnoy "nun" and "tanvin"

- Sukunirovannaya nun: letter "nun" without vowel نْ

-Tanwin: the additional sukunized “nun”, attached at the end of names according to pronunciation, but not indicated in writing and not pronounced during a pause (sukunirovanie), is indicated by double vowels “fathi” (an) نُورًا ً “qasry” (in) سَمِيعٍ ٍ "damms" (un)سَمِيعٌ ٌ

Tanvin en written on the letter with the addition of “alif” (بًا), except for the letter “ta marbuta” (ةً) without the addition of “alif”

When sukunirovanie (pause) tanvin "ta marbuta", tanvin is not pronounced, "ta marbuta" is pronounced like the sukunirovaniya letter "ha" فِرْقَهْ - فِرْقَةٌ

When pausing (sucking) tanvin an, tanvin is not pronounced, alif is pronounced with a length of two vowelsخَبِيرًا - خَبِيرَا

When the tanwin pauses in and tanvina un, tanvin is not pronounced, a letter containing tanvin is succumbed بَصِيرٌ - بَصِيرْ

An additional nun (tanvin) is announced by qasra if the tanvin is followed by a connecting hamzaلُمَزَةٍ الّذي - لُمَزَةِنِ الّذي

(due to the meeting of two sukuns)

Definite article " أل «

- Definite article "آلْ" additional sukunized "lam" and connecting hamza (connecting alif) voweled by "fatha", which are added to the beginning of indefinite names to define them, for example: قَلَمٌ - ألْقَلَمُ

- Connecting hamza "أ ا" in the definite article ال

at the beginning of the reading it is announced by the “fatha”, and when it is in the position of connection, the hamza is lowered, the reading continues without interrupting the breath م

The definite article “ال” has two positions:

1. Izhar “lam” (lunar letters)

2. Idgam “lam” (solar letters)

1 - Izhar lama (identification)

The Izhar definite article “أل” has 14 letters:

أ ب خ ح ج ع غ ق ك ف م و ه ي

these letters are called moon letters

If after “ال” there is one of the 14 “lunar letters”, it is necessary to make Izhar “lam”, the sukunized “lam” is revealed (pronounced clearly), for example: الْقَادِرُ - الْحَمِيدُ - الْوَكِيلُ

2 - Idgam lama ( compound)

The Idgham definite article “أل” has 14 letters:

ث ت د ذ ز ر س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن

these letters are called solar letters

If after “ال” there is one of the 14 solar letters, it is necessary to make the Idgam “lam”, “lam” is connected to the solar letter and the letter is doubled, for example: النُّور - الثَّوَاب

Coarsening and softening the sound

Solid deep pronunciation: coarsening of the sound - when pronouncing a letter, the sound fills the mouth, the back of the tongue rises to the upper palate, the letter is pronounced with strong tension

Hard letters (emphatic sounds): 7 letters, except for the letter ق which is pronounced without tension when it has a kasr vowel

خ ص ض غ ط ق ظ

Soft pronunciation : sound softening - when pronouncing a letter, the sound does not fill the mouth, the back of the tongue drops (soft sounds are pronounced softer than the sounds of the Russian language)

Soft letters: all letters of the alphabet except seven hard letters - Letters "alif" "lam" "ra" - these three letters have hard and soft pronunciation

- “alif” following the letter receives its softness or hardness

صَارَ - غَافِرَ - مَاءَ - سَاءَ

Calcala

- Calcala – tension when pronouncing a succumbed letter, achieving vibration of the sound - Calcal letters: قطب جد

Calcal letters can be in the middle of a word, or at the end of a word; if there is a pause on the calcal letter, the pronunciation of the sound is enhanced. If the letter of the qalqal has tashdid (strengthening), the pronunciation of the sound is stronger

The letter "lam" in the pronunciation of Aljalala الله

The sound “lam” in the pronunciation of Aljalal (the name Allah) has two ways of pronunciation: hard and soft pronunciation

Firm pronunciation of "lam" by Aljalal الله

If the word before Aljalala ends with “fatha”

"Dammu"

- If the reading begins with Aljalal الله

Soft pronunciation of "lam" by Aljalal الله

If the word before Aljalala ends with “kasru”:

بِاللهِ - قُلِ اللهُمّ - فِي اللهِ

If the word ends with tanwin before Aljalala, then tanwin is pronounced qasra (due to the meeting of two sukuns)

قَوْمًا الله - قَوْمانِ الله

Rules for sukunnogo "nun" and tanwin

–Nun Sakin and Tanwin have four rules, depending on which of the 28 letters of the alphabet follows them:

1. Identification 2. Mixing

3. Transformation 4. Concealment

1- Izhar ( identification)

The lexical meaning of the word is clarity, accuracy

Scientific significance – formation of sound at the place of articulation without nasalization

- Nasalization (hunna) The lexical meaning of the word is melodiousness. – Scientific meaning - a sound coming out of the upper part of the nostrils, without the participation of the tongue in its formation

Longitude of nasalization - two vowels, the length of one vowel is equal to the time of compression and release of the finger

The letters of Izhar have six throat sounds: أ ح خ ع هـ غ

If after nun sakin or tanvin there is one of the letters of Izhar, then “nun” and tanvin are pronounced clearly, without nasalization, for example:

أَنْعَمْتَ - تَنْهَرْ - أحَدًا أَبَداً

2 – Idgham (doubling)

The lexical meaning of the word is connection, merger (something connects with something)

Scientific meaning is the connection of a sukunirovanny letter with a vowel letter, after which both letters become one doubled (tashdid)

There are six letters of Idgam: ي ر م ل و ن (يَرْمَلُونْ)

Idgam is divided into two types:

1. 
   Idgam (with gunna) nasalization 2. Idgam without gunna

Idgam with gunna

There are four letters of Idgama with guna: ي م و ن (يَنْمُو)

If a word ends with nun sakina or tanvin, the next word begins with the letter Idgama, it is necessary to make an Idgam (connection) with gunna, nun sakina or tanvin is connected with the letter Idgama, the letter Idgama is doubled, nun retains gunna

For example: خَيْرٌوَأَبْقَى - وَمَن يَعْمَل

Idgam with gunna is called insufficient idgam due to the disappearance of the letter Nun or Tanwin and the preservation of its mode of articulation (Huns)

Idgam without gunna

There are two letters of Idgam without gunna: ل ر

If a word ends with nun sakina or tanvin, the word following it begins with one of the two letters of Idgama, it is necessary to make Idgam (connection) without preserving gunna, nun sakina or tanvin is connected with the letter Idgama, the letter of Idgama is doubled, for example: ولَـــكِن رَّحْمَةً - خَيْرٌ لّهُمْ

Idgam without gunna is called complete idgam due to the removal of both the letter “nun” and its mode of articulation (Huns) - There is an exception to the rule « مِنْ رَاقٍ » According to the rule of Tajweed, after nun sakin, a short pause of sound and breathing is required, therefore the letter “nun” must be revealed (Izhar)

Idgam nun sakina can only be in two words (the first word ends with nun sakina, the next one begins with the letter Idgama), if nun sakina and the letter Idgama (و or ي) are in the same word, identification (Izhar) of nun sakina is necessary . There are only four such words in the Koran that correspond to this rule:

صِنْوَانٌ - قِنْوَانٌ - آلدُّنْيَا - بُنْيــنٌ

3. Iqlab (transformation)

The lexical meaning of the word Iklyab is a change in something from reality

The scientific significance is the transformation of sukunized nun or tanwin into sukunized م while preserving the gunna. - Iqlab has only one letter: ب

If after nun sakina or tanvin in one word or two words there is the letter “ba”, Iqlab (transformation) of “nun” into the letter “mim” is necessary, maintaining the gunna when pronouncing

أَنْبِيَاءَ - مِنْ بَنِي - سَمِيعٌ بَصيِرٌ

4 - Ikhfaa (concealment)

The lexical meaning of the word is hiding

Scientific significance - the position of nun sakina or tanvin between Izhar and Idgam without doubling while preserving the gunna (the letter “nun” disappears completely)

Ikhfaa has fifteen letters: these are the remaining letters after six letters of Izhar, six letters of Idgam and one Iqlab

ت ص ذ ث ك ج ش ق س د ط ز ف ض ظ

If after nun sakina or tanwin there is one of the letters of Ikhfaa in one word or in two words, it is necessary to hide the “nun” with guna

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Rules of "mime" and "nun" with tashdid نّ مّ

Tashdid - pronouncing a letter with shadda (strengthened)

It is necessary to observe the gunna of the letter "mim" and the letter "nun" with tashdid in the positions of connection or pause, regardless of where the letter is in the middle or at the end of the word. Longitude of the Huns – two vowels إِنَّ - مِمَّا - مُحَمَّدٌ

Rules for the succumbed letter "mime" ( مْ )

The sukunized “mim” (mim sakina) is the letter “mim” مْ without vowel

The succumbed letter “mime” has three rules:

1 . Ikhfaa "mime" (labial)

Ikhfaa has only one letter: “ba” ب

If after the sukunized “mim” there is the letter “ba” (“mim” at the end of the word “ba” at the beginning of the word following it), it is necessary Ikhfaa (hiding) of the letter “mim” with a gunna (pronounced without closing the lips) بِهِمْ

This Ikhfaa is called labial due to the formation of both the letters "mim" and "ba" with the help of lips

2. Idgam mim (labial)

Idgam has only one letter: “mim”م

If a word ends with mim sakina, the following word begins with a vowel mim, an Idgam (compound) “mim” is necessary, two letters “mim” are connected, become one doubled and pronounced with gunna لِمُوُنْ

3. Izhar mim (labial)

Izhar mim has 26 letters - all letters except the letters "mim" and "ba"

If after mim sakina in one word or two words there is the letter Izhara mim, Izhar (identification) “mim” is necessary

أَنْتُمْ غَفِلُون - أَلَمْ أقُلْ - سَمْعِهمْ

Please note: Izhar mim before the letters "ف" and "و" is enhanced due to the unity of its place of articulation with the letter "و" and the proximity of its place of articulation with the letter "ف"

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Rules for the letter " ر «

The sound “ر” has three rules: 1. Firm pronunciation

2. Soft pronunciation 3. Acceptability of both methods

1. Firm pronunciation

The solid pronunciation of the sound “ra” occurs in six positions:

1 – If “ra” is vocalized by damma or fathaرَحِيمٌ - رُسُلٌ

2 – If “ra” is sukunized, the letter before it is voweled by damma or fatha

3 – If “ra” is sakina, in front of her is an alif with an exposed kasra

(qasra of connecting hamza)رَبِّ ارْحَمُهَا

4 - If “ra” is sakina, the letter before it is voweled by kasra, after “ra” there is one of the seven letters ظ ق ط غ ض ص خ (hard letters), provided that the hard letter is not voweled by kasra فِرْقَة - قِرْطَاس

5 - If “ra” is succumbed during a pause, the letter before it is voweled with fatha or damma الكَوْثَرْ - النَّذُرْ

6 – If “ra” is sukunized during a pause, before it is the letter sakina, and before it the letter is voweled by fatha or dammaالعَصْرْ - الشُكْرْ

2. Soft pronunciation

The soft pronunciation of the sound “ra” occurs in four positions:

1 – If “ra” is voweled by kasra رِزْقًا - خَيْرٍ

2 – If “ra” is sakina, in front of it is a letter with kasra شِرْعَة - الفِرْدَوْ س

3 – If “ra” is succumbed during a pause, in front of it is the succumbed letter “يْ “ خَيْرْ - الصَيْرْ - قَدِيرْ

4 – If “ra” is sukunized during a pause, the letter sakina is in front of it, and the letter is voweled by kasra in front of it.

3. Acceptability of both methods

Hard and soft pronunciation of the sound “ra” is allowed:

1 – If “ra” is sakina, the letter before it is voweled by kasra, after “ra” one of the seven solid letters is voweled by kasra فِرْقٍ

2 – If “ra” is sukunized during a pause, there is a sukunized hard letter in front of it, and a hard letter with kasra in front of it مِصْرْ - القِطْرْ

Types of idgam (connections)

1. Idgam mutamasilain

- Mutamasilain – two letters similar in place and method of articulation (بْبَ مْمَ)

- Idgam mutamasilain - a connection of two identical letters (in two words) the word ends with a sukunirovannoy letter, the word following it begins with a vowel letter, it is necessary to do Idgam (the sukunirovannaya letter is connected to a vowel letter and becomes one doubled)

2. Idgam mutajanisain

- Mutajanisain – two letters similar in place of articulation and different in method of articulation

- Idgam mutajanisain - a combination of two letters, similar in place of articulation and different in the method of articulation, the first is sukunized, the second is vocalized - Letters of Idgama mutajanisayn: ت د ط ذ ظ ث ب م

Idgam is needed when:

1. “dal” is sukunirovana “ta” is vocalized وَقَد تَّبَيَنَ

2. “تْ “ and “د” أَثْقَلَت دَّعَوالله

3. “تْ” and “ط“ قَالَت طَّائِفَه

4. "طْ" and "ت" أَحَطتّ

5. "ذْ" and "ظ" إِذْ ظَّلَمُوا

6. "ثْ" and "ذ" يَلْهَث ذَّلِكَ

7. "بْ" and "م" ارْكَب مَّعَنَا

3. Idgham mutakaribayn

- Mutacaribine – two letters close to each other in place and method of articulation

- Idgham mutakaribayn - a combination of two letters close to each other in place and method of articulation, the first is succumbed, the second is vocalized

The letters of Idgama mutakaribain are four: ر ل ك ق

1. "لْ" and "ر" قُل رَّبّي

2. “قْ” and “ك“ أَلَمْ نَخْلُقْكُّمْ

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Connecting and separating “hamza”

- Connecting hamza (ا ) - this is “hamza”, which is pronounced at the beginning of reading and falls out in the connection during pronunciation, but is depicted in the letter اِذْهَب - قَال اِذْهَب

The connecting hamza is announced by fatha at the beginning of recitation with the definite article “آل“: اَلعَصْرْ - اَلشُكْرْ

Vocalized by kasra in ten nouns:

اِثْنَانِ - اِثْنَتَانِ - اِبْنٌ - اِبْنَةٌ - اِسْمٌ - اِمْرُؤٌ - اِمْرَأَةٌ

Vocalized by kasra in five and six letter verbal names:

اِسْتِغْفَارٌ - اِنْقِطَاعٌ

Vocalized by kasra in imperative verbs, the third letter of which is voiced by kasra or fatha

اِذْهَب- اِجْلِس - اِقْرَأ

Vocalized by damma in imperative verbs, the third letter of which is voiced by damma

اُدْرُس - اُدْعُ

- Disjunctive hamza (أ ) - this is a hamza, which is depicted on the alif, pronounced (vocalized by all vowels) and does not fall out between words. Happens at the beginning, middle and end of a word

أَدَبَ - بَائِسٌ - اقَرَأْ

Rules for lengthening (madda)

The lexical meaning of the word (madda) is lengthening

Scientific meaning - lengthening the sound of a pronounced letter (long vowels)

There are three madda letters:

1. Long “alif” (ا َ) before it the letter is voweled by fatha

2. A long “wow” (و ُ) in front of him damma

3. Long “ya” (ي ِ) before it kasra

Elongation (madda) is divided into two types:

1. Indigenous (natural) madda. When there is no “hamza” (ء) before a long letter and there is no “hamza” or sukun letter after it. Lengthening is necessary for two vowels:

قَالَ - وَدُودٌ - بَصِيرٌ

It is called radical extension because if you do not follow it, the meaning of the word changes

2. Derivative (unnatural) madda. When there is a hamza or a sukun letter after a long letter before or after a long letter

Rules for lengthening: 1. Possible 2. Mandatory 3. Permissible - There are seven types of derivative madda

1. Connecting madda

When after a long letter (madda) there is a “hamza” in one word, the lengthening is obligatory by 4 or 5 vowels in the connection and during a pause (the ~ sign is placed)

The lengthening increases to 6 vowels if the word ends with “hamza” السّمَاءُ - دُعَاءٌ

2. Dividing madda

When a word ends with the letter madda, and the word following it begins with “hamza”, lengthening is possible by 4 or 5 vowels, and it is also possible to reduce the length by 2 vowels

وَ مَا أَدرَكَ - خَيرًا مِنهَا أِنّا أِلَى

3. Displayed madda for sukuna

- When after the letter madda there is a vowel letter on which a pause is made, lengthening is possible from 2 to 6 vowels (if a pause is not made, this is a root madda

4. Lengthening a short sound

When before the sukun “و” or “يْ” there is a letter voweled by the fatha, after them there is a letter with the sukun exposed (with a pause), lengthening is possible by 2 or 4 or 6 vowels, if a pause is not made, the madda disappears قُرَيْشٍ - قُرَيْشْ خَوْ فٌ - خَوْفْ

5. Substitute madda

Elongation during pause on tanvin en (instead of two vowels of “fatha” when connecting), lengthening is required by 2 vowels

كَثِيرًا - كَثِيرَا بَصِيرًا - بَصِيرَا

6. Necessary madda

When after the letter madda there is a letter with a radical sukun (not exposed) or a letter with a tashdid, the lengthening is obligatory by 6 vowels

The required madda is divided into 2 types:

1 - necessary madda in the word

2 - necessary madda in a three-phoneme letter (letters at the beginning of suras)

- Necessary madda in a word there are two types:

1 - when after the letter madda there is a sukun letter in one word, for example: الْئَنَ this madda is found in the Quran only in two places

2 - when after the letter madda there is a letter with tashdid in one word الحَاقَّة - الضَّالِّينَ - مَن شَاقُّوا الله

- Necessary madda in a three-phoneme letter (letters at the beginning of suras), - three-phoneme letter: a letter made up of three phonemes (letters), the middle of which is the madda letter م - ميم ن نون -

There are two types:

1 - finding a letter in the letters at the beginning of the suras, composed of a three-phonemic letter (قَافْ) the middle of which is a madda letter, after it a sukun letter, which is not connected to the letter following it (is not made idgam), for example:

*ص وَالقُرْأنِ ذِي الذِّكْر * the letter “ص” is the letter with which Allah (glory and praise be to Him) reveals the surah. “ص “ a three-phonemic letter (صَادْ) the middle letter of which is madda is “alif”, and after it a sukun letter without shadda and not connecting with the subsequent letter (idgam) is “dal”

2 - finding a letter in the letters at the beginning of the suras, composed of a three-phoneme letter, the middle of which is the letter madda, after it a sukunized letter, doubled by the subsequent letter, for example: (الم) “lam” a letter, the middle letter of which is “alif”, the third letter of which is mim sakina, after “lam” comes a vowel mim (idgam mim sakina with a vowel mim) الِفْ لَامْ مِّيمْ

There are 14 letters at the beginning of the surah, they are divided into three types:

1. Of these, the letter that does not lengthen at all is “alif”

2. Letters with lengthening of the root madda 2 vowels: ر ط ي ه ح

3. Letters with 6 vowels extended م ص ك ق س ع ل ن

(lengthening the letter “ع” is allowed up to 4 or 6 vowels, since it is a three-phoneme letter, the middle of which is short)

7. Lengthening a fused pronoun

- The fused pronoun هو (third person, masculine, singular). If a fused pronoun is attached to the end of a word, the letter “و “ كِتَابَهُ - بِكِتَابِهِ There are two types:

1 . Small connection. When a fused pronoun is voweled by damma or kasra, there should not be a vowel letter before it, the word after it begins with a vowel letter (the fused pronoun must be between two vowel letters). Lengthening is required by 2 vowels (a small letter (و) is drawn under وُ and a small letter (ي) under وِ

وَ مَا لَهُ مَنْ قُوّةٍ - مِن دُونِهِ مُلْتَحدًا

2 . Great connection. When a continuous pronoun is vocalized by damma or kasra, the word after it begins with “hamza” (the ~ sign is drawn) Lengthening is possible by 4 or 5 vowels

و ثَاقَهُ أَحَدٌ - بِرَبّهِ أَمَدًا

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Pause, start, stop

Pause - The lexical meaning of the word is termination, delay

Scientific meaning - a short pause at the end of a word to take a breath with the intention of resuming reading

There are three types of pause: 1. forced pause 2. trial pause 3. preferred pause

1. Forced pause: This is a pause on a word when reading for unexpected reasons, such as lack of breathing, sneezing, forgetfulness, etc. This pause is acceptable in any word. It is necessary to connect a word with the next word if the meaning has not been completed. If the meaning has been completed, then it is better to start with the next word without a connection

2. Test pause: this is a pause during reading, which is made to explain a rule or question the examiner

3. Preferred pause: it is a pause that is pursued for a good start. Divided into five types: - Necessary pause – obligatory pause with full breathing and obligatory resumption of reading from the next word. If a connection follows, then the meaning is clear, except for the desired meaning. - Indicated by the letter “م” (connection prohibited)

إنّمَا يستجيب الذين يسمعون م والموتى يبعثهم الله* *

- Full pause – this is a pause at which the meaning is completed and does not depend on the subsequent expression either in form or in content. If a connection follows, then most often the meaning does not change - Indicated by the sign “ق” (a pause is better than a connection)

- Sufficient pause – this is a pause on a word with a complete meaning and depends on the subsequent expression in content - Indicated by the sign “ ج “ (pause possibility)

- Nice break – this is a pause on a word with a complete meaning and depends on the next expression in form and content - Indicated by the sign “ص” (the pause is good, but starting with the next expression is not advisable, due to the connection of the expression with the previous one)

- Unwanted pause – prohibition of a pause on a word on which the meaning is not completed due to the strong dependence of the expression on the subsequent one in form and content - Indicated by the sign “لا” (prohibition of a pause)

*وَلا تَقْرَبُوا الصّلَوَةَ ... وَأَنتُمْ سُكَارَى * if the reader stops at the word الصّلَاةَ, the listener can understand what is being said about the prohibition of prayer. - A pause on words related to the names and attributes of Allah Almighty is not allowed; such a pause indicates an inappropriate, disrespectful attitude towards Allah

- Hug pause – If a pause is made at one of the two places, then a pause at the other is not allowed. ". . « . . “ is indicated by three dots over two words following each other. This type appears in the Qur'an in 35 places.

ذَلِكَ الْكِتَابُ لا رَيْبَ . . فِيهِ . . هُدًى للْمُتّقِينَ * *

Stop

Stopping is an interruption of sound and breathing in the amount of two vowels with the intention of continuing reading. - Indicated by the letter “س” is required for the reader in four places * كَلاّ بَلْ س رَانَ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِم ...*

Arabic sounds have a place and method of articulation

Participate in the formation of articulation of sounds Speech organs:

Places of articulation of sounds (Mahraj)

Throat sounds: أ ه غ ع ح خ

Palatal consonants: ق ك ج ش ي

Reed consonants: ض ر ل ن

Sounds from the tip of the tongue: ز س ص

Dental sounds of the anterior upper palate: ت د ط

Interdental consonants: ظ ث ذ

Labial consonants: م ب ف و

Vowel sounds: ا ي و

- Vowel sounds ا و ي consist of our voice and are formed when we exhale air, which passes unhindered through the larynx between tense vocal cords and through the oral cavity

Consonant sounds are formed when an obstacle (place of articulation of sound) appears in the throat or oral cavity

Sound articulation properties:

Basic properties of pronouncing sounds: 1. voiced 2. voiceless

Formation of voiced sounds: a sound consisting of noise produced after pressure is applied to the place of articulation of a letter (all sounds except voiceless ones)

Formation of voiceless sounds: after applying pressure to the place of articulation of the letter, the sound is pronounced with a stream of air, forming a quiet whisper Muffled sounds : فحثه شخص سكت

Methods of articulation of letters:

Letter ا used as a support for the hamza أ, serves as a compound (connecting alif) and a long vowel ا َ

Sound ء (hamza) lower part of the throat. ء a plosive consonant is formed by closing the vocal cords followed by a pause, after which, under the pressure of a stream of air, the vocal cords instantly open and the air exits through the oral cavity. The soft palate is raised and the passage for air through the nasal cavity is closed; when the vocal cords open, a sharp explosion occurs

Sound ب lips (resonant sound)

Sound ت front teeth, tip of tongue (deaf)

Sound ج hard palate, middle part of the tongue (voiced)

Sound ح middle part of the throat. ح fricative(consonants, during the articulation of which, the articulators come close to each other, but do not close completely, as a result of which air vibrations occur in the oral cavity, creating a noticeable noise) a noisy dull sound. The place of formation completely coincides with ع . The difference in the articulation of these laryngeal sounds is that, when articulating ح, the muscles do not adjoin each other closely, as during articulation ع . They tense and narrow greatly, approaching one another so that a very narrow gap remains between them. When you exhale, air passes through this gap and rubs against the muscles, resulting in a rubbing voiceless consonant (since the vocal cords do not vibrate). The soft palate is raised and the passage for air through the nasal cavity is closed.

Sound خ soft palate, front of the throat, خ is a deep-back palatal noisy fricative voiceless sound. During articulation, the tongue moves back towards the uvula, and the posterior back of the tongue rises towards the soft palate. A narrow gap is formed between the back of the tongue and the uvula, through which air is vigorously blown out with tension

Sound د tip of tongue, front teeth (voiced)

Sounds ذ And ث interdental fricatives. Completely coinciding in place of articulation, they differ from each other in that ذ is voiced, that is, pronounced with the participation of the voice, and ث is voiceless, pronounced without the participation of the tongue. To articulate these sounds, it is necessary to place the tip of the tongue between the teeth and ensure that it fits tightly to the upper teeth; there should be a small gap between the tip of the tongue and the lower teeth

Sound ر anterior palate, tip of tongue (voiced)

Sound ز lower teeth, tip of tongue (voiced)

Sound س lower teeth, tip of tongue (deaf)

Sound ش hard palate, middle part of the tongue (voiceless)

Sound ص lower lips, tip of tongue. Emphatic sound (hard, deep consonant) noisy, dental, fricative, voiceless. The position of the speech organs during the articulation of ص is the same as during the articulation of the middle dental س. The tip of the tongue lightly touches the inside of the lower teeth, the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate, forming a gap through which air passes. When articulating the emphatic ص, this gap is significantly narrower than with س. The tongue and the entire speech apparatus are tense, the back of the tongue is pulled as far as possible towards the soft palate. As with ط and ض, exhalation occurs vigorously

Sound ض soft and hard palate, back and middle part of the tongue. ض is noisy, jagged, explosive, sonorous. By the nature of articulation, ض completely coincides with the emphatic ط. The difference is that when articulating ض, which is a voiced consonant, the vocal cords vibrate. Clear articulation of these sounds is achieved by straining the entire speech apparatus and especially the tongue

Sound ط is noisy, toothy, explosive, sonorous. The position of the speech organs during the articulation of the emphatic ط is the same as during the articulation of the simple ت, but during the articulation of the emphatic ط the front part of the tongue is pressed tightly against the front palate and then vigorously sharply opens from it, with the back of the tongue being pulled as far as possible towards the soft palate. Air passes through the oral cavity, since as a result of the rise of the soft palate, the passage for air through the nasal cavity is closed.

Sound ظ is emphatic, noisy, fricative, voiced. By the nature of articulation, ظ completely coincides with the emphatic ص, the difference is that, unlike the sound ص, the sound ظ is voiced, i.e. articulated by vibration of the vocal cords. Clear articulation is achieved as a result of tension in the vocal apparatus

Sound ع middle part of the throat, yawning, explosive, sonorous, noisy. When articulating ع, the muscles of the larynx close, the muscles are tense. After a pause (exposure), instant muscle relaxation occurs. The vocal cords vibrate when the laryngeal muscles are unclenched, which is why ع is a voiced consonant. The soft palate is raised and air comes out through the mouth

Sound غ soft palate the front part of the throat, غ is deep-back palate, noisy, fricative, voiced. There is no similar sound in the Russian language. When articulating the sound غ, the back part is pulled back and rises to the soft palate, forming a narrow gap through which a stream of air passes, causing the uvula to tremble. As with the articulation of the sound خ, the speech apparatus is tense. The sound غ is voiced parallel to the unvoiced خ

Sound ق soft palate, back of the tongue. ق deep-palatal, noisy, explosive, sonorous. When articulating ق, the back of the tongue moves back upward, closely adjacent to the back of the soft palate above the uvula. After holding, ق is pronounced with a sharp lift of the tongue from the soft palate, the entire speech apparatus is tense when articulating ق. A stream of air passes through the oral cavity as the soft palate is raised

Sound ك hard palate, middle part of the tongue

Sounds ف And م lips. ف pronounced while biting the lower lip

Sounds ل And ن anterior palate, tip of tongue

Sound ه lower part of the throat. The consonant ه is a copular fricative. This sound is formed in the same place as the consonant sound ء, but the vocal cords are not tense during its articulation, although they are brought closer together. The glottis is slightly open, the soft palate is raised, the passage for air into the nasal cavity is closed. Passing into the oral cavity through the gap formed by the vocal cords and encountering only a slight obstacle in the area of ​​the vocal cords, the air in contact with the vocal cords creates the acoustic impression of aspiration. The organs of speech are not tense during articulation

Sound و lips. The letter و is used to represent the consonant و and the long vowel ُو. The sound و is labial, fricative, voiced. When articulating و, the lips should be pushed forward, strongly rounded and narrowed. The back of the tongue rises to the soft palate and is pulled back somewhat, this explains the firm nature of the pronunciation of the consonant و. The lips and tongue are tense when articulating و. The articulation of the consonant و involves the vocal cords, which, when vibrating, create a ringing sound. The soft palate is raised and the passage for air into the nasal cavity is closed

Sound ي hard palate (middle part of the tongue). The letter ي is used to represent the consonant ي and the long vowel ِي

(هَمْزَة القَطْع )

In Arabic we have two types of hamza: connecting (همزة الوصل) and dividing (همزة القطع).

Khalil ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi called it a ladder for the tongue, since this hamza is placed in order to be able to begin a word in which the first letter is with sukun. We already know that 1) the Arabs did not begin the word with sukun and 2) did not end it with a vowel. The connecting hamza outside the stop - in the flow of speech - disappears and is pronounced only after the stop or at the beginning of speech.

Dividing Hamza is permanent. It persists both in the flow of speech and at the beginning of speech:

- in all these cases, hamza is pronounced, which means it dividing — همزة القطع (this name is given conditionally, only to distinguish it from the connecting hamza).

Question: does it happen that the connecting and dividing hamzas stand together, or two dividing hamzas together? Yes, sometimes.
Let's start with the situation when they are standing there are two dividing lines nearby hamzas, the first of which is voweled, and the second

- with sukun. For example: أَأْ or: أُأْ , or: إِأْ – but Arabs don’t pronounce it that way. If they come across (أأْ), then they

pronounce: ( أَا ) - that is, instead of: أَأْمنوا They say: ءَامنوا . If they come across ( أُأْ ), then they say:

(أُو ) - that is, instead of: أُأْتوا They say: أُوتوا . If they come across ( إِأْ ), then they say: ( إِي ) - that is,

instead of إِأْمان They say: إِيمان .

▬ [the second hamza is replaced by alif]▬

و ]▬

▬ [the second hamza is replaced by the letter ي ]▬

We went through this when we dismantled the replacement madd (مد البدل).

Now consider the situation when first hamza – connecting(همزة الوصل), and second– with sukun – dividing(همزة القطع). For example, the word: إيتوني .

The basis of this word: إِئْتُوني . But, if we start speech with this word, then we replace the dividing hamza with the letter madd, which is related to the vowel of the previous connecting hamza: إيتوني . If this word is preceded by a conjunction or another word, then the connecting hamza is not pronounced, but the dividing hamza is pronounced: وائْتُوني .

Below are examples of step-by-step transformation of such words when we want to start reading with them:

البقرة, verse 283
▬ ▬

الأحقاف, verse 4
▬ ▬

يونس, verse 15
▬ ▬

التوبة, verse 49
▬ ▬

Now, on the contrary, let us consider the situation when first there is dividing hamza, and after it - connecting(in verbs).

ATTACHING A DIVIDING HAMZA TO A CONNECTING HAMZA IN VERBS

Rule : if interrogative hamza(it is dividing) comes before the connective in the verb, then the connecting hamza is removed from both spelling and pronunciation:

But how do we know in this case that this is no longer a connecting hamza, but an interrogative one? We have already said that connecting hamza verbs only happens with lady, or with kasroy and never happens with fatha. And, if we see a verb that has a connecting hamza with fatha, then we already know that it is an interrogative hamza (همزة الاستفهام).

There is another special case when after a question hamza is worth it connecting hamza of the definite article (ال) .

I ask for a little attention and concentration here - I’ll explain everything in great detail:

We have just noted that the vowel of the connecting hamza can only be either damma or qasra. If we see a hamza at the beginning of a verb, voweled by fatha, then we know that it is an interrogative hamza. Everything is clear here and there is no confusion.

But when the interrogative hamza comes before the definite article (ال), then what should you do? In the article (ال), the first letter is the connecting hamza. If we were to put an interrogative hamza in front of it (it is separative), then if we follow the above rule, where connecting hamza just gotta clean up before interrogative, then we would get:

أَ + ا لذَّكرين => أَ لذَّكرين

- that is, before the addition of the interrogative hamza there was ( اَلذكرين ) and after all the manipulations it became ( اَلذكرين ). Isn't this confusing? It turned out that for the listener there is no difference - this word with or without a question still sounds the same. Because in fact, all we did here was just remove one hamza with fatha, and then put another hamza with fatha in the same place.

And that is why the Arabs, for the case when the connecting hamza is attached to a definite article, violated - even before the revelation of the Koran - the above basic rule about throwing out the connecting hamza before the interrogative and did not remove the connecting hamza of the article, but kept it so that there would be no confusion in reading and pronunciation. That is, such a way out of the situation contradicts the basic rule. Therefore, they, having retained the connecting hamza in the definite article after the interrogative, still slightly changed it according to one of two options:

1 ) some tribes replaced the connective hamza in the definite article with alif and the interrogative form of the word sounded like this: ءَالذَّكرين . And there were Arabs who came to the Prophet ﷺ and asked him like this: ءَاللّه ارسلك ؟ (Did Allah send you?):

2 ) other tribes simply made it a little easier to pronounce this connective in the definite article. That is, it turned out to be something between a hamza, voiced by fatha and alif. Like this:

Chapter “alif” with vowel (hamza - ء)

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Chapter "alif" with vowel (hamza - ء )

The location of the letter is the larynx, and the properties inherent in this letter and distinguishing it from other letters are: sonority, intensity, lowness, non-velarization. This letter is soft and therefore difficult. The Arabs applied a number of rules to this letter to facilitate their speech. These rules are: relief (تسهيل), replacement (إبدال), removal (حذف) 2. When reading the Koran or in ordinary speech, “hamza” is subject to vowel 3, and can be written in different ways: above the letter “alif” (فأتوا), above the letter “ya” (بئر) or above the letter “vav” (يؤمنون). As you know, this letter is one of the most difficult for reciters of the Koran. It is impossible to achieve the correct pronunciation of this letter alone; you need to study long and hard with a teacher.

Mistakes that are made while reading the Holy Quran:

One must beware of the firm pronunciation of the letter "hamza" (connected hamzaحمزة الوصل)) (ا) when starting to read, or the affirmative hamza (حمزة القطع) (أ)), especially if the next letter is velarized (الاستعلاء حر وف): 4

أقاموا ، الحمد ، أصدق ، أضل ، أغوينا ، أظلم ، أخرتني ، الطلاق ، الصدفين ، أطعنا ، الظالمين

You should also beware of pronouncing the letter “hamza” firmly if the letter following it is similar to a velarized (الاستعلاء حروف) letter, for example, the letter “ra” (ر):

أرضيتم ، أراكم ، الراسخون ، الروم

If the letter "Hamza" (ء) is followed by the letter "Alif" (ا), "Hamza" is also pronounced softly. "Hamza" is a soft letter regardless of location in the word.

You also need to maintain the level of intensity when pronouncing the hamza. Some readers, wanting to clearly pronounce the letter “hamza,” make a mistake: they increase the intensity when pronouncing, especially after lengthening, as, for example, in the words:

أولئك ، هؤلاء ، يأيها

Slurred pronunciation of “hamza”, when it should be pronounced clearly, especially when hamza occurs with the damma vowel (-ُ) and is preceded by “alif” (ا): يشاءُ ، جزاءُ

Another common mistake is to slur the pronunciation of “hamza” and merge it with the subsequent letter, especially if after the letter “hamza” (ء) there is a labial letter 5: يشاءُ و الضعفاء

You need to be very careful when two hamzas are nearby:

(ءأنذرتهم) (“Cow”, 2/10), (جاء أحدكم) (“Cattle”, 6/61), (السفهاءأموالكم) (“Women”, 4/5),

(أإله مع الله) (“Ants”, 27/60), (هؤلاء إن كنتم صادقين) (“Cow”, 2/31),

(من السماء إلى الأرض) (“Bow,” 32/5), (أؤنبئكم) (“The Family of Imran,” 3/15),

(أألقي) (“Month”, 54/25), (أولياء أولئك) (“Sands”, 46/32).

1-sometimes several letters have the same location, and the only thing that distinguishes them is the properties inherent in each letter.

2- in subsequent lessons this will be discussed in more detail, with the help of Allah.

3-it means that if the vowel “fatha” (-َ) is above the “hamza”, then it will be pronounced as a letter (a), if the vowel is “kasra” (-ِ), then as a letter (i), and if the vowel is “damma” (-ُ), then like a letter (u).

4- velarization (lat.) - a change in sound caused by raising the back of the back of the tongue towards the back or soft palate (ص ، ض ، ط ، ظ ، غ ، خ ، ق)

5- labial letters (sounds) are formed with the help of the lips and are divided into bilabial, formed by bringing the lips closer together (م ، ب), (و) slightly less close together of the lips and with the participation of the voice, with the lips protruding somewhat forward, and labiodental( ف ) , when pronounced, the inner part of the lower lip closes with the lower parts of the upper front teeth.

Lesson 16. Hamza at the beginning of a word.

Due to the special importance of this sound, we will jump ahead and study it right now, although it refers to the unique sounds of the Arabic language, and not to those sounds that can be heard in the Pindos quack. Although. Everything is relative here too.

Graphically, hamza is designated as follows: ء

Hamza is a voiceless plosive consonant formed by closing the vocal cords followed by a pause, after which, under the pressure of a stream of air, the vocal cords instantly open and the air exits through the oral cavity. The soft palate is raised and the passage for air through the nasal cavity is closed. When the vocal cords open, a sharp explosion occurs, similar to the sound of a slight cough.(I quote from the “Arabic Language Textbook” by A.A. Kovalev and G.Sh. Sharbatov)

To better understand what kind of sound this is, try pronouncing the first two syllables separately in the word “coordination”: “co-ordination”, emphasizing the separate pronunciation as much as possible, and feel how your vocal cords close and open, forming a specific sound.
There is a similar phenomenon in the German language, where it is called “hard attack”, i.e. Germans “begin all words that begin with a vowel with a hamza”, with a “firm attack”, which gives their speech sharpness and clarity (remember how in films about fascists they shout “Achtung, Achtung!” - the first vowel in this word just pronounced with a “hard attack”, i.e. “with a hamza”).
The place of articulation of the hamza is located in the same place as that of the aspirated sound “h”, but when pronouncing the hamza the ligaments close.

Hamza can be written on its own or on stands. Spelling hamza is a difficult topic, and we will devote one of the following lessons to it in detail. For now, let's remember that:

at the beginning of a word, hamza is always written on a stand, and the stand for hamza at the beginning of a word is always the letter alif.

If the hamza is followed by the vowel "a" or "u", that is, if hamza announced fatha or lady, then hamza is written above alif:

Lesson #1. Hamza, waslaying

Hamza denotes a voiceless plosive consonant sound, represented in transcription by a comma [‘]. There is no similar sound in the Russian language, however, some similarity to the Arabic consonant ['] can be observed in Russian words like “cooperation”, “message”, if you pronounce the vowels [oo] separately, making a short pause between them: “co-operation”, “ message". But even in that case, this explosion in the Russian language turns out to be very weak, whereas in Arabic the sound [‘] is a consonant phoneme and is pronounced clearly.

The consonant hamza is formed by closing the vocal cords followed by a pause, after which, under the pressure of a stream of air, they instantly open and the air exits through the oral cavity. The soft palate is raised and the passage for air through the nasal cavity is closed. When the vocal cords open, a sharp explosion occurs, similar to the sound of a slight cough.

To depict a hamza in writing, the symbol ء is used, which, depending on the position in the word, is written above or below the line. As part of a word, it can be depicted either independently or with a so-called stand. The function of the hamza stand is performed by letters that serve to depict weak letters:

The letters و ، ي serve as a stand for the hamza, do not express any sound and are only a graphic device for its design. It should be noted that ي as a stand is written without diacritics. As for the letter ا, on its own it does not express any sound at all.

At the beginning of a word, the stand for the hamza is always ا, and the hamza voweled by fatha or damma is written above the “alif”, and the hamza voweled by the kasra is written under the “alif”. For example:

أَخَذَ (to take); أُكْتُبْ (write); إِجْلِسْ (sit down)

At the same time, it is important to note that the initial hamza (أ) is of two types: – dividing (هَمْزَةُ الْقَطْع) and connecting (هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْل).

The dividing hamza is indicated by "alif" with the symbol hamza أ and is pronounced in all cases, for example:

أَبْ ، أَخْ ، أَرْضْ

The peculiarity of the connecting hamza is that it is indicated by “alif” without the hamza symbol and is pronounced only at the beginning of a sentence, for example:

اِسْمُ ، اِبْنُ ، اِثْذَيْنِ .

Unlike the dividing one, the connecting hamza is not pronounced when it is located inside a sentence. In this case, a special icon called “waslya” (ٱ) is placed above the “alif”, and this process is called “waslying”, for example:

When a connecting hamza is placed between two words, it itself is not pronounced, but serves as a connection of words and continuous reading. Moreover, if it is preceded by a long vowel, then it is not lengthened.

At the beginning of the spoken speech, the connecting hamza reads as follows:

With kyasra:

− at the beginning of a verb, the third letter of which is voweled by fatha, for example:

− at the beginning of a verb, the third letter of which is voweled by kasra, for example:

ٱ(اِ)ضْرِ بْ بِعَصَاكَ ، ٱ(اِ)كْشِفْ عَنَّا

− at the beginning of a name that is not defined by the article اَلْ, for example:

ٱ(اِ)سْمُ ، ٱ(اِ)بْنُ ، ٱ(اِ)ثْنَيْنِ

− at the beginning of a verbal name, for example:

ٱ(اِ)خْرَ اجًا ٫ ٱ(اِ)سْتِكْبَارًا

With fatha:

– in the definite article اَلْ, for example:

ٱ(اَ)لْحَمْدُ لِلهِ ، ٱ(اَ)لرَّحْمٰنِ

With damma:

− at the beginning of a verb, the third letter of which is voweled by a damma, for example:

ٱ(اُ)نْظُرُوا ، ٱ(اُ)عْبُدُو ا اللهَ

Exercise No. 1.

Read the following sound combinations:

أَبْ ، إِبْ ، أُبْ ، أَخْ ، إِخْ ، أُخْ

أَسْ ، إِسْ ، أُسْ ، أَطْ ، إِطْ ، أُطْ

أَلْ ، إِلْ ، أُلْ ، أَهْ ، إِهْ ، أُهْ

بَأَبَ ، ثَئِبَ ، بَؤُلَ ، سَئِبَ ، لَؤُمَ

Exercise No. 2.

Read and copy the following words in your notebook

أَخَذَ ، يَأْخُذُ ، أَمَرَ ، يَأْمُرُ

قَرَأَ ، يَقْرَأُ ، سَأَلَ ، يَسْأَلُ

مُؤْمِنْ ، بِئْسَ ، بِئْرُ ، لُؤْلُؤْ

أَدْرُسُ ، قُرِئَ ، إِقْرَأْ ، فَؤُلَ

Read the words, paying attention to the distinctive features of the use of dividing and connecting hamza:

أَهْلُ ، أَخَذَ ، أَلَمُ ، اِبْنُ ، أَسَدُ

اُخْرُجْ ، إِلْفُ ، اُمْرُؤُ ، أَرْنَبُ

عِنْدَ أَبْ ، عِنْدَ أَخْ ، وَ أَرْضُ ، عِنْد ٱبْنِ

وَ ٱثْنَيْنِ ، بِرُّ أَهْلِهِ ، وَ أُمُّهُ ، مَعَ أَمَلِهِ

Spelling Hamza

It is generally accepted that in the Arabic alphabet there is 28 independent letters, almost all of them are consonants, plus there is mention of signs that mean sounds, but not independent letters. Although many Arab philologists call them huruf, i.e. letters.

There are only such signs three: 1) that Marbuta(related that). 2) alif maksura(shortened alif) and 3) Hamaza. We will talk about the first and second signs separately in subsequent lessons, since each of them is very important in the Arabic language.

Many Arab philologists admit the fact that hamza refers to those characters that are most often found with errors in Arabic books and printed publications. This does not mean the total illiteracy of the Arabs, not at all, just regarding sound hamzas There are certain grammatical rules in writing. These rules were certainly taught at school, only those who wrote erroneously were not in class at that moment, that’s all.

Plus, to all this, non-Arab philologists add erroneous pronunciation hamzas for those who begin to study Arabic, that is, it is phonetically problematic. Probably, many who studied the Arabic language noticed that they involuntarily confuse it with the vowel A or with a letter ain and this is not accidental, since the very origin of this sound and its sign is attributed precisely to this letter . Back in the 8th century, the philologist Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi considered this sound similar to ain, and thereby designated hamza in a letter aynom just without the tail. As for writing it correctly to students, I should remain silent here. But no problem. Today we will try to solve this problem once and for all. Don't sleep through class!

So, in order to pronounce correctly and write without errors hamza we should analyze its 1) sound (i.e. phonetics) and 2) grammatical spelling.

1. Hamza refer to sounds that should be pronounced using the larynx. In phonology this process is called glottal stop or guttural explosion. It can be heard before or after vowels. For pronunciation hamzas you need to close the glottis and open them instantly. A similar sound is found in Russian, for example, in the word one by one or co-a second.

2. As for writing, you should be more careful. Grammar spelling hamzas can be broadly divided into three categories.

1. Spelling hamza at the beginning of a word.

2. In the middle of a word.

3. At the end of a word.

Hamza at the beginning of a word. Here hamza there are two types. 1) Vasled (i.e. “connecting”) hamza and 2 ) hamza al-katg(i.e. “interrupting”).

Vaslated hamza has a clear sound at the beginning of a word if it is followed by the letter s sukunom. But if it is preceded by a word with which it is read together, then its sound disappears. Vaslated hamza occurs in the following types of words:

A) In some nouns such as:

B) In the imperative mood of the first type of verb, for example:

C) In the past tense and in the imperative mood of the eighth type of the verb, for example:

D) In ​​the past tense and in the imperative mood of the tenth type of the verb. For example:

D) In ​​the definite article al.

Interrupting hamza pronounced clearly, without being influenced by any factors, let it be at the beginning of the word, in the middle or at the end. There is this sound:

A) in singular nouns, except those mentioned above. For example:

B) in past verbs in which the first letter of the three radicals is hamza. For example:

C) in the past tense and in the imperative mood of the fourth type of verb, for example:

Hamza in the middle of a word it is written in accordance with the preceding letter, or rather in accordance with its vowelization with the vowelization of the preceding letter. In this case hamza written on one of the letters illya(i.e. "sick") is alif, wow And yea based on the significance of the strength of the vowels. You should know that the Arabs arrange vowels in order according to their strength. The strongest is considered kasra, then damma, then fatha and closes sukunom. Thus:

A) if the previous vowel hamzas kasra hamza written on a “teeth” similar to yea or that no dots. For example:

B) if the previous vowel hamzas damma is stronger in importance than its own, then hamza written on wow. For example:

C) if the previous vowel hamzas fatha is stronger in importance than its own, then hamza written on alif. For example:

Like any language, Arabic has exceptions regarding spelling. hamzas in the middle of a word. Let's look at 4 exceptions:

1. if hamza having vocalization fatha follows alif having sukun

2. if hamza having vocalization fatha follows wow having sukun, then it is written separately, as in the words:

3. if hamza having vocalization fatha follows yea having sukun

4. if hamza having vocalization damma follows yea having sukun, then it is written on the clove, as in the words:

Hamza at the end of the word it is written in accordance with the vowel of the preceding letter.

1. If the vowel of the penultimate letter is kasra, That hamza placed on yea no dots. For example:

2. If the vowel of the penultimate letter is damma, That hamza placed on wow. For example:

3. If the vowel of the penultimate letter is fatha, That hamza placed on alif. For example:

4. If the penultimate letter is s sukunom, That hamza placed separately. For example:

If hamza comes at the end of a word with tanwin al fatah, That hamza is written this way:

1. If the penultimate letter is a long vowel fatha, That hamza written separately. For example:

2. If the previous hamze the letter has sukun above a letter that is not connected after itself then tanvin written above alif, A hamza separately. For example:

3. If the previous hamze the letter has sukun above the letter that is linked after itself, then tanvin written above alif, A hamza above the clove. For example:

Here are the basic rules regarding spelling: hamzas. Of course, I would not consider this lesson easy, but if you did not start learning Arabic from this lesson, then it will be very useful for you. Some grammatical terms may raise questions for you, so ask them in the form below. We will try to answer them, otherwise we will turn to the luminaries of science.

In literary Arabic, short and long vowels are syllabic. In diphthongs, the first component is syllabic A , and the second components – th And ў – are close in character to consonants. A syllable is short if it is open and ends with a short vowel ( ﻔ َ F), and long – open if it ends with a long vowel ( قَالَ ḳā-la‘he said’), or closed ( تَمْرٌ tam-run'dates'). Consequently, every closed syllable (including diphthong) is long. Finally, there are also extra-long syllables, i.e. closed syllables with a long vowel, for example, the first syllable of a word شَابٌّ shāb-bun'youth'.

A syllable contains one vowel sound and necessarily begins with a consonant, and only with one consonant. Consequently, words with a vowel beginning like the Russian word are impossible in literary Arabic window and words with a combination of two or three consonants at the beginning of the word, i.e. such as, for example, Russian words good, fear etc.

In classical Arabic, the biconsonant beginning in borrowed words was eliminated either by inserting an auxiliary vowel sound between the first and second consonant (for example: كِرِيت Cyrusӣ T o.'Crete', دِرَسْدِن Dirasdin ‘Dresden’), or by adding to the beginning of the word an auxiliary syllable consisting of a hamza and a short vowel (for example: أفْلاطون ’Aflatȳ Well'Plato').

§ 2. Connecting hamza

The confluence of two consonants at the beginning of Arabic words is eliminated by one of the following auxiliary syllables, consisting of a hamza and one of the short vowels: ’ A-, ’at-, ’And-. For example: أُكْتُبْ ’uktub‘write’, إِسْمٌ ismun'Name', إِمْرَأَةٌ imra’atun'woman', أُدْرُسْ ’udrus‘learn’, etc.

Auxiliary syllables are retained only at the beginning of a sentence. For example: إِبْنُكَ طَالِبٌ ’ibnuka tģālibun‘Your son is a student’; إِسْمُكِ فَاطِمَةُ ’ismuki fatimatu‘Your name is Maryam’.

There are two types of initial hamza: connecting and dividing.

Connective hamza or the so-called waslov hamza (in Arabic: هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ ‘hamza connections’) connects the word it begins with the previous word. At the same time, the hamza itself with its vowel is not pronounced or written; instead, an icon is placed above the alifﺼ Vasla) ﭐ (, which in its shape resembles the initial outline of the letter garden. Examples:

إبْنٌ وَﭐبْنَةٌ ’ibnun ўа’ibnatun → ’ibnun ўа-bnatun‘son and daughter’;

إِجْلِسْ وَﭐكْتُبْ ’Ijlis ўа’uktub → ’Ijlis ua-ktub‘sit down and write’.

If the previous word ends in a consonant, then a short vowel is added to the end of this word And . For example:

ﭐبْنُهُ؟ مَنْ man’Ibnuha? →manAnd -bnuhu?‘Who is his son?’.

§ 3. Hamza of the article أَلْ ’al

Arabic has a definite article أَلْ ’ al , which is added to the beginning of names. When adding the definite article ’ al the tanvin ending disappears, and only the vowel remains, indicating the case ending of the name. Hamza article ’ al is vaslova and, therefore, is pronounced only at the beginning of sentences, as well as at the beginning of isolated words and phrases. For example:

جَمَلٌ jamalun ‘camel’ → أَلْجَمَلُ ’ al-jamalat ,

بَلَدٌ balladun ‘country’ → أَلْبَلَدُ ’ al-baladat .

In the middle of sentences or phrases, at the junction of two words, the hamza along with its vowel drops out. In this case, the confluence of two consonants at the beginning of the second word is eliminated by adding the final vowel of the previous word to the beginning of this word. The process of merging a word with an article with a previous word is called wasling. Examples:

1. أَلْخُبْزُ وَ ﭐلْحَلِيبُ ‘bread and milk’

’al-X ubzu ўa’al-halӣ boo→’ al-X ubzu ua-l-halӣ boo

2. كَتَبَ ﭐلمَكْتُوبَ . 'He wrote a letter.'

kataba’ al-maktȳ ba→ katabal-maktȳ ba

In the above examples, the convergence of two consonants after the dropout of sounds ’ A article ’ al eliminated by adding a final vowel A words ўа‘and’ to the beginning of the word l-halӣ boo and words kataba'he wrote' back to top l-maktȳ ba.

In cases where a word ends in a consonant, merging with the following word occurs using auxiliary vowels ( A , And ,at ). The choice of auxiliary vowel is determined by the final vowel of the previous word:

with the vowel of the last syllable, the last consonant takes:

-a- -i-

-and- -a-

-u- -u-

Examples: words وَلَدٌ 'boy', مَكْتُوبٌ 'letter', كِتَابٌ ‘book’, with the definite article أَلْ written and pronounced: أَلْوَلَدُ ’ al-waladu, أَلْمَكْتُوبُ ’ al-maktȳ boo, أَلْكِتَابُ ’ al-kitābu. Combined with previous words man, 'uktub, min these words sound like this:

مَنْ ﭐلْوَلَدُ؟ mani-l-uladu‘Who is this young man?’

أُكْتُبْ ﭐلْمَكْتُوبَ . 'uktubul-maktȳ ba'Write a letter'.

مِنْ ﭐلْكِتَابِ . minal-kitābi'From book'.

In these examples, the merger of a word with an article with the word preceding it occurs by adding auxiliary vowels (respectively And , at ,A ,) to the end of words man'Who', 'uktub‘write’, min'from'.